water and sanitation program 99–00 report · 2018. 11. 26. · istically dysfunctional. water may...

Contents

Foreword

Chapter 1: Meeting the Challenge ofthe New Millennium

The Present ChallengeExtending Partnerships

Chapter 2: Global Learning Agenda

Rural and Small Towns Water and SanitationThe Urban Agenda

Chapter 3: Regional Highlights

South AsiaEast Asia and the PacificWest and Central AfricaEast and Southern AfricaAndean Region

Chapter 4: Program Financing

RapportFrench Translation

InformeSpanish Translation

Publications

Staff

Contacts and Credits

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Water and SanitationProgram

99–00 Report

2

WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM

LIMA

ABIDJAN

NAIROBI

Cote d‘Ivoire

Bangladesh

Indonesia

Nepal

Rwanda

Zambia

BeninGhana

Burkina Faso

Mali Niger

Nigeria

Eritrea

Pakistan

India

Ethiopia

Uganda

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Kenya

VietnamCambodia

Philippines

Lao People’s Republic

Sri lanka

Tanzania

Ecuador

Peru

Bolivia

Malawi

WASHINGTON D.C.

Mongolia

DELHI

JAKARTA

South AsiaEast Asia and the PacificWest and Central AfricaEast and Southern AfricaAndean Region

Regional Office

The Program has been a forerunner of a growing list of partnershipprograms managed by the WorldBank. Its well-established globalnetwork, strong tradition of clientresponsiveness, and continuous opendialogue with World Bank clients indeveloping countries provide a modelfor development practice.

The World Bank is proud tocontinue hosting the Water andSanitation Program. The Program isanchored in the InfrastructureDepartment, permitting a mutuallybeneficial engagement with the Waterand Sanitation Division and Bank-widethematic groups. The planned evolutionof the Program’s governance in thecoming months will increaseopportunities for key Program partnersto guide its strategic direction. I lookforward to my personal engagementwith this process as we jointly face thecritical challenge of water andsanitation provision for the poor in thenew millennium.

Nemat T. ShafikVice President, Private SectorDevelopment and InfrastructureThe World Bank

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Water is life. Nowhere is this clearerthan in developing countries, where anestimated 10,000 people die everyday from diseases related to water andsanitation diseases. Lack of access towater and sanitation means poorhealth, malnutrition for children, andreduced life expectancy. It means thatfewer children attend school, less timefor income-generating activities, andincreased drudgery for millions ofwomen who spend their day collectingwater from long distances. Becauseaccess to clean water is so vital tosurvival for the poor, many nationalgovernments are making water andsanitation development a vitalcomponent of their strategies forreducing poverty.

The Water and Sanitation Programhas provided advice on investmentsand policies to its partners and clientsin developing countries for more than21 years. Much of its early work, suchas that on low-cost technologies,demand-responsiveness, strategicsanitation planning, and participatoryhygiene have now become standardapproaches in the sector. Drawing fromits field network in over 30 countries,the Program is continuing to explorenew frontiers of knowledge. Forexample, it is identifying and testingprivate sector partnerships that provideservices to the poor and helping itspartners gain access to current sectorpractices.

Foreword

endorsed approaches. Many ofthe ideas that the Water andSanitation Program (WSP) hasbeen privileged to work on formore than two decades are nowcommon practice. Recent meetingsof the international community,such as the World Water Forum inThe Hague in March 2000, havedemonstrated a great unity ofvision on the path forward.

The Present ChallengeBut as we embark on a newmillennium, there remains much to bedone. Despite decades of internationaleffort and at a time of unprecedentedwealth for many countries, an estimated10,000 people in developing countriesdie every day from water and excreta-related diseases. Thousands more sufferdebilitating illnesses. The tragedy isthat these deaths and illnesses areentirely preventable through sustainedaccess to safe water and sanitation.The sanitary revolution that transformedlives and life expectancy in Europe inthe 17th and 18th centuries provedthat tremendous gains are possible.

The water and sanitation sector indeveloping countries remains character-istically dysfunctional. Water may bethe “commodity of the 21st century,”but it is not one whose supply in thedeveloping world is immediatelyattracting investors. Fiscal policies indeveloping countries are unattractive,the political climate is volatile anduncertain, lack of tenure limits investment

When the international communitylaunched the International DrinkingWater Supply and SanitationDecade over 20 years ago, it soughtto address the gulf between theserved and unserved in thedeveloping world. At the turn ofthe millennium, over one billionpeople still lack access to safedrinking water and two to threebillion lack access to safe sanitation.What has been achieved andwhere are we headed?

While overall improvement incoverage remains far short ofnational and global hopes, thesector has made significantprogress in some important areasover the past two decades. Recentcoverage indicators point todistinct improvements in someAsian and Latin American countriesin particular. More than 2.4 billionpeople worldwide have alsoreceived better water services and600 million improved sanitation.Communities have a greaterchoice in service levels, madepossible by the array of technicaloptions now available. There is anew recognition of the power ofthe market to serve the poor.

Increased attention to theworld’s water and sanitation crisisalso created a community ofsector specialists. These specialistshave learned a great deal aboutwhat works and what strategiescan put into practice many of the

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CHAPTER 1: MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM

Chapter 1

Meeting the Challenge of theNew Millennium

6


regional offices in South Asia, EastAsia and the Pacific, West and CentralAfrica, East and Southern Africa, andthe Andean Region.

Over the past two decades, theWSP has demonstrated success inhelping its clients to improve access towater and sanitation services formillions of poor people in rural andurban communities (see box). It has ledor supported many of the advancesmade in the sector in recent years, andactively contributed to the growingunderstanding of how to translate theguiding principles agreed on at majorinternational conferences in Dublin andRio de Janeiro into improved policiesand programs. The challenge now ishow to scale up successful approaches,continue targeted learning efforts, andsupport reforms that will ensure theadoption and replication of sustainableinvestments. This report covers theProgram’s achievements from July 1,1999, to June 30, 2000 (FY00).

WSP’s Comparative AdvantageThe Program’s comparative advantagederives from its strong field presence,well-established network of sector

specialists, track record of qualitystaffing, and ability to respond to thechanging demands of its clients. Itoperates in more than 30 countries,assisting local partners to overcomeobstacles and to identify innovativesolutions to problems of service provisionin poor communities. The Program’spartnership approach encourageslessons to be shared across agency,country, and regional boundaries andcreates a momentum for globallearning on critical themes.

The Program works as a respected,independent source of knowledge,advice, and support, playing the roleof an “honest broker” and supportingpolicy makers and national and regionalcoordinating efforts. Its position withinthe World Bank—one of the largestinvestors in water and sanitation indeveloping countries—increases accessto national policy makers and createsimportant opportunities for learning.

Extending Partnerships Formerly known as the UNDP–WorldBank Water and Sanitation Programfrom its origins as parallel free-standingUNDP projects executed by the World

for residents, and inflexible governmentservice standards reduce affordablechoices and create barriers to entry forother service providers.

A great deal of the $30 billion ofwater investment in developing countrieseach year is used ineffectively. In mosturban systems, unaccounted-for-watercan be as much as 50 percent. FromCape Town to Cairo, broken pipedschemes—not maintained or unaffordablefor users—litter the countryside. Thehuman cost of inadequate sanitation iseven higher than for water, as fecesare the origin of so many infectiousdiseases. Ineffective disposal of humanwaste imposes a huge toll on societythrough pollution of public areas,rivers, and land.

WSP OverviewThe WSP is an international partnershipof the world’s leading developmentagencies concerned with water andsanitation services for the poor. Itsmission is to alleviate poverty byhelping the poor gain sustained accessto improved water and sanitationservices. It is managed through a headoffice in Washington, D.C., and five

Helping our clients to help their clients

Ultimate client:(target group)

Supporting client:(WSP donors)

Poor communities in rural and peri-urban areas

Direct client:(front line actors)

Central government, municipal agencies,local governments, NGOs, community organizations,

private water and sanitation service providers,external support agencies

Water andSanitationProgram

Donors

Funding partners

Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)

Belgium Agency for Development Cooperation

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

Danish Agency for International Development (Danida)

Department for International Development (DFID), United Kingdom

German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)

Directorate General for International Cooperation, The Netherlands

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ItalyMinistry of Finance, JapanMinistry of Foreign Affairs, LuxembourgMinistry of Foreign Affairs, NorwaySwedish International Development

Cooperation (Sida)Swiss Agency for Development and

Cooperation (SDC)United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP)World Bank

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through the end of the year to lead theProgram during this transition. InJanuary 2000 a new programmanager assumed responsibility andnow heads an invigorated managementteam composed of regional teamleaders, global thematic leaders, and achief financial officer. The young,energetic team exhibits a broad rangeof skills. Half of the management teamare women.

Responding to External ReviewsIn September 1999 the WSP presentedto its financial partners an action planoutlining its response to externalregional reviews carried out in1998–99. Progress to date on theaction plan has included:

• Strengthening the strategic andthematic focus. The Program hasincorporated a Logical FrameworkAnalysis into its planning processes,annual work plans, and three-yearbusiness plans. These changes will helpthe Program concentrate on areas inwhich it has a comparative advantage.They have already resulted in greatertransparency, better quality control,

sector. It now collaborates with morethan 120 NGOs and recently developeda joint research initiative with severalprivate water companies on povertyalleviation and strategies for privatesector participation.

Strengthening WSP Governanceand ManagementThe WSP is administered by the WorldBank and reports to the Water andSanitation Division within the Finance,Private Sector, and Infrastructure VicePresidency (see figure). The WSP isamong the World Bank’s longeststanding external partnerships. Itsgovernance structure involves global,regional, and country-level advisorycommittees. At a meeting in April2000, changes were proposed tostrengthen the World Bank’s support forthe WSP and to bring its governanceinto line with other Bank-managedexternal partnership programs. A WSPcharter is envisaged to create a WSPCouncil that will oversee Programactivities and guide strategic decisions.

In early 1999 the Program set outto revitalize its management team. Aprogram manager was appointed

Bank, the WSP has evolved into amature, broad-based partnership. Onone hand, it has retained the consistentfinancial support of a dozen of theworld’s foremost internationaldevelopment agencies (see box) andon the other, it collaborates in the fieldwith many of the most productive orinfluential public, private, and non-governmental agencies in the sector.

The WSP is an associate programof the Global Water Partnership (GWP),endorsed by the GWP’s TechnicalAdvisory Committee. Within the GWP,the Program plays a leadership role inwater and sanitation within a frameworkof integrated water resource manage-ment. The WSP remains a longstandingstrategic partner of the Water Supplyand Sanitation Collaborative Counciland contributed to the development ofthe World Water Council’s Vision 21presented in The Hague in March 2000.

