water quality monitoring at perai industrial park during...

Rivers’04 1st International Conference on Managing Rivers in the 21st Century: Issues & Challenges

Water Quality Monitoring at Perai Industrial Park During Wet Season KHAIRUL RAHMAH AYUB, Tutor, River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia FARIDAH ABU HASSAN ASAARI, Lecturer, School Of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia ROZI ABDULLAH, Lecturer, School Of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia LAU TZE LIANG, Lecturer, School Of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia NOR AZAZI ZAKARIA, Director, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia AMINUDDIN AB. GHANI, Deputy Director, REDAC, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia ABSTRACT Since November 2003 until January 2004, a data collection programme on water quality was established at Perai Industrial Complex. With the total area of 731.14 hectares, more than 300 factories involve in the commercial and industrial activities in the area. Thus wastewater discharges increases year by year and have affected the nearby waterways and sea. The three month study in the area during a wet season not only shows that purification and dilution of wastewater do not occur due to the stagnant condition of waterways. So, there is a need for the developed industrial area to have a better drainage but also wastewater treatment system to conserve the natural environment. Keywords: Wastewater, water quality, self-purification, wet season. 1 Introduction The Study area, Perai Industrial Complex, is located on mainland of Penang State (Figure 1). The Study area with the total area of 731.14 hectares was developed by Penang Development Corporation (PDC) in 1971 into the biggest industrial park in Malaysia to date. It comprises Prai Industrial Park and Prai Free Industrial Zone (202.69 hectares) Currently, most of the industrial wastes water in the study area are discharged directly to drains or other waterways. The

discharge of most of the industrial wastes water without proper treatment is causing increased pollution in the existing drains, rivers and other downstream area. Wastewater flow through the nearest downstream and eventually polluting the beaches and offshore marine waters due to low flow in dry season. Finally, this condition has resulted in adverse biological effects, odours and nuisances. It is evident that the pollution causing by industrial wastewater will become more apparent in the future if no action is taken

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to improve or alleviate the drainage system in the study area. Due to consciousness of Penang State Government, Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai (MPSP) is intended to upgrade the stormwater drainage facilities for quantity and quality control in the study and surrounding area. Hence, MPSP has requested the River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia to study the drainage system and the water pollution problems in the Kawasan Perindustrian Perai.

Legend Study Area

Figure 1 Map of Seberang Perai [1]. 2 Project Background Perai Industrial Complex is located in Seberang Perai Tengah, Penang (Figure 2). Perai Industrial Complex is divided into four zones, namely Kawasan Perusahaan Perai 1, 2, 3 and 4. This area have been fully developed into an industrialise region except some coastal area which still remain as mangroves area. The Study area

covers part of Kawasan Perusahaan Perai 1, the whole Kawasan Perusahaan Perai 2 and 3, some villages and residential area adjacent to Kawasan Perusahaan Perai 3.

The study area is severely polluted by industrial and commercial effluent. The untreated effluent may contain toxic material and excess concentration of pollutant that are contaminating the waterway and the sea and disrupting the aquatic ecosystem consequently.

Due to flat and low-lying ground platform level, the drain water tends to stagnate and decompose, causing drain water black in colour, odours, in viscous liquid form, visible nuisance as well as hazards to public health.

The mean annual rainfall is approximately 267 cm, which is evenly distributed throughout the year. There are two wet periods during the year, which occur between April to May and September to November, when the Intertropical Convergence Zone passes over the area. Dry period occurs from December to March, whilst a transitional period of moderate rains occurs from June to August. The maximum amount of precipitation generally occurs in September and October.

The nearest rainfall station in the Study area is situated in Kompleks Prai (Station No. 5303053) and Permatang Rawa (Station No. 5304046). During the study, the heaviest rainfall has occurred on November 2003 and followed by December 2003. The distributions of the monthly and mean annual rainfall for the study area are given in Table 1 and Figure 3. 3 Water Quality Problems The study area is severely polluted by industrial and commercial effluent which is discharged to the nearby waterway. Several site visits and an industry survey were carried out in order to identify the sources and types of wastewater in the

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4 Monitoring Station and Sampling Period

study area. Basically, any body of water is capable of assimilating a certain amount of pollution without serious effects because of the dilution by the stormwater and self-purification factors. However, the water quality in the existing drains may be affected by the frequency of pumping activities by the both pumping stations in the study area. Figure 4 shows the present wastewater condition of the study area on 4th November 2003.

