Syska Hennessy Group

J366

Water Conservation in Building Design WCE2015

Daniel H. Nall, PE, FAIA, FASHRAE,

LEED Fellow, BEMP, HPDP Date

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construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials,

methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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Course ID: 0920005383

WATER CONSERVATION IN

BUILDING DESIGN

By ASHRAE

Approved for:

1 General CE hours

0 LEED-specific hours

This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written

permission of the speaker is prohibited.

Syska Hennessy Group

© Syska Hennessy Group 2015

Copyright Materials

This presentation will discuss options for water conservation and wastewater harvesting techniques. Technology for water conservation will be discussed. Utilization of on-site non-potable water resources will be discussed, and methods of capturing and treating these resources will be presented. The requirements of water consumption end-uses that can benefit from non-potable resources will be presented, along with technical issues that limit the exploitation of these resources. A case study showing a 2/3 reduction in potable water consumption through the utilization of both conservation measures and non-potable water harvesting will be presented

Course Description

Learning Objectives

1. Recognize how HVAC systems use water and how they generate non-potable water

resources.

2. Integrate different strategies of water conservation for dramatic reductions in

consumption.

3. Allocate different types of reclaimed water to different types of non-potable uses.

4. Overcome contamination issues to optimize re-use of harvested waste water.

At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:

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WATER CONSERVATION IN BUILDING DESIGN

20/03/2016

• The upcoming water crisis and the natural water cycle

• Water conservation opportunities in buildings

• Non-potable water resources in buildings and end-uses that don’t require potable

water

• Non-potable water treatment options for buildings

• The total dissolved solids issue for treated wastewater and methods of dealing with

that issue.

• A successful case study for dramatic water use reduction.

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Presentation Outline

World Water Shortage 2040

12

Per Capita Water Consumption

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14

The Natural Water Cycle

• Reduced Primary Potable Consumption

• Low flow Fixtures

• Water Sense Appliances

• Identify Non-Potable End Uses

• Flushing

• Irrigation

• Cooling Tower Make-up

• Exterior Housekeeping

• Harvest Non-potable Resources

• HVAC Condensate

• Stormwater Roof Run-off

• Cooling Tower Blow-down

• Surplus Groundwater

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WATER CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS

Residential Low Flow Plumbing Fixtures

16 16

Up to 33% Savings

6.0 L/flush (typical) vs.

3 L/flush

Private Toilets (dual flush water closets)

9.5 L/flush (typical) vs.

7.6 L/min

Up to 20% Savings

Up to 28% Savings

9.5 L/min (typical) vs.

6.8 L/min

Kitchen Faucet

Up to 80% Savings

8.33 L/min (typical) vs.

1.9 L/min

Lavatory Faucet

Residential Shower Head

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Cooling Tower Blow-Down Control

QMU = QE + QD + QBD Where: QMU = Make-up water flow rate QE = Evaporative Loss Rate QD = Drift Flow Rate QBD = Blow-down Flow Rate COC = QMU / (QD + QBD ) Where: COC = cycles of concentration QMU = Make-up water flow rate QD = Drift Flow Rate QBD = Blow-down Flow Rate TDSB = COC * TDSMU Where: TDSB = Total Dissolved Solids in Basin Water TDSMU = Total Dissolved Solids in Make-up water Measured Conductivity is roughly proportional to TDS.

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Irrigation Delivery and Control

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Water Consumption in Buildings

Source: US Environmental Protection Agency

Laboratory Water Consumption Office Building Water Consumption

58% Non-potable • Cooling tower make-up • Irrigation • Single pass cooling • 60% of sanitary (flushing)

73% Non-potable • Cooling/heating • Irrigation • Single pass cooling • 60% of sanitary (flushing)

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Alternative Sources of Non-Potable Water

Water Source Debris Suspended

Solids

Dissolved

Inorganics

Dissolved

Organics

Microbia

City Water None Very Low Low Very Low Very Low

HVAC

Condensate

None Very Low Very Low Very Low Very Low

Stormwater

(Roof)

Low Medium Low Low Low

Stormwater

(Grade)

Medium Medium Varies Varies Medium

Washwater Low Low Low Medium Low

CT Blowdown Low Medium Medium Low Low

STP Effluent None Very Low Low Very Low Very Low

Blackwater High High Medium High High

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Matching Sources and Uses

Water Source Primary Use Secondary Use

City Water Ingestion Personal Hygiene

HVAC Condensate Flushing Domestic Hygiene

Stormwater

(Roof)

Flushing CT Make-up

Stormwater

(Grade)

Irrigation

Washwater Irrigation

CT Blowdown Irrigation (R.O. ?)

Treated Blackwater CT Make-Up Irrigation

22

Criteria for Using Non-Potable Water

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Greywater (Wash Water) Characteristics

Typical Composition of Greywater (wash water)

Parameter Unit Greywater range

BOD5** mg/L 90–290

TSS (Total Suspended solids)** mg/L 45–330

Turbidity** NTU 22–200

Fecal Coliform* MPN/100mL 103 - 106

pH** – 6.6–8.7

* Residential greywater reuse study; greywater reuse survey: Data and Evaluation of results. Southern Arizona, USA. Water CASA, 2003

** Jeppersen B, Solley D. 1994. Model guidelines for domestic greywater reuse for Australia. Research Report No. 107. Urban Research Association of Australia, Brisbane City Council.

