water resources management: practices and challenges in

Company name

Dr Hongtao WANG Prof. Fengting LI

Email: [email protected] [email protected]

UNEP-TONGJI Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development,

Tongji University

Nanjing, China

October 23, 2013

Water Resources Management:

Practices and Challenges in China and Africa

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Outline of the Presentation

2. Drinking Water Treatment in China

4.Water and wastewater in Africa

1. Water resources in China

3. Wastewater Treatment in China

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Water resources in China

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Water shortage in China

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However, the environment of cities has been polluted seriously with the rapid

development of economy, especially water pollution ...

The Cost of “Made in China”？

The Problems of Water Pollution in China

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Chinese Quality Standard for Surface Water Sources

A part of typical water quality standard limited value (Unit：mg/L)

Pollutants ClassⅠ ClassⅡ Class Ⅲ Class Ⅳ Class Ⅴ

Dissolved oxygen ≥ 7.5 6 5 3 2

Permanganate index ≤ 2 4 6 10 15

COD ≤ 15 15 20 30 40

BOD5 ≤ 3 3 4 6 10

NH3-N ≤ 0.015 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Total P ≤ 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Total N ≤ 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Arsenic ≤ 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1

Hg ≤ 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0.001 0.001

Cd ≤ 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01

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Water resources

River

length

evalua

ted

Water resources percentage（％）

Class

1

Class

2

Class

3

Class

4

Class

5

Worse

than

5

Class 1-3

Nation 147727.5 3.5 31.8 25.9 11.4 6.8 20.6 61.2

Huai River Area 14130.5 0.5 15.6 23.3 18.1 11.3 31.2 39.4

Huai River 12025.6 0.5 15.6 22.3 20.2 12.8 28.6 38.4

Yangtze River

Area 41176.6 3.7 36.2 29.2 9.0 7.5 14.4 69.1

Tai lake 3028.7 0.0 4.2 10.6 13.6 15.9 55.7 14.8

Water situation in 2009

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Drinking Water Treatment in China

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DRINKING WATER TREATMENT

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Tongji University

raw

water mix filter O3 contact

pump users

O3

Polluted raw water treatment

coagulant

clarifier

Activated carbon Clean water

Cl2

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Taihu Lake algae crisis(2007):

Oxidant:

potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

– What is the problem of KMnO4 addition?

– Erosion to the pipelines (Fe)

– Hazardous to human health

Oxidation

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Wastewater Treatment in China

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Conventional scheme of water cycle

Sludges

Effluents

reject

WW treatment plant Adequate sanitation

Production of drinking water

To protect the quality of the environment

Assume a safe water

Open system

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新建污水日处理能力 4000万m³

New wastewater treatment capacity: 40 Mio.

m3/d

提高现有污水厂日处理能力 5000万m³

Upgrade wastewater treatment capacity: 50 Mio.

m3/d

新增污泥日处理量 47000吨

New sludge treatment capacity: 47 000 ton/d

2015年全国城市污水处理回收利用率达到10%

Wastewater reuse rate until 2015: 10%

新建再生水日处理能力584万m³

New capacity for Water reuse: 5.84 Mio. m3/d

12th Five-Year-Plan

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Constituents CODcr BOD5 SS NH3-N TN TP

Normal municipal wastewater 300－400 150－200 200－250 30 45 4-5

National emissions

standards

GB18918

2002

First class A 50 10 10 5（8） 15 0.5

First class B 60 20 20 8（15） 25 1.0

Second class 100 30 30 25（30） 3

Third class 120 60 50 － 5

Standards for

irrigation water

quality

GB5084-92

Water crops 200 80 150 12(TKN) 5

Dry crops 300 150 200 30(TKN) 10

Vegetable 80 80 100 30(TKN) 10

Reuse for toilet － 10 5 10 －

Surface water

Class I <15 <3

No SS

0.5 1.0 0.02

Class II <15 3 0.5 1.0 0.1(0.025)

Class III 20 4 1 1.0 0.1(0.05)

Class IV 30 6 1.5 1.5 0.2(0.1)

Class V 40 10 2 2.0 0.2(0.1)

Landscapes CODmn：10 8 transparence>

0.5m 0.5 0.05

Drinking water Details for 106 items (106项指标)

Wastewater Characteristic: value and target（mg/L）

How to Choose the Process

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Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment

Conventional

activated sludge

BNR

Biological

phosphorus

removal

Biological nitrogen

&phosphorus

removal

MBR

RO

Bar Screen

Biofilm

Discharge

or Reuse

Disinfection

Ecological

treatment

Filtration

How to Choose the Process

Primary sedimentation

Grit chamber

Enhanced primary

sedimentation

Coagulation

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Conventional A2/O flow diagram

（Phosphorus release）

（Stirrer）

Anaerobic basin Anoxic basin Oxic basin

（Nitrogen removal）（BOD removal, nitrification

and P uptake ）

Raw wastewater Effluent

Sedimentation basin

（Stirrer）

RAS

WAS

Mixed liquor recirculation

N 2

Secondary Wastewater treatment Technology

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A/A/O Series Processes

A/A/O Process

A/A/O process is a typical activated sludge

process that can remove nutriment with

microorganism.