Wastewater was sampled and analyzed on November 2003 until January 2004. A total of eighteen sampling points were established in order to collect water samples for analysis (Figure 5). Six monitoring stations are chosen in Kawasan Perusahaan Perai 1, nine monitoring station in Kawasan Perusahaan Perai 2 and three monitoring stations at Kawasan Perusahaan Perai 3.

Figure 2 Location of Study Area [2].

Table 1 Mean Monthly and Annual Rainfall Statistic (1953-1990) [3].

Rainfall Depth (mm) Stn. Name (Stn. No.) Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Permatang Rawa (5304046)

88.0 92.4 164.3 220.2 196.8 137.3 173.0 189.7 314.9 372.2 265.5 165.4 2379.7

Kompleks Prai (5303053)

56.9 77.2 97.2 186.2 190.3 135.0 122.9 165.4 282.4 320.9 193.1 102.5 1930.1

Average 72.5 84.8 130.8 203.2 193.6 136.2 148.0 177.6 298.7 346.6 229.3 134.0 2154.9

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Rainfall Depth For Juru ( November 2003 - January 2004)

0

50

100

150

200

250

November, 2003 December, 2003 January, 2004

Month

Rai

nfal

l Dep

th (m

m)

212

117 79

Figure 3 Rainfall Depth for Juru (November 2003 – January 2004).

(b) (a)

Figure 4(a)-(b) Wastewater conditions in study area [2].

At each location, at least three samples (1.5L) were collected. Water samples of the selected locations were analyzed and these monitoring stations are considered to represent the water quality in selected drains in the study area. 5 Preliminary Results of Wastewater

Analysis The results obtained are discussed in comparison with Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979.

(i) pH In general the pHs for most of the sampling stations were well within the compliance limit of Standard B, where the pH range is 5.5- 9.0 (Figure 6). If pH is less than 5.5 (indicating acidic condition) or greater than 9.0 (alkaline condition), this shows that the water will support very few, if none at all, aquatic microorganisms. Even though November 2003 and December 2003 are considered wet season, it was found that pH values are not consistent compared to dry season on January 2004. However, pH values for the most monitoring stations on November 2003 are well within the compliance limit

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except MS 7 and MS 17 which is slightly lower than the value stated in Standard B, EQA 1974. Throughout December 2003, pH values are lower than the compliance value of 5.5 for several monitoring stations. On 18th December 2003, MS 7 (2.27), MS 17 (2.21) and MS 18 (2.05) show the lowest value of pH respectively. This indicates that those monitoring stations were polluted and have very few aquatic microorganisms (Table 2).

(ii) Temperature (oC) In-situ test for temperature show all the monitoring stations on November 2003 until January 2004 comply with the Standard B, EQA 1974 which mean must be equal or lower than 40oC (Table 3).

(iii)BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) The BOD5 test is very important to determine the resultant pollution strength of wastewaters if discharged into natural watercourses or drains. According to Standard B, EQA 1974, the BOD5 of the effluent must be equal to or less than 50 mg/L. On November 2003, MS 7 and MS 4 have very high concentration of BOD5. In December 2003, MS 7 still has the highest concentration of 78 mg/L to 348 mg/L.

Throughout January 2004, concentrations of BOD5 increases especially on 14th January 2004 where only three monitoring stations do not exceed the Standard B, EQA 974. Table 4 summarizes all results in the study area.

Figure 5 Location of Monitoring Stations [2].

