Waste water treatment in the United Kingdom – 2012 Implementation of the European Union Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive – 91/271/EEC

Acknowledgements

1. Southern Water Services for cover and Figure 2 photographs of Brighton and Hove treatment plant site.

2. Thames Water Utilities for Figure 1 photograph of ‘Busy Lizzie’ tunnel boring machine, and of Crossness waste water treatment and sludge processing facility on front cover.

3. Wessex Water Services for photographs of trickle-filter bed treatment facilities on front cover.

4. Environment Agency for Figures, 3(a) and (b) photographs of River Great Stour at Wye.

5. Maps at Figures 5 to 15 developed in collaboration with and produced by the Environment Agency, Northern Ireland Environment Agency and the Scottish Government.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Nobel House 17, Smith Square London SW1P 3JR Telephone 020 7238 6000

© Crown Copyright 2012

Copyright, in the typographical arrangement and design, rests with the Crown.

This publication (excluding the logo) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium provided that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright with the title and source of the publication specified.

Published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

PB13811

Contents

Preface

Introduction

Waste water collection

Waste water collection – current developments

Waste water treatment

Waste water treatment – current developments

Sensitive areas

Sensitive areas – recent developments

Monitoring of waste water discharges to the environment

Sewage sludge utilisation and disposal

Investments

Are you doing your bit? What we all can do

UK Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive maps

Figures 5 to 10: English maps

Figure 11: Northern Irish map

Figures 12 to 14: Scottish maps

Figure 15: Welsh map

Figure 16: Sewage treatment stages and sewage sludge re-use and disposal routes

Tables comparing agglomerations, treatment plants and compliance

Key organisations and information links

Glossary

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3

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5

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25

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31

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1

Preface

This publication fulfils the requirement under Article 16 of the European Union Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive to periodically produce reports on the collection and treatment of urban waste water, and on the re-use and disposal of the residual sewage sludge. The publication is available as a downloadable file from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs’ website: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/sewage/sewage-treatment

This publication is not available as a printed document but the file can be freely circulated.

The report includes prescribed content of maps and tabulated information derived from data submitted to the European Commission for 2008 and 2010 monitoring years under Article 15 of the Directive. The prime purpose of Article 16 reporting is to provide the public with up to date situation reports on the collection and treatment of waste water and this edition includes information available at the time the report was compiled during 2012. This publication is intended for a wide age-range of the general public, from primary school-age upwards.

Look out for keyword links with explanations in the Glossary, ‘Section title’ links to other sections of the report and links to websites for further information.

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Introduction

Without treatment the water from toilets, baths, sinks and washing machines from domestic and residential premises, industrial waste water discharges to sewers and the rainwater contaminated with metals, oils and other pollutants in rainwater run-off from urban areas draining to sewers would have significant adverse impacts on the water environment. This report sets out information on the collection and treatment of waste water, and on the appropriate disposal or reuse of sewage sludge, and ultimately how these measures protect the water environment from human activities and help the United Kingdom meets its commitments under the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive.

Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (‘the Directive’) is one of a number of European Union (EU) Directives that have the objective of protecting the water environment for the animals and plants that live in and around water, for recreation, and its use as a resource for drinking water, sanitation, industry and commerce. The Directive was adopted on 21 May 1991. EU Member States are required to implement the Directive through their national legislation. The ‘Key organisations and information links’ section of this report includes links to the EU website page on the Directive and to UK legislation transposing its requirements.

What is ‘urban waste water’? Urban waste water is defined in the Directive as the mixture of domestic waste water from kitchens, bathrooms and toilets, the waste water from industries discharging to sewers and rainwater run-off from roads and other impermeable surfaces such as roofs, pavements and roads draining to sewers. Urban waste water is often referred to as ‘sewage’, but in this publication the term ‘waste water’ will generally be used.

Why treat urban waste water? Although untreated waste water is mostly water, (generally less than 0.1% is solid material), without treatment the waste water produced every day would cause significant damage to the environment. The impacts of untreated waste water range from, chronic ecosystem damage due to oxygen depletion of receiving waters from the biodegradation of organic matter; ecosystem damage of eutrophication of waters resulting from excessive inputs of nutrients present in waste water; potential health risks from water-borne pathogens from discharges to waters used for recreational activities, such as swimming and canoeing. Untreated waste water also contains sewage litter and other sewage solids that can impact the environment, for example, through the smothering of river beds or posing a hazard through its ingestion by wildlife. Sewage solids can also damage commerce by making beach and riverside resorts unattractive to potential visitors.

