water quality assessment of tributaries of batang baleh in...

Research ArticleWater Quality Assessment of Tributaries of Batang Baleh inSarawak Using Cluster Analysis

Teck-Yee Ling 1 Chen-Lin Soo 1 Teresa-Lee-Eng Heng1 Lee Nyanti 1

Siong-Fong Sim 1 Jongkar Grinang1 Karen-Suan-Ping Lee2 and Tonny Ganyai2

1Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan Sarawak Malaysia2Research and Development Department Sarawak Energy Berhad 93050 Kuching Sarawak Malaysia

Correspondence should be addressed to Teck-Yee Ling teckyee60gmailcom

Received 21 September 2018 Revised 18 October 2018 Accepted 28 October 2018 Published 2 December 2018

Academic Editor Zhenli He

Copyright copy 2018 Teck-Yee Ling et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Assessment of river water quality is essential as it provides the knowledge required to make informed decisions Therefore waterquality was determined at 15 tributary stations located along the Batang Baleh Sarawak Results of the study indicate that alltributaries were well-aerated (asymp 77 mgL) with pH (asymp 73) and conductivity (asymp 373 120583Scm) values falling within acceptable rangesHowever there were tributaries that showed very high turbidity (gt 1000 NTU) and suspended solids (gt 800 mgL) which werecontributed by the soil erosion from logging activities in the watershed Tributary stations associated with logging activities alsoshowed significantly higher total phosphorus and organic nitrogen Cluster analysis demonstrated that water quality at tributarystations along the Batang Baleh exhibited a longitudinal variation from upstream to downstream regions particularly dissolvedoxygen five-daybiochemical oxygendemand andnitrite-nitrate nitrogenwhichwere foundhigher in upstreamregion and steadilydecreased towards the downstream region Two stations located at Sg Serani and Sg Melatai were distinct from the other stationswith the highest concentrations of turbidity total suspended solids organic nitrogen and total phosphorusThus there is an urgentneed to reduce the pollutants in the tributaries of Batang Baleh for the health of the sensitive aquatic organisms

1 Introduction

Batang Baleh is one of the main tributaries of the RajangRiver (551 km) which is the longest river in Malaysia Theserivers flow through the Kapit Division which is a forestedmountainous region The area is characterized as dipterocarpforest and has been subjected to logging activities for decadesLogging activities have been known to increase suspendedsolids and nutrients [1ndash6] As annual rainfall measured atKapit is among the highest in Sarawak which exceeds 5000mm in most years the impact of logging activities couldbe more severe in the area due to the surface runoff whichcontains high suspended solids and nutrients from loggingsites [7 8]

Water quality deterioration has a great influence on theaquatic biota and the ecosystem of a river The increase insuspended solids limits the light penetration which has majorimpacts on algae andmacrophytes while nutrient enrichment

can lead to the depletion of oxygen and subsequently fishkill [9ndash11] Exposure to high turbidity and suspended solidsimpacts fish growth and increases the mortality of fish[12ndash16] Hence water quality monitoring is important inorder to evaluate the quality of the river for the health ofsensitive aquatic organisms The baseline data is also usefulin management decision for improving and protecting theenvironment

Although the nutrient content of water draining forestedwatersheds is generally lower than domestic and agriculturalrunoff [17] the potential impacts of the high suspendedsolids and nutrients from the logging activities to the riverscannot be overlooked Deteriorated water quality has beenreported at other tributaries of major rivers in Sarawak[8 18] Water quality monitoring of those tributaries tendsto generate a large set of data Application of multivariatestatistical analysis is useful in analyzing the spatial variationof water quality in the study area Hence this study aimed to

Hindawie Scientific World JournalVolume 2018 Article ID 8682951 9 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520188682951

2 The Scientific World Journal

South China Sea Sabah

SarawakPeninsular Malaysia

Baleh River

Rajang River

St 1

St 6

St 4St 5

St 3

St 2

St 7St 8St 9St 10

St 11

St 12St 13

St 14

St 15

15 KMSampling station

Study area

N

Kapit

Figure 1 The study area and sampling stations in the present study

determine the water quality of the tributaries located alongthe Batang Baleh which is subjected to logging activities andto assess the spatial variation of the tributary water quality bythe integration of cluster analysis

2 Materials and Methods

Field samplings were carried out along the Batang Balehin Sarawak Malaysia as indicated in Figure 1 All samplingstations were located at the tributaries of the Batang Baleh Atotal of 15 tributary stations were selected along the BatangBaleh from upstream to downstream direction (Table 1)More longhouses were located at the downstream area

The methods previously described in Ling et al [19] wereused in the present study to obtain data for in situ parametersof water temperature dissolved oxygen (DO) pH conductiv-ity and turbidity and ex situ parameters of chlorophyll a (chla) total suspended solids (TSS) five-day biochemical oxygendemand (BOD5) total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) organicnitrogen (Org-N) and total phosphorus (TP) For NO2

minus-N + NO3

minus-N (nitrite-nitrate nitrogen) analysis filtration ofthe sample was conducted using a 07 120583m retention glassfibre filter (Sartorius Stedim MGF) and it was subsequentlyacidified to pH lt 2 All the samples for ex situ analyses werecooled with ice in a cooler box while being transported to thelaboratory with the exception of BOD5 [20]

All water analyses were performed according to standardprocedures [20 21] In brief chl a was determined fromadequate sample filtered through a 07 120583m glass fibre filter(Sartorius Stedim MGF) and extracted for 24 h using 90 (vv) acetone TSS was assayed as the difference between theinitial and final weights of the 10 120583m retention glass fibrefilter (Sartorius Stedim MGC) after filtration of an adequatesample volume and drying at 105∘C BOD5 of the undilutedsample was determined as the difference between the initialand final DO contents after five days of incubation NO2

minus-N + NO3

minus-N was determined by the cadmium reductionmethod followed by the diazotization method (low range)whereas TAN was determined by Nesslerrsquos method after the

distillation of samples Org-N was determined by the Macro-Kjeldahl method where ammonia was removed from thewater sample before digestion and distillation Subsequentlyammonia was analyzed by using Nesslerrsquos method TP wasdetermined by the ascorbic acid method after persulfatedigestion of samples A calibration curve was constructed foreach chemical analysis Blank and standard solutions weretreated in the same way as the samples

For each physicochemical parameter significant differ-ence between the stations was conducted using one-wayANOVA If there is a significant difference (119901 value le 005)among the stations pairwise comparisons were conductedusing Tukeyrsquos test Pearsonrsquos correlation analysis was per-formed to determine the relationship among all the param-eters Cluster analysis (CA) was used to identify the groupingof the stations by using the physicochemical parameters 119885-score standardization of the variables and Wardrsquos methodusing Euclidean distances as ameasure of similarity was usedThe cluster was considered statistically significant at a linkagedistance of lt 60 and the number of clusters was decided bythe practicality of the outputs [22] All the statistical analyseswere carried out by using the Statistical Software for SocialSciences (SPSS Version 22 SPSS Inc 1995)