As governments decentralize, theimportance of working with localpartners outside the government continuesto grow. The Program has responded tothis trend by strengthening its partnershipsin the field with non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs) and the private

Organogram

CitiesAlliance

UrbanDevelopment

Transport Water andSanitation

DisasterFacility

ESMAPEnergy

WSP

Nemat T. ShafikVice President

Infrastructure and Private Sector Development andNetwork Head Finance, Private Sector Development

Infrastructure DepartmentBusiness Strategy

Budget and FinanceKnowledge and Partnerships


Thematic FocusIn order to sharpen its focus, the Programhas organized its activities into twobroad thematic areas. The first focuseson issues relating to rural and smalltowns, and the second on issuesrelating to urban areas. TheProgram’s work on cross-cutting issuessuch as gender, hygiene, andintegrated water resource managementis also organized into these themes.

A global thematic leader coordinatesthe activities for both thematic areas. Thethematic leaders are part of the Programmanagement team and are supported bya network of WSP staff and otherprofessionals. The thematic leaders takeresponsibility not only for countryactivities, but also for selected globallearning products. While the Program’sglobal learning covers a range of issues,each country program focuses on a muchnarrower set of issues aligned with thecritical sector challenges of that country.

more effective approaches and thepractical implementation of theDublin/Rio principles in institutionalreforms, policy reforms, and large-scale investments. It achieves this goalby focusing on three mutuallysupportive outputs:

• Policy, strategy, and institutionalreform advisory services

• Innovative solutions to water supplyand sanitation problems

• Strategically selected investmentsupport services.

All these outputs are derived from fivetypes of WSP products: policy support,support to investment projects, pilot anddemonstration projects, sector networking,and knowledge sharing (learning events,case studies, and field notes).

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Strategic Results Framework The WSP mission is to alleviate povertyby helping the poor gain sustainedaccess to improved water andsanitation services. All activities aremeasured against this overarchinggoal, and poverty alleviation is one ofthe key criteria in project selection.

The Program operates according toa strategic results framework (seefigure) based on the following logic.The Program assists its direct clients—central governments, municipalagencies, local authorities, NGOs,community organizations, privateservice providers, and external supportagencies—in helping the poor gainsustained access to improved waterand sanitation services. The poor arethe Program’s ultimate clients and alsothe beneficiaries of its work.

The Program’s developmentobjective is to impact its direct clients through the adoption of new and

Strategic results framework and thematic focus

Policy supportPilot and

demonstration projects

Investmentsupport

Knowledgesharing

Sectornetworking

The poor gain sustained accessto improved water and sanitation

services

Practical adoption of new and more effectiveapproaches and the implementation of theDublin/Rio principles in institutional and

policy reforms and large-scale investments

Policy, strategies,and institutional reform

advisory services

Innovativewater and

sanitation solutions

Investmentsupport services

Mission:

Developmentobjective:

Outputs:

Products:

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and more strategic selection ofcountries and activities. The inclusion ofthematic leaders in the managementteam has considerably sharpened theProgram’s focus.

• Redesigning planning, tracking,and reporting systems andimproving financial management.The Program has made strides inredesigning its system of financialtracking and reporting. It has adopteda new project-based tracking systemthat will provide the basis for improvedtask management and stronger analyticaccounting and reporting.

• Renewing vision andorganizational structure. TheProgram is focusing its attention andresources on the most critical countriesand regions of its operation. It isbuilding partnerships with a broaderrange of stakeholders and developingalliances with the leading internationalagencies and sources of knowledge inthe sector. Limiting further overallgrowth, the Program’s management isseeking to reduce fixed costs andincrease flexibility to enable the WSPto reduce risk and better respond toopportunities and new client demands.

• Strengthening programgovernance and rationalizingrelations with World Bankoperations. The Program has begunto alter its governance structure toprovide the basis for a clearer andmore consistent relationship with all itsfinancial partners. Memoranda ofunderstanding with selected WorldBank regional operations departmentshave built confidence in WSP–WorldBank relationships. Non-strategic World Bank management tasks havebeen reduced. The Program has alsoexpanded its support for a larger numberof partners and investors in the sector.

• Improving dissemination oflearning and marketing. TheProgram completed a communicationsaudit as a basis for improving itsdissemination and marketing strategies.

A new communications plan is beingimplemented to build the Program’sglobal communications capacity,increase management’s focus oncommunications, and promote goodpractices in knowledge production anddissemination. The plan also includes awider variety of media and increasesimpact on both internal and externaltarget audiences.

Enhancing ImpactThe Program’s influence on the lendingoperations of the World Bank andother partners has been extensive, asthe ideas it has developed havebecome mainstream in many investmentprojects. This is most evident in therural water supply and sanitation(RWSS) sector, where the Program hashad a direct or indirect influence onalmost all the current freestandingprojects financed by the World Bank.Independent evaluations have estimatedthe scale of this influence in billions ofdollars and tens of millions ofbeneficiaries. As the WSP expands itsinvolvement in urban slums and smalltowns, its capacity to influence policiesand investment decisions in these areasis also expected to grow.

The WSP’s new emphasis onknowledge generation has resulted inthe production of over 100 country-specific studies, case studies and fieldnotes during the past year (seepublications list). During the sameperiod, the WSP website—which offersa wide range of resources, tools, andinformation on the Program’s latestactivities—saw monthly increases inuse. The website now records over150,000 visits and downloads permonth. ACCESS, the Program’selectronic newsletter published to informpartners and clients of progress, has2,600 regular subscribers.

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CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL LEARNING AGENDA

Over the years, the WSP hasgenerated, validated, anddisseminated solutions to waterand sanitation problems for thepoor. At times its work has beengroundbreaking and has influencedthe next generation of water andsanitation investments. The Programcontinues to pursue new knowledgeas its field staff document anddisseminate lessons fromexperience in slums and villagesin different regional settings.

The Program’s global agenda is divided into two thematicgroups: rural and small towns,and urban. In FY00 the Programcompleted several global studiesthat had been commissioned inprevious years and set forth anambitious new learning agenda.Two-thirds of WSP products inFY00 were knowledge-generatingactivities, including learningevents, case studies, field notes,and pilot projects (see figure).

Rural and Small Towns Waterand SanitationThe Program’s learning in rural andsmall towns focuses on identifyingstrategies for scaling up services inrural areas and implementing demand-responsive approaches. Regional andcountry initiatives dominated thelearning agenda this past year. Forexample, the Program has helped theGovernment of India implement amassive nationwide pilot project, taking

to scale approaches previously provenonly in project settings. In Bangladeshit hosted a regional meeting to exploremethods and opportunities for ruralbenchmarking of water supply programs.In Africa the Program analyzedexperiences with alternative financingapproaches in rural water supplyservice delivery.

Small Towns ManagementModelsThe small towns theme has been arecent addition to the Program’sthematic focus. It developed because of the growing numbers of small townswith inadequate water supplyservices. Systems in medium-sizetowns are generally in poor workingcondition, and managing them is oftencomplex because they are typicallytoo large for community managementapproaches and too small to be ofinterest to utilities.

The objective of the Program’swork on small towns is to identify andanalyze successful managementmodels. It is conducting an analysis of good practices and service deliveryarrangements in Colombia, Mauritania,the Philippines, and Vietnam and isproducing tools to help projectplanners design policies for smalltown services. These tools will betailored to different managementmodels, such as contracting of privateoperators by autonomous water andsanitation boards and management bysemi-autonomous municipal utilities.

Global Learning Agenda

Chapter 2

WSP products FY00(percentage of total)

Policy support12%

Learningevents16%

Pilotprojects

6%

Investmentsupport12%

Casestudies21%

Sectornetworking

10%

Fieldnotes23%

The WSP is the original model on which we are building the Associate Programmes of the Global Water Partnership. In the "Water for People" subsector, the WSP provides consistently high-quality strategic assistance, offers a range of services—including policy dialogue, synthesized specialist information, investment support, and capacity building—and has global reach.

Torkil Jonch-Clausen, Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee chair

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Community ContractingAn ongoing global study of communitycontracting analyzes cases in whichresponsibility for procurement hasdevolved from the government to thecommunity level. The study draws fromexperiences in Peru, Bangladesh,Pakistan, India, and Kenya and isdeveloping a set of guidelines to helpdetermine the contexts in whichprocurement by communities is feasibleand desirable. It will also providespecific tools to put the approach intopractice, including examples ofcontracting modalities and instruments.

Supply Chains Supply chains relate to all of theactivities associated with the flow ofgoods and services from their source tothe end-users—in other words, frommanufacturers to importers, serviceproviders, distributors, and customers.In the rural water supply and sanitationsector, schemes often fail because of alack of spare parts and inadequateoperation, management, andmaintenance capabilities. The Programhas advanced a global study thatexplores cases of effective supplychains. The first phase of the study

aims to identify factors that contributeto successful private sector supplychains—and as a result enhancesustainability.

Participatory Learning andAction (PLA) In 1997 the Program launched theParticipatory Learning and Action (PLA)initiative in partnership with theInternational Water and SanitationCentre (IRC). The PLA initiative seeksanswers to a series of questions relatedto gender, poverty, and sustainability.What makes water and sanitationservices sustainable? Do gender andpoverty issues have links with demandand sustainability? How can learningabout these issues best be utilized tobenefit the poor? The PLA initiative hasproduced empirical evidence showingthat more demand-responsive, gender-sensitive, and poverty-sensitiveapproaches increase servicesustainability. It has also produced afield-tested instrument for institutionaland policy reform. The results arebased on participatory assessmentscarried out in 15 countries in 1998–99(see box). The Methodology forParticipatory Assessments (MPA) that

was developed to conduct the globalassessments has emerged as a majorand valuable product. The MPA isproving to be an instrument for projectmanagers and user communitiesthemselves to both monitor thesustainability and effective use ofservices and jointly decide actions toenhance the sustainability and equity of project interventions.

Multi-village SystemsIncreased groundwater scarcity and the aggregation of people in ruralareas has forced many communities toconsider water systems that serveseveral villages. Institutionalarrangements for these multi-villagesystems are more complex than forsingle-village ones. The Program hasinitiated a series of case studies toinvestigate key elements and goodpractices for multi-village systemsaround the world. Two types ofmanagement models have beenidentified: water user associations suchas those in Colombia and Peru andwater utilities such as those in Côted’Ivoire. The next phase of this initiativeis to develop further the managementmodels and best practice tools.

Under the PLA initiative participatory assessmentswere conducted in 15 countries and 88 communitiesthat had managed their water systems for threeor more years. The major finding was thatdemand-responsive and gender- and poverty-sensitive approaches are associated significantlywith services that are better sustained and moreeffectively used. Other findings are outlined below:

• The more demand-responsive the project, thebetter the services are sustained. Projects functionedbetter over time when they initially offered morechoices in technology, service level, and manage-ment and financing systems to women as well asmen, and to the poor as well as the non-poor.