The PO43- -P released in anaerobic zone；

The denitrification process occurred in anoxic zone;

Organic compound degradation, PO43- -P absorption and nitrification

occurred in oxic zone.


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A/A/O Series Processes

Modified A/A/O Process

Modified A/A/O process chart is shown as follows. A anoxic tank is added to

avoid NO3- -N in the sludge circumfluence restraining P release.

1. Anoxic tank 2. Anaerobic tank 3. Anoxic tank

4. Oxic tank 5. Secondary Sedimentation Tank


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SBR Series Processes

MSBR Process

The MSBR process chart is shown as follows. Generally speaking, MSBR process is a

hybrid of A/A/O process and SBR process.


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Selected

basin

Anaerobic

basin

Anoxic

basin

Oxic

basin

Anoxic

basin

Oxic

basin

Effluent

Modified A2O Process

90% 10%

Influent 2～3Q SBR I SBR II

RAS 0.5～1.0Q

WAS


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SBR Series Processes

MSBR Process

MSBR process has been proved to be

very efficient!

Lab Experiment

Bench Experiment

Pilot Experiment


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SBR Series Processes MSBR Process application

Changsha，20×104m3/d Shanghai Songjiang，8×104m3/d

Wuxi，9×104m3/d Shenzhen，12×104m3/d


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Oxidization Ditch Series Processes

Carrousel Oxidization Ditch

Three kind Carrousel OD charts are shown

as follows.

Standard Carrousel OD

Carrousel 2000 OD Carrousel 3000 OD

Bio-Selector

Denitrator


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Orbal Oxidization Ditch

Orbal OD charts are shown as follows.

Usually Orbal OD is composed of three

round ditches which are independent reactor

in series.

Wastewater enters the outer ditch and

exit from center.

Orbal OD is suitable for the WWWTP

under 200000m3 /d


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T Type Oxidization Ditch

T Type OD charts are shown as follows.

T Type OD has three same ditches, the running

mode is much the same as UNITANK.


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Biological Aerated Filter

Biofilm process

Biofilm process is another main process

compared with activated sludge process.

Rotating Biological Contactor

Bio-tower

Trickling Filter


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0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

110000

Time (d)

Q (

t/d)

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

Tem

perature (oC

)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Time (d)

Infl

uent

CO

D (

mg/

l)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Effluent C

OD

(mg/l)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Time (d)

Infl

uen

t N

H4

-N (

mg

/l)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Efflu

ent N

H4

-N (m

g/l)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Time (d)

Infl

uen

t T

P (

mg

/l)

0.0

0.5

1.0

Efflu

ent T

P (m

g/l)

Quality

(mg/L)

COD BOD NH4-N TP SS

influent 210 100 20 3.40 206

effluent 35.2 3.70 2.60 0.22 7.40

removal(%) 83 96 87 94 96

WWTP case

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Tertiary or Advanced Wastewater treatment Technology

Tertiary or Advanced Treatment Technology

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絮凝反应－过滤工艺 Flocculation-Filtration Process

Features: Coagulation could remove SS and parts of TP effectively, ensures better

influent into the following process. Without it, inflow with high SS will increase the

load of RO or sand filtration system drastically and cause various problems such as

clogging.

Some WWTPs followed a drinking water treatment as further treatment.


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bubble

Hollowfiber

sludge

permeate

Cleaning aeration permeate

Aeration and Vibration, prevent

sludge plug on the surface.

Features: MBR combines the advantages of bio-treatment and membrane process.

Simple process, high quality effluent, small footprint, the effluent can be reused

directly.

