water quality, manure and nutrient management for certified livestock manager training
DESCRIPTION
Water Quality, Manure and Nutrient Management for Certified Livestock Manager Training. Rick Wilson, Ohio EPA July 10, 2008. Mandate to Restore Polluted Waters. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT [As Amended Through P.L. 107–303, November 27, 2002]. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Water Quality, Manure and Nutrient Management for Certified Livestock
Manager Training
Rick Wilson, Ohio EPAJuly 10, 2008
Mandate to Restore Polluted Waters
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT[As Amended Through P.L. 107–303, November 27, 2002]
SEC. 101. (a) The objective of this Act is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.
Ohio EPA monitors water quality in Ohio and reports its findings.
• Since the early 1970s, Ohio EPA has measured the quality of Ohio’s water resources and worked with industries, local governments, and citizens to restore the quality of substandard waters.
• The Integrated Report is required by the federal Clean Water Act to fulfill two purposes: (1) to provide a summary of the status of the state's surface waters(2) to develop a list of waters that do not meet established goals—the "impaired waters.“ The 303(d) list
• Under the Clean Water Act, once impaired waters are identified the state must take action to improve them. This includes developing restoration plans (total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), water quality based permits, and prioritizing funding nonpoint pollution control measures.
Leading Causes of Impairment2008 Integrated Report
For watersheds, most impairments are related to modification of the landscape. These types of impairments have the most impact on smaller streams. Nearly all impaired watershed units (202 of 209) had at least one of these causes contributing to impairment and 65% (136 of 209) had three or more of the top five causes listed.
What’s Causing the Problems?
Most aquatic life impairment is caused by land disturbances related to agriculture activities and urban development.
Large Rivers – 38%Small Waters – 49%
Hydromodification
Examples: agricultural drainage systems, channelization
Large Rivers – 19%
Small Waters – 64%
Silt & Sediment
Examples: construction activities, tillage, andloss of riparian corridor and flood plains
Habitat Alteration
Large Rivers – 44%Small Waters – 62%
Examples: low-head dams, removal of riparian trees
Nutrients
Large Rivers – 38%Small Waters – 61%
Laundry list here, Agricultural runoff (dominant land use in Ohio)
Organic Enrichment & D.O.
Large Rivers – 44%Small Waters – 54%
Examples: Domestic sewage and livestock manure discharges
Gross Nutrient EnrichmentStillwater River
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2000 4000 6000 8000Time
D.O
. m
g/l
9/12–14/05
Habitat Destruction and Nutrient EnrichmentEffects on Stream Fish Community
Healthy Fishery Degraded Fishery
Good Habitat(Shading, Better
Nutrient Processing, More
Living Places)
Poor Habitat(Full Sunlight, Boom and Bust Production, Fewer Living Spaces)
Historic Range of Smallmouth BassTrautman’s Fishes of Ohio
Viable Smallmouth Bass Fisheries
Buffers and Habitat Quality
Nothing here to filter pollution Bank erosion
Managing the Landscape to Manage Nutrient Loads
• Streams need wide buffers– provide shading
• cooler temperature• limit algae growth
– filter pollutants• allow sediment to drop out• vegetation take up nutrients• accidents do happen, need margin of safety
• Good Physical Habitat– increase processing of nutrients– where drainage needed, consider natural channel design
• Wetlands or Riparian for Tile Drainage– tiles by-pass riparian zone
Average Phosphorus Concentrations Around Ohio
Little or No DataBackgroundNormalEnrichedPolluted
Nutrient Guidelines for Ecosystem Protection. Nutrient Water Quality Standards are currently
under development.
For Ohio:
Total Phosphorus (mg/L) Total Nitrogen (mg/L)
WWH EWH WWH EWH
Headwaters0.08 0.05 1.0 0.5
Wadable0.10 0.05 1.0 0.5
Small Rivers 0.17 0.10 1.5 1.0
Large Rivers0.30 0.15 2.0 1.5
BMPs and the Permits that Require them to be Implemented
• Setbacks!• Tile Outlet checks!• Evaluate field for Soil Cracks!• Site specific areas of concern
(concentrated flow paths)• Agronomic Utilization! (Keep Soil test P
levels from skyrocketing)• Forecast!• Record keeping!