Different types of waste water treatment are designed to remove the various contaminants of sewage solids, pathogens, nutrients, toxic chemicals and metals dangerous to wildlife and humans alike. Effective treatment also means treated waste water can be returned to the environment to maintain river flows for conservation, fisheries and recreational interests. The other by-product of sewage treatment is sewage sludge, which needs to be appropriately re-utilised or disposed of. What happens to sewage sludge following waste water treatment is discussed later in this report in the section ‘Sewage sludge utilisation and disposal’.

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Waste water collection

Before waste water can be treated it needs to be collected. Every day in the UK over 624,200 kilometres of sewers collect over 11 billion litres of waste water from homes, municipal, commercial and industrial premises and rainwater run-off from roads and other impermeable surfaces. The UK’s sewerage undertakers are responsible for building, maintaining and improving main sewers, pumping stations, and waste water treatment facilities that service around 96% of the UK population. The remaining 4% of the population, represented by the smallest of communities and individual properties in rural areas remote from mains sewers, are generally served by privately owned, small-package treatment plants catering for small groups of houses, to septic tanks, cesspits and other in-situ treatment systems, generally serving individual properties.

There are three main types of collection system:

¬ s surface-water drainage that collects rainwater run-off from roads and urban areas and discharge direct to local waters;

¬ s combined sewerage that collects rainwater run-off and waste water from domestic, industrial, commercial and other premises; and

¬ s foul drainage that collects domestic waste water from premises (no rainwater is collected).

Both surface water and foul drainage may eventually connect to combined sewerage where there are no local environmental waters to which surface water drainage can discharge.

Combined sewerage systems are not uncommon in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. A basic requirement of combined sewerage systems is that they need to cater for all normal local climatic conditions. In other words, they need to be large enough to receive and effectively manage storm water from peak seasonal wet weather. However, even when designed to deal with such weather, there may be times when heavy continuous rainfall will temporarily exceed the capacity of combined sewerage systems. To deal with such situations ‘combined sewer overflows’ are designed and built as an integral part of combined sewerage systems. The purpose of combined sewer overflows is to allow excess waste water to be discharged to local waters to avoid sewers being overwhelmed and waste water ‘backing up’ along sewers and flooding streets and properties, or overwhelming waste water treatment plants. The backflow of waste water to properties and streets would present human health hazards and flooded and overflowing treatment plants would disrupt treatment processes and have the potential to cause more environmental damage than can be caused by discharges from combined sewer overflows.

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Waste water collection – current developments

Transfer of private sewers in England and Wales From 1 October 2011, ownership of private sewers moved from homeowners to English and Welsh sewerage companies, with responsibility for repair of collapsed and blocked, formerly private, sewers now resting with sewerage companies. The ten English and Welsh sewerage companies were previously responsible for approximately 323,000km of public sewers. With the transfer they are now responsible for a further 184,000km of private sewers and 36,000km of private ‘lateral’ sewers connecting to and affecting the public system but which had no planned operational maintenance regime. This results in a total of 543,000km of sewerage under English and Welsh sewerage companies’ ownership. The transfer of the additional 220,000km of private sewers puts everyone in England and Wales on an equal footing by spreading the cost of maintenance and repairs across all sewerage bill payers. It will ensure a better maintained, less polluting, and more efficient sewerage system. Further information on the transfer of private sewers is on Defra’s website at: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/sewage/sewers.

London Lee Tunnel Project Currently, around 16 million tonnes of untreated waste water is discharged in a typical year from overflows at Abbey Mills pumping station to the River Lee in the Stratford area of London. This represents around 40% of the total annual volume of discharges from combined sewer overflows affecting the tidal reaches of the Thames. The environmental impacts of discharges from Abbey Mills will be dealt with by construction of the £635 million, seven metre diameter, 6.5 kilometre long Lee Tunnel that will carry the waste water from Abbey Mills for secondary treatment at Beckton, site of Europe’s largest waste water treatment plant. The Lee Tunnel is being excavated by a 120 metre long tunnel boring machine, which in a tradition of giving tunnel boring machines female names for good luck, was named ‘Busy Lizzie’ by Ryan Waters, a student of the Maryland Primary School, following a competition between Newham primary schools. ‘Busy Lizzie’ is expected to have completed the tunnelling work late in 2013, with tunnel finishing and commissioning work and the provision of secondary treatment at Beckton expected to be completed in 2015. Further information on the Lee tunnel can be found at Thames Water’s website at: www.thameswater.co.uk.