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Table 2 pH Value. pH

Station 4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04

Range

MS1 6.1 6.9 6.4 6.0 3.5 4.3 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.5 6.9 3.5-7.5 MS2 6.4 7.2 6.6 5.9 4.3 5.4 3.9 7.2 6.8 6.9 6.9 3.9-7.2 MS3 6.6 6.6 6.5 5.9 5.3 5.9 4.0 7.4 6.9 7.4 7.2 4.0-7.4 MS4 6.4 6.6 6.0 6.3 5.1 6.1 7.3 7.9 6.8 6.6 7.2 5.1-7.9 MS5 6.5 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.2 5.7 6.5 7.0 7.1 6.8 7.3 5.2-7.3 MS6 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.5 4.5 5.3 6.9 7.1 7.2 9.3 7.4 4.5-9.3 MS7 5.3 7.5 8.8 6.4 7.0 2.3 5.5 9.0 6.2 6.8 8.3 2.3-8.8 MS8 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.5 5.0 5.8 7.0 6.8 6.8 7.3 7.2 5.0-7.3 MS9 9.9 7.1 6.8 7.4 5.8 6.1 7.1 6.8 6.8 7.1 7.2 5.8-9.9 MS10 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.0 6.6 6.5 7.7 7.6 7.5 8.0 7.4 6.0-7.7 MS11 7.9 7.2 7.3 7.0 6.4 6.4-7.9 MS12 9.6 9.2 8.5 6.3 6.5 6.8 7.3 7.3 8.5 7.5 7.4 6.3-9.6 MS13 8.4 7.5 7.2 5.9 5.8 6.5 7.6 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.7 5.8-8.4 MS14 6.7 7.4 7.3 6.7 5.9 7.5 7.4 7.9 7.4 7.7 5.9-7.9 MS15 6.7 7.4 7.3 6.5 6.1 5.8 7.3 7.1 7.1 7.6 6.9 5.8-7.6 MS16 6.0 7.1 7.2 6.1 4.6 5.2 7.3 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.2 4.6-7.3 MS17 5.9 5.7 4.6 5.7 4.5 2.2 6.0 6.0 8.1 6.3 2.2-8.1 MS18 6.2 6.3 6.1 5.1 2.1 5.1 6.4 7.0 6.4 2.1-7.0

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: pH = 5.5 - 9.0

Table 3 Temperature in study area.

Temperature (oC) Station

4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04 Range

MS1 29 29 30 30 30 29 29 31 32 31 29 29-32 MS2 29 29 29 30 31 29 32 32 32 33 32 29-33 MS3 30 27 30 28 29 29 29 32 31 31 30 27-32 MS4 30 28 30 32 29 32 32 33 32 33 31 29-33 MS5 31 29 29 29 28 30 31 31 31 33 29 29-33 MS6 32 29 30 32 28 30 32 34 32 33 31 28-34 MS7 30 30 30 29 28 28 28 29 29 32 29 29-32 MS8 30 29 29 30 29 29 32 33 30 31 29 29-33 MS9 29 28 29 28 18 27 29 31 30 31 28 27-31 MS10 29 28 29 29 28 29 31 32 31 31 29 28-31 MS11 30 28 29 29 27 27-30 MS12 29 28 29 28 18 29 30 31 31 32 29 18-32 MS13 30 29 29 30 28 30 31 34 33 32 31 28-34 MS14 30 28 30 30 29 33 34 32 32 30 28-34 MS15 30 29 30 28 28 29 32 32 31 32 30 28-32 MS16 29 29 29 30 29 30 30 33 32 33 32 29-33 MS17 29 29 29 31 28 28 30 31 32 29 28-32 MS18 29 29 29 28 28 29 29 31 29 28-31

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: Temperature = 40oC

Table 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5).

BOD5 Station

4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04 Range

MS1 24 42 35 23 400 218 175 160 35 115 95 23-400 MS2 134 108 42 8 210 75 190 115 30 30 95 8-210 MS3 45 57 65 3 20 73 210 30 15 20 25 3-210 MS4 77 93 84 38 110 50 155 195 170 90 65 38-195 MS5 50 12 11 55 2 30 60 20 125 95 30 2-125 MS6 39 51 65 70 23 58 60 115 60 30 45 23-115 MS7 140 159 174 348 180 78 250 215 140 95 175 3.0-95 MS8 66 15 6 30 3 8 8 25 95 15 5 78-349 MS9 36 15 12 23 3 28 65 0 95 5 5 0.0-95 MS10 51 18 5 25 2 20 95 50 160 45 0 0.0-160 MS11 17 2 2 5 2 2.0-17 MS12 87 6 3 3 2 15 115 25 105 15 0 0.0-115 MS13 44 11 30 3 56 28 35 20 125 5 60 3-125 MS14 60 3 20 8 17 50 15 85 25 15 3.0-85 MS15 32 2 15 35 2 20 60 20 120 5 0 2-120 MS16 29 5 9 40 5 18 50 30 110 15 0 5-110 MS17 50 18 9 30 12 45 135 95 20 15 9-135 MS18 72 27 23 30 28 25 95 15 5 5.0-95

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: BOD5 = 50 mg/L

(iv) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) COD test is used as a means of measuring the organic strength of wasteswaters. It is based upon the fact that all organic

compounds, except for a few, can be oxidized by the action of strong oxidizing agents. According to Standard B, EQA

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1974, the COD values must not exceed 100mg/L for industrial wastewater.