3 Results and Discussion

Tributary Water Quality Tributary stations were relativelyshallow in the study area ranging from 015 plusmn 009 m to310 plusmn 000 m (Table 2) The depths of those stations weresignificantly different (119901 value le 005) and they demonstratedan increasing trend from upstream to downstream regionsTemperature values of the forest streams in the presentstudy ranged from 242 plusmn 00∘C to 266 plusmn 00∘C and theyexhibited significant difference (119901 value le 005) betweenstations Temperature was found related to the samplingtime as the water was cooler in the morning whereas thetemperature of streams increased significantly (119901 value le005) in the afternoon Similar result was demonstrated byLing et al [8] where the authors attributed the large variation

The Scientific World Journal 3

Table 1 The details of the sampling regime and sampling location in the present study

Station GPS Coordinate Date Time RemarkSt 1 Sg Selentang N01∘34101584005610158401015840 E114∘21101584014010158401015840 21112015 300 pm RainingSt 2 Sg Penganen N01∘34101584002010158401015840 E114∘20101584047210158401015840 21112015 225 pm RainingSt 3 Sg Irak N01∘33101584055210158401015840 E114∘18101584038910158401015840 21112015 135 pm RainingSt 4 Sg Tor N01∘34101584004310158401015840 E114∘16101584045810158401015840 21112015 1109 am RainingSt 5 Sg Kian N01∘34101584001110158401015840 E114∘15101584047210158401015840 21112015 1030 am RainingSt 6 Sg Kupet N01∘33101584054210158401015840 E114∘12101584053010158401015840 542015 1250 pm SunnySt 7 Sg Serani N01∘34101584016510158401015840 E114∘08101584040710158401015840 542015 1133 am Shaded and sunnySt 8 Sg Laie N01∘34101584006310158401015840 E113∘55101584038310158401015840 442015 437 pm Shaded and sunnySt 9 Sg Melatai N01∘35101584021910158401015840 E113∘47101584044710158401015840 442015 131 pm Shaded and sunnySt 10 Sg Entuloh N01∘36101584012210158401015840 E113∘44101584040610158401015840 442015 1152 am Shaded and sunnySt 11 Sg Mengiong N01∘37101584055410158401015840 E113∘38101584005010158401015840 1222015 220 pm SunnySt 12 Sg Putai N01∘48101584045410158401015840 E113∘46101584014210158401015840 1222015 425 pm RainingSt 13 Sg Merirai N01∘51101584036110158401015840 E113∘34101584039110158401015840 1322015 855 am SunnySt 14 Sg Gaat N01∘52101584030510158401015840 E113∘26101584008610158401015840 1322015 1025 am Partially cloudySt 15 Sg Mujong N02∘01101584039510158401015840 E113∘10101584054910158401015840 1322015 100 pm Raining

in temperature of the forest stream on the same day to thecanopy removal in the study area

There was no sign of acidification of the forest streamsas indicated by pH ge 7 and all streams were well-aeratedwith DO ge 68 mgL However DO values were observedto be significantly lower (119901 value le 005) at the downstreamregion of the Batang Baleh particularly at stations 11 13 14and 15 Those lower DO values were attributed to the higherorganic matter as the decomposition process consumed theDO rapidlyThe higher organic matter was due to the organicwaste greywater and partially treated black water dischargedfrom the residents of the logging camps and longhouses andorganic materials associated with logging activities locatedupstream of those sampling stations [2] The DO value wasalso found significantly and positively correlated (119901 valuele 005) with BOD5 and Org-N in the present study Linget al [18] also attributed the positive correlation betweenDO and pollutants to the rapid aeration and high surfacerunoff in a fast flowing river The pH value of tributarystations fluctuated along the Batang Baleh with the lowestand the highest pH values observed at station 5 and station 6respectively Conductivity value of the forest streams rangedfrom 193plusmn 02 120583Scm to 540 plusmn 00 120583Scm where significantlylower (119901 value le 005) conductivity values were found attributary stations that were located in the middle part of theBatang Baleh The pH DO and conductivity values at alltributary stations were classified as Class I according to theNational Water Quality Standard (NWQS) for Malaysia [23]

In the present study the turbidity and TSS values rangedfrom 126 plusmn 00 NTU to 11595 plusmn 00 NTU and 127 plusmn 25 mgLto 8883 plusmn 975 mgL respectively Turbidity was classified asClass II at most of the stations except for the five stations (79 11 13 and 15) where the guideline value of 50 NTU for thehealth of sensitive aquatic organisms was exceeded SimilarlyTSS was classified as Class I or II at most of the stations exceptstations 11 and 12 (Class III) and stations 7 and 9 (ClassV)Thehigh turbidity and TSS values observed at stations 7 9 11 and

12 were due to soil erosion from logging activities upstreamresulting in the sediment influx through surface runoff It hasbeen reported that in Malaysia logging or ground clearanceincreased river sediment yields by two to fifty times [3]Additionally results of a recent study conducted in Sarawakshowed that logging and associated activities induced theformation of soil erosion hotspots which remained for severalyears and that even though the exposed barren land resultingfrom logging activities only covered over 4 of the study areathey contributed more than 28 of the total soil loss [6]The eroded soil ends up in the receiving stream increasingthe turbidity and TSS Similar observations of a significantincrease in suspended solids after clear-cut timber harvestingwere reported [2 4] The extremely high values of turbidityand TSS observed at the tributary stations of the presentstudy were substantially higher than those recorded at thetributaries of the BaramRiver where the highest turbidity andTSS were about 468 NTU and 320 mgL respectively andthey were also attributable to logging activities [18 19]

Chl a concentration ranged from 002 plusmn 000 mgm3to 136 plusmn 021 mgm3 at tributary stations of the BatangBaleh (Table 3) Significantly lower (119901 value le 005) chl aconcentrations were observed at tributary stations that werelocated in upper part of the Batang Baleh than those in lowerpart of the river The highest value of chl a was observedat station 9 followed by station 15 which were significantlyhigher (119901 value le 005) than those at the other stations Thehigh chl a at stations 9 and 15 were due to the availablenutrients from settlements along the rivers as station 9recorded the second highest in TP and both stations exceededClass II limit of 02 mgL in TP Significant and positivecorrelation (Table 4 119901 value le 005) between turbidity TSSand chl a were observed in the present study indicating thatphytoplankton contributed to the turbidity and suspendedsolids readings In contrast to turbidity and TSS chl aconcentrations in the present study were substantially lowerthan those in the tributaries of the Baram River located at