• Services were better sustained whencommunities participated in establishing them—not just by contributing, but also by exercisingreal influence and control over project implemen-

tation. Projects that conferred such control onusers during implementation led to sustainability,provided control was transferred not only to thevillage chief but also to both men and womenfrom all major potential user groups.

• Services were better sustained when they wereoperated and managed with the women andpoorer households having a say in managementdecisions, and when maintenance responsibilitieswere equitably shared between men and women,and the poor and non-poor in the community.

• Agency policies, objectives, planning andmonitoring systems, management, staffcomposition, skill sets, and teamwork all affectedproject outcomes. The more these were explicitlyresponsive to and supportive of user demands,gender, and poverty concerns, the better theresults on the ground.

Global Synthesis of the Participatory Learning and Action Initiative

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CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL LEARNING AGENDA

Rope Pump Technology Transfer Based on a centuries-old design andrefined during the 1980s and 1990s,the Nicaraguan rope pump hasstimulated widespread interestthroughout Central America for its lowcost, efficiency, durability, and lowmaintenance needs. Used at eithercommunity or family level, the pumpcompetes handsomely with the moreexpensive Afridev and India Mark IIpumps at groundwater depths of up to50 meters. The Program has beenworking with the Swiss Agency forDevelopment Cooperation, which firstspotted the potential for this “South-South” technology transfer, as well asNicaraguan manufacturers andconsumers in Ghana to encourage thetransfer of this technology.

The Urban AgendaIn the last two years, the WSP hassignificantly increased the intensityand scope of its urban work. In doingso it is responding to demands fromits clients and partners, who aregrappling with how to meet therapidly growing needs of the urbanpoor and how to provide accessibleand affordable water and sanitation

services. To solve this growing crisis incities and towns around the world,innovation and learning are urgentlyneeded at four levels:

• At the household and communitylevel, there is a need to understandprocesses of decision making, thepotential of different approaches todecentralize management of services,and the effectiveness of different typesof intermediary services in drivingreform and securing sustained services.

• At the utility and local governmentlevel, there is a need to find ways tostimulate and interact with community-level initiatives and the informal sector.

• At the state or nationalgovernment level, there is a need toseek ways to create incentives to makeserving the poor not only a priority butalso achievable, supported by adequatefinancial and human resources.

• At the international level, there isa need to put water and especiallysanitation services for the poor at thetop of what is already a very fulldevelopmental and political agenda.

Partnership ArrangementsDuring the year many regions focusedon ways to scale up community-levelinitiatives into citywide programs. In thePhilippines a community initiative todeliver effective, locally appropriatesanitation services to informalcommunities in Malang was translatedinto a large-scale program. In Nairobithe Program is contributing lessons fromits work in Kibera to the debate overhow the Nairobi City Council shouldserve all its customers. In India learningfrom Ahmedabad has been transferredto a wider debate about urban reformin Hyderabad, and could potentiallylead to a radical restructuring of urbanservice delivery in the city.

In FY00 the Program also completedfieldwork that explored the potential forstrategic sanitation planning in Indiaand parts of Africa. A joint researchprogram with DFID resulted in a newmanual for improved municipalplanning. Practical tools for capacitybuilding now under development couldsupport wider city restructuring efforts.The research program also initiated astudy of governance in public wateragencies in South Asia.

Study of Independent Providers in African Cities

In many African cities a large segment of thepopulation does not have access to drinkingwater or proper sanitation services. Families livingon the outskirts of the cities are most dramaticallyaffected. They are served not by the city wateragency or utility, but by small operators whoperform the most basic public services: deliveringwater and removing sanitation wastes. Mostlyunregulated and untaxed, these operators belongto the non-formal sector of the economy. Incontrast to many public or multinationalcompanies, these entrepreneurs must win theircustomers’ loyalty and be ready to innovate tostay in business in a competitive market.

In 1998 the Program launched a three-yearprogram to collect information about the role ofindependent providers in water and sanitationservice delivery in order to understand who theyare, what range of services they offer, and whatkey elements make their operations successful.

The goal is to increase the involvement ofindependent providers as partners with formalutilities, in order to improve the supply of waterand sanitation services to low-income andinformal settlements.

As part of this program, the WSP joined withthe research department of Hydroconseil and theIRC to carry out studies in 10 large African cities.The countries covered in the study were Benin,Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Kenya, Mali,Mauritania, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.

The study has yielded a wealth of newinformation on independent providers and theircritical role in delivering services to the urbanpoor. It calls for recognition and regularization ofthe roles and activities of independent providersand better coordination with citywide operators tomeet the demands of the urban poor.

14


Private Sector ParticipationThe Program has launched a majorresearch effort that exploresarrangements that involve the privatesector to improve service delivery forthe poor. In South Asia this initiativefocuses on utility reform as well as thewider national reform agenda. TheProgram is also increasingly involved inoperational work on private sectorparticipation in Bolivia, Nepal, andSouth Africa, as well as in other Africanand East Asian countries. The Programis drawing heavily on its experience in El Alto, Bolivia, where it partnerswith a private concessionaire to deliverimproved services to the poor.

Hygiene Education andMicrofinanceThis year the Program continued topromote the delivery of hygieneeducation and microfinance services inurban areas. These ancillary serviceshave proved vital to the success ofwater and sanitation investments incities and towns. In particular, theProgram has piloted the ParticipatoryHygiene and Sanitation Transformation(PHAST) methodology in urban areas ofEast Africa, and actively participated inthe national policy debate on scalingup microfinance programs forinfrastructure in India. Both theseinitiatives will be translated into globallearning programs in the coming year.

Small-Scale IndependentProvidersThe Program has long recognized theimportant role of the private sector inreaching otherwise unserved poorconsumers. In Latin America recentlearning efforts have focused on policyinterventions to improve the effectivenessof the private sector. In Africa theProgram has worked in partnershipwith the Water Utilities Partnership(WUP) to learn more about how small-scale operators function in a number of African cities and how utilities canrespond to their potential. The Programpublished a 10-country study on thetopic (see box) and sponsored aninternational workshop in June 2000

in Nairobi. The WUP endorsed theProgram’s research findings andagreed to promote new approachesamong utilities.

Urban Environmental Sanitation NetworkThe Program has completed a resourceguide and a study on gaps in knowledgeabout urban environmental sanitation,and designed an information-sharingnetwork called UESNet. To widen thenetwork’s outreach, the Program hasextended it to include partnerships withthe GWP, the World HealthOrganization (WHO), the UnitedNations Environment Programme(UNEP), and the Water Supply andSanitation Collaborative Council(WSSCC). Now known as theSanitation Connection, this initiativewill be launched at the Fifth WSSCCForum in November 2000, and willprovide access to a wide range ofinformation on all aspects of sanitation.The Program will also run aninformation help desk linked to theSanitation Connection to ensure thatthe service remains responsive toclients’ needs.

Chapter 3

Regional Highlights

16


Thematic Highlights

Rural Water and SanitationMore than two-thirds of South Asia’s1.3 billion people live in rural areasand small towns. Despite significantinvestment in these areas during recentdecades, millions of poor people stilldo not have access to sustainablewater and sanitation services. TheProgram strategy in the region is basedon the view that major reform in thesector requires leadership of nationaland local governments and the supportof other key stakeholders. The Programworks closely with a wide range ofpartners to achieve this goal.

In Pakistan the Program led thepolicy debate in the sector through theSocial Action Program Project. Theproject acts as an umbrella for all donorinvestments in the sector. The Programalso provided investment support to theWorld Bank-funded RWSS project inPakistan and the Sindh Pilot Project. InIndia the Program sponsored theCochin Workshop (see box), whichhelped lead to political endorsementfor the government’s ambitious reformprogram. The Government of India hasnow allocated US$315 million for 58district pilot projects to be implementedthroughout the country. In Bangladeshthe Program focused on arsenicmitigation and developed newapproaches to community contractingand service delivery. In Pakistan itdeveloped and refined a “processmonitoring” tool for organizational

learning. The tool is being used in theCommunity Infrastructure Project togenerate knowledge about effectiveprinciples for community-based servicedelivery through a public sector institution.

Other highlights of the regioninclude a monitoring and benchmarkingworkshop in Bangkok and a series ofpublications entitled Small PrivateInitiatives. In India a unique women’smeeting known as a mela broughttogether more than 50 women masonsand handpump mechanics from acrossthe country. It provided femaleentrepreneurs with an opportunity toshare experiences and identify factorsthat have led to the success or failureof RWSS programs.

Small Towns Water andSanitationIn Pakistan the Program drew attentionto the growing importance of smalltowns. Initial discussions with provincialgovernments have resulted in anagreement to identify priority issues forsmall towns. This work will lay thefoundation for strategic planning in thefuture. In Andhra Pradesh, India, theProgram contributed to a pilot projectthat sets up an efficient solid wastemanagement system in partnership withan NGO.

Urban Water and SanitationThe Program’s urban portfolio gainedattention in FY00. At the municipallevel, practical experience andresearch on medium-sized towns in

REGIONAL OFFICE:DELHI, INDIAFOCUS COUNTRIES:BANGLADESHINDIANEPALPAKISTANSRI LANKA

South Asia

Mahila Housing SEWA Trust’s partnership with the Water and Sanitation Program has been very valuable. Through MHT poor women members of SEWA express their difficulties related to housing and infrastructure, while WSP has provided the forum to take these issues to the national and international level. This has resulted in real policy changes that have directly improved the lives of these women.

Renana Jhabvala, Executive TrusteeMahila Housing SEWA Trust

The Government of India has embarked on an ambitious program to pilot reforms in the rural water supply and sanitation sector in 58 districts across the country. The Water and Sanitation Program–South Asia has been our partner in the implementation of the sector reform agenda. We look forward to their continued support.

Mr. S. K. Tripathi Secretary, Department of Drinking Water Supply, Government of India

17

CHAPTER 3: REGIONAL HIGHLIGHTS

Pakistan and India has resulted in newtools and guidelines to assist officials infinancing and urban environmentalsanitation. In response to demand frommunicipal partners, the Program isdeveloping tools and training moduleson a variety of topics, includingmicrofinance, participatory approaches,solid waste management, and servicedelivery mechanisms for the poor.

At the policy level the Program hasbegun to focus on the issue of privatesector participation and the poor andis directly supporting cities that arepursuing reform in this area. Forexample, in Kathmandu, Nepal, theProgram has assisted the government indevising private sector partnershipstrategies that serve the poor. Similarly,in Pakistan the Program has begun ananalysis of financial and servicedelivery issues in medium-sizemunicipalities.