Most of the time on November 2003, MS 7 has high concentrations of COD and this indicates that high organic pollution occurred in the area. The highest value of COD that is indicated at MS 7 is 7000 mg/L for water sampled on 13th November 2003. Even though COD content at MS 7 on December 2003 are still high but concentration of COD in other monitoring stations also increase extremely. Concentration of COD at MS 1 (66000 mg/L) shows the highest value for water sampled on 11th December 2003, in fact for the month of December 2003 too. For water sampled on 18th December 2003 and 24th December 2003, most of the monitoring stations are not in compliance with the Standard B, EQA 1974. The concentrations of the COD are very high with the range of 125 mg/L to 1288 mg/L respectively.

On January 2004, MS 7 has the highest contaminated by organic pollutant with the range of 1900 mg/L to 7000 mg/L. Other six monitoring stations are not in compliance throughout the study period with the value stated in Standard B, EQA 1974 are MS 1 (106 mg/L - 470 mg/L), MS 4 (288 mg/L – 751 mg/L), MS 6 (130 mg/L – 190 mg/L), MS 13 (172 mg/L –

280 mg/L), MS 14 (108 mg/L – 284 mg/L) and MS 17 (104 mg/L – 159 mg/L) (Table 5).

(v) Suspended Solids (SS) The suspended solids determination is extremely valuable in the analysis of polluted waters. According to Standard B, EQA 1974, the permissible SS value is 100mg/L for industrial wastewater.

Table 6 shows all only three water sampled on November 2003 are not in compliance with the standard and the rest are well within the limit. However on December 2003 the number of monitoring stations that complied with the Standard B, EQA 1974 decreased and the highest values of SS was indicated in MS 1 (1100 mg/L). On January 2004, the monitoring stations that are not in compliance with the standard decrease with the range of 110 mg/L to 825 mg/L. MS 7 has the highest concentration of suspended solids followed by MS 4. Nine monitoring stations do not exceed the standard of 100 mg/L. Table 6 shows that MS 2 (10-55 mg/L), MS 8 (12-55 mg/L), MS 9 (2-42 mg/L), MS 12 (8-81 mg/L), MS 14 (24-58 mg/L), MS 15 (2-38 mg/L), MS 16 (3-22 mg/L), MS 17 (12-34 mg/L) and MS 18 (3-7 mg/L) are well within the standard.

Table 5 Chemical Oxygen Demand. COD

Station 4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04

Range

MS1 53 135 171 86 66000 913 219 188 106 332 470 53-66000 MS2 329 214 210 14 436 253 382 103 92 222 173 14-436 MS3 31 78 192 129 150 203 1594 157 90 198 222 31-1594 MS4 110 167 326 56 565 1288 184 288 476 751 303 56-1288 MS5 0 12 10 95 48 50 115 23 282 663 25 0.0-663 MS6 20 130 240 166 277 225 156 179 190 152 130 20-277 MS7 484 7000 1900 1530 5350 604 3800 4900 6000 7000 1900 484-7000 MS8 0 105 123 217 40 140 84 91 143 77 55 0.0-143 MS9 16 71 80 119 27 241 220 41 170 20 22 16-241 MS10 17 8 10 67 210 65 135 163 263 257 68 8-263 MS11 17 9 23 29 41 9.0-41 MS12 66 15 50 13 134 161 183 76 100 127 55 13-183 MS13 104 56 118 70 265 225 167 206 280 172 223 56-280 MS14 610 66 150 70 202 172 147 284 108 181 66-610 MS15 216 90 165 890 145 125 144 142 147 82 19 19-890 MS16 33 15 15 15 126 150 74 30 240 68 49 15-240 MS17 47 144 82 210 280 189 207 104 109 159 82-280 MS18 60 31 40 65 186 44 135 16 9 9-186