Table2Summaryof

insituparameter

atthetrib

utarysta

tionof

theB

atangBa

leh

Station

Depthm

Temperature∘C

pHDOm

gL

Con

ductivity120583

Scm

TurbidityN

TUMean

SDMean

SDMean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

St1

024

a005

251d

e00

75g

00

I77

9cd

000

I390

g01

I470

bc00

IISt2

025

a014

250

d00

74f

00

I79

2ef

000

I490

l00

I478

bc03

IISt3

016

a006

252

ef00

72bc

00

I79

1e000

I480

k00

I210

a01

IISt4

015

a009

245

b00

71b

00

I79

5ef

000

I430

i00

I182

a01

IISt5

015

a004

242

a00

70a

00

I804

fg001

I40

0h

00

I155

a01

IISt6

060

b000

248

c00

79i

00

I814

g000

I540

m00

I387

b02

IISt7

127c

006

247

c00

73e

00

I810

g000

I230

c00

I4770

g108

gtII

St8

190d

000

266

i00

74f

00

I76

8c000

I300

d00

I126

a00

IISt9

177d

006

254

g00

72cd

00

I800

efg

000

I220

b00

I115

95h

00gtII

St10

070

b000

253

fg00

75g

00

I79

4de

000

I340

e00

I222

a00

IISt11

250

f000

247

c01

72d

00

I713b

006

I193

a02

I1224e

24gtII

St12

130c

000

250

d01

73e

00

I77

7c006

I339

e01

I488

c00

IISt13

310

h000

250

d01

76h

00

I717b

006

I458

j01

I1065d

27gtII

St14

220

e000

251d

e01

72cd

00

I683

a006

II40

1h01

I495

c36

IISt15

270

g000

257

h01

72cd

00

I690

a010

II385

f01

I1857f

36

gtII

Samelette

rsindicateno

significantd

ifference

at119901valuegt

005


Table3Summaryof

water

quality

atthetrib

utarysta

tionof

theB

atangBa

leh

Station

Chlam

gm3

TSSmgL

BOD5m

gL

TANm

gL

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

mgL

Org-N

mgL

TPm

gL

Mean

SDMean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDMean

SDMean

SDClass

St1

002

a000

470

ab56

II328

e050

III010

ab003

II0073e

000

6028

bc003

040

d003gtII

St2

010

ab002

423

ab50

II302

e026

III008

a002

I0050d

0010

026

bc000

008

ab000

ISt3

011a

bc001

173a

15I

326

e044

III007

a001

I0027c

000

6037

cde

003

034

cd001gtII

St4

023

abcd

001

173a

29

I255

de011

II007

a001

I0080e

0020

036

cde

006

028

c003gtII

St5

011a

b001

177a

21

I231

de004

II021

e004

II006

0de

0010

044

ef000

014

b001

ISt6

035

d007

330

ab20

II19

8cd

037

II014

bcd

001

II0003a

b000

6030

bcd

002

003

a001

ISt7

039

d004

4867c

87

V298

de008

II014

bcd

001

II0013a

bc000

6053

f004

085

f006gtII

St8

026

bcd

004

143

a15

I080

ab014

I016

bcd

002

II0010a

bc000

0043

def

011

003

b000

ISt9

136f

021

8883d

975

V081

ab050

I017

cde

001

II0010a

bc000

0045

ef003

050

e001gtII

St10

032

cd002

200

a17

I091

ab042

I014

bcd

001

II0020a

bc000

0037

cde

006

032

cd010gtII

St11

023

abcd

005

1042b

38

III12

0abc

027

II015

bcd

003

II000

0a000

0012

a001

005

ab000

ISt12

019

abcd

001

577

ab40

III12

4bc

040

II018

de001

II0023b

c000

6020

ab004

002

a000

ISt13

028

bcd

004

267

a29

II022

a019

I013

abcd

000

II000

0a000

0010

a001

003

a000

ISt14

024

bcd

004

127

a25

I074

ab027

I012

abc

001

II0010a

bc000

0021

ab001

002

a000

ISt15

071

e012

396

ab17

II095

ab047

I037

f003

III0017a

bc000

6039

cde

007

025

c001gtII

Samelette

rsindicateno

significantd

ifference

at119901valuegt

005


Table4Correlatio

nmatrix

ofph

ysicochemicalparametersc

ollected

from

thetrib

utarysta

tions

alon

gtheB

atangBa

leh

Temperature

pHDO

Con

ductivity

Turbidity

Chla

TSS

BOD5

TAN

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

Org-N

TPTemperature

1000

pH0174

1000

DO

-0244

0156

1000

Con

ductivity

-0174

0386

0090

1000

Turbidity

0093

-017

50166

-0556lowast

1000

Chla

0280

-010

5-0018

-0430

0893lowast

1000

TSS

0030

-016

80279

-0599lowast

0982lowast

0814lowast

1000

BOD5

-0410

-0090

0579lowast

0292

-017

5-0428

-0071

1000

TAN

0262

-019

1-039

1-0237

0168

0434

0070

-0433

1000

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

-0364

-032

50382

0302

-0274

-0389

-0241

0658lowast

-0277

1000

Org-N

0175

-0276

0551lowast

-0224

0386

0360

0435

0322

0210

0193

1000

TP-010

2-019

20416

-0402

0563lowast

0351

0638lowast

0436

-0040

0146

0678lowast

1000

lowastindicatessignificantcorrelatio

nat119901valuele

005


the same region [18 19] The highest chl a concentration atthe tributary station of the Baram River was approximately26 mgm3 which is extremely high compared to the presentstudy (lt 2 mgm3)

The BOD5 concentrations steadily decreased from up-stream to downstream regions ranging from 022plusmn 019mgLto 328 plusmn 050 mgL Significantly higher (119901 value le 005)BOD5 concentrations were observed at tributary stations thatwere located at the upper part of the Batang Baleh thanthose at the lower part of the river BOD5 concentrations atstations 1-3 were the highest among the stations because ofthe high organic matter from plant debris of past loggingactivities which accumulated in those streams BOD loadsdue to logging debris were also cited as a factor for thesignificant decrease in DO after clear-cut timber harvesting[2] DOC (dissolved organic carbon) was also reported toincrease strongly in concentration after forest operations inboreal first-order streams [5] The high BOD5 also explainsthe significantly depressed DO observed in those streamseven though the streams were fast flowing and well-aeratedmountain streams Similar observation of higher BOD5 con-centrations at the tributaries located at the upper part of theBaram River was also reported [18] Tributary stations at theupper part of the Batang Baleh were mostly classified as ClassII andor III whereas tributary stations at downstream regionwere classified as Class I andor II BOD5 was positivelycorrelated with DO and NO2

minus-N + NO3minus-N (Table 4 119901

value le 005) revealing the active decomposition process ofthe organic matter where oxygen is being consumed by thebacteria to decompose the organic matter The chl a TSSand BOD5 concentrations at station 11 (Sg Mengiong) andstation 14 (Sg Gaat) in the present study were relatively lowerthan those at the upper part of the streams [8] This revealsthat the sources of pollutant are most probably located atthe upstream of the watershed and dilution occurs along thestreams