Evaluate and Determine Proper Setbacks
Know where your land application field drains, and monitor there.
Know where your land application field drains, and monitor there.
Evaluate Field for Cracks
Surface drains are conduits to waters of the State.
Lake Erie-Western BasinResearch from Heidelberg College (Baker et al)
• Past 33 years of data from Ohio Tributary Loading program has shown dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loading decreased 65% through mid 1990s. Since then, DRP loads have increased rapidly and in 2007 reached historic highs.
• The high bioavailability of DRP make it a prime suspect in the recurrence of harmful algal blooms within Lake Erie.
• Excessive phosphorus loading identified as cause for increases in Blue-green algae (Microcystis).
Photo by: Thomas Bridgeman, University of Toledo
Lake Erie-Western BasinResearch from Heidelberg College (Baker et al)
• The increases in DRP loading are derived from cropland and are linked to changing fertilizer management associated with conservation tillage and to stratification in the soil column.
• Storm water from cropland runoff entering southern shores of Lake Erie contain high concentrations of dissolved nutrients, including DRP and Nitrate. As sediments settle out of the water column, these nutrients are available to support algal growth Photo by: Thomas Bridgeman,
University of Toledo
Dr. David Baker-Heidelberg CollegeNational Center For Water Quality Research
Current farming methods that contribute to excessive dissolved phosphorus runoff include:
1. Phosphorus accumulation in the surface layers of soil, in the absence of tillage that inverts the soil.
2. Fall and winter surface applications of fertilizer and manure without incorporation.
3. Maintenance rather than draw-down applications of phosphorus fertilizers, where justified by soil tests.
Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Concentrations over Successive Rainfall Events
Peter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)
• Broadcast manure concentrates soluble P at the soil surface where it is readily available to runoff into water (Sharpley et al., 1984)
• Of existing manure application methods, broadcasting generally results in the greatest potential for soluble P losses in runoff (Zhao et al., 2001)
How does Manure Management fit into this Discussion?
Rainor
snowmelt
Surface Runoff
Particulate phosphorusassociated with eroded
soil particles.
Dissolved phosphoruspicked up from soil
solution.
Infiltration and percolation
Tile flow with nitrate
Zone of runoff interaction - 1-5 cm.
How does phosphorus move from fields to streams?
Under conservation tillagephosphorus accumulatesat the soil surface.
From Heidelberg College , NCWQR-Baker et al.
Maumee River 7/1/2003 - 8/22/2003
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
7/1/03 7/11/03 7/21/03 7/31/03 8/10/03 8/20/03
Date
Flo
w
(cfs
)
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
TP
(m
g/l
)
Flow, CFS TP, mg/L as P
Detroit River
24.3 km3 water
287 mtons TP
15x more water
Maumee River
1.56 km3 water
587 mtons TP
2x more phosphorus
Baker et al, 2007
Western and Central Basins---Lake ErieSatellite Image, April 2, 2008
Sagady & Associates, East Lansing, MI.
Agricultural Phosphorus and Eutrophication, Second EditionA.N. Sharpley, T. Daniel, T. Sims, J. Lemunyon, R. Stevens, and R. Parry
United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, ARS–149, September 2003
Phosphorus Stratification After 20 Years of No-till, Sandusky County, OH
020406080
100120140
Depth below Soil Surface
lbs/
ac B
ray
P1
Glenford silt loam
Hoytville silty cl lm
Jerry Cunningham, CCA, Country Spring Farmers Co-op.
Incorporated manure …
Injected manure
• Soil saturation checked and recorded?
• Rate based in consideration of all variables.
• Remember manure application in these conditions, is still not considered a good practice. It’s marginal at best with regard to true nutrient utilization.