Across the region the Program hastaken the lead in synthesizing lessonsand disseminating them to its partners,civil society networks, and governmentorganizations. This activity has includedroundtables with the government andexternal support agencies in Pakistanand the Urban Think Tank in India. InBangladesh the Program providestechnical assistance to a local NGOimplementing a solid wastemanagement project in partnershipwith the Khulna City Corporation.

Sector ReformThe Program’s sector reform activitiescut across all thematic areas—rural,small town, and urban. Highlights ofthe year included a workshop inCochin, India, that helped generatepolitical will for the reform process. InPakistan the Program has also beenactively involved in the debate overdecentralization. In Bangladesh it hasassisted the government inimplementing the newly approvedNational Drinking Water Policy. As thechair of the sector and donorcoordination groups, the Program is ina unique position to exchange ideaswith and influence the activities ofmany important stakeholders.

Partnerships, Staffing, andManagement In South Asia the Program worksthrough partnerships with a widerange of agencies. It is spearheadinga research initiative on private sectorparticipation and the poor in theurban water sector. The firstpartnership agreement of the initiativehas been signed between SuezLyonnaise des Eaux and the Programin the context of an applied researchprogram with several private watercompanies. In Pakistan the Programhas established a partnership with adevelopment consulting firm for anurban research program. It has alsoworked with the World Bank toorganize workshops to help shape

government strategy for servicedelivery to the poor.Throughout theyear the Program maintainedimportant partnerships with fundingagencies—including DFID, SDC,UNICEF, Danida and UNDP—andforged a new partnership withAusAID. Although FY00 was a year ofmanagement transition for South Asia,the Program strengthened its capacityby adding new urban, rural, andinstitutional specialists to its staff. Theleadership of the Program’s GlobalUrban Thematic Group is also based in South Asia.

The Cochin Declaration: Politicians for Reform in India

In December 1999 the first State Water Ministers’ Workshop onrural water supply policy in India was held in Cochin, India. Theworkshop was jointly organized by the WSP and the Governmentof Kerala, with support from the World Bank Institute (WBI) andthe Government of India. It resulted in two remarkableachievements. First, it built consensus at an unprecedented politicallevel on ways to accelerate reform in India. Second, it culminatedin the endorsement of the Cochin Declaration, which sets out keyreform principles and strategic actions to implement them.

The objectives of the workshop were to:• Foster a dialogue on policy reforms in the RWSS sector.• Understand political perspectives and build consensus on the main issues in the sector.• Raise the profile of the sector among national and stategovernment officials.• Alert participants to the reasons for policy reform and theconsequences of not performing.

The workshop included discussions of global best practices andways to replicate successful approaches throughout the country.Participants proposed ways to involve communities and women indecisionmaking and project implementation. The workshop alsopromoted cost sharing and decentralization of decisions to villagewater committees and local Panchayati Raj institutions.

Building Consensus

The workshop in Cochin built consensus among differentstakeholder groups by identifying the differences betweenperceptions and realities in the sector. Beginning with coveragelevels, the workshop made significant progress by building abetter understanding of the state of the rural water sector in Indiaand helping participants learn from the most innovative ideas.Building such consensus was considered the first step in thereform process and a prerequisite to developing an action plan.

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19


Thematic Highlights

Rural Water and SanitationDespite the rapid urbanization ofrecent decades, the vast majority ofpeople in the developing countries ofEast Asia still live in rural areas. DuringFY00 the Program’s regional teamplayed a key role in policy reform in itspartner countries and helped putdemand-responsive approaches intopractice in Cambodia, Indonesia, theLao PDR, Mongolia, the Philippines,and Vietnam. In each of these countriesthe Program has taken a flexible, long-term approach to ensure that nationalstakeholders gain ownership andimplement the policies promoted. Forexample, the Sida-supported Policy andCapacity-Building Project in Cambodiasponsored a series of stakeholderconsultations and workshops to elucidateand crystallize national and local viewson key water and sanitation policyissues as a basis for reform. This process,launched in 1999, will extend over twoand a half years.

The regional team in East Asia hasalso led the Program’s global work ongender and equity through theParticipatory Learning and ActionInitiative (PLA). In 1999 participatoryassessments were completed in 18projects in 15 countries to investigatelinks between demand, gender, poverty,and sustainability. The global synthesis ofthe findings provide empirical evidencethat gender- and poverty-sensitive anddemand-responsive approaches are

significantly associated with servicesthat are more sustainable and moreeffectively used. The Methodology forParticipatory Assessments (MPA) hasemerged as a comprehensivemanagement tool for monitoring projectsustainability and mainstreaminggender and poverty issues.

Staff from the East Asia regionaloffice also took lead roles in theProgram’s hygiene and sanitationinitiatives this year (see box). Theyprepared a number of case studiesfrom Indonesia and the Lao PDR andactively participated in the World BankWater and Sanitation Forum held inWashington, D.C., in April 2000.

Urban Water and SanitationAlthough the region’s urban populationis still relatively small, it is growing at a rapid pace. East Asia lags behindother regions in the collection, treatment,and disposal of wastewater. For example,in the Philippines only 3 percent of thetotal investment in the sector over thepast 30 years went to sanitation,compared with 97 percent to watersupply. Other countries show the samelevel of performance—for example,Indonesia has rudimentary seweragesystems in only seven cities.

The Program has laid the groundworkfor more research in this area with thefollowing initiatives:

• In Indonesia the AusAID-fundedSanitation by Communities Project(SANIMAS) will demonstrate the

REGIONAL OFFICE:JAKARTA, INDONESIAFOCUS COUNTRIES:CAMBODIAINDONESIALAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICMONGOLIATHE PHILIPPINESVIETNAM

East Asia and the Pacific

We look to the Water and Sanitation Program–East Asia and the Pacific to enrich our debates with analysis and lessons from global experience. The WSP can be drawn upon as a clearing house for best practices in the water and sanitation sector.

Ir. Sujana RoyatDirector, Bureau for Human Settlements and Urban Development, Government of Indonesia

20


application of community-managedsystems in the broader context of urbanenvironmental sanitation planning.

• In the Philippines the Water and Sani-tation Performance Enhancement Project(WPEP) will explore issues resultingfrom the lack of interest in sanitation.

• In Vietnam the Program has beenexecuting a project on capacity-buildingfor the water and sanitation sector,financed by the SDC, that providestraining for managers and operators ofwater supply and sanitation utilities.The Program has also supported thedesign and supervision of World Bank-financed sanitation projects in Ho ChiMinh City and three other urban centers.

Small Towns Water andSanitationWater and sanitation in small townshas become an increasingly importantissue for policy makers in the region.During FY00 the Program began a setof case studies that will be completedover the next year. In Indonesia, thePhilippines, and Vietnam, these casestudies will identify successful manage-ment models for the provision of waterand sanitation services in small towns.In the Philippines a preliminary studyfound no less than nine differentmanagement models operating in the

water and sanitation sector. TheProgram has also assisted in the designof a World Bank-financed project in thePhilippines that aims to providesustainable services in small towns.

Sector ReformThe Program’s portfolio in the region isgeared toward sector reform. TheProgram is engaged in policy reformactivities in Cambodia, Indonesia, theLao PDR and Mongolia. In addition, itrecently started an applied researchprogram in the Philippines to helprefine policies to improve theperformance of the water supply andsanitation sector.

All of these activities seek tomaintain national leadership throughoutthe reform process. Such a processmay be more time consuming than aconsultant-led or schedule-drivenapproach, but leads to substantialbenefits in terms of national stakeholderownership and policy effectiveness. InIndonesia the Water and SanitationPolicy Formulation and Action PlanningProject (WASPOLA) funded by AusAIDhas supported a series of internalworkshops led by a core workinggroup and involving a range ofstakeholders. These workshops led to adraft rural policy framework, withwhich policy makers and implem-entersstrongly identify.

Partnerships, Staffing, andManagementStrong partnerships help the Programleverage the impact of its activities. TheProgram has forged linkages not onlywith national and local governments, but also with donors, NGOs, and to alesser extent, the private sector. Itcollaborates with AusAID, conveningannual meetings to exchange learningas well as review progress on its projects.In early 2000 Program staff visitedCanberra, Australia, to demonstrate themethodology for participatory assessmentthat is central to much of their workfunded by AusAID. In Jakarta theProgram has established new linkageswith a major water concessionaire, PTThames Pam Jaya, to explore modalitiesfor providing safe water to the poorthrough privatized services.

The Program has fostered aregional dialogue on key issues in thesector. For example, in October 1999the Sida-financed Greater MekongRegional Program co-sponsored aregional workshop in the Lao PDR forsector planners from Cambodia, China,Indonesia, the Lao PDR, Mongolia, andVietnam. The Program also co-hosted an inter-regional workshop inDecember 1999 in Bangkok, whererepresentatives from internationalorganizations discussed best practicesin the sector.

Sanitation Initiatives in East Asia

Sanitation is the least understood segment of thewater and sanitation sector globally. Sanitationproblems are particularly acute in East Asia,where they are fueled by rapid urbanization andburgeoning megacities. Effective strategies toaddress sanitation issues are not well known anddo not command adequate attention. To addressthis growing crisis, the Program has launched aseries of learning and pilot initiatives, focusing onfactors that have led to good hygiene andsanitation practices.

These studies have generated a series ofimportant lessons, including the following:• Sanitation projects need longer time frames anddifferent planning and implementation proceduresthan those appropriate for water projects. • Although sanitation interventions often attempt

to change hygiene behavior, performance indicatorsare typically defined in terms of the number ofconstructed facilities, assuming that a facility willalways be used effectively. Experience has shown,however, that it is necessary to target underlyingsanitation and hygiene behavior and facility useas well.

The next phase of the initiative will be to applylessons to new projects. Initially sanitationinnovations will be applied in self-selected poorurban neighborhoods in Indonesia through theSANIMAS Project. Later they will be applied on alarger scale in Indonesia under the Second WSSLICProject, and in the Lao PDR under the ProvincialInfrastructure Project. The WSP’s work hasresulted so far in four field notes (see publicationslist in annex).

21


Thematic Highlights

Rural Water and SanitationIn West and Central Africa the Programcontinues to play a major role in policysupport and reform of the rural waterand sanitation sector. During the pastyear it focused on strategy formulation,decentralization, demand-responsiveapproaches, cost recovery, andtechnology transfers. In Mali andGhana, the WSP was primarily involvedin project preparation, and in Benin, inimplementation support.

Governments in the region areslowly incorporating these core elementsinto their investment programs. Notableexamples include preparation of thewater and sanitation strategy in Mali.The Program has also promoted thetransfer of rope pump technology fromNicaragua to Ghana. The technologyis particularly suitable for low-incomecommunities because the rope pump iseasy to maintain and affordable andcan be manufactured locally. Currentplans in the region also includedocumentation of experiences withprivate supply chains in Ghana.