Figure 1: ‘Busy Lizzie’ Tunnel boring machine and Martin Baggs, Thames Water Chief Executive Officer

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Belfast Sewers Project Northern Ireland Water invested £160 million in the Belfast Sewers Project, completed in May 2010. The Project involved work to upgrade the existing sewer networks and the construction of a large diameter drainage tunnel to increase storm water capacity. As a result, a significant number of combined sewer overflows were closed, reducing the pollutant load from the sewerage system on the River Lagan and its tributaries by 85%. The project also involved more than 500 repairs to the sewer network which also contributed significantly towards increasing the city’s storm water capacity.

Meadowhead & Stevenston Project Scottish Water is investing over £90m to improve and protect the environment in local coastal waters and rivers in the Ayrshire areas served by Meadowhead and Stevenston Waste Water Treatment Works. Improving a significant number of storm overflow facilities, installing a new storm water network from the towns of Kilmarnock and Irvine, and constructing three new storm water pumping stations to transfer storm flows away from the local watercourses will reduce the number of discharges from storm overflows. This will help improve the quality of local watercourses and reduce risks to nearby bathing waters from faecal bacteria. Work on the project started on site in October 2010, and is expected to be complete by November 2013, by which time some 70 individual storm water assets will have been improved.

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Waste water treatment

Treatment levels The treatment provided at waste water treatment plants can involve:

s Preliminary treatment – to remove grit and gravel and screening of large solids.

s Primary treatment – to settle larger suspended, generally organic, matter.

s Secondary treatment – to biologically break down and reduce residual organic matter.

s Tertiary treatment – to address different pollutants using different treatment processes.

The ‘size’ of a community, (the Directive uses the term agglomerations to refer to communities), is measured using its population equivalent (p.e.), and is one factor used to determine the treatment waste water receives. Other factors are the sensitivity to pollutants of the waters receiving discharges, and whether treated waste water is discharged to inland, estuarine or coastal waters. As ‘population equivalent’ measures the oxygen used to break down organic matter it provides a common measure for the organic content or ‘organic load’ in waste water, whether the waste water is from domestic type properties, containing human metabolic wastes; food processing plants, containing food particles and food preparation washings, or rainwater run-off containing organic debris washed from roads and draining to sewers.

The largest collection systems in the UK are linked to around 9,000 waste water treatment plants. Approximately 1,900 of these plants serve agglomerations of greater than 2,000 p.e., above which the Directive’s secondary treatment standards applies to discharges from agglomerations made to freshwaters and estuaries, and to discharges from agglomerations of greater than 10,000 p.e. made to coastal waters. The Directive and other water quality directives may also require tertiary treatment to protect waters sensitive to discharges of waste water treated to secondary standards alone.

Just as combined sewers need to cater for peak seasonal wet weather flows, waste water treatment plants also need to have sufficient capacity to deal with such weather. They also need to cater for seasonal changes in the organic load they receive for treatment, for example, to cater for increases in the populations of seaside towns, capital cities and other tourist destinations during holiday seasons. At such times treatment processes may need to be optimised to deal with variations in organic load concentrations associated with seasonal population changes.

Primary treatment of discharges to ‘less sensitive areas’ The Directive provides Member States with the option of identifying less sensitive areas in estuarine and coastal waters. Where identified, discharges to less sensitive areas may be subject to a minimum of primary treatment provided comprehensive studies undertaken demonstrate no adverse impact on the environment from such discharges.

Around the mid-1990s a number of less sensitive areas were identified across the UK. As the findings from comprehensive studies became known, indicating the likelihood of adverse impacts from primary treatment discharges to their receiving waters, between the late 1990s to the early 2000s the less sensitive areas designated across the UK were progressively withdrawn, and the UK no longer has less sensitive area designations.