Aperture : 0.1µm

Sketch Map of Membrane Filtration

MBR (Membrane Biological Reactor)

Micro-floc

of Fe, Al

5~10 µm

Micro-floc

of Sludge

1~3 µm

Micro-floc of

humus, polymer

Micro-floc

of Diatom

20 µm


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Wetland wastewater treatment system in Nanhui District, Shanghai 上海南汇污水湿地处理系统

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氧化塘处理系统在很多发展中国家得到广泛应用

大型植物吸收N,P；

大型植物用于养殖（如：鱼）；

植物塘污水剩余的营养物质可用于灌溉。

■ The oxidization pond system has been extensively used in many

developing countries.

■ N and P absorption by large plant；

■ Large plant for breed aquatics (such as fish);

■ The residual nutrients in wastewater of plant ponds can be used for

irrigation.


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Waste Sludge Treatment and Disposal

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Main Sludge Treatment process

1. Sludge Thickening

2. Sludge Stabilization

3. Sludge Dewatering

4. Sludge Disposal

Sludge Application as

building materials

Sludge Land Application,

Sludge Farm Application,

Sludge Incineration, et al

Waste Sludge Treatment and Disposal

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Leachate treatment: O3

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Case study of water and wastewater treatment

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Case study: Shidongkou WWTP,Shanghai,China

项目 COD BOD5 SS NH3-N TP

Influent (mg/L)

400 200 250 30 4.5

Effluent (mg/L)

60 20 20 8(15) 1.5

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Effluent:

Discharged to Yangtze River;

Reclaimed and reused for road flushing, firefighting, irrigation

Effluent discharge Reclaimed water

Sludge treatment

Thickening;

Dewatering;

incineration;

Landfill Sludge dewatering Incineration

Case study: Shidongkou WWTP,Shanghai,China

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BIOS control system in WWTP

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Case study: Separation of Algae from Tai Lake

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Tai Lake to Shanghai: 130 km

Shanghai is located in the downstream of

Yangtze River

Huangpu River and entrance of Yangtze River

provide raw water for Shanghai.

Tai Lake is in the upstream of Huangpu River

Shanghai

Tai

Lake

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Introduction of Tai Lake

China's famous scenic spot

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Algae bloom in Tai Lake

Blue-green algae is seen on the surface of Tai

Lake

Blooming algae fills large areas of the Tai

Lake

Ducks swim in the algae-rich Tai

Lake

Tai Lake turns green after an algae bloom

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Algae collection

Algae separation

Algae Separation from Tai Lake

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2,000 m3/d

Designed by

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Solid content: 0.5-1%


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Algae-Water separation

Physical methods

Floatation

Microfiltration

Chemical methods

– Activated carbon

Biological methods

Comprehensive methods


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Algae separation Algae residual tank Algae residue dewatering

Non-algae water drained into Tai Lake

Balance tank Algae sludge Methane

production Collecting algae from

Tai Lake by vessel Transport vessel


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Jar test

Coagulants:

absorbent modified with chitosan

alum

poly aluminum chloride

poly ferric sulfate

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Coagulant:150 ppm

A:algae slurry

B:+absorbent modified with chitosan

C:+poly aluminum chloride (PACl)

D:+poly ferric sulfate

E: +alum


A B C E D

A1 C1 B1 D1

A1:algae slurry

B1:+absorbent modified with chitosan

C1: +poly aluminum chloride (PACl)

D1: +alum

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Reuse of Wastewater

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China national standard for reclaimed water

The reuse of urban recycling water-Classified standard

GB/T 18919-2002

(national standard, recommended, issued in 2002)

The reuse of urban recycling water-Water quality standard for urban miscellaneous water consumption GB/T 18920-2002

The reuse of urban recycling water-Water quality standard for scenic environment use GB/T 18921-2002

The reuse of urban recycling water-Water quality standard for industrial uses

GB/T 19923-2005

The reuse of urban recycling water-Quality of farmland irrigation water

GB/T 20922-2007

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The reuse of urban recycling water- Water quality standard for scenic environment use

NO. indices

Aesthetic environment use Recreational environment use

Watercourse impoundment waterscape Watercourse impoundment waterscape

1 Basic

requirement No floating debris, no unpleasant odour or smell

2 pH 6~9

3 BOD5 ≤ 10 6 6

4 SS ≤ 20 10 --

5 Turb.(NTU) ≤ 5.0

6 DO ≥ 1.5 2.0

7 TP ≤ 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5

mg/L

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Case study: Reclaimed Water for 2008 Beijing Olympic Game

Beijing:

• China's capital

• second-largest city

• Population: more than 17 million

• Area: 15,540 km²

• Water supply: suffered from

water shortage

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Membrane+

carbon filtration

Influent pumping

station

Office building

Ozone

generator

chlorination

Ozone

contact tank

effluent

Reclaimed water in Qinghe WWTP,Beijing

Wastewater reuse in Beijing

http://www.bjkcsj.com/UploadFiles/201003/2010030314515259.jpg

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Qinghe WRP Capacity: – first stage-80,000 m3/d