Small Towns Water andSanitationThe Program drew attention to thegrowing issue of small towns water andsanitation in the region throughinternational study tours to Ghana andMauritania. The Program prepared themethodology for the study tours andreviewed approaches and management

models for maintenance, financing, andinstitutional development. In addition, theProgram completed a study in Beninand Ghana on management of watersupply systems. The work helped launcha dialogue with stakeholders at theregional level and develop a conciseroad map for service improvements insmall towns. Work will continue onoperations, maintenance, and monitoring.

Urban Water and SanitationRapid urbanization makes urban waterand sanitation a growing problem in theregion. Although in the past theProgram’s work in this area focused onpolicy reform, it has started to includesupport to pilots and major investmentprograms. In Niger and Senegal theProgram worked in urban environmentalwater and sanitation. In Côte d’Ivoire itconducted a study on water andsanitation provision for the urban poor,assessing the impact of social conditionsin service delivery. The Programcontinues to use its strategic presenceto document interesting lessons andbest practices that could be used notonly regionally but also globally.

During the year the Program heldthe first Regional African Conference onsmall-scale independent providers (SSIPs)of water and sanitation in Bamako, Mali(see box). In partnership with the WaterUtilities Partnership, the Programdeveloped methodologies for a seriesof five case studies in the region to shedlight on the role and importance of inde-pendent providers in towns and cities.

REGIONAL OFFICE:ABIDJAN, CÔTE D’IVOIREFOCUS COUNTRIES:BENINBURKINA FASOCÔTE D’IVOIREGHANAMALINIGERNIGERIA

West and Central Africa

22


Partnerships, Staffing, andManagementThe Program prides itself on fosteringpartnerships that leverage skills,knowledge, and resources. It maintainspartnerships with government andprivate and community-basedorganizations to jointly disseminatereports and conduct workshops andseminars. Partnerships have grownover the years with the InternationalTraining Networks, including TREND inGhana and CREPA in Burkina Faso.

Partnerships with other regionalprograms and technical institutions, suchas Programme Solidarité Eau (PS-Eau),Municipal Development Program (PDM),and Ecole Inter Etats d’Ingénieurs del’Equipement Rural (EIER), have alsobecome better established.

After a review of the Program byDanida, the regional group developeda restructuring plan for its administrativeand professional staff. A key element ofthe plan is to place staff at the countrylevel to improve coordination withpartner organizations. This plan is nowbeing executed.

Increasing population growth andnew investments in the sector havecreated a new set of challenges in theregion. Although the problemsthemselves are not new, amid scarceresources and weak governance theyoften reappear in different contexts,forcing institutions to find new ways totackle them. There are increasingdemands for support from the WSP incoordination, informationdissemination, technology transfers,

capacity building, and monitoring andevaluation of investment projects.Mainstreaming gender issues, hygienepromotion, and social marketing is aconstant challenge in the immediatefuture and long term.

Regional African Conference on Small-Scale Independent Providers

In September 1999 the WSP and the World Bank Institute (WBI)organized the first Regional Africa Conference of small-scaleindependent providers (SSIPs) in water and sanitation in Bamako,Mali. The conference was the second of its kind sponsored by theProgram; the first, focusing on Latin America, was held inFebruary 1999 in Colombia.

SSIPs operate and provide services to large numbers of peoplein many cities, towns, and rural areas. They provide 60 to 80percent of the population with water services and 90 percent withsanitation services. Case studies in seven West African countriesdocument these experiences and define strategies to strengthenthe role of the local private sector.

The conference was attended by 86 participants, includingprivate operators and representatives of public and private utilities,local and national governments, bilateral and multilateral donors,and other support organizations. Country delegations came fromBenin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, andSenegal. The conference highlighted the following findings:• The omnipresence of the SSIPs in many cities, their high degreeof dynamism, and their ability to offer a wide range of servicelevels to consumers• The absence of legal recognition and appropriate regulation toallow SSIPs to function efficiently• The need for increased collaboration between the formal andinformal sectors • The need for better guidelines and regulations on water quality,waste disposal, and protection of sanitation workers.

Next steps include dissemination of lessons and increasedcollaboration with existing networks. At the regional level theProgram will organize country meetings and provide support toSSIPs in setting up regional networks. The work is financiallysupported by GTZ.

23


Thematic Highlights

Rural and Small Towns Waterand SanitationCommunity-based water and sanitationcan provide a valuable entry point forimproving the living conditions of thepoor. In East and Southern Africa theProgram helps its country clientsdevelop coherent strategies, institutionalreforms, and programs that respond tocommunity demands and build privatesector capacity. In Ethiopia, for example,the Program directed its policy supporttoward operation and maintenancestrategies for decentralized services.Specific products included situationanalyses, regional workshops, andpolicy statements in two regions. InUganda the Program helped developthe sectoral response to the country’sfar-reaching decentralization program.In Kenya studies on financing andprivate sector participation provide thebasis for sector reform. The Program isworking closely with Sida, UNICEF,and WHO and supporting thesanitation task force. In Zambia theProgram supported preparation ofstrategies for water and sanitationservices in peri-urban settlements andrural communities.

The WSP supports investments inthe sector through work on both projectpreparation and implementation.Specifically, in Tanzania, Rwanda, andMalawi it has supported projectpreparation through district assessments,logical framework analyses, and

workshops. In Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe,it has supported implementation byassisting project management teamsand making technical contributions toproject supervision. In Uganda theProgram directs support towardmanagement and oversightarrangements in the post-investmentphase of the small town water andsanitation project.

Urban Water and Sanitation Urban water and sanitation is a growingconcern in East and Southern Africa.Urbanization is taking place throughthe rapid expansion of informal andperi-urban settlements that in largecities like Nairobi already shelter morethan half the population. Despite thistrend, central governments, municipalagencies, and private utilities havefailed to provide adequate water andsanitation services to the urban poor.

During the past year the Programdeveloped replicable models to extendwater and environmental sanitationservices to informal settlements. Underthe framework of the Water UtilityPartnership, the Program led activitiesand cases studies on this issue in DarEs Salaam, Tanzania; Lusaka,Zambia; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; andBlantyre, Malawi. Country-levelworkshops also highlighted the centralrole of utilities and the need forpartnerships with small-scaleindependent providers and community-based organizations. In Zambia these

REGIONAL OFFICE:NAIROBI, KENYAFOCUS COUNTRIES:ERITREAETHIOPIAKENYAMALAWIMOZAMBIQUERWANDATANZANIAUGANDAZAMBIAZIMBABWE

East and Southern Africa

Drawing on global best practices, the WSP has provided invaluable support to the reform process in Tanzania through provision of advisory services and technical support to develop a new rural water policy and innovative approaches in the sector.

Gabriel Lwakabare, Project Coordinator,RWSSP, Ministry of Water, Tanzania.

WSP is currently providing crucial assistance in preparing a national water supply and sanitation investment strategy and implementing demonstration projects that can be replicated in other districts.

Yohannes Gebremedhin, Head of Water Supply and Sewerage Department,Ministry of Water Resources, Ethiopia

24


efforts were catalytic in mobilizingcommunities and setting the stage forpolicy reform in peri-urban areas.

Support to pilot and demonstrationprojects is the mainstay of theProgram’s urban environmentalsanitation work. The Program hasmoved from preparation toimplementation in many projects, suchas the European Union-funded pilotproject in Addis Ababa and thesecondary towns project in Tigray inEthiopia. The Program also helpedprepare the community component ofthe Dar Es Salaam water supply projectin Tanzania and the Kibera project inNairobi, Kenya. In Rwanda it hasfocused on cost recovery, solid wastemanagement in Kigali, and theinterface between community initiativesand formal privately operated removaland dumping.

Sector ReformThe Program works closely with keystakeholders in partner countries toachieve sector reform. There is nowbroad agreement on the guidingprinciples to meet Africa’s water andsanitation challenge and the importanceof sound policies and institutionalframeworks. These principles werestated in the Africa Statement and Planof Action developed in Abidjan, Côted’Ivoire, in November 1998 and bythe GWP’s Southern Africa TechnicalAdvisory Committee in December 1999.

Regional and Country Learning Working groups and sector forumshave been the main vehicles forstrengthening in-country knowledge.The high point of regional activitieswas the December 1999 Mpumalangaworkshop in South Africa on financingof community water and sanitation (see box). Sector practitioners, SSIPs,and informal sector advocates also metin Nairobi in June 2000 to review theregional synthesis of surveys on therole of SSIPs in urban markets.

Another highlight of the yearincluded the gender assessmentscarried out in Kenya, Malawi, Zambia,and South Africa. These assessments

linked gender to project effectivenessand sustainability. Their results arebeing used to mainstream genderissues at the country level in sectorstrategies, implementation manuals,and monitoring and evaluation systems.In the small towns sector, a study tourto Ghana organized by the Program’sregional team set the stage for furtherwork in Ethiopia, Malawi, Tanzania,and Uganda.

Regional work on sanitation andhygiene focused primarily on promotingthe PHAST methodology through supportto country-level teams in Ethiopia, Kenya,and Tanzania. The proposal for aregional support network was endorsedby the GWP’s Southern Africa TechnicalAdvisory Committee and will bebroadened to include social marketing.

In line with the March 1999recommendation of the RegionalAdvisory Committee, the Program paidparticular attention to the linkagesbetween global/regional initiatives andcountry programs. For example, a casestudy in Tanzania on supply chains wasadapted to feed into the preparation ofa World Bank-funded RWSS project.

Partnerships, Staffing, andManagement Through a proposed support networkfor hygiene and sanitation, the Programhas begun collaborating with the GWP.It has also continued to strengthen itspartnership with the InternationalTraining Network centers, includingNETWAS in Nairobi, Kenya, andIWSD in Harare, Zimbabwe. Both ofthese institutions have been deeplyinvolved in regional activities related togender and hygiene in particular. TheProgram has also established importantlinks with regional professionalassociations, such as the Union ofAfrican Water Suppliers and theInternational Water Association.

The Program’s regional officemaintains close partnerships with theoperational units of the Africa Regionof the World Bank as well as withbilateral donors through jointinvolvement in country-level activities. In particular, it works closely with CIDA

in Mozambique and Malawi, theEuropean Union in Ethiopia, Sida inKenya, the SDC in Mozambique, andDanida in Uganda. Since June 1999the WSP has hosted the interimsecretariat of the Africa Water ResourceManagement Forum, which intensifiesthe exchange of knowledge amongwater sector professionals throughoutthe continent.

The Program has strengthened itsplanning and management systems andnow uses a logical framework approachto improve monitoring of product deliveryand dissemination. These changes arein line with the recommendations of theSida-led multidonor joint evaluation ofMarch 1999.