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Secondary treatment of discharges to ‘normal areas’ The major impact from untreated waste water arises from the biodegradable organic content of waste water such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins in human metabolic waste, food and other biodegradable waste matter. Whilst bacteria naturally present in the water environment can break down this organic matter, they use significant amounts of dissolved oxygen. Continuous discharges of untreated waste water would therefore result in chronic hypoxic (low oxygen) or anoxic (no oxygen) conditions which would create oxygen depleted ‘dead zones’ and severely affect the ability of a wide range of aquatic life to survive. As many animals rely on aquatic plants and animals the effects can go considerably beyond the affected waters. The objective of secondary treatment is to therefore carry out the process of bacterial breakdown of organic matter under controlled conditions in waste water treatment plants.

The Directive required secondary treatment for agglomerations greater than 15,000 p.e. by the 31 December 2000 and at that date the UK was 90% compliant with the requirement. By the end of 2007 the UK was 99.9% compliant. Since then, Brighton and Hove in England is the only UK agglomeration greater than 15,000 p.e. without secondary treatment. The ‘Brighton and Hove sewage treatment scheme’ section in this report has information on progress with the secondary treatment scheme for the Brighton and Hove area.

Although the Directive requires secondary treatment of discharges to coastal waters from agglomerations above 10,000 p.e., in England and Wales secondary treatment has generally been provided for coastal discharges from agglomerations between 2,000 and 10,000 p.e. Scotland may also provide secondary treatment for coastal discharges in this size bracket on a case by case basis depending on environmental need.

In Northern Ireland one agglomeration greater than 10,000 p.e., Ballycastle, that discharges to coastal waters is currently without secondary treatment. Northern Ireland Water has applied for planning permissions to upgrade the treatment works serving Ballycastle.

The UK was generally compliant with the Directive deadline of 31 December 2005 for the provision of secondary treatment for agglomerations between 2,000 and 15,000 p.e. In 2010 Dunoon and Stranraer in Scotland, were the only of the UK’s smaller agglomerations without secondary treatment. Although, secondary treatment at Dunoon was required in 2010 construction of the works was underway, and the new waste water treatment works was completed in March 2012. At Stranraer, an extension was agreed between the sewerage undertaker and the Scottish environmental regulator for works to be completed by 31 December 2008. This deadline was missed and legal action was taken. Progress to ensure secondary treatment is provided has commenced.

Tertiary treatment provided for sensitive areas Secondary treatment alone may not protect waters from other types of contaminants present in waste water and tertiary treatment may be required at waste water treatment plants to protect water ecosystems, abstraction source waters or to meet water quality standards of a number of directives. The type of tertiary treatment provided would therefore be tailored to address specific pollutants. Environmental waters in need of more protection than is provided by secondary treatment are generally designated as ‘sensitive areas’ as required by the Directive and discussed in the ‘Sensitive areas’ section of this report.

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Waste water treatment – current developments

London sewage plant capacity upgrades projects Allied to the Lee Tunnel construction project reported in the ‘Waste water collection – current developments’ section earlier in this report, is the Beckton treatment plant capacity and treatment improvement scheme project, currently in progress. This scheme will result in a significant 60% increase in the capacity of Beckton treatment plant. Once completed the scheme will accommodate the additional waste water to be conveyed for treatment by the Lee Tunnel, and ultimately, flows from the proposed Thames Tunnel. The upgrade at Beckton is part of a £675 million Thames Tideway improvement project to increase the capacities of a further four large London treatment plants of Crossness, Mogden, Riverside and Long Reach discharging to the tidal Thames. The capacity increases will reduce the need to discharge untreated waste water from combined sewer overflows to the Thames tideway and are expected to be completed in 2015. Further information on the Tideway improvements scheme can be found on Thames Water’s website: www.thameswater.co.uk.

Brighton and Hove sewage treatment scheme Only Brighton and Hove of the agglomerations greater than 15,000 p.e. in the UK remains without secondary treatment, a situation which has arisen largely from planning approval delays. Since October 2009, when planning approval was finally obtained for construction of a waste water treatment plant at Peacehaven, East Sussex, Southern Water Services has made good progress with the £300 million scheme that will deliver cleaner seas for Sussex. New tunnels leading to the plant and a pipe that will discharge the treated water out to sea have been completed. Construction of the plant is well advanced, with the scheme on schedule to provide secondary treatment by 31 March 2013. More information on the scheme is on Southern Water’s website: www.southernwater.co.uk/Environment/inYourArea/sussex/cleanerseas.