– Second stage-180,000m3/d (Average), 250,000 m3/d (Peak Flow)

Construction period: – July 2005-December 2006;

– upgraded until 2010

Usage: – greenbelt irrigation,

– road flushing,

– toilet flushing,

– landscape river,

– spray spring

Reclaimed water used as waterscape replenishment

Reclaimed water project in Qinghe WWTP, Beijing

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Beixiaohe WRP, Beijing

RO

MBR A/A/O

Biological deodorization

UV

Wastewater reuse in Beijing

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Influent: Olympic Village during the Games

Effluent: supplied to the Olympic Park

Service population: 400,000

Treatment type: MBR+RO

Pre-existing treatment: Mechanical/biological

Original capacity: 40,000 m³/day

New train additional capacity: 60,000 m³/day

Final capacity: 100,000 m³/day

Project Timeline:

– Original plant construction: 1990

– WRP project began: 2006

– System start-up:April 2008

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RO treatment capacity: 10,000 m³/day

Disinfection: UV

Final effluent parameters: – COD<30 mg/l – Phosphorus<0.3 mg/l – Nitrogen<10 mg/l – Coliform bacteria<2/100 ml – Project Cost:270 million Yuan (EUR 25 million)


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Comparison of Desalination Methods

Desalting range comparison

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Industrial Wastewater treatment

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Leather Wastewater Treatment Plant

Sample: Raw water

TEST METHOD UNIT RESULT

Chemical Oxygen Demand APHA 5220 B-98 mg O2/L 6040

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

@20°C for 5 days APHA 5210 B-98 mg / L 4900

Total Dissolved Solids APHA 2540 C-98 mg / L 800.5

Oil & Grease APHA 5520 B-98(MOD) mg / L 4926.4

Sample: After clarifier

TEST METHOD UNIT RESULT

Chemical Oxygen Demand APHA 5220 B-98 mg O2/L 52

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

@20°C for 5 days APHA 5210 B-98 mg / L 25

Total Dissolved Solids APHA 2540 C-98 mg / L 1149.0

Oil & Grease APHA 5520 B-98(MOD) mg / L 1.6

64

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Water and wastewater treatment in Africa

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贫民窟给排水点

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Kenya: Drinking Water Treatment

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Disinfection

Chlorination (O3,UV…?)

Boiling - 100°C

Pasteurization - kills all pathogenic microbes

Sterilization - kills all microbes

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Chlorine Disinfection: Free chlorine residual of 0.2-0.5 mg/L will disinfect tap water. Sodium hypochlorite: for household water treatment. Solar Disinfection(SODIS): Heating water to 65°C (149°F) in a solar cooker will pasteurize the water and kill disease causing microbes.

Disinfection

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NGETHU WATER WORKS

71

Case study:

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72

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73

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sludge Slaughterhouse wastewater

Wharf toilet

Infrastructure：

pipeline；

Waterworks

WWTPs

Nigeria

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Ethiopia: Untreated industrial wastewater

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Project profile

Sirte City

Chlorine injection

To sea

filtrationChemical treatmentSedimentation tankBiological treatment

((activated sludge))

Grit and insoluble

material removal

Return sludge

Sludge digestion

Sludge to dryers

Sand filter

Sample 1

Sample 2

Sample 3

Tertiary treatment

Wastewater reuse-Desalination in Libya

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Sirte Wastewater Treatment Pant: •Constructed in 2001

•Capacity: 30000m3/d

•Treatment Process: activated sludge

Existing Problem: TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) is too high!

Acceptable TDS for irrigation: 600~1000 mg/L

Current TDS in S WWTP: 2500 mg/L

Desalination is needed!

Wastewater reuse-Desalination in Libya

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Reuse of Waste Water for Forest Plantation Irrigation

project in Libya

Sampling in Sirte City, Libya

Preliminary scheme of tertiary treatment and reuse of wastewater in Sirte City, Libya

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What is your opinion on the wastewater reuse?

Save water

Cost-effective? Too expensive!

Reliability (power system; infrastructure; solar power?)

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Kenya: Wastewater Treatment

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Existing Sanitation Technology

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Kenya: Pond System

AP-Anaerobic pond, FP- Facultative pond, MP- Maturation

pond

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Maturation Pond

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●

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cooperation leads to success

thanks for your attendtion

water resources management: practices and challenges in

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