The NO2minus-N + NO3

minus-N concentration was relatively lowin the study area ranging from below detection limit to 0080plusmn 0020 mgL Similar to BOD5 the NO2

minus-N + NO3minus-N

concentration was also significantly higher (119901 value le 005)at tributary stations that were located at upper part of theBatang Baleh than those at the lower part of the river Thehigher NO2

minus-N + NO3minus-N is most likely due to increased

leaching from the soil after precipitation as mineralizationof organic matter was enhanced after timber harvesting andreduced uptake of nutrients by plants [1] and also the con-version of TAN to NO2

minus-N + NO3minus-N as the concentrations

corresponded to lower TAN in particular stations 1-4 asthe streams were fast flowing well-aerated mountain afterrainfall events The TAN concentration at most stations wereclassified as Class II except stations 2 3 and 4 (asymp 007 mgL)which were classified as Class I and station 15 (037 plusmn 003mgL) which was classified as Class III TAN concentration atstation 15 was also significantly (119901 value le 005) higher thanthat at the other stations due to the organic waste includingdomestic animals from the households in the longhousesupstream of the station Org-N concentration was found highat tributary stations that were located in the middle part ofthe Batang Baleh The lowest and the highest concentrations

of Org-N were observed at station 13 (010 plusmn 001 mgL) andstation 7 (053 plusmn 004 mgL) respectively TP concentrationfluctuated at the tributary stations along the Batang Balehwhere around a half of the sampling stations complied withthe guideline value of 02 mgL but the other half exceededthe guideline value The highest concentration of TP wasobserved at station 7 (085 plusmn 006 mgL) followed by station9 (050 plusmn 001 mgL) which were significantly higher (119901 valuele 005) than the other stations Similar to turbidity and TSSnutrients such as Org-N and TP were also the highest amongthe stations at stations 7 and 9 due to the decaying plantsdebris from logging activities the wash down of particulateorganic matter following the disturbance of the forest floorduring timber harvesting activities and a reduction in theplant uptake of nutrients in the watershed [2] A study on theimpact of clear-cut logging also reported the observation ofan increase in the concentration of TN and TP at the outletof the catchments [4] TP was significantly and positivelycorrelated with turbidity TSS and Org-N (Table 4 119901 value le005) in the present study indicating that phosphorus mightbe attached with suspended solids and brought together intoforest streams [10] Despite the high turbidity and suspendedsolids the nutrients content of the tributary stations of theBaleh River was relatively lower than the Baram River withmean values of 033 mgL of TP 054 mgL of TAN and 099mgL of Org-N [18] The lower nutrients content in tributarystations of the Baleh River in the present study also explainsthe lower chl a concentration than the Baram River

Cluster analysis (CA) was applied to detect similari-ties among the tributary stations of the Batang Baleh Itdemonstrated that water quality at tributary stations alongthe Batang Baleh exhibited a longitudinal variation fromupstream to downstream areas The dendrogram shows thatthe 15 tributary stations can be grouped into four clustersaccording to the proximity of those stations (Figure 2) Gen-erally tributary stations along the Batang Baleh are groupedaccording to upstream middle and downstream regionsCluster 1 consists of stations located in upstream regionclusters 2 and 3 are mostly stations that were located in themiddle stream region and cluster 4 consists of stations thatwere located in downstream region Tributary stations thatwere located in upstream region (cluster 1) are mostly higherin BOD5 and NO2

minus-N + NO3minus-N than tributary stations in

downstream region (cluster 4) Stations 7 and 9 are groupedtogether in cluster 2 where these two stations were the mostpolluted stations with the highest concentrations of turbidityTSS and TP Both of the stations also contained high Org-N but were low in conductivity and NO2


Similarly Merit River which is one of the tributaries of theBatang Rajang was also identified as more polluted than theother tributaries using cluster analysis [24]

4 Conclusions

The tributary water quality of the Batang Baleh was deter-mined and the results show that pH DO and conductivitywere classified as Class I andor II according to the NWQSfor Malaysia Turbidity value was high where all stationsare classified as Class II andor exceeded Class II Two


Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Upstream region

Middle stream region

Downstream region

Station 2

Station 3

Station 1

Station 4

Station 5

Station 7

Station 9

Station 10

Station 12

Station 8

Station 6

Station 13

Station 14

Station 11

Station 15

Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine0 20 2515105

Figure 2 Dendrogram of the cluster analysis

tributaries showed extremely high TSS thus classified asClass V High turbidity and TSS values at those stations areattributable to erosion as a result of logging activities Otherthan that the TSS BOD5 and TAN values fluctuated amongthe tributaries ranging from Class I to Class III Half ofthe tributary stations along the Batang Baleh contained highTP value that exceeded the guideline value Water qualityat tributary stations along the Batang Baleh exhibited alongitudinal variation fromupstream to downstream regionsin particular those in the upstream regionweremostly higherinDO BOD5 andNO2

minus-N+NO3minus-N than tributary stations

in downstream region Low DO and high TAN value indownstream region particularly station 15 could be attributedto the domestic wastewater discharged from residential areassuch as longhouses

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the expedition orga-nizers FDS and IBEC UNIMAS and the expedition andresearch funder SEB through Grant no GL(F07)SEB1C2013(14)

References

[1] R A Dahlgren ldquoEffects of Forest Harvest on Stream-waterQuality and Nitrogen Cycling in the Caspar Creek WatershedrdquoUSDA Forest Service Gen Tech Rep PSW-GTR-168 1998

[2] S H Ensign and M A Mallin ldquoStream water quality changesfollowing timber harvest in a coastal plain swamp forestrdquoWaterResearch vol 35 no 14 pp 3381ndash3390 2001

[3] I Douglas T Greer K Bidin and M Spilsbury ldquoImpactsof rainforest logging on river systems and communities inMalaysia and Kalimantanrdquo Global Ecology amp BiogeographyLetters vol 3 no 4-6 pp 245ndash252 1993

[4] S Lofgren E Ring C von Bromssen R Soslashrensen and LHogbom ldquoShort-term effects of clear-cutting on the waterchemistry of two boreal streams in northern Sweden a pairedcatchment studyrdquo AMBIO vol 38 no 7 pp 347ndash356 2009