Figure 2: Brighton and Hove treatment scheme in construction – December 2010

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Loch Ryan sewage treatment scheme Waste water from the communities of Stranraer, Cairnryan, Kirkcolm and Leswalt currently only receive primary treatment at the four local treatment works prior to discharge into Loch Ryan. To meet the legislative requirements of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, the Shellfish Waters Directive and Shellfish Hygiene Directive, over £25 million is being invested in a strategic solution. New pumping stations and rising mains will replace existing primary treatment works and collect wastewater from the four communities and transfer it to a new secondary treatment works (Loch Ryan waste water treatment works) near Leswalt prior to discharge to the Irish Sea via a new marine outfall. This will remove continuous discharges from Loch Ryan. Construction works began in January 2011 and are forecast to be complete by spring 2013.

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Sensitive areas

Where secondary treatment is not sufficient to protect waters, tertiary treatment may be required. Tertiary treatment can involve the reduction of nutrients (phosphorus or nitrogen compounds) to protect waters from eutrophication caused by excessive nutrient inputs from treatment plants; the reduction of nitrates to protect waters used as abstraction sources that have or could contain high nitrate levels or of pathogens to protect Bathing or Shellfish waters, or ammonia reduction to protect freshwater fisheries. Combinations of the above types of tertiary treatment may be required depending on the uses made of the waters impacted by discharges. Where waters are in need of tertiary treatment they are generally to be designated as ‘sensitive areas’.

Designation of sensitive areas The Directive requires Member States to carry out surveys of their waters to determine where they are adversely impacted by secondary treated discharges and potentially in need of tertiary treatment protection for the purposes of the Directive and/or other water quality directives. Waters are to be designated as sensitive areas where they are:

a) Eutrophic or could become so in the near future without tertiary protection;

b) Abstraction sources that have or could have high nitrate levels without tertiary protection;

c) Other directives’ water in need of or already receiving tertiary protection.

The first two criteria relate to tertiary treatment requirements for the purposes of the Directive and the third criterion those of other directives, usually the Bathing Water, Shellfish Waters and the Freshwater Fish Directive, but potentially, any water quality directive whose waters are impacted by secondary treatment discharges.

Sensitive area designations under criteria (a) and (b) would generally arise from four-yearly reviews as required by Article 5.6 of the Directive. The Directive allows a maximum of seven years from the designation date of sensitive areas for the provision of tertiary treatment at treatment plants serving agglomerations of greater than 10,000 p.e. whose discharges are made to or affect sensitive areas identified under these criteria.

Designation of sensitive areas under criterion (c) (other directives’ waters) can arise from reviews carried out at four-yearly intervals, or also potentially, annually for Bathing Waters or whenever reviews are conducted of Shellfish Waters to consider the need for new, extended, merged, and even the de-designation of sensitive areas. Waters already designated under other directives not previously qualifying for designation as sensitive areas would qualify for designation wherever they subsequently receive tertiary treatment protection.

As mentioned above excessive nutrients in waste water discharges can lead to problems in the environment and would be tackled by removal of nitrates and/or phosphates from discharges. The panel below presents a brief case study of why such measures are needed and how they can benefit the environment.

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Case Study – The River Great Stour sensitive area

Following a survey carried out between 1991 and 1994 by the National Rivers Authority, (the Environment Agency’s predecessor body), a stretch of the River Great Stour downstream of Ashford town waste water treatment plant, near Bybrook in Kent, was found to be suffering the effects of eutrophication from phosphate inputs from the plant. Consequently, the affected stretch of the River Great Stour was designated as a sensitive area in May 1994. In 1998 phosphate stripping was introduced at Ashford treatment plant. Following a further survey conducted between 2001 and 2004 a further stretch of the River Great Stour was found to be affected by Ashford treatment plant and the sensitive area was extended in October 2007 to include the additional stretch. The stretch of the river identified as the ‘River Great Stour eutrophic sensitive area’ now extends approximately 43 kilometres from Ashford treatment plant. The photograph at Figure 3(a), of the River Great Stour at Wye, shows extensive growth of dark filamentous algae along the river bed with minimal growth of a plant within the algal growth seen near the bottom of the picture. The predominance of the filamentous algal growth is typical of waters subject to eutrophication which often exhibit low biodiversity.