25


Heavy dependence on public funding and unclearfinancing policies characterize sector investmentsin East and Southern Africa. To address this issue,the Program organized a Regional Workshop onFinancing Community Water Supply andSanitation in Mpumalanga, South Africa, inDecember 1999. The workshop brought togethermore than 130 practitioners from 17 countriesand was carried out in partnership with theMvula Trust, DFID, UNICEF and the Department ofWater Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). It representedthe fifth in a series of regional workshops onRWSS organized by the Program since 1994.

The workshop showcased best practices insetting up and managing financial mechanismsand mobilizing resources from the private sector,

NGOs, and communities. Participants maderecommendations on: • Factors that influence the design of effectivefinancial mechanisms• Management of funds for community watersupply and sanitation • Conditions to attract private sector finance,especially microfinance • Partnership arrangements with clearly definedroles for all actors • Key messages necessary to achieve reform.

The workshop culminated in the MpumalangaStatement, which provides an assessment of critical issues for implementing demand-responsive approaches and a guide for theregional learning and policy agenda.

Financing Community Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Africa

26


Thematic Highlights

Rural Water and SanitationThe Program’s Andean office is activein the three poorest countries of SouthAmerica: Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru.Only a quarter of the rural populationin Bolivia and Peru and less than halfin Ecuador have access to safe water.Less than 35 percent have access tosanitation in all of the three countries.During the past year the WSP hasprovided assistance to governments in formulating and implementingpolicies and strategies. It hasdisseminated lessons from community-based projects and supported pilotprojects with demand-responsivemodels for rural areas.

In Peru the Program is assisting in thepreparation of the national rural waterand sanitation project (PRONASAR)and promoting demand-responsiveness,decentralization, health, and hygienein order to improve project sustainability.It has also been a major facilitator ofthe RWSS sector coordination group,which brings together key actors fromthe private and public sectors. Thegroup is important in promotingconcerted action and knowledgeexchange within the sector. Finally, theProgram has assisted the Governmentof Peru with the preparation of theNational Strategy for Rural WaterSupply and Sanitation.

In Bolivia the Program is providingsupport to the national rural water and sanitation project, (PROSABAR),

and evaluating the performance of thegovernment institutions that areparticipating in project implementation.The evaluation will be used in thepreparation of a new country project(PROAGUAS), which involves amunicipal consortium and creativefinancing and managementmechanisms to reach the mostdispersed rural communities.

Peri-Urban Water and SanitationIn Bolivia the Program has developed a highly successful pilot project in theperi-urban area of El Alto (see box).The project is internationallyrecognized for its innovative public-private partnership model, its use ofcondominial technology, and its highdegree of community participation.The new partnership model of sharedmanagement between the Programand the private concessionaire, Aguasdel Illimani, has been recognized byall important stakeholders.

The Program is working todisseminate the condominialtechnology and methodology of theproject. In June 2000, the regionaloffice held an InternationalCondominial Workshop for more than80 participants from over 20countries. The outcome of theworkshop has been very successful,with many participants nowincorporating the condominialtechnology into other projects aroundthe world. The Program has alsodeveloped an interactive website with

REGIONAL OFFICE:LIMA, PERUFOCUS COUNTRIES:BOLIVIAECUADORPERU

Andean Region

CARE Peru considers the WSP to be one of its most important partners in the development and execution of initiatives in the sector, initiatives that will improve the quality of life for millions of poor Peruvians.

Luis Tam, Health Sector Manager CARE Peru

27


the aim of supporting further work onthe topic.

In Peru the WSP is increasing itsparticipation in peri-urban areas. It isestablishing sectoral networks in orderto exchange knowledge and replicatemodels that have been successful inother countries.

Small Towns Water andSanitationIn Colombia the Program has contributedto global learning on small towns bydocumenting successful managementmodels. In Peru a first study has beencarried out in Sicuani, a town of31,000 inhabitants, to identify someof the problems that affect servicesustainability. The Program alsocollaborates with the Spanish NGO,Centro de Estudios y Solidaridad conAmérica Latina (CESAL) on the designof a pilot project that will validate anew service management model in thesmall town of Talavera. A study is alsounderway to provide Peruvianauthorities with detailed informationabout water and sanitation services insmall towns throughout the country.

Sector ReformIn all three focus countries, the Andeanregional office contributes to policydesign and legal reform in the sector.During the past two years, theachievements have been particularlyremarkable in Peru, where the Programworked in close collaboration withnational authorities and sector actorsto lead the preparation of a nationalstrategy for RWSS. It has alsocontributed to the recently issuedwater and sanitation law, which is amajor step forward in developing andmodernizing the sector. The lawaddresses such key issues as privatesector participation, service sustaina-bility, and the role of local governmentsin the provision of services.

In Bolivia the Program issupporting the government inreviewing a 10-year strategy for thesector as a whole. In connection withthe El Alto Pilot Project, the Programhas proposed a new set of technicalstandards that will be adopted by theBolivian government for the use ofcondominial water supply andsanitation systems nationwide.

Partnerships, Staffing and ManagementPartnerships are essential to theProgram’s work in the Andean Regionand its ability to maximize impact onthe sector. A formal sector coordinationgroup launched by the Program in1998 meets regularly in Peru. Thenetwork operates in partnership withpublic and private actors and hasimportant influence on the developmentof national sector policies.

Throughout the region the Programis widening its partnerships withnational and international NGOs suchas CARE, and with projects launchedby other bilateral donors such as GTZ.The Program also maintains close tieswith Sida and the SDC and collaborateswith the Netherlands to increase itsimpact in the region.

A major hurdle for providing water and sanitationservices in peri-urban areas is the high cost ofconventional water and sewer networks. Utilitiesmay be unable or unwilling to extend a networkif they do not expect to recover the investmentcosts. Finding new ways to reduce the cost ofaccess to improved water and sanitation servicesis therefore critical.

In Bolivia, when the private water andsanitation utility Aguas del Illimani was awardeda 30-year contract to sell water and sanitationservices and to extend the infrastructure in LaPaz and El Alto, the Program approached it witha proposal for a pilot project. The pilot hashelped prove the benefits of an alternative low-cost sewerage technology—known ascondominial technology—as well as develop newinstitutional relationships between the privateconcessionaire and its customers in poor peri-urban areas.

Condominial technology emerged in the1980s in Brazil as a result of the unplannedefforts of a group of neighbors to collect

wastewater. Since then the technology has beenused in many cities throughout Brazil and hasbecome an important component of the large-scale investment project (PROSANEAR). The waterutility of the capital, Brasilia, started to buildcondominial sewerage systems in the early 1990sand now serves more than 50 percent of the city’spopulation with this technology.

Condominial Systems Reduce Costs

Condominial technology provides a wastewatercollecting network at a cost of approximately 50percent less than conventional sewerageconnections. Condominial systems reduce the costof in-house connections by using narrower andfewer pipes and by burying the pipes inshallower trenches.

This technology has made it possible for Aguasdel Illimani to meet the coverage goals and costmargins set in the concession agreement for low-income peri-urban areas—and to keep within itsown economically adequate margins.

Aguas del Illimani in El Alto: A Private Concessionaire Serves the Poor

28


In FY00 the WSP had a diversifiedbase of financial support appropriateto its decentralized structure and thewide range of its national, regional,and global activities (see figure ondonor contributions). The UNDP andthe World Bank, the Program’s twofounding partners, continue to supportthe Program. However, over the yearsthe financial support of bilateral donorshas steadily increased in importance,reaching nearly 80 percent of totalfunding in the past two years (see tableon disbursements). During 1998–2000,five major donors—Denmark, theNetherlands, Norway, Sweden, andSwitzerland—supported the globalaspects of the Program across variousregions and activities, while thecontributions of Australia, Belgium,Britain, Canada, and Luxembourg hada primarily regional focus.

The Program continued to growthroughout 1999, reaching an estimatedUS$16 million in disbursements (seefigure on program expenditures). InFY00 disbursements are expected to be slightly lower, and to reachapproximately US$15.5 million. InFY00 three regions were responsiblefor the largest shares of expenditures:Africa (30 percent), South Asia (22percent), and East Asia and the Pacific(17 percent). The shares of the AndeanRegion (10 percent) and GlobalProjects (13 percent) were more modest(see figure on expenditures by region).Global program management andadministration accounted for 8 percent

of total Program expenditures. Nearly75 percent of overall Programexpenditures are on staff, consultants,and travel; this amount is characteristicof an initiative providing advisoryservices rather than of a projectimplementation agency.

The remaining funding gaps for thecurrent financing cycle 2000–02 arebeing filled. Although these gaps areexpected to be fully covered, thedelays inherent in the funding processare straining the Program’s limitedreserves. An urgent objective of theProgram’s financial strategy is tosmooth out the financing flow bystaggering major donor contributionsover the next three years.

A focus on financial planning andmanagement in combination with theincreased capacity of the systemsenvironment at the World Bank haveresulted in greater financial disciplineand more in-depth reporting. Theannual budgets were continuouslytracked during FY00 and adjusted atmidterm. The Program adopted a newoverhead policy, which fosters greatertransparency and accountability. Basedon financial data obtained in FY00, adetailed financial strategy wasdeveloped for the Program as a wholeand for each region separately. Thestrategy includes cost and overheadreduction targets, which will beimplemented over the next two years.

In FY00 the Program introduced aproject-based financial planning,tracking, and reporting system. In the

Chapter 4

Program Financing

The Program’s comparative strength … includes its sector focus, its global network, its regional and country presence, its professional credibility in the sector, and its ability to be responsive to its collaborating partners.

Danida Review of Support to the Water and Sanitation Program–South Asia, July 1999

DFID India particularly values the relationships developed by WSP with influential actors in the sector. These relationships contribute to the effective and timely dissemination of relevant information, lessons, and best practice.