[5] J Schelker K Eklof K Bishop and H Laudon ldquoEffects offorestry operations on dissolved organic carbon concentrationsand export in boreal first-order streamsrdquo Journal of GeophysicalResearch Biogeosciences vol 117 no 1 Article ID G01011 12pages 2012

[6] H Vijith A Hurmain and D Dodge-Wan ldquoImpacts of landuse changes and land cover alteration on soil erosion rates andvulnerability of tropical mountain ranges in Borneordquo RemoteSensing Applications Society and Environment vol 12 pp 57ndash69 2018

[7] T Y Ling L Nyanti and A S John Masion ldquoWater qualityof rivers that flow into Bakun hydroelectric dam reservoirSarawak Malaysiardquo ESTEEM Academic Journal vol 11 no 1pp 9ndash16 2015

[8] T-Y Ling C-L Soo J-R Sivalingam L Nyanti S-F Simand J Grinang ldquoAssessment of the water and sediment qualityof tropical forest streams in upper reaches of the Baleh River


Sarawak Malaysia subjected to logging activitiesrdquo Journal ofChemistry vol 2016 Article ID 8503931 13 pages 2016

[9] V H Smith G D Tilman and J C Nekola ldquoEutrophicationimpacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater marine andterrestrial ecosystemsrdquo Environmental Pollution vol 100 no1ndash3 pp 179ndash196 1998

[10] G S Bilotta and R E Brazier ldquoUnderstanding the influenceof suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biotardquo WaterResearch vol 42 no 12 pp 2849ndash2861 2008

[11] S C Schneider M Cara T E Eriksen et al ldquoEutrophicationimpacts littoral biota in Lake Ohrid while water phosphorusconcentrations are lowrdquo Limnologica vol 44 pp 90ndash97 2014

[12] J A Camargo and A Alonso ldquoEcological and toxicologicaleffects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems Aglobal assessmentrdquoEnvironment International vol 32 no 6 pp831ndash849 2006

[13] J A Camargo A Alonso and A Salamanca ldquoNitrate toxicityto aquatic animals A review with new data for freshwaterinvertebratesrdquoChemosphere vol 58 no 9 pp 1255ndash1267 2005

[14] L Bergstedt and E Bergersen ldquoHealth and movements of fishin response to sediment sluicing in the Wind River WyomingrdquoCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences vol 54 no2 pp 312ndash319

[15] D K Rowe and T L Dean ldquoEffects of turbidity on thefeeding ability of the juvenile migrant stage of six New Zealandfreshwater fish speciesrdquo New Zealand Journal of Marine andFreshwater Research vol 32 no 1 pp 21ndash29 1998

[16] R G Lake and S G Hinch ldquoAcute effects of suspendedsediment angularity on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchuskisutch)rdquo Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciencesvol 56 no 5 pp 862ndash867 1999

[17] G Kim S Chung and C Lee ldquoWater quality of runofffrom agricultural-forestry watersheds in the GeumRiver BasinKoreardquo Environmental Modeling amp Assessment vol 134 no 1-3pp 441ndash452 2007

[18] T-Y Ling C-L Soo J-J Liew L Nyanti S-F Sim and J Gri-nang ldquoApplication of multivariate statistical analysis in evalua-tion of surface river water quality of a tropical riverrdquo Journal ofChemistry vol 2017 Article ID 5737452 13 pages 2017

[19] T-Y Ling C-L Soo J-J Liew L Nyanti S-F Sim and JGrinang ldquoInfluence of rainfall on the physicochemical charac-teristics of a tropical river in Sarawak Malaysiardquo Polish Journalof Environmental Studies vol 26 no 5 pp 2053ndash2065 2017

[20] APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water andWastewater American Public Health Association AmericanWater Works Association amp Water Environment FederationWashington USA 22nd edition 2012

[21] Hach Hach Water Analysis Handbook Hach Company USA2015

[22] S Muangthong and S Shrestha ldquoAssessment of surface waterquality using multivariate statistical techniques case study ofthe Nampong River and Songkhram River Thailandrdquo Environ-mental Modeling amp Assessment vol 187 no 9 article 548 2015

[23] Department of Environment Malaysia Environmental QualityReport 2014 Department of Environment Kuala Lumpur 2015

[24] T-Y Ling C-L Soo T-P Phan L Nyanti S-F Sim andJ Grinang ldquoAssessment of water quality of Batang Rajang atPelagus area Sarawak Malaysiardquo Sains Malaysiana vol 46 no3 pp 401ndash411 2017

TribologyAdvances in

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018


International Journal ofInternational Journal ofPhotoenergy


Journal of

Chemistry


Advances inPhysical Chemistry

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2018

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

Medicinal ChemistryInternational Journal of


NanotechnologyHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Applied ChemistryJournal of



Biochemistry Research International


Enzyme Research


Journal of

SpectroscopyAnalytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


MaterialsJournal of



BioMed Research International Electrochemistry

International Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls


Journal ofNanomaterials

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom


South China Sea Sabah

SarawakPeninsular Malaysia

Baleh River

Rajang River

St 1

St 6

St 4St 5

St 3

St 2

St 7St 8St 9St 10

St 11

St 12St 13

St 14

St 15

15 KMSampling station

Study area

N

Kapit

Figure 1 The study area and sampling stations in the present study

determine the water quality of the tributaries located alongthe Batang Baleh which is subjected to logging activities andto assess the spatial variation of the tributary water quality bythe integration of cluster analysis

2 Materials and Methods

Field samplings were carried out along the Batang Balehin Sarawak Malaysia as indicated in Figure 1 All samplingstations were located at the tributaries of the Batang Baleh Atotal of 15 tributary stations were selected along the BatangBaleh from upstream to downstream direction (Table 1)More longhouses were located at the downstream area

The methods previously described in Ling et al [19] wereused in the present study to obtain data for in situ parametersof water temperature dissolved oxygen (DO) pH conductiv-ity and turbidity and ex situ parameters of chlorophyll a (chla) total suspended solids (TSS) five-day biochemical oxygendemand (BOD5) total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) organicnitrogen (Org-N) and total phosphorus (TP) For NO2

minus-N + NO3

minus-N (nitrite-nitrate nitrogen) analysis filtration ofthe sample was conducted using a 07 120583m retention glassfibre filter (Sartorius Stedim MGF) and it was subsequentlyacidified to pH lt 2 All the samples for ex situ analyses werecooled with ice in a cooler box while being transported to thelaboratory with the exception of BOD5 [20]