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: COD = 100 mg/L

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Table 6 Suspended Solids. SS

Station 4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04

Range

MS1 25 44 25 20 1120 124 182 354 49 39 123 20-1120 MS2 65 69 40 15 64 81 164 10 44 55 48 10-164 MS3 25 50 50 44 65 154 86 64 48 136 94 25-154 MS4 52 64 40 31 103 54 434 358 394 135 86 31-434 MS5 9 5 28 5 7 4 5 1 436 111 110 1-436 MS6 45 48 56 71 67 139 240 279 261 56 65 45-279 MS7 117 390 63 64 92 193 215 825 825 778 36 63-825 MS8 3 20 44 27 15 71 24 16 55 29 12 3.0-71 MS9 45 8 28 28 14 61 3 2 6 4 42 2.0-61 MS10 25 31 7 13 111 58 19 47 14 87 130 7-130 MS11 7 12 27 11 1 1.0-27 MS12 9 22 35 27 37 53 49 8 81 79 18 9.0-81 MS13 10 19 46 16 92 72 117 58 167 69 29 10-167 MS14 124 25 88 16 117 79 24 43 45 58 16-124 MS15 54 33 52 13 31 10 6 2 6 38 2 2.0-54 MS16 1 1 1 12 25 11 21 3 8 22 9 1.0-25 MS17 5 27 23 43 27 32 318 16 34 12 5-318 MS18 9 30 46 17 52 47 7 7 3 3.0-52

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: SS = 100 mg/L

(vi) Oil and Grease Oil and grease is not soluble in water, is lighter than water and therefore floats. This layer of oil and grease may hinder the exchange of gases particularly oxygen and therefore may cause anaerobic condition to occur in the water body beneath this top layer. The EQA (1974), Standard B maximum permitted value for oil and grease concentration in wastewater is 10 mg/L. From the Table 7, it shows all monitoring stations do not exceed the compliance limit on November 2003 however the values increases on December 2003 especially water that was sampled on 11th December 2003. The highest concentration was indicated in MS 1 (19661 mg/L) followed by MS 14 (3015 mg/L) and MS 13 (2030 mg/L). Results on January 2004 shows the concentration of oil and grease in each monitoring station are lower than permitted values of Standard B, EQA 1974 except for MS 14 (25.8 mg/L) where the water sampled on 14th January 2004 . Detail is shown in Table 7. (vii) Sulphide, SO2- Sulphide is formed during the reduction of sulphate and is associated with smell. If the pH of the wastewater is 8 or above the reduced sulphur is in the form of HS- and S2- and odour problem does not occur but at pH lower than 8, it shifts to form

unionized H2S and cause serious odour problem. However, H2S in the presence of oxygen and bacteria can convert sulphide to acid sulphuric and cause corrosion problem in concrete sewer systems. Therefore the EQA (1974) Standard B maximum permitted value for sulphide is 0.5mg/L. Table 8 shows the sulphide contents in all the water sampled were lower than 0.25mg/L on 4th November 2003 and on 19th November 2003 the range is 0.004-0.5mg/L. However, on 13th November 2003 the concentration of Sulphide for MS6 (3.85mg/L) and MS7 (0.59mg/L) exceeded the Standard B, EQA (1974). On December 2003 shows sulphide contents in most monitoring stations are not in compliance with the standard especially on 11th December 2003 and 18th December 2003. Water sampled on 18th December 2003 shows the highest values of sulphide are recognized at MS 4 (36.3 mg/L) and followed by MS 2 (23.8 mg/L) and MS 12 (15.35 mg/L). Throughout January 2004, MS 4 is identified not complied with the standard and shows highest concentration of sulphide on 20th January 2004 (47.2 mg/L). On 28th January 2004, the concentrations of sulphide in MS 4 decreased but still exceeded the standard with values of 18.75 mg/L. Detail figures on concentrations of sulphide in the study area are presented in Table 8.