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Greywater Harvesting for Trickle Irrigation

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Using Greywater

Greywater Treatment Stages

Treatment Stage Purpose Technologies End Uses

Preliminary Removal or particulates and grit particles Screening, settling Trickle (sub-surface)

Irrigation

Primary Removal of suspended solids Screening sedimentation Surface Irrigation of ornamental plants

Secondary Biological treatment and removal of common biodegradable organic pollutants

Percolating or trickling filter, activated sludge, anaerobic treatment, waste stabilization ponds (oxidation ponds)

Cooling Tower Make-up

Tertiary Removal of specific pollutants such as nitrogen or phosphorus, color, odor, and fine suspended particles

Sand filtration, membrane bioreactor, reverse osmosis, chemical coagulation, activated carbon/

Flushing

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Criteria for Interior Usage of Recycled Water

Summary of ANSI/NSF Standard 350 Effluent Criteria for Graywater Treatment Systems Parameter Class C (Commercial or Multi-Family Interior Use) Test Average Single Sample Maximum CBOD5 (mg/L) 10 25 TSS (mg/L) 10 30 Turbidity (NTU) 2 5 E. coli 2

(MPN/100 mL) 2.2 200

pH (SU) 6.0 – 9.0 NA Storage vessel disinfection

(mg/L)3

≥ 0.5 – ≤ 2.5 NA

Color MR NA Odor Nonoffensive NA Oily film and foam Nondetectable Nondetectable 1 NA: not applicable 2 Calculated as geometric mean 3 As total chlorine; other disinfectants can be used

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Rainwater Harvesting for Interior Use

DIN 1989 Tank Sizing Standard

VT = lesser of

.06 * AR * RAA * Ya * KRO * eF

Or .06 * D

Where: VT = volume of storage tank

AR = area of catchment roof

RAA = annual average rainfall

KRO = roof yield (0.4 to 0.75)

eF = efficiency of the filter

D = annual water consumption

for targeted end use

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HVAC Condensate Recovery for Interior Use

• Tank typically sized for 1 design day

condensate production

• Tank may much smaller for

continuous usage such at CT make-up

• Make-up float valve only keeps lift

pump inlet submerged

29

Community Scale Sewage Treatment Enables Capture of

Effluent for Non-Potable Uses

30

DEWATS – Decentralized Waste Water Treatment

System

31

DEWATS Finishing Bed

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The “Improved” Urban Water Cycle

Optimal Usage of Alternative Water Sources

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Recycling Treated Sewage Effluent

Dissolved Solids Contamination of Building Sewage Effluent

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High TDS to Flushing; Rainwater/Condensate to CT

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High TDS to Flushing;

High TDS to Flushing; RO/Condensate/Rainwater to CT

Net Zero Liquid Discharge CT Water Treatment

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-

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

1 2 3 4

L/Ye

ar

Water Re-Use Strategy

Potable Water Consumption by End-Use

Misc. Potable Uses CT Make-up Flushing Water

Sewage Effluent Flushing Only

Comparison of 3 Water Recycling Strategies

20/03/2016 38

CT with Zero Liquid Discharge Sewage Effluent Flushing; Blowdown RO

Base Case; No Recovery

Case Study – Godrej Headquarters

LEED Platinum – India Green Building Council LEED NC 39

Godrej Water Efficiency Measures

Potable Water Use limited to Ingestion, Personal Hygiene

and Food Service

All Other Uses Non-Potable

Non-potable Resource Reclamation

HVAC Condensate Centrally collected

One Million Gallon Stormwater Storage Tank

Brackish Foundation Drain Effluent Collected

Cooling Tower Blowdown Collected

Reclaimed Water Treatment

Stormwater Filtered and Chlorinated

Tertiary Blackwater Treatment with MBR System

CT Blowdown and Groundwater Treated with Reverse Osmosis

to Remove Dissolved Solids.

40

41

Membrane Bioreactor Blackwater

Treatment

Effluent has Very Low BOD,

Little Impact on TDS

For Removal of Suspended or Dissolved Organic Material

By M brannock at English Wikipedia,

42

Packaged Reverse Osmosis Systems

14,000 gpd input at 1500 ppm TDS

11,000 gpd output at 80 ppm TDS

3,000 gpd waste at 6,700 ppm TDS

< 1.0 kWh/ per m3 water output

42

For Removal of Dissolved Solids (Inorganic Salts)

Godrej Headquarters Water Diagram

43

Godrej Water Efficiency Results

Usage124,740 l/day Potable from City

94,500 l/day Non Potable flushing

124,740 l/day Non Potable Cooling Tower Make-up

15,120 l/day Non Potable Irrigation

359,100 l/day Total Usage

Sources124,740 l/day Ingestion, Food Service, Personal Hygiene

177,660 l/day Blackwater Treatment

23,436 l/day Treated Foundation Drain Efluent

18,144 l/day Treated Cooling Tower Blowdown

11,340 l/day HVAC Condensate

3,780 l/day Stormwater Storage

359,100 l/day Total Supply44

Godrej Headquarters, Mumbai, India Architect – Pelli, Clarke, Pelli, New York, NY, USA

MEP Engineering – WSP Flack + Kurtz, New York, NY, USA The engineering work described here was performed or supervised by Daniel H. Nall, PE, FAIA (currently with Syska Hennessy Group) while he was a Senior Vice President at WSP Flack + Kurtz, in New York City, NY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

Questions? THANK YOU! Dan Nall, P.E., FAIA, FASHRAE, LEED Fellow, BEMP, HBDP dnall@syska.com