All water analyses were performed according to standardprocedures [20 21] In brief chl a was determined fromadequate sample filtered through a 07 120583m glass fibre filter(Sartorius Stedim MGF) and extracted for 24 h using 90 (vv) acetone TSS was assayed as the difference between theinitial and final weights of the 10 120583m retention glass fibrefilter (Sartorius Stedim MGC) after filtration of an adequatesample volume and drying at 105∘C BOD5 of the undilutedsample was determined as the difference between the initialand final DO contents after five days of incubation NO2

minus-N + NO3

minus-N was determined by the cadmium reductionmethod followed by the diazotization method (low range)whereas TAN was determined by Nesslerrsquos method after the

distillation of samples Org-N was determined by the Macro-Kjeldahl method where ammonia was removed from thewater sample before digestion and distillation Subsequentlyammonia was analyzed by using Nesslerrsquos method TP wasdetermined by the ascorbic acid method after persulfatedigestion of samples A calibration curve was constructed foreach chemical analysis Blank and standard solutions weretreated in the same way as the samples

For each physicochemical parameter significant differ-ence between the stations was conducted using one-wayANOVA If there is a significant difference (119901 value le 005)among the stations pairwise comparisons were conductedusing Tukeyrsquos test Pearsonrsquos correlation analysis was per-formed to determine the relationship among all the param-eters Cluster analysis (CA) was used to identify the groupingof the stations by using the physicochemical parameters 119885-score standardization of the variables and Wardrsquos methodusing Euclidean distances as ameasure of similarity was usedThe cluster was considered statistically significant at a linkagedistance of lt 60 and the number of clusters was decided bythe practicality of the outputs [22] All the statistical analyseswere carried out by using the Statistical Software for SocialSciences (SPSS Version 22 SPSS Inc 1995)

3 Results and Discussion

Tributary Water Quality Tributary stations were relativelyshallow in the study area ranging from 015 plusmn 009 m to310 plusmn 000 m (Table 2) The depths of those stations weresignificantly different (119901 value le 005) and they demonstratedan increasing trend from upstream to downstream regionsTemperature values of the forest streams in the presentstudy ranged from 242 plusmn 00∘C to 266 plusmn 00∘C and theyexhibited significant difference (119901 value le 005) betweenstations Temperature was found related to the samplingtime as the water was cooler in the morning whereas thetemperature of streams increased significantly (119901 value le005) in the afternoon Similar result was demonstrated byLing et al [8] where the authors attributed the large variation