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(viii) Boron, B Boron is normally found in low concentration in domestic and industrial wastewater owing to its perborate content during detergent preparations. Small concentrations are not harmful to man but are harmful to plants when present in contaminated irrigation water. The permissible value in Standard B, EQA (1974) for boron is 4.0 mg/L. From the results, all water samples from 18 sampling stations on 13th November 2003 comply with the Standard B value except for MS7 (53mg/L). Water sampled on 19th November 2003 show MS7 (5.6mg/L) and MS6 (6.5mg/L) do not comply with the limit of Standard B. 4th December 2003 and 11th December 2003, water sampled in MS 7 (6.6 mg/L and 9.2 mg/L) is not compliance with the standard and the other monitoring stations are in the range of 0.1-2.4 mg/L and 0.3 – 1.9 mg/L respectively. On 18th and 24th December 2003, all monitoring stations do not exceed the standard value. The range for both date are 0.1-1.5 mg/L and 0.1-0.5 mg/L respectively. Throughout January 2004, all monitoring stations are in compliance with the standard in the range of 0.1 mg/L – 3.4 mg/L except for MS 7. MS 7 has very critical values of Boron with the range of 11.5 mg/L – 22.0 mg/L. Table 9 show the summary of Boron concentration in the study area for November 2003 until January 2004.

(ix) Free Chlorine Free chlorine refers to chlorine, hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ion found in water and they are also powerful

oxidising agents. For Standard B EQA (1974) the permissible amount of free chlorine is 2.0mg/L. Concentration of free chlorine on November 2003 are determined to be well within the standard for all monitoring stations. Water sampled on 4th December 2003, 11th December 2003 and 18th December 2003 shows all monitoring station were well below those of Standard B, EQA with the range of 0.01 mg/L – 1.03 mg/L. However, due to dry season on January 2004, concentrations of free chlorine increased rapidly and several monitoring stations are not in compliance with the standard. (Table 10).

(x) Phenol Phenols are aromatic hydrocarbons with hydroxy groups attached to the aromatic ring. Its concentration is usually higher in industrial wastewater than to natural waters. The permissible concentration of phenol in Standard B, EQA (1974) is 1.0 mg/L. During wet season on November 2003, MS 7 shows very high values of phenol with the range of 0.207 mg/L – 101 mg/L. Concentrations of Phenol in MS 7 (2.15 mg/L – 101.0 mg/L) during December 2003 show it never in compliance with the standard. MS 8 also have high concentration throughout December 2003 with the range of 0.2 mg/L – 7.55 mg/L. Throughout January 2004, several monitoring stations are not in compliance with the standard especially MS 7 which is contaminated with very high concentration of phenol (Table 11).

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Table 7 Oil and Grease. Oil and grease

Station 4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04

Range

MS1 0.2 0.2 0.3 43.0 19660.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0-19660.5 MS2 0.3 0.3 0.4 5.5 1206.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0-1206.5 MS3 1.0 0.4 0.4 10.0 481.5 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0-481.5 MS4 0.0 0.1 3.2 193.0 171.5 0.3 0.8 5.1 2.6 1.0 0.0 0.0-193.0 MS5 2.2 0.3 0.0 1.0 47.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0-47.5 MS6 0.0 0.4 0.8 452.5 336.0 0.6 0.1 6.7 1.0 0.3 1.4 0.0-452.5 MS7 0.1 0.9 0.5 1161.5 210.0 1.6 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0-1161.5 MS8 1.2 0.0 0.1 708.0 21.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0-708 MS9 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 277.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0-277.5 MS10 0.0 0.1 0.0 5.5 34.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0-34.5 MS11 0.1 0.1 0.1 97.5 2.0 0.0 0.0-97.5 MS12 0.0 0.1 0.4 5.0 162.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0-162.5 MS13 0.1 0.3 1.5 34.5 2029.5 6.1 0.2 0.2 7.6 0.0 1.7 0.0-2029.5 MS14 0.0 0.4 0.1 10.5 3014.5 0.5 0.0 25.8 0.0 0.1 0.0-3014.5 MS15 0.1 0.3 0.0 748.5 52.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0-748.5 MS16 0.3 0.5 0.0 6.5 54.0 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0-54.0 MS17 0.0 1.1 0.2 2657.5 1299.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0-2657.5 MS18 0.2 0.0 527.5 483.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0-527.5

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: Oil and Grease = 10.0 mg/L

Table 8 Sulphide.