Evaluate each field for site specific issues (e.g. concentrated flow paths)
http://www.nohrsc.nws.gov/nsa/
Thaw Hydrograph Feb 22-March 3, 2007
UT Tributary to Cessna Cr. @ Rd 90
March 1, 2007, 15:38 hrs. February 26, 2007, 12:25 hrs3 days earlier
Downstream land where separated sand solids from Dairy Manure were land applied onto frozen /snow covered land
Parameters (mg/L) Location
BOD5 (mg/L)
Susp.solids (mg/L)
NH3-N (mg/L)
NO3+NO2 (mg/L)
Total P
(mg/L)
UT Cessna Creek on Rd. 90 (Downstream from manure app location) (03-01-07)
30 334 2.96 1.701.48
UT Cessna Creek on Rd. 90 (Downstream from manure app location) (02-26-07)
16 20 1.19 2.97 1.11
March 1, 2007, 15:38 hrs. February 26, 2007, 12:25 hrs
Poultry Manure Runoff Associated with Thaw
Measurement of Water extractable dissolved phosphorus concentration from
composted layer poultry manure
1.00 grams (appx ¼ teaspoon)Added to 1.00 liter nanopure (H2O)--stirred continuously for 24 hours.
Samples drawn and filtered at intervals of 30 sec, 1 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 24 hours.
Samples immediately analyzed for Dissolved P concentration
Composted Poultry Manure Water Extraction--Dissolved-P test results
mg/L
0
1
2
3
4
5
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time (minutes)
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mg
/L)
mg/L
min mg/L
0.5 0.64
1.0 1.08
10 2.68
30 3.59
60 3.99
1440 4.57
What does this show?
• Manure Phosphorus can readily dissolve and move with water.
• Concentration dissolved P is dependant on exposure time, but the majority goes into solution early on in the period of water interaction.
• Can we compare this experiment to application events in the field?
NO!!!!! Maybe?
Why not try?…or let’s Imagine…
• 1.00 liter of water = 0.42 in. water on 1.0 sq.ft.
• Now consider that 1.0 gram of manure per sq. ft. interacting with 0.42 inches of water over a selected period of time. (Remember rainfall intensity and duration of water interaction with manure affects concentration)
• With a little bit of conversion and ciphering we can convert tons/acre into grams/square foot. So if 3.0 dry tons (600 lbs) manure is surface applied per acre how does that compare…if at all.
• 3.0 tons/acre = 62 grams/sq.foot
Comparisons SchmumbarrisonsWhat’s this supposed to mean Rick?
Manure Phosphorus exposed to prolonged or intense rainfall, melt water, or placed in areas of concentrated flow can become soluble and be lost to waters of the State during runoff events.
Experiment shows how quickly compost pountry manure P can be put into soluble form.
Absent
- deep incorporation (more and more rare); or- quick plant uptake (non-existent in winter or absent cover
crops planted in fall); or- complete infiltration into soil (which isn’t always the case)
We are bound to see a significant portion of manure P lost during runoff from land where manure is applied in Fall and winter
Thaw event
BOD5 (mg/L) SuspSolids (mg/L)
Total P (mg/L)
NH4 (mg/L)
Dairy Manured-Stream3-13-08
530 (117X)
1120 (25X)
6.37(24X)
41.6(49X)
Control(1 mile away)3-13-08
4.5 45 0.264 0.851
Ohio EPA Updates• 2008 Integrated report
http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/tmdl/2008IntReport/2008OhioIntegratedReport_draft.html
• Water Quality Trading Program– Rules in effect 1/1/07– http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/WQ_trading/index.html
• Ohio Lake Erie Phosphorus Task Force– Evaluating increasing soluble phosphorus loadings into Lake
Erie– http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/cafo/PTaskForce/PTaskForceW
orkgroup.html
• TMDLs – What is occurring in your watershed?– http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/tmdl/index.html
• 2008 Water Quality Monitoring Schedule– Portage River, Licking River, Great Miami River (upper)
For Questions or More Info Call:[email protected] (614) 644-2021(614) [email protected] (614) 644-2032(614) 644-2032
Information on Ohio EPA Water Quality Information: Information on Ohio EPA Water Quality Information: http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dsw/index.html
Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Concentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsConcentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsPeter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)Peter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)
Due to the high concentration of soluble P in Due to the high concentration of soluble P in manure, much of the increase in runoff TP manure, much of the increase in runoff TP concentrations from manure-amended soils was concentrations from manure-amended soils was related to soluble P losses, as evidenced by the related to soluble P losses, as evidenced by the contribution of DRP to runoff TP concentrations. contribution of DRP to runoff TP concentrations. In runoff from soils broadcast with manure, DRP In runoff from soils broadcast with manure, DRP concentrations ranged from 30-93% of TP concentrations ranged from 30-93% of TP concentrations, with the contribution of DRP to concentrations, with the contribution of DRP to TP increasing with application rate.TP increasing with application rate.
Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Concentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsConcentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsPeter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)Peter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)
As dry matter application rate increased, DRP As dry matter application rate increased, DRP became a larger component of runoff TP, became a larger component of runoff TP, probably as a result of greater availability of probably as a result of greater availability of soluble P in runoff water. In fact, the relationship soluble P in runoff water. In fact, the relationship between manure application rate and DRP to TP between manure application rate and DRP to TP ratio is fairly consistent across all manures when ratio is fairly consistent across all manures when normalized on the basis of dry matter application normalized on the basis of dry matter application rate. rate.
In contrast to treatments in which manure was In contrast to treatments in which manure was broadcast on soils, runoff DRP concentrations broadcast on soils, runoff DRP concentrations from unamended, control treatments ranged from unamended, control treatments ranged from 4-29% of TPfrom 4-29% of TP
Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Concentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsConcentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsPeter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)Peter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)
Trends with successive Rain EventsTrends with successive Rain Events Results confirm the importance of timing and Results confirm the importance of timing and
sequence of runoff event relative to manure sequence of runoff event relative to manure application on runoff P concentrations, as illustrated application on runoff P concentrations, as illustrated by DRP, TP, and SS concentration in runoff from by DRP, TP, and SS concentration in runoff from Buchanan soil broadcast with 100 kg TP/haBuchanan soil broadcast with 100 kg TP/ha
Runoff water may remove sufficient quantities of P Runoff water may remove sufficient quantities of P from the soil surface such that less P is available to from the soil surface such that less P is available to runoff over time.runoff over time.
McDowell and Sharpley (2002, 2003) found that McDowell and Sharpley (2002, 2003) found that eroded sediments are generally enriched with P eroded sediments are generally enriched with P relative to other solids at the soil surface, and are a relative to other solids at the soil surface, and are a key source of P in runoff from soils receiving recent key source of P in runoff from soils receiving recent applications of manureapplications of manure
Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Concentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsConcentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsPeter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)Peter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)
Trends with successive Rain Events (cont.)Trends with successive Rain Events (cont.) Another mechanism controlling P availability to Another mechanism controlling P availability to
runoff over time is the sorption of applied runoff over time is the sorption of applied soluble P by intact soil. Specifically, with each soluble P by intact soil. Specifically, with each rainfall event, infiltrating rain water translocates rainfall event, infiltrating rain water translocates soluble P from the broadcast manure into the soluble P from the broadcast manure into the soil. Soluble P in infiltrating rain water is soil. Soluble P in infiltrating rain water is subject to sorption by soil colloids that, due to subject to sorption by soil colloids that, due to the hysteresis of sorption-desorption reactions, the hysteresis of sorption-desorption reactions, effectively lower P in the soil solution and effectively lower P in the soil solution and hence P availability to runoff waterhence P availability to runoff water
Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Effect of Broadcast Manure on Runoff Phosphorus Concentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsConcentrations over Successive Rainfall EventsPeter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)Peter J.A. Kleinman and Andrew N. Sharpley (JEQ-2003)
Implication to Phosphorus Site Assessment IndicesImplication to Phosphorus Site Assessment Indices Finally, findings of this study suggest that Finally, findings of this study suggest that
differential erosion of broadcast manure can be an differential erosion of broadcast manure can be an important contributor to the variation in runoff TP important contributor to the variation in runoff TP concentrations among soils. In many areas, concentrations among soils. In many areas, manure is broadcast onto no-till and grassed soils manure is broadcast onto no-till and grassed soils that have low erosion rates. While soil erosion is that have low erosion rates. While soil erosion is included as a transport factor in all site included as a transport factor in all site assessment indices, it is possible that erosion of assessment indices, it is possible that erosion of applied manure is not adequately represented.applied manure is not adequately represented.