Table2Summaryof

insituparameter

atthetrib

utarysta

tionof

theB

atangBa

leh

Station

Depthm

Temperature∘C

pHDOm

gL

Con

ductivity120583

Scm

TurbidityN

TUMean

SDMean

SDMean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

St1

024

a005

251d

e00

75g

00

I77

9cd

000

I390

g01

I470

bc00

IISt2

025

a014

250

d00

74f

00

I79

2ef

000

I490

l00

I478

bc03

IISt3

016

a006

252

ef00

72bc

00

I79

1e000

I480

k00

I210

a01

IISt4

015

a009

245

b00

71b

00

I79

5ef

000

I430

i00

I182

a01

IISt5

015

a004

242

a00

70a

00

I804

fg001

I40

0h

00

I155

a01

IISt6

060

b000

248

c00

79i

00

I814

g000

I540

m00

I387

b02

IISt7

127c

006

247

c00

73e

00

I810

g000

I230

c00

I4770

g108

gtII

St8

190d

000

266

i00

74f

00

I76

8c000

I300

d00

I126

a00

IISt9

177d

006

254

g00

72cd

00

I800

efg

000

I220

b00

I115

95h

00gtII

St10

070

b000

253

fg00

75g

00

I79

4de

000

I340

e00

I222

a00

IISt11

250

f000

247

c01

72d

00

I713b

006

I193

a02

I1224e

24gtII

St12

130c

000

250

d01

73e

00

I77

7c006

I339

e01

I488

c00

IISt13

310

h000

250

d01

76h

00

I717b

006

I458

j01

I1065d

27gtII

St14

220

e000

251d

e01

72cd

00

I683

a006

II40

1h01

I495

c36

IISt15

270

g000

257

h01

72cd

00

I690

a010

II385

f01

I1857f

36

gtII

Samelette

rsindicateno

significantd

ifference

at119901valuegt

005


Table3Summaryof

water

quality

atthetrib

utarysta

tionof

theB

atangBa

leh

Station

Chlam

gm3

TSSmgL

BOD5m

gL

TANm

gL

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

mgL

Org-N

mgL

TPm

gL

Mean

SDMean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDMean

SDMean

SDClass

St1

002

a000

470

ab56

II328

e050

III010

ab003

II0073e

000

6028

bc003

040

d003gtII

St2

010

ab002

423

ab50

II302

e026

III008

a002

I0050d

0010

026

bc000

008

ab000

ISt3

011a

bc001

173a

15I

326

e044

III007

a001

I0027c

000

6037

cde

003

034

cd001gtII

St4

023

abcd

001

173a

29

I255

de011

II007

a001

I0080e

0020

036

cde

006

028

c003gtII

St5

011a

b001

177a

21

I231

de004

II021

e004

II006

0de

0010

044

ef000

014

b001

ISt6

035

d007

330

ab20

II19

8cd

037

II014

bcd

001

II0003a

b000

6030

bcd

002

003

a001

ISt7

039

d004

4867c

87

V298

de008

II014

bcd

001

II0013a

bc000

6053

f004

085

f006gtII

St8

026

bcd

004

143

a15

I080

ab014

I016

bcd

002

II0010a

bc000

0043

def

011

003

b000

ISt9

136f

021

8883d

975

V081

ab050

I017

cde

001

II0010a

bc000

0045

ef003

050

e001gtII

St10

032

cd002

200

a17

I091

ab042

I014

bcd

001

II0020a

bc000

0037

cde

006

032

cd010gtII

St11

023

abcd

005

1042b

38

III12

0abc

027

II015

bcd

003

II000

0a000

0012

a001

005

ab000

ISt12

019

abcd

001

577

ab40

III12

4bc

040

II018

de001

II0023b

c000

6020

ab004

002

a000

ISt13

028

bcd

004

267

a29

II022

a019

I013

abcd

000

II000

0a000

0010

a001

003

a000

ISt14

024

bcd

004

127

a25

I074

ab027

I012

abc

001

II0010a

bc000

0021

ab001

002

a000

ISt15

071

e012

396

ab17

II095

ab047

I037

f003

III0017a

bc000

6039

cde

007

025

c001gtII

Samelette

rsindicateno

significantd

ifference

at119901valuegt

005


Table4Correlatio

nmatrix

ofph


ollected

from

thetrib

utarysta

tions

alon

gtheB

atangBa

leh

Temperature

pHDO

Con

ductivity

Turbidity

Chla

TSS

BOD5

TAN

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

Org-N

TPTemperature

1000

pH0174

1000

DO

-0244

0156

1000

Con

ductivity

-0174

0386

0090

1000

Turbidity

0093

-017

50166

-0556lowast

1000

Chla

0280

-010

5-0018

-0430

0893lowast

1000

TSS

0030

-016

80279

-0599lowast

0982lowast

0814lowast

1000

BOD5

-0410

-0090

0579lowast

0292

-017

5-0428

-0071

1000

TAN

0262

-019

1-039

1-0237

0168

0434

0070

-0433

1000

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

-0364

-032

50382

0302

-0274

-0389

-0241

0658lowast

-0277

1000

Org-N

0175

-0276

0551lowast

-0224

0386

0360

0435

0322

0210

0193

1000

TP-010

2-019

20416

-0402

0563lowast

0351

0638lowast

0436

-0040

0146

0678lowast

1000


nat119901valuele

005




















4 Conclusions



Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Upstream region


Downstream region

Station 2

Station 3

Station 1

Station 4

Station 5

Station 7

Station 9

Station 10

Station 12

Station 8

Station 6

Station 13

Station 14

Station 11

Station 15






Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry





Journal of

Volume 2018






Volume 2018




Journal of






Enzyme Research


Journal of



MaterialsJournal of






Na

nom

ate

ria

ls













Table2Summaryof

insituparameter

atthetrib

utarysta

tionof

theB

atangBa

leh

Station

Depthm

Temperature∘C

pHDOm

gL

Con

ductivity120583

Scm

TurbidityN

TUMean

SDMean

SDMean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

St1

024

a005

251d

e00

75g

00

I77

9cd

000

I390

g01

I470

bc00

IISt2

025

a014

250

d00

74f

00

I79

2ef

000

I490

l00

I478

bc03

IISt3

016

a006

252

ef00

72bc

00

I79

1e000

I480

k00

I210

a01

IISt4

015

a009

245

b00

71b

00

I79

5ef

000

I430

i00

I182

a01

IISt5

015

a004

242

a00

70a

00

I804

fg001

I40

0h

00

I155

a01

IISt6

060

b000

248

c00

79i

00

I814

g000

I540

m00

I387

b02

IISt7

127c

006

247

c00

73e

00

I810

g000

I230

c00

I4770

g108

gtII

St8

190d

000

266

i00

74f

00

I76

8c000

I300

d00

I126

a00

IISt9

177d

006

254

g00

72cd

00

I800

efg

000

I220

b00

I115

95h

00gtII

St10

070

b000

253

fg00

75g

00

I79

4de

000

I340

e00

I222

a00

IISt11

250

f000

247

c01

72d

00

I713b

006

I193

a02

I1224e

24gtII

St12

130c

000

250

d01

73e

00

I77

7c006

I339

e01

I488

c00

IISt13

310

h000

250

d01

76h

00

I717b

006

I458

j01

I1065d

27gtII

St14

220

e000

251d

e01

72cd

00

I683

a006

II40

1h01

I495

c36

IISt15

270

g000

257

h01

72cd

00

I690

a010

II385

f01

I1857f

36

gtII

Samelette

rsindicateno

significantd

ifference

at119901valuegt

005


Table3Summaryof

water

quality

atthetrib

utarysta

tionof

theB

atangBa

leh

Station

Chlam

gm3

TSSmgL

BOD5m

gL

TANm

gL

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

mgL

Org-N

mgL

TPm

gL

Mean

SDMean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDMean

SDMean

SDClass

St1

002

a000

470

ab56

II328

e050

III010

ab003

II0073e

000

6028

bc003

040

d003gtII

St2

010

ab002

423

ab50

II302

e026

III008

a002

I0050d

0010

026

bc000

008

ab000

ISt3

011a

bc001

173a

15I

326

e044

III007

a001

I0027c

000

6037

cde

003

034

cd001gtII

St4

023

abcd

001

173a

29

I255

de011

II007

a001

I0080e

0020

036

cde

006

028

c003gtII

St5

011a

b001

177a

21

I231

de004

II021

e004

II006

0de

0010

044

ef000

014

b001

ISt6

035

d007

330

ab20

II19

8cd

037

II014

bcd

001

II0003a

b000

6030

bcd

002

003

a001

ISt7

039

d004

4867c

87

V298

de008

II014

bcd

001

II0013a

bc000

6053

f004

085

f006gtII

St8

026

bcd

004

143

a15

I080

ab014

I016

bcd

002

II0010a

bc000

0043

def

011

003

b000

ISt9

136f

021

8883d

975

V081

ab050

I017

cde

001

II0010a

bc000

0045

ef003

050

e001gtII

St10

032

cd002

200

a17

I091

ab042

I014

bcd

001

II0020a

bc000

0037

cde

006

032

cd010gtII

St11

023

abcd

005

1042b

38

III12

0abc

027

II015

bcd

003

II000

0a000

0012

a001

005

ab000

ISt12

019

abcd

001

577

ab40

III12

4bc

040

II018

de001

II0023b

c000

6020

ab004

002

a000

ISt13

028

bcd

004

267

a29

II022

a019

I013

abcd

000

II000

0a000

0010

a001

003

a000

ISt14

024

bcd

004

127

a25

I074