Sulphide Station

4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04 Range

MS1 0.02 0.07 0.15 0.07 5.64 8.58 0.32 1.24 0.05 0.10 6.20 0.02-8.58 MS2 0.07 3.20 0.36 1.13 5.15 23.80 1.69 0.07 0.07 4.68 5.66 0.07-23.8 MS3 0.02 0.35 0.13 0.45 4.00 9.08 0.10 0.18 0.15 1.55 3.11 0.02-9.08 MS4 0.07 0.39 0.13 0.63 22.45 36.30 4.48 1.43 6.36 47.20 18.75 0.07-47.2 MS5 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.00 0.48 27.00 0.14 0.0-27 MS6 0.12 3.85 0.14 6.05 4.28 6.88 0.31 0.30 0.44 2.70 3.29 0.12-6.88 MS7 0.21 0.59 0.50 0.11 0.35 4.21 0.23 0.64 0.72 1.15 0.25 0.11-4.21 MS8 0.00 0.03 0.15 0.04 0.02 6.44 0.09 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.0-6.44 MS9 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.07 0.03 2.50 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.0-2.5 MS10 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.11 0.54 3.78 0.22 0.51 1.24 0.41 0.15 0.02-3.78 MS11 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.0-0.02 MS12 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.02 0.25 15.35 0.32 0.15 0.35 0.22 0.03 0.0-1535 MS13 0.00 0.03 0.08 0.02 19.70 11.63 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.23 6.50 0.0-19.7 MS14 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.01 7.75 0.15 0.08 0.13 1.78 1.93 0.01-7.75 MS15 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.19 2.20 0.08 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.0-2.20 MS16 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.09 0.50 1.52 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.0-1.52 MS17 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.17 0.69 0.04 0.28 0.09 0.06 0.26 0.01-0.69 MS18 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.01-0.07

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: Sulphide = 0.5 mg/L

Table 9 Boron.

Boron Station

4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04 Range

MS1 0.3 0.6 1.3 0.4 1.1 1.0 0.4 1.1 0.5 1.0 3.4 0.3-3.4 MS2 0.4 0.2 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1-1.1 MS3 0.2 0.3 1.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0-1.3 MS4 1.0 0.2 1.1 1.5 1.0 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1-1.5 MS5 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0-0.6 MS6 0.5 0.4 6.5 0.7 0.3 1.2 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1-6.5 MS7 0.9 53.0 5.6 6.6 9.2 0.9 3.0 12.1 22.0 11.5 12.6 0.9-53 MS8 0.0 0.5 1.9 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.8 0.4 0.0-1.9 MS9 0.1 0.7 2.0 0.9 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0-2.0 MS10 0.6 0.1 1.1 2.4 1.0 0.3 0.5 1.7 2.1 1.8 0.7 0.1-2.4 MS11 0.3 0.2 1.4 0.1 0.6 0.1-1.4 MS12 0.5 0.4 2.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.0-2.2 MS13 0.3 1.4 2.0 0.2 1.9 1.6 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.7 1.6 0.2-2.0 MS14 1.3 0.8 1.7 2.2 1.7 0.2 0.3 1.4 0.5 1.5 0.2-2.2 MS15 1.0 0.7 1.3 1.8 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0-1.8 MS16 1.0 0.9 1.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0-1.2 MS17 0.9 0.3 1.3 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0-1.4 MS18 0.6 1.3 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0-1.3

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: Boron = 4.0 mg/L

463


Table 10 Free Chlorine. Free Chlorine

Station 4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04

Range

MS1 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.97 4.35 0.85 0.47 2.30 0.00-4.35 MS2 0.08 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.06 1.73 0.14 0.65 0.83 0.83 0.00-1.73 MS3 0.04 0.12 0.22 0.00 0.02 0.00 1.24 1.16 0.91 1.35 1.36 0.00-1.24 MS4 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.00 4.51 5.05 4.85 1.25 0.62 0.00-5.05 MS5 0.14 0.17 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.12 0.00 6.65 1.59 0.65 0.00-6.65 MS6 0.11 0.05 0.34 0.00 0.05 0.05 2.80 3.10 3.22 0.72 1.14 0.00-0.72 MS7 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.15 3.74 15.40 9.75 11.50 0.79 0.00-15.40 MS8 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.20 0.36 0.34 1.38 0.34 0.18 0.00-1.38 MS9 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.00 0.05 0.00-0.11 MS10 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.20 0.47 2.05 0.68 0.93 0.00-2.05 MS11 0.04 0.11 0.29 0.04 0.05 0.04-0.29 MS12 0.12 0.22 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.87 0.11 1.09 0.44 0.29 0.00-1.09 MS13 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.03 0.02 0.01 1.50 0.79 1.81 0.67 0.51 0.00-1.81 MS14 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.04 1.21 0.54 1.05 0.49 0.67 0.00-1.21 MS15 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.50 0.00 0.14 0.36 0.00 0.00-0.50 MS16 0.03 0.18 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.43 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.00-0.43 MS17 0.03 0.02 0.24 0.03 0.08 0.73 3.58 0.32 1.44 0.24 0.02-3.58 MS18 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.11 1.03 1.28 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00-1.28