DFID India

29

CHAPTER 4: PROGRAM FINANCING

16,000

12,000

8,000

4,000

0

1999 20001998(Estimated) (Estimated) (Projected)

1994 1995 1996 1997

Total program expenditures: 1992–2000

15,162

13,04511,970 11,107

7,764

10,314

12,600

16,080 15,314

1992 1993

US$000

Donor’s share of disbursements US$000

BilateralAgencies

Australia

Belgium

Canada

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Luxembourg

The Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

1992

11

-

92

326

-

-

66

-

-

-

-

2,062

1,348

-

953

193

5,051

9,050

1,061

15,162

1993

2

-

931

686

111

-

-

-

-

343

122

1,519

1,474

202

904

180

6,474

5,146

1,425

13,045

1994

30

-

29

393

134

35

-

87

42

1,111

267

653

972

329

1,175

-

5,257

5,357

1,356

11,970

1995

11

-

-

399

-

80

44

26

231

1,402

235

302

1,554

880

1,107

151

6,422

3,738

947

11,107

1996

-

-

-

373

-

-

-

-

89

132

168

500

1,441

1,196

1,054

60

5,013

1,903

848

7,764

1997

-

312

95

1,397

-

-

-

-

-

-

88

1,271

1,228

1,041

2,143

-

7,575

2,096

642

10,313

6 yeartotal%

0

0

2

5

0

0

0

0

1

4

1

9

12

5

11

1

52

39

9

100

January 1,1998 to

June 30,1998

52

299

133

764

-

-

-

-

-

36

266

248

629

492

860

-

3,779

1,548

999

377

6,703

July 1,1998 to

June 30,1999

988

206

748

1,925

-

-

-

-

4

104

436

1,593

1,404

2,041

1,384

79

10,912

1,000

1,167

869

13,948

July 1,1999 to

June 30,2000

714

587

1,068

830

-

-

-

-

294

3

331

977

1,618

1,661

2,215

1,178

11,477

1,045

1,194

662

14,379

2.5year

total%

5

3

6

10

0

0

0

0

1

0

3

8

10

12

13

4

75

10

10

5

100

Subtotal, Bilateral

UNDP

World Bank

Programme Management Fees (*)

Grand Total

* Program management fees are financed by all program donors. That data series is not available prior to January 1998.

30


first year of implementation, the newsystem tracked over 80 percent oftotal expenditures against 66 projects.The project-driven financial reportingsystem is being further improved forFY01. The expenditures are now trackedagainst 87 projects and in threethematic areas: urban, small towns,and rural. The new data stream willbecome available starting with FY01.

All Program donors can nowexpect to receive, in addition to theProgram-wide overview contained inthe annual report, a detailed report atthe end of the fiscal year on all theirtrust funds. Trust fund completionreports will continue to be providedafter the closing of each trust fund.

Africa30%

South Asia22%

East Asia and the Pacific

17%

AndeanRegion

10%

Global21%

Expenditures by region

Donor contributions

Australia4.97% Belgium

4.08%Canada7.43%

Denmark5.77%

Italy2.04%

Japan0.02%

Luxembourg2.30%

The Netherlands6.79%

Sweden11.59%

Switzerland15.36%

UnitedKingdom8.19 %

World Bank8.31%

Global4.61%

UNDP7.27%

Norway11.26%

PublicationsStaff Contacts and credits

PublicationsPersonnelContacts et remerciements

PublicacionesPersonalContactos y créditos

98


Global98–99 ReportMethodology for Participatory Assessments,

Rekha Dayal, Christine van Wijk, and Nilanjana Mukherjee.

Supply Chains: A Global Initiative.

Andean RegionEl Agua en la Cultura Andina.Boletín Agua Nos. 2–5, Comité Sectorial

de Agua y Saneamiento.Compendio de Tecnologías Apropiadas,

Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente (CEPIS), Organización Mundial de la Salud/Organización Panamericana (OMS/OPS) de la Salud y Programa deAgua y Saneamiento–Región Andina.

Decentralización, Gobierno Local y Saneamiento Básico Rural: Estudio de Caso en Ecuador.

Diagnóstico Rápido y Participativo de los Servicios de Agua y Saneamiento Rurales, Alain Mathys y Shirley Claure.

Estudio Costos en Proyectos Rurales que Proveen Agua en la Región Andina.

Experiencias con Algunos Modelos de Gestión Municipal, Proyectos de Agua ySaneamiento Rural, Superintendencia Nacional de Servicios de Saneamiento (SUNASS), Programa de Agua y Saneamiento–Región Andina, Lima, Perú.

Guía de Tecnologías Apropiadas, Centro Panamericano de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ciencias del Ambiente (CEPIS), Organ-ización Mundial de la Salud/Organiza-ción Panamericana (OMS/OPS) de la Salud y Programa de Agua y Saneamiento–Región Andina.

Improving Periurban Water and Sanitation Services: Early Lessons from the El Alto Pilot Project, Alain Mathys and Kristin Komives.

Juntas Administradoras de Servicios de Saneamiento, Directiva sobre Organización y Funcionamiento.

Lecciones Aprendidas, Programa de Agua ySaneamiento–Región Andina, Ministeriode Salud Pública del Ecuador, Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda.

Leciones Aprendidas, Proyectos de Agua y Saneamiento Rural.

Modelos de Implementación, Proyectos de Agua y Saneamiento Rural, Natalie Vesco y Oscar Castillo.

Propuesta de Normas de Diseño para Infrastructura de Servicios de Agua y Saneamiento en el Area Rural, Lima, Programa de Agua y Saneamiento–Región Andina, y Ministerio de la Presidencia, Perú.

Seminario-Taller: Mejoramiento de la Sostenibilidad en los Proyectos de Aguay Saneamiento en el Area Rural.

Los Servicos de Agua y Saneamiento en la Selva: El Caso de ITDG en San Martín.

Taller Condominial Santa Cruz de la Sierra, International Finance Corporation, Superintendencia de Saneamiento Básico de Bolivia y Programa de Agua y Saneamiento–Región Andina.

Tecnologías Apropiadas: Diseño y Construcción de Tanques de Ferrocemento.

La Iniciativa Periurbana de Agua y Saneamiento: Focus y Equipo del Proyecto Piloto El Alto (video).

East and Southern AfricaAmhara Operations and Maintenance Study

and WorkshopDes Communautées Saines (video).

Community Water and Sanitation Project (COMWASH) Identification Workshop.

l’Eau Potable en Milieu Rural au Rwanda: Revue de la Capacité des Régies Associatives.

Financing Community Water Supply and Sanitation.

Healthy Communities (Portuguese version).Independent Water and Sanitation Providers

in African Cities: Full Report of a Ten-Country Study, Bernard Collignon and Marc Vezina.

Kibera Technical Option for Sanitation.Kigali Sanitation Planning Workshop, Vol. I.Kigali Sanitation Planning Workshop, Vol. II.Linking Sustainability with Demand

Responsiveness, Community Participation,Gender, and Poverty Sensitivity.

MIS for Community-Based Environmental Sanitation in Addis Ababa.

M&E Capacity Building Workshop, including manual.

Small-Scale Independent Providers Water and Sanitation to the Urban Poor: ACase of Dar es Salaam.

Small-Scale Independent Providers of Water and Sanitation to the Urban Poor: ACase of Kampala.

Small-Scale Independent Providers of Water and Sanitation to the Urban Poor: ACase of Mombasa.

Small-Scale Independent Providers of Water and Sanitation to the Urban Poor: ACase of Nairobi.

Publications/Publications/Publicaciones*

99

Sustainability: Productive Use of Water, Kabuku Water Project (video).

Water and Sanitation Services to the Urban Poor: Small Service Providers Make a Big Difference.

West and Central AfricaL'Experience PADEAR au Bénin des Latrines

Familiales Non-subventionnées: Le Marketing Social et la Promotion de Petit Secteur Privé.

The Experience of Non-subsidized HouseholdLatrines through Social Marketing and the Promotion of the Small-Scale Private Sector: The Case of the PADEAR Program in Benin.

Gestión Communautaire des Mini-Reseaux d'Approvisionnement en Eau Potable.

Posibilidades y Límites de los Proveedores Privados de Agua: los Operadores Independientes en el Africa Francófona, Bernard Collignon.

East Asia and the PacificEnvironmental Sanitation (WES) Program

in Indonesia.Evaluation of the Community–Managed

Activities Component of the AusAID-Supported NTB ESWS Project.

Glossary of Water Supply and Sanitation Technical Terms (English–Lao), National Water Supply and Environmental HealthProgramme and Water and Sanitation Program–East Asia and the Pacific.

Good for Business: Women Are Better Customers of Urban Water Supply Services.

Information Kits for Community Dialogue on RWSS, National Water Supply and Environmental Health Program (Naam Sa’at), Water and Sanitation Program–East Asia and the Pacific, and UNICEF, Lao, PDR.

Is It Selling Toilets? No, a Lifestyle, Nilanjana Mukherjee and Ratna I, Josodipoero.

Manual on the 12-Step Approach in Participatory Planning and Implementation. Part A: Participatory Planning Steps.

Myth vs. Reality, Sean Foley, Anton Soedjarwo, and Richard Pollard.

Of the People, by the People, for the People: Community-Based Sewer Systems in Malang, Indonesia Study of

Community-Based Approaches Utilized in UNICEF's Water and Sanitation Program, Nilanjana Mukherjee.

User’s Manual on Informed Choice for RuralSanitation, National Water Supply and Environmental Health Programme (Naam Sa’at), Water and Sanitation Program–East Asia and the Pacific, and UNICEF, Lao, PDR.

User’s Manual on Informed Choice for RuralWater Supply, National Water Supply and Environmental Health Programme (Naam Sa’at), Water and Sanitation Program–East Asia and the Pacific, and UNICEF, Lao, PDR.

South AsiaAhmedabad Parivartan.Community Initiatives in Operation and

Maintenance of Urban ServicesCommunity Partnership in Operation and Maintenance: Public Sector Water Corporation Leases Out O&M to Users, Meerut, India.

Credit Connections: Meeting the Infrastructure Needs of the Informal Sectorthrough Microfinance in Urban India.

Empowerment through Entrepreneurship in Water and Sanitation: Women’s Mela at Chitrakoot, India.

First Annual Retreat of the India Country Team, Cochin, July 26–27, 1999.

Flow and Utilization of Urban Poverty Funds,Nagari, The Urban Think Tank 10, February 25, 2000, Hyderabad.

Decentralized RWSS Management: Gram Panchayats vs Village Water and Sanitation Committees. Jal Manthan: Rural Think Tank 2, July 28, 1999.

Jalvaani: Vol. II No. 3, July–Sept. 1999.Jalvaani: Vol. II No. 4, Oct.–Dec. 1999.Jalvaani: Vol. III No. 1, Jan.–March 2000.Jalvaani: Vol. III No. 2, April–June 2000.Marasta: A Process Monitoring Newslink.Marketing Sanitation in Rural India.Municipal Management and Finance in

Southern Punjab: Vol.1: A comparative Study of Four Municipalities/ Vol.2: CityReports of Four Municipalities.

Municipal Management Series: Case study of four medium sized cities in southern Punjab, Shehr Ki Duniya.

Municipal Management Series: Issue 1: Octroi in Four Municipal Councils of Southern Punjab, Shehr Ki Duniya.

Municipal Management Series: Issue 2: Costing Basic Services for the Urban Poor, Shehr Ki Duniya.

New Approaches to Promoting Sanitation inRural Bangladesh.

Pipe, Pole and Politician: Positive Politics in Azad Jammu and Kashmir Water Study.