ab027

I012

abc

001

II0010a

bc000

0021

ab001

002

a000

ISt15

071

e012

396

ab17

II095

ab047

I037

f003

III0017a

bc000

6039

cde

007

025

c001gtII

Samelette

rsindicateno

significantd

ifference

at119901valuegt

005


Table4Correlatio

nmatrix

ofph


ollected

from

thetrib

utarysta

tions

alon

gtheB

atangBa

leh

Temperature

pHDO

Con

ductivity

Turbidity

Chla

TSS

BOD5

TAN

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

Org-N

TPTemperature

1000

pH0174

1000

DO

-0244

0156

1000

Con

ductivity

-0174

0386

0090

1000

Turbidity

0093

-017

50166

-0556lowast

1000

Chla

0280

-010

5-0018

-0430

0893lowast

1000

TSS

0030

-016

80279

-0599lowast

0982lowast

0814lowast

1000

BOD5

-0410

-0090

0579lowast

0292

-017

5-0428

-0071

1000

TAN

0262

-019

1-039

1-0237

0168

0434

0070

-0433

1000

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

-0364

-032

50382

0302

-0274

-0389

-0241

0658lowast

-0277

1000

Org-N

0175

-0276

0551lowast

-0224

0386

0360

0435

0322

0210

0193

1000

TP-010

2-019

20416

-0402

0563lowast

0351

0638lowast

0436

-0040

0146

0678lowast

1000


nat119901valuele

005




















4 Conclusions



Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Upstream region


Downstream region

Station 2

Station 3

Station 1

Station 4

Station 5

Station 7

Station 9

Station 10

Station 12

Station 8

Station 6

Station 13

Station 14

Station 11

Station 15






Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry





Journal of

Volume 2018






Volume 2018




Journal of






Enzyme Research


Journal of



MaterialsJournal of






Na

nom

ate

ria

ls





Table3Summaryof

water

quality

atthetrib

utarysta

tionof

theB

atangBa

leh

Station

Chlam

gm3

TSSmgL

BOD5m

gL

TANm

gL

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

mgL

Org-N

mgL

TPm

gL

Mean

SDMean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDClass

Mean

SDMean

SDMean

SDClass

St1

002

a000

470

ab56

II328

e050

III010

ab003

II0073e

000

6028

bc003

040

d003gtII

St2

010

ab002

423

ab50

II302

e026

III008

a002

I0050d

0010

026

bc000

008

ab000

ISt3

011a

bc001

173a

15I

326

e044

III007

a001

I0027c

000

6037

cde

003

034

cd001gtII

St4

023

abcd

001

173a

29

I255

de011

II007

a001

I0080e

0020

036

cde

006

028

c003gtII

St5

011a

b001

177a

21

I231

de004

II021

e004

II006

0de

0010

044

ef000

014

b001

ISt6

035

d007

330

ab20

II19

8cd

037

II014

bcd

001

II0003a

b000

6030

bcd

002

003

a001

ISt7

039

d004

4867c

87

V298

de008

II014

bcd

001

II0013a

bc000

6053

f004

085

f006gtII

St8

026

bcd

004

143

a15

I080

ab014

I016

bcd

002

II0010a

bc000

0043

def

011

003

b000

ISt9

136f

021

8883d

975

V081

ab050

I017

cde

001

II0010a

bc000

0045

ef003

050

e001gtII

St10

032

cd002

200

a17

I091

ab042

I014

bcd

001

II0020a

bc000

0037

cde

006

032

cd010gtII

St11

023

abcd

005

1042b

38

III12

0abc

027

II015

bcd

003

II000

0a000

0012

a001

005

ab000

ISt12

019

abcd

001

577

ab40

III12

4bc

040

II018

de001

II0023b

c000

6020

ab004

002

a000

ISt13

028

bcd

004

267

a29

II022

a019

I013

abcd

000

II000

0a000

0010

a001

003

a000

ISt14

024

bcd

004

127

a25

I074

ab027

I012

abc

001

II0010a

bc000

0021

ab001

002

a000

ISt15

071

e012

396

ab17

II095

ab047

I037

f003

III0017a

bc000

6039

cde

007

025

c001gtII

Samelette

rsindicateno

significantd

ifference

at119901valuegt

005


Table4Correlatio

nmatrix

ofph


ollected

from

thetrib

utarysta

tions

alon

gtheB

atangBa

leh

Temperature

pHDO

Con

ductivity

Turbidity

Chla

TSS

BOD5

TAN

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

Org-N

TPTemperature

1000

pH0174

1000

DO

-0244

0156

1000

Con

ductivity

-0174

0386

0090

1000

Turbidity

0093

-017

50166

-0556lowast

1000

Chla

0280

-010

5-0018

-0430

0893lowast

1000

TSS

0030

-016

80279

-0599lowast

0982lowast

0814lowast

1000

BOD5

-0410

-0090

0579lowast

0292

-017

5-0428

-0071

1000

TAN

0262

-019

1-039

1-0237

0168

0434

0070

-0433

1000

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

-0364

-032

50382

0302

-0274

-0389

-0241

0658lowast

-0277

1000

Org-N

0175

-0276

0551lowast

-0224

0386

0360

0435

0322

0210

0193

1000

TP-010

2-019

20416

-0402

0563lowast

0351

0638lowast

0436

-0040

0146

0678lowast

1000


nat119901valuele

005




















4 Conclusions



Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Upstream region


Downstream region

Station 2

Station 3

Station 1

Station 4

Station 5

Station 7

Station 9

Station 10

Station 12

Station 8

Station 6

Station 13

Station 14

Station 11

Station 15






Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry





Journal of

Volume 2018






Volume 2018




Journal of






Enzyme Research


Journal of



MaterialsJournal of






Na

nom

ate

ria

ls





Table4Correlatio

nmatrix

ofph


ollected

from

thetrib

utarysta

tions

alon

gtheB

atangBa

leh

Temperature

pHDO

Con

ductivity

Turbidity

Chla

TSS

BOD5

TAN

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

Org-N

TPTemperature

1000

pH0174

1000

DO

-0244

0156

1000

Con

ductivity

-0174

0386

0090

1000

Turbidity

0093

-017

50166

-0556lowast

1000

Chla

0280

-010

5-0018

-0430

0893lowast

1000

TSS

0030

-016

80279

-0599lowast

0982lowast

0814lowast

1000

BOD5

-0410

-0090

0579lowast

0292

-017

5-0428

-0071

1000

TAN

0262

-019

1-039

1-0237

0168

0434

0070

-0433

1000

NO2minus-N

+NO3minus-N

-0364

-032

50382

0302

-0274

-0389

-0241

0658lowast

-0277

1000

Org-N

0175

-0276

0551lowast

-0224

0386

0360

0435

0322

0210

0193

1000

TP-010

2-019

20416

-0402

0563lowast

0351

0638lowast

0436

-0040

0146

0678lowast

1000


nat119901valuele

005




















4 Conclusions



Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Upstream region


Downstream region

Station 2

Station 3

Station 1

Station 4

Station 5

Station 7

Station 9

Station 10

Station 12

Station 8

Station 6

Station 13

Station 14

Station 11

Station 15






Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry





Journal of

Volume 2018






Volume 2018




Journal of






Enzyme Research


Journal of



MaterialsJournal of






Na

nom

ate

ria

ls























4 Conclusions



Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Upstream region


Downstream region

Station 2

Station 3

Station 1

Station 4

Station 5

Station 7

Station 9

Station 10

Station 12

Station 8

Station 6

Station 13

Station 14

Station 11

Station 15






Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry





Journal of

Volume 2018






Volume 2018




Journal of






Enzyme Research


Journal of



MaterialsJournal of






Na

nom

ate

ria

ls





Cluster 1

Cluster 2

Cluster 3

Cluster 4

Upstream region


Downstream region

Station 2

Station 3

Station 1

Station 4

Station 5

Station 7

Station 9

Station 10

Station 12

Station 8

Station 6

Station 13

Station 14

Station 11

Station 15






Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References
































Journal of

Chemistry





Journal of

Volume 2018






Volume 2018




Journal of






Enzyme Research


Journal of



MaterialsJournal of






Na

nom

ate

ria

ls



























Journal of

Chemistry





Journal of

Volume 2018






Volume 2018




Journal of






Enzyme Research


Journal of



MaterialsJournal of






Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




water quality assessment of tributaries of batang baleh in...

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