Figure 3(a): River Great Stour eutrophic sensitive area at Wye in 2001

It can take a number of years for the benefits of nutrient stripping to be reflected in the environment as illustrated in Figure (3(a) taken in 2001, several years after introduction of phosphate stripping at Ashford treatment plant. Amongst the reasons for this is that lowland waters tend to be naturally nutrient rich, and plant communities can take some time to react to reductions in phosphate levels.

Changes that occur can be quite subtle, however, Figure 3(b) of the same location in 2010, shows a marked general reduction of the dark filamentous algal growth with a greater diversity of plant stands visible along the river bed from the fore to middle ground. Such plant diversity provides a range of food and niche habitats for creatures, such as invertebrates and fish. This in turn attract others animals that feed on them, creating a healthier and appropriately biodiverse ecosystems.

Figure 3(b): River Great Stour eutrophic sensitive area at Wye in 2010

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Which nutrient to tackle – nitrate or phosphate? The above case study explained that phosphate stripping was introduced at Ashford treatment plant. Whilst nitrate can also contribute to eutrophication of waters, nitrate removal was not required at Ashford treatment plant. A brief explanation follows of why phosphate only may need to be removed in some cases, or nitrate only in others, or both nutrients. More usually phosphate is the problem nutrient potentially causing eutrophication of freshwaters, with nitrate playing a lesser role in causing freshwater eutrophication. In saline coastal waters, nitrate is more generally the problem nutrient potentially causing eutrophication of coastal waters with phosphate having a lesser role. For these reasons phosphate removal only is more usually required for discharges affecting freshwaters and nitrate removal for discharges affecting coastal and more generally saline estuarine waters. The main factor determining whether one nutrient or the other is removed is the salinity of the receiving waters. This can mean that in brackish estuarine waters, where freshwaters mix with saline coastal waters, the removal of both phosphate and nitrate may be required. The balance of nitrate to phosphate in environmental waters can also influence eutrophication.

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Sensitive areas – recent developments

A further 68 sensitive areas were designated across the United Kingdom in 2011 as detailed below:

s England: 33 eutrophic, four bathing and two shellfish waters (39);

s Northern Ireland: one bathing water;

s Scotland: 13 bathing, 11 eutrophic and four shellfish waters (28);

In Wales a eutrophic water is expected to be designated in the latter half of 2012.

In Scotland the St. Andrews and Fife Shellfish Water sensitive area was de-designated in July 2009, and in England, three Bathing Waters and one Shellfish Water were de-designated in 2011. These sensitive area de-designations followed de-designation of the waters under their parent directives.

Summary sensitive area tables The UK currently has 588 sensitive areas totalling 19,466 km of river and canal lengths and a surface area of 2,737 km². The following two tables show this information broken down by nation and type of sensitive area.

Table 1: Summary of sensitive areas numbers by UK nation and type

Sensitive area type England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Totals

Bathing Water 181 2 21 24 228

Water 165 14 94 5 278

Freshwater Fish Water – – 8 – 8

Abstraction Water 8 – – – 8

Shellfish Water 48 1 5 12 66

Totals 402 17 128 41 588

Table 2: Summary of sensitive area lengths and surface area by UK nation and type

Sensitive area type Unit England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales *Total

Bathing Water km² 159.06 0.34 11.28 34.82 205

Eutrophic Water km km²

4,338.47 221.16

12,172.54 583.09

2,246.89 97.04

120.62 12.52

18,879 914

Freshwater Fish Water km – – 123.06 – 123

Abstraction Water km 464.76 – – – 465

Shellfish Water km² 1,199.20 10.69 91.59 316.15

121

363

1,618

19,466

2,737

*Total length (km) 4,803 12,173 2,370

*Total area km² 1,579 594 200

*Totals are rounded and values may not sum to totals

The maps in the section ‘United Kingdom Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive maps’ show the sensitive areas designated in the UK. The maps also show the location of treatment plants serving agglomerations of above 2,000 p.e., with colour differentiation of those providing secondary or tertiary treatment. Downloadable files containing data on individual sensitive areas are available via the Table section of Defra’s sensitive areas webpage at the link below. The Excel file includes links to an interactive map of some of the sensitive areas. www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/water-quality/sensitive-areas