Politicians for Reform: Proceedings of the State Water Ministers Workshop on Rural Water Supply Policy Reforms in India.

Private Sector Participation in Provision of Water and Sanitation Services to the Urban Poor. Nagari, The Urban Think Tank 9, October 29–30, 1999, Chennai.

Process Monitoring for Improving Sustainability: A Manual for Project Managers and Staff.

Small Private Initiatives (SPI) in the Water and Sanitation Sector (India) 1: Privatizing the Operation and Maintenance of Urban Water Supply, Ajmer, India.

Small Private Initiatives (SPI) in the Water and Sanitation Sector (India) 2: Sustainable Community Management of a Multi-village Water Supply Scheme in Kolhapur, India.

Small Private Initiatives (SPI) in the Water andSanitation Sector (India) 3: Profits fromWaste: An NGO-led Initiative for Solid Waste Management in Lucknow. India.

Small Private Initiatives (SPI) in the Water and Sanitation Sector (India) 4: Villagers Treat Water As An Economic Good, Olavanna, India.

The Challenge of Gangtok. Nagari, The Urban Think Tank 11, June 17–18, 2000, Gangtok.

Water for India's Poor: Who Pays the Price for Broken Promises?

*Publications may be requested free ofcharge through our website (www.wsp.org)or by sending an email to [email protected].

100


South AsiaDelhi, IndiaCross, Piers - Regional Team Leader

(transferred to HQ in January 2000).Iyer, Parameswaran - Country Team Leader

(India)/Regional Team Leader (acting)Arora, Madhur - Team AssistantBannerji, Shantana - Team AssistantBrocklehurst, Clarissa - Urban Sanitation

SpecialistChitkara, Poonam - Team Assistant Divyadass, John - Senior Driver D’Souza, Anita - Office AdministratorEvans, Barbara E. - Regional Urban Specialist Fanthome, Fiona - Operations OfficerKhurana, Nipun - Financial ConsultantMalhotra, Sunita - Information Resources

CoordinatorMehra, Vandana - Communications OfficerMinnatullah, K.M. - Senior Program Officer Moulik, Soma Ghosh - ConsultantPathak, Pushpa - Urban SpecialistPaul, Harminder - Team Assistant Prakash, John - Team Assistant Prashad, Triveni - MessengerPrunier, Gabriela - ConsultantRaman, S.V. - Administrative Officer Singh, Satyajit - Rural SpecialistUpadhyay, Rajesh K. - Senior MessengerWebster, Michael - Rural Development

Specialist

Bangladesh Kabir, Babar, N - Country Team Leader

(Bangladesh)Ahmed, Shafiul Azam - ConsultantAshan, Tanveer - Urban SpecialistAkhtaruzzaman, Md. - Project Coordinator

& Training Specialist (ITN)

Areng, Enak - Messenger Chowdhury, Dilara - Team Assistant Haider, Iftekher - Project OfficerJehan, Hasin - Technology Specialist (ITN)Khan, Abul Fayez - Team AssistantMohsin, Mohammad - Community

Development Specialist (ITN)Rashid, Haroon Ur - Country Officer Shahjahan, Md. - DriverShamsuddin, Abu Jafar - Rural Specialist

Pakistan Arshad, Raja Rehan - Country Team Leader

(Pakistan)Akbar, Mohammad - Assistant Process

Monitoring Field OfficerAnsar, Farrukh - Administrative Assistant Asad, Rahat - Team AssistantAzfar, Sara Fatima - Urban Environmental

Sanitation SpecialistFarman, Mohammed - DriverHosain, Mehreen - Community Development

SpecialistJavaya, Allah - Country OfficerKhan, Fawad Md. - Institutional

Development SpecialistSamina, Tayyaba - Process Monitoring

Field Officer

East Asia and the PacificJakarta, Indonesiavan den Berg, Caroline - Regional Team

LeaderAli, Muhammad - Driver/Messenger Arifin, Sasya - Administrative AssistantDewi, Herlina P. - Team AssistantGiman, Abrosius - Driver/MessengerHopkins, Richard - Water and Sanitation

Specialist

Imang, Junaedi - Driver/MessengerJosodipoero, Ratna Indrawati - Hygiene

Educator Lambertus, Alfred - Rural Water Supply and

Sanitation Specialist Mamuaya, Jenny - Budget/Personnel

Assistant Mukherjee, Nilanjana - Regional

Community Development/Hygiene Education Specialist

Mutter, Clara - SecretaryPollard, Richard - Country Program

Manager/Indonesia Environmental Sanitation Specialist

Priyono, Pengky - SecretarySantoso, Metty - Regional Office ManagerSuwanto - Driver/Messenger Tuli, Priya - Regional Communications

Specialist

Lao PDRSeager, Michael - Country Program

Manager/Lao PDR and Cambodia Lahiri, Santanu - Rural Water Supply and

Sanitation Specialist Phanauvong, Sisavanh - Team AssistantSosourivong, Phommachanh -

Driver/General Assistant

PhilippinesJacob, Karen J.H. - Country CoordinatorAndrews, Charles - UES SpecialistSalle-Sison, Thelma - Administrative

Assistant

West and Central AfricaAbidjan, Côte d'IvoireManou-Savina, Annie - Regional Team

Leader

Staff/Personnel/Personal

101

Akari, Peter - Community Water and Sanitation Specialist

Angbo, Lucien - Water Utility and Private Sector Specialist

Cole, Eric - Urban Environment and Sanitation Specialist

Debomy, Sylvie - Urban Environment Specialist

Diaby, Massandjé - Team Assistant Katélé-N'Cho, Hélène - Team AssistantKoffi, Pascal - Driver Ligan, Evelyne - Team AssistantN'Gatoueu, Peula Etienne - ClerkSiby, Anne-Marie - Administrative Assistant

East and Southern AfricaNairobi, Kenya Doyen, Jean - Regional Team LeaderChimwemwe, Chikusa - Country Sector

Advisor, MalawiGicheru, Njeri - Information and

Communications AssistantGichuri, Wambui - WSS Sector EconomistKariuki Mwiraria, Mukami - Urban

Development SpecialistKiambi, Sarah - Team Assistant, Workshops,

StudyToursKihara, Keziah - Office AdministratorKimiti, John - DriverKlop, Piet - Community Water Resource

Management SpecialistLidonde Mulama, Rose - Community

Development SpecialistLium, Tore - Senior Water and Sanitation

Sector PlannerMaseka Chimwanga - Country Sector

Advisor, ZambiaMakokha, Andrew - Water and Sanitation

Sector Planner

Mbuvi, Japeth - Operations Analyst (Urban Management)

Monteiro, Oscar - Country Sector Advisor, Mozambique

Muluneh, Belete - Country Sector Advisor, Ethiopia

Musumba, Brazille - Communications OfficerMwangi, Terry - Documentation AssistantNjunge, Christine - Budget AnalystSendama, Antoine - Country Sector Advisor,

RwandaThande, Nyambura - Financial

Management AssistantWachuga, Jane - Senior Messenger

Andean RegionLima, PeruArevalo, Carmen - Regional Team LeaderCastillo, Oscar - Institution SpecialistPetersen, Ann-Katrin - Program AssistantUbillus, Cecilia - Program AssistantVelasco, Patricia - Team AssistantVera, Rafael - Consultant

BoliviaArratia, Adalid - Water and Sanitation

SpecialistChung, Laureen - ConsultantCondori, Adolfo - Driver/MessengerEscobar, Jenny - Adminstrative SecretaryInchauste, Fernando - Technical ExpertLobo, Luiz - Urban Environmental SpecialistMartinez, Adela - ConsultantNueva, Alfonso - Inst. Strengthening SpecialistQuiton, Mery - Social Coordinator

EcuadorElena de Ruiz, Lourdes - Principal Technical

Advisor

HeadquartersCross, Piers - Program Manager

(as of January 2000)Dongier, Philippe - Program Manager

(acting)Bergstrom, Marianne - Consultant for

PartnershipsCardosi, Jason - Water Help DeskGrudzinska, Agnieszka - Financial

SpecialistKim, Hywon Cha - Knowledge

Management AnalystMundarain, Germán - Financial AnalystMunger, Francois - Senior Water and

Sanitation SpecialistOyo, Anthony - Water and Sanitation

EngineerRazafimanalina, Isabelle - Team AssistantReiff, Suzanne - Gender and Environmental

Hygiene SpecialistRyman, Nilse - Operations AnalystSolo, Tova - Urban Sanitation SpecialistTran, Kim Thi - Budget Analyst

* Program staff as of June 2000.

102


For further information please contact:

HeadquartersWater and Sanitation ProgramWater Supply and Sanitation DivisionWorld Bank1818 H Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20433Phone +1 (202) 473-9785Fax +1 (202) 522-3313, 522-3228E-mail [email protected] http://www.wsp.org

Or one of the regional offices:

Andean Region (WSP-AND)Water and Sanitation ProgramBanco MundialMision Residente del PerúAvenida Pardo y Aliaga # 640, Of. 503San IsidroLima, PerúPhone (51-1) 222-5277, 422-8132Fax (51-1) 222-2877Email [email protected]

Africa (WSP-AF)World BankP.O. Box 30577Nairobi, KenyaPhone (254-2) 260300, 260400Fax (254-2) 260386Email [email protected]

West and Central Africa OfficeWorld Bank01 B.P. 1850Abidjan 01, Côte d'IvoirePhone (225) 44 22 27Fax (225) 48 66 00, 44 16 87Email [email protected]

East Asia and the Pacific (WSP-EAP)World BankP.O. Box 1324/JKTJakarta 12940, IndonesiaPhone (62-21) 5299-3003Fax (62-21) 5299-3004Email [email protected]

South Asia (WSP-SA)World BankP.O. Box 416New Delhi 110 003IndiaPhone (91-11) 469-0488, 469-0489, Fax (91-11) 462-8250, 461-9393Email [email protected]

Contacts/Contacts/Contactos

103

Information for this report was provided byProgram staff in each regional office andheadquarters:

Managing Editor: Hywon Cha Kim Associate Editor: Alexandra L. Gross

Graphic Design: Grundy & Northedge

2001 International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment/The World Bank1818 H Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20433USAManufactured in the United States of AmericaFebruary 2001

This report has been prepared and publishedby the Water and Sanitation Program. Copiesof the report are available from the Programheadquarters in Washington, D.C. or on theWSP website (http://www.wsp.org). Materialmay be quoted with proper attribution.

The map appearing in this document is for theconvenience of readers. The denominationsused and the boundaries shown do not implyany judgement on the legal status of anyterritory or any endorsement or acceptance ofsuch boundaries.

Printed on 100% recycled paper.

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Credits/Remerciements/Créditos Photographs

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