water management for rice and other irrigated dry crops

8/8/2019 Water Management for Rice and Other Irrigated Dry Crops

1/94

a er anagemen or ce

Dr M.D.Reddy,Director, Water Technolo Centre,

Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural UniversityRajendranagar, Hyderabad

1Lecture delivered at One day workshop to WUA presidents at WALAMTARI, Hyderabad,India. March 20, 2010


2/94

At 59mha lar est irri ated area

P roductivity very low


3/94

6000 c

a

5000eter pe

3000

4000

(Cubic

ear)

Water Stress Line

2000ailibilty

Water Scarcity Line

0

1000

ater A

1951 1991 2001 2025 2050

3


4/94

(liters/day)

Drinking 2-5ouse o -

Kg of grain (cereals) 1000 liters ETVe diet 2600 liters ETNon Veg Diet 5400 liters Et

4


5/94

Retension as soilGroundwater

recharge

Evaporation &evapotranspiration

41%

moisture10%

9%

Surface run-off40%

Fig 1: Annual water resource in Andhra Pradesh

Sourse: R.Vijayakumari and M.D.Reddy, 2007

5


6/94

Minor irrigation(Ground water)

29.60 lakh ha (29%) Ma or & medium

Minor irri ation

irrigation50 lakh ha (49%)

Fig 2: Ultimate irrigation potential in Andhra Pradesh

(Surface water)23 lakh ha (22%)

6


7/94

The main objectives of efficient irrigationmanagement

1) High yield of good quality

2) High water use efficiency3 Least damage to soil productivity and4) Low irrigation cost

7


8/94

e armers roa y ace wosituations:

1) Adequate water availability at

8


9/94

SOIL PROPERTIES

Texture, Structure, De th of soil

- influence water retention

9


10/94

Differences in duration,roo ng c arac ers oo ng ens y ,Rooting depth)

the water requirementsResistance offered b the lant for esca e of water from leaf surface to atmosphere besidemoisture sensitive periods

10


11/94

Atmospheric conditions

,Temperature,Relative humidity

Wind velocit- dictate the rate of ET from

water requirement of crops

11


12/94

Effective Root Zone Depth of Different

Shallow Moderately Deep rooted Very deep

cm

(60-90 cm)

cmRice Groundnut Cotton Citurs

Onion Castor Maize Grapevine

Cabbage Tobacco Sorghum Safflower

Cauliflower Wheat Sugarcane Coffee

Chillies Pearl millet

Frenchbean

Soybean

Carrots12


13/94

Irrigation is defined as an artificial application of wateror t e purpose o supp y ng mo sture essent a to p ant

growth.

It is applied to the soil for other purposes . For supplying the moisture essential for plant growth To rovide cro insurance a ainst short duration

droughts To cool the soil and atmosphere, thereby making more

favorable environment for lant rowth To wash out or dilute salts in the soil. To reduce the hazards of soil piping, and

13


14/94

intake, conveyance, regulation,, ,

use of irrigation water to farms and,

amounts and at right time for the purpose

economy in conjunction with improved.

14


15/94

Water requirement of crops

It is the amount of water re uired to raise a

successful crop in a given period. It comprises the water lost as evaporation from,

used by crop plants, water lost during

application which is economically unavoidable as land preparation, puddling of soil, saltleaching and so on.

e water requ rement s usua y expresse asthe surface depth of water in millimeters orcentimeters.

15


16/94

Scheduling irrigation

1. When to irrigate and.

major conditions, namely, (1) water need ofcro s and 2 availabilit of irri ation water .Water need of crops is, however the primeconsideration to decide the time of irri ation.

16


17/94

Moisture sensitive periods of crop:

Sorghum - booting, flowering, milky and

dough stagesMaize tasselling, silking and early grainformation

Finger millet Panicle initiation andfloweringWheat CRI, shooting and heading

Groundnut Rapid flowering, pegpenetration and early pod developmentSunflower flower bud initiation, heading,flowering and milky stages 17


18/94

o mo sture reg me approac

Climatological approach and

Plant indices

18


19/94

PLANT CRITERIA:

Plant appearance

Plant water potential and water content

Critical stages of crop water need

Indicator plant

Stomatal a erture

Leaf diffusion resistance

Plant temperature

19


20/94

Schematic diagram of soil water status and critical level of soil water

20


21/94

CRITERIA BASED ON SOIL WATER STATUS

Gravimetric soil moisture sample

Soil water content

-

Critical level of soil water

Soil water tension

Electrical resistance

21


22/94

CLIMATALOGICAL APPROACH

Evaporimeter

Irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation ratio

22


23/94

IW/CPE RATIO :

The ratio of the amount of irrigation applied to cumulative

an eva oration value

The pan evaporation values are added up every day till it is

equal to a certain ratio of water applied as irrigation.