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Monitoring of waste water discharges to the environment

The Environment Agency, the Northern Ireland Environment Agency and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and Wales Environment Agency are the UK’s environmental regulators. Their regulation role covers continuous discharges from the water industry, other industrial sectors and private discharges as well as intermittent discharges, such as those from combined sewer overflows or emergency overflows. Typically, any discharge to controlled waters requires a discharge authorisation which sets out standards for parameters monitored in effluent from treatment plants. For intermittent discharges an authorisation may specify the volume of discharges to be made or may include the need to screen discharges to remove sewage litter. Discharge authorisations are referred to as ‘Environmental Permits’ in England and Wales, ‘Water Order Consents’ in Northern Ireland and ‘Authorisations’ in Scotland. Discharge authorisations are designed to minimise the adverse effects of pollution on receiving waters through meeting standards of European Directives or domestic water quality objectives.

Other impacts on environmental water quality Environmental waters are not only affected by discharges from treatment plants and combined sewer overflows as point source pollution only. Waters are also affected by diffuse pollution from surface water drainage, urban run-off from brownfield sites, (former industrial sites that often have contaminated, toxic soils that can also leach pollutants to waters), roads, and run-off from land in rural areas. Although notionally clean, surface water drainage introduces diffuse urban pollution to waters, such as petrol, oil, grease and metals from vehicles, and pathogens from misconnections of foul sewerage or from dog-fouling of roads. Misconnections are a particularly difficult problem to deal with, as it entails identifying and addressing misconnections on a site-by-site basis dependent on ownership of the misconnected discharges. These issues are being tackled through initiatives on sustainable drainage systems.

Rainwater run-off from agricultural land can, through poor farming practices, introduce a range of contaminants into water bodies, including fertilisers applied to land and pathogens from farm animals. These contaminants can impact on the quality of waters identified under other Directives such as the Bathing Water and Shellfish Waters Directives.

Addressing the many sources of both point source and diffuse pollution from human activities present a considerable challenge; the Water Framework Directive, adopted in October 2000, aims to do that through its promotion of an understanding of the totality of pollution and other impacts on the water environment for the development of an holistic approach to addressing them. This principle is in part implemented through Article 10 of the Water Framework Directive – ‘The combined approach for point and diffuse sources’, where along with other water quality directives, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive is explicitly cited as a fundamental measure for appropriate implementation of the Water Framework Directive. Section (a) of the Glossary entry Water quality directives lists the three fundamental measure directives explicitly cited at Article 10 of the Water Framework Directive.

In England the ‘Catchment Based Approach’ strategy, launched on World Water Day, 22 March 2011, by Richard Benyon, the Minister for Natural Environment and Fisheries will help with delivery of the aims of Article 10 of the Water Framework Directive. Currently, the strategy is in a pilot phase that will run until December 2012, looking at 10 pilot catchment hosted by the Environment Agency and 15 pilot catchments hosted by other organisations. At conclusion of the pilot findings will be submitted to Defra and an independent evaluation of the 25 pilots is to be undertaken. Beyond 2012 lessons learned from

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the pilots are expected to be rolled out for the management of English and Welsh catchments. Further information on the Catchment Based Approach is on Defra’s website at: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/legislation/catchment-approach

In Northern Ireland, a range of proposals to address diffuse pollution were set out in the Programme of Measures (POM) in Section 7 of the River Basin Management Plans. The POM for each of Northern Ireland’s three River Basin Districts can be viewed at the following webpages: www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/ nw-pom, www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/ne-pom, and www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/neagh-pom. Each River Basin District has up to nine Local Management Area (LMA) Action Plans either in place or accessible from the above POM pages. The LMA Action Plans contain supplementary measures to protect or improve water body status including, where appropriate, measures to address diffuse pollution.

Improvements to treatment The tables in the section ‘Tables comparing agglomerations, treatment plants and compliance’ compare data submitted to the European Commission for treatment facilities, broken down by size brackets, receiving water and water body types, and compliance in 2008 and 2010. These indicate an overall improvement in the UK’s compliance with the Directive’s standards since 2008 by 1.7% to 98.5% in 2010.

Bathing water improvements In 2012 all UK environmental regulators began monitoring against the much tighter standards of the revised Bathing Water Directive with the aim of achieving the new ‘sufficient’ classification at all designated bathing waters by