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: Free Chlorine = 2.0 mg/L

Table 11 Phenol

Phenol Station

4/11/03 13/11/03 19/11/03 4/12/03 11/12/03 18/12/03 24/12/03 8/1/04 14/1/04 20/1/04 28/1/04 Range

MS1 0.003 0.006 0.025 0.011 2.640 1.000 0.009 0.068 0.000 0.000 0.170 0.000-2.640 MS2 0.038 0.021 0.024 0.004 0.000 0.071 0.022 0.011 0.054 0.012 0.029 0.000-0.071 MS3 0.058 0.020 0.214 0.051 0.051 0.012 0.080 0.010 0.016 0.046 0.140 0.010-0.214 MS4 0.060 0.018 0.067 0.031 0.061 0.018 0.130 0.024 6.000 0.004 0.270 0.004-6.000 MS5 0.009 0.002 0.000 0.015 0.117 0.002 0.004 0.016 0.013 0.022 0.000 0.000-0.117 MS6 0.120 0.016 0.021 0.021 0.017 0.015 0.010 0.064 0.024 0.000 0.040 0.000-0.064 MS7 0.207 101.000 84.000 53.500 101.000 4.000 2.150 188.000 58.000 870.000 181.000 0.207-870 MS8 0.000 3.700 5.700 7.550 0.200 6.000 0.600 0.025 0.000 0.166 0.260 0.000-7.550 MS9 0.000 1.000 2.600 0.028 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000-2.600 MS10 0.154 0.038 0.070 0.012 0.760 0.038 0.104 2.400 7.200 3.500 1.800 0.012-7.200 MS11 0.022 0.006 0.045 0.010 0.006 0.006-0.045 MS12 0.000 0.087 0.080 0.019 0.083 0.054 0.063 0.128 8.100 3.250 0.119 0.000-8.400 MS13 0.000 0.011 0.056 0.025 0.115 0.027 0.056 0.041 0.082 1.500 0.028 0.000-1.500 MS14 0.058 0.016 0.047 0.030 0.109 0.062 0.044 0.009 0.000 0.187 0.000-0.187 MS15 0.059 0.009 0.000 0.011 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.028 2.200 0.000 0.000-2.200 MS16 0.019 0.000 0.002 0.027 0.096 0.041 0.000 0.001 0.014 1.350 0.025 0.000-1.350 MS17 0.010 0.038 0.006 0.001 0.020 0.015 0.009 0.006 0.050 0.064 0.000-0.640 MS18 0.069 0.020 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.150 0.000 0.000-0.150

Standard B, EQA 1974 limit: Phenol = 1.0 mg/L

7 Conclusions From the discussions above, it can be concluded that the water samples collected in November 2003, December 2003 and January 2004 in general are polluted with high concentration of pollutants. Even though this study was carried out during wet season with rainfall depth in the range of 79mm – 220mm, the results show that there is less or may be no self-purification process and dilution occured. Most of the pollutants in monitoring stations exceed the permitted value in Standard B, EQA 1974. Acknowledgment The authors would like to express sincere gratitude to Seberang Perai Municipal

Council (MPSP) for funding for this project. The authors also would like to thank Mr. Paker Mohamad, Mr Rahim Ghazali and all REDAC’s staff for their involvement in this project.

References

1. Seberang Perai Municipal Council. (2000). Draf Rancangan Tempatan Butterworth 2010.

2. Seberang Perai Municipal (2004). Feasibilities Study and Drainage Improvement Work at Perai Industrial Complex, Seberang Perai Tengah, Penang.

3. Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia. (1991). Hydrological Data, Rainfall Records 1986-1990.

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