The ratios for various crops is determined experimentally.

23


24/94

HOW MUCH WATER TO APPLY:

The quantity of irrigation water to be applied to the

available soil moisture in the soil , the moisture

extraction depth of the roots (effective root depth) at

the time of starting irrigation.

24


25/94


26/94

Groundnut Rabi 350-500

-

Sesame Rabi 300-350

oy ean a 400-450

Redgram Rabi 350-450Greengram/Black

Rabi 200-400

Bengal gram Rabi 350-500

26


27/94

Rainfed upland Without standing water R inf l wl n Wi h - m n in

water

Deep water RiceIrrigated Transplanting Dryseeding Aerobic rice Wet seeding

27


28/94

Total water requirement includes waterneeded to raise seedlings, prepare land, andto grow a crop of rice from transplanting to

harvestWater requirement depends on many factors

, , ,depth of water table and evaporative demand

28


29/94

Water management in rice

Water requirement:

Wide variations in water re uirement of rice(935 to 2650 mm) of rice in Tamilnadu

(Chandramohan, 1970). The water requirement from transplanting to

harvesting in different soil and climatic

s ua ons vary e ween o mm

29


30/94

economize the total water use and increasewater use efficiency Varieties of short duration have been found to

be better than long duration varieties in terms oftheir water use efficiency Water requirement of paddy may met from the

water rece ve t roug ra n a an or t rougirrigation application

30


31/94

Water use and Water

management practices for To minimize water use for rice

To improve water use efficiency

31


32/94

Moisture stress effects at differentgrowth stages

growth stages of rice crop

occurs during the critical growth stages ce s mos sens ve o mo s ure s ress

from 20 days before heading to 10 days

a er ea ng

32


33/94

Panicle initiation, flowering, grain filling

critical to moisture ater requ rement s ow at see ng

stage Water requirement is more during thereproductive period

Very little water is needed at the lasthase which includes milk dou h

yellowish and full ripening stages33


34/94

Classification of so ils based on perco lationvalues for suitability of lands for rice culture

Class P ercolation mm/ day

Exce ent 1.0-2.5

Good 2.5-5.0Marginal 5.0-7.5

.

34


35/94

Percolation losses om ne seepage an perco at on osses

Surface drainage

35


36/94

Percent water loss by rice in differentseasons

32.4

29.1 50.1

25.1

40.5100%water loss(%)

Perco.

1622.5

10.820.4

14.919.5

0%Jul-Dec Jan-A r A rl-Jul

Evap.Tranp.Nurser

36


37/94

37


38/94

The dee ercolation loss var with soil t e in

the order of sandy soil, sandy loam, fine sandyloam, heavy clay soil. e p ys ca con t on o t e so as create y

soil manipulations such as puddling and,

minimize the water loss due to percolation The principal moisture losses from the rice

paddy may be grouped into vapor losses andlosses in liquid form .

38


39/94

Puddling for reducing percolation losses

39


40/94

Shallow submergence for better crop growth

40


41/94

Evapotranspiration

When the soil is maintained in a saturated or flooded condition,evapotranspiration is primarily a function of the energy available forevaporat on o t e water. e com ne ooses o water resu t ng rom t e p anttranspiration and surface evaporation is called evapotranspiration (ET).

41

Components of water requirement transpiration


42/94

Components of water requirement, transpiration,evaporation and percolation losses of rice crop

un er vary ng eve s o su mergence

Treatments A ril Jul Jan - A ril

Trans Evapo Perco Trans. Evapo Perco.

(cm.)(cm.) (cm.) (cm.) (cm.) (cm.)

SubDeeper 38 49 80 36 34 114Sub

Source : Pande and Mittra 197142

Effect of different depths of submergence


43/94

p gon grain yield and water requirement of

Hyderabad

Submergencedepth, cm Kharif RabiWR Yield WR Yield(cm) (t/ha) (cm) (t/ha)

5+1 167 4.59 337 4.46

10+1 336 4.42 666 4.89

ource : r ar an an u,43

Effect of different depths of submergence on grain


44/94

Effect of different depths of submergence on grainyield and water requirement of rice on red chalka

so san y oam a y era aTreatment Kharif (2) Rabi (1)

WR (cm) Yield(t/ha) WR (cm) Yield(t/ha)ContinuousSub

134 5.36 240 4.4

. .

4 day drainage 80 4.23 161 2.35

CD at 5% 0.82Fi . in arenthesis are no.of seasons studied

Source : Prihar and Sandhu, 198744


45/94

yc c su mergence

three days of subsidence of ponded water-

In areas were water table is shallow (with in 1mrom e sur ace , rr ga on n erva may e

increased to seven daysafter subsidence of ponded.

45


46/94

In areas, where copious water suppliesexist the ma or ob ective in irri ation

scheduling is to ensure high crop yields atthe least water expense. Irrigation at soil saturation / soil

cracking/alternate wetting and drying givecomparable yields, but reduced waterneed of the crop.

46


47/94

supply :

puddling perfect land leveling, maintenance offield and guided bunds, cross bunding across

supply at wider intervals (5-15 days) less watersupply at less critical stage and adequate water

Success of rotational water supply can be

ensured through close co ordination of different

agenc es, armers an armer s organ zat onsengaged in irrigated agriculture

47


48/94

fields Growin of dr sown add under rainfed for

45- 60 days in areas where water is

released late through canals/tanks includingtail end areas but high intensity rain duringone or other crop growing stages cause land

su mergence

48


49/94

rice in areas where water is limiting factor than landowers e a our requ remen an ow an r ce

It causes less effect on environmentIt shows flood tolerance under low land condition

49


50/94

Through aerobic rice the crop yield of 3-6.

The dry seeding technology (Aerobic rice)

techniques like supplementary irrigation

and proper fertilization, it is now possibleto grow local varieties using less waterbut obtaining higher yields.

50


51/94

Aerobi rice in Observational Trial, Chintalapudi, (05.08.07)Krishna delta, AP 51


52/94

Variety BPT 5204

Aerobic rice at Chintalapudi (5.10.2005), Krishna delta, AP52

Effect of supplemental irrigation on dry


53/94

seedin in add aerobic rice durinKharif 2003 under Pedda cheruvu

command Bhoom all Medak

Grain yield (t/ha)Dr Dr sown add Trans lante

sownpaddy

with twosupplemental

d paddy

BPT 5204 3.85 4.5 5.60. . .

MTU-1010 2.63 3.65 4.55. . .

53

Performance of aerobic rice in farmers


54/94

,Name of the Area Grain yieldvillage (Acres) (t/ha), range

Galavila 40 2.5 4.5

Gangada 40 + 20 3.0 4.5

Source: APERP, Status Report, Vizianagaram, 200554


55/94

Water input and water productivity and grain yieldof rice varieties at Rajendranagar, Hyderabad (Kharif 2003)

Grain Water input, mm Waterar e e

s

y e ,

t/ha

pro uc v y,

kg/ha mm(m3)

Effect

iveRain

Irrigat

ion

Total

fall

Varaalu 3.87 264.8 445.0 709.8 5.45(0.54)

Erramal 5.28 317.7 565.0 882.7 5.98 0.60lelu

Jagtials 4.94 322.9 617.5 940.4 5.25(0.53)

Polasaprabha

4.68 324.1 677.5 1001.6 4.67(0.47)

Source: G.Srinivas, M.D.Reddy and D.R.Reddy, 200755

Relationship between total water received and grain yield of


56/94

p g ydry seeded irrigated rice in different dates of sowing , Kharif 2004

Irrigation water (mm)Effective rainfall (mm)

1100

1200 3.26 t ha -1 3.27 t ha -12.76 t ha

-1

1.88 t ha-1

625.0637.5

675.0 662.5700

800

900

r (mm)

400

500

600Wat

387.7 389.1 331.6 352.5

100

200300

0June 16th June 26th July 7th July 18th 56


57/94

Grain yield of aerobic, wet seeded and


58/94

trans lanted rice Erramallelu kharif 1989

Method of establishment Grain yield(t/ha)

Broad cast sown Dry 2.88see ngLine sown Dry seeding 3.59

Broad cast sprouted seed 3.29

Transplanting 3.4

Source : RARS, Jagtial, Ann. Rep., 198958

Yield of aerobic rice (Jagtial Sannalu) in different


59/94

treatments 2003-04

sowing

Harvesting

yield(kg/ha)Dry seeding @200 seeds sqm

01.07.2003 10.11.2003 4234

ry see ng400 seeds sqm

. . . .

. . . .

, , , . .,

59


60/94

Basic SRI Practices:

Start with young seedlings8-12 days old (


61/94

Jharkhandstate, India --Khandagiri, 110-day variety with 65tillers, grown as rainfed SRI rice

61

Alternate crops to rice during rabi


62/94

p g

Crops water Acres of irrigated dry cropsrequirement

mm

that can be grown with

water to one acre rice

Greengram/ Blackgram

Sunflower

200-400

350-400

4.5-6.0

3.4-4.5GroundnutSoybeanMaize/Jowar

350-500400-500450-600

3.4-3.63.0-3.62.6-3.0

n onTomatoBhendi/

-350-500500-600

. - .3.4-3.62.4-3.0

r n a

62

Methods of irigation


63/94

Methods of irigationSurface methods

a) Border strips

b) Check-Basin

i) alternate furrow

p urrow

iii)Paired row

iv) Paired row or Double row furrowsSprinkler method

Drip or trikle method63


64/94

Technique that improve water useefficienc

Pressurized irrigation system

Sprinkler irrigation

Drip irrigation

ertigation

64

Effect of furrow irrigation on yield and water use


65/94

g y

particular Irrigation in eachfurrows

Irrigation in Alternate furrows

Maize

Saving of water (%) -- 30.0

Yield q/ha 41.3 40.6Water use efficiency 25.8 36.7

Cotton

Saving of water (%) -- 27.1Yield q/ha 20.5 19.8

Water use efficiency 6.0 8.065


66/94

a er managemen or some mpor anI.D. crops

Maize:,

critical for soil moisture

Ten to eleven irrigations at 7-15 days interval

Excess moisture at seedling stage (up to 30 DAS)

. .66


67/94

Cotton:Cotton deep-rooted crop -can tolerate limited as

crops

The crop yields are better when irrigated at 50%ASMD orIW/CPE ratio of 0.6 0.9 during post rainyperiod.

Ridge and furrow method of irrigation found to

67

Sugarcane :Requires high water requirement


68/94

Requires high water requirement

First 90-120 days FAS (formative phase) are critical.

Moisture stress durin summer drasticall reduce thetiller number and number of millable canes / unit area.

rr ga ng e crop a ra o o . ur ngsummer months

Application of straw / trash mulch @ 6.0 t /haincreased the mean cane yield by 10-15% besidessav ng - o rr ga on wa er requ remen

68

Groundnut:Grown throughout year-kharif (mostly rain fed) rabi and


69/94

.

Moisture is critical at germination, flowering, Pegformation, pod development stages.

-after germination

equa e mo s ure a pegg ng an po eve opmenimproves the crop yield substantially

Irrigating the crop at 0.6 to 0.9 IW/CPE ratio with 6-7irrigation during rabi, 10-11 irrigations during summer

BBF / boarder strip / check basin / sprinkler method of irrigation found better for groundnut

69


70/94

Rabi red gram:

Cro favors rid e and furrow check basin / methodof irrigation.

Flowering and pod development are critical formoisture stress.

70

Sunflower:


71/94

rown roug ou year n re an ac so .

moisture stress.

4-6 irrigations are adequate for sunflower.

Moisture stress at seedling phase did not adverselyaffect the crop yield.

Ridge and furrow / border strip / sprinkler method

71


72/94

Crops to be grown depending on water


73/94

availabilityWater Choice of Crops

availabilityLess (200-400 Sunflower, safflower, blackgram,mm rag , cas or, mus ar

Medium 400- Maize roundnut red ram600 mm) onion, rajmash

More (600-800 Cotton, chilies, vegetables,

mm) foddersMuch higher Rice, banana, sugarcane etc.(>1000 mm)

73

Crops which can withstand the extent


74/94

Water stress Cro s

More stress Minor millets, Safflower,Sesame

Moderate stress Sunflower, Soybean, , ,

Blackgram, Greengram,o r otton rc ne

74


75/94

Less stress Maize,anana

No stress Rice Ve etables

75

CONJUNCTIVE USE OF WATER


76/94

The management of multiple waterresources in a coordinated o eration suchthat, the water yield of the system over a

eriod of time exceeds the sum of ields of the individual components of the systemresultin from un-coordinated o eration .

Gupta et al,2000

76

BENEFITS FROM CONJUNCTIVE USE OF


77/94

the project

Enables to overcome drought situation

Ensure irrigation to meet crop water requirements

Improves crop intensity

Increased/assured crop yields/ income77

SYSTEMS OF CONJUNCTIVE


78/94

. ana wa er an groun wa er sys em

II. Rainfall and irrigation water system

III. Saline water and fresh water system

--- Abrol et al ,1988

78

RECHARGE DUE TO IRRIGATION


79/94

CROPS RECHARGE

: 40% OF WATERAPPLIED

ID CROPS : AROUND 30%OF WATER APPLIED

(A part of the irrigation waterfrom irrigated lands contributeto recharge) 79

SURFACE WATER OR GROUND


80/94

Disadvantage of surface water Development

Precipitation and peak runoff occur during

Problem

high demand season Solution

Storing surface water behind damsGround storage is valuable alternative to surfaces orage

80


81/94

OF DECLINING WATER TABLE.

- Enhancing surface water supply- Developing new projects- Inter zonal transfer of water- Storage of surplus water-

2.Crop diversification3.O timisin water use in rice

4.Onfarm water management5.Rationalizing ground water exploitation policies. eas ty o exp o t ng eep aqu ers

81


82/94

1. Uncertain/late release of water2. Inadequate supplies for crop season and ayacut

3. Salinity , alkalinity, sloaping terrain, depth and

texture

4. Water-logging in low-lying areas

5. Inadequacies in the system management

6. Poor water management and very low irrigation

efficiencies

7. Rice is the predominant crop

82

Water logging: Saturation of the soil root zone with


83/94

Causes for water logging

.

High intensity of irrigated agriculture, irrespective of .

Heavy seepage losses from unlined canals,

.Enclosing irrigated fields with embankments and

.

Blocking of natural drainage channels by roads anda ways.

Over land flow, under ground seepage and flooding.83

Effects of water loggingReduces the soil aeration.


84/94

Conc. of O 2 of soil decreases because it is used by micro organismsand plant rootsThe de letion of O ran e from artial de letion h oxia tocomplete depletion (anoxia) and depend on soil temperature, plantand microbial biomass and length of water logging

o sa ura e w wa er resu ng ow so u y, ow us v y oO 2 on water.

The susce tible cro s in descendin order -tobacco, chillies, ulsesWater logging -rice.Sensitive crops - Seedling stage highly susceptible to water logging

e ecreases n cerea ue o wa er ogg ng a pan c e

development stage.

84


85/94

Pulses are susceptible at the beginning at flowering.Toxic substances like carbondioxide, hydrocarbon

ases h dro en sul hide etc.Leaching of nitrates and denitrification occurs

.

85


86/94

From Low value to High value crops

From High water requiring crops to Lowwater re uirin cro s

From Mono crop to Multiple / Mixed crop

rom rop a one o rop w rop-livestock-fish-apiculture (Farmingsys ems approac

From Agriculture Production toProduction with Processing and Value

Addition86


87/94

87


88/94

Conserves water Low-cost method for

sanitary disposal ofmunicipal wastewater

e uces po u on orivers, canals and othersurface water

,thereby reducing theneed for artificialfertilizer

Increases crop yields Provides a reliable

water supply to farmers

88


89/94


90/94

90


91/94

91

Musi river wastewater use scenario


92/94

-

92

Musi water and livelihoods


93/94

93


94/94

94

water management for rice and other irrigated dry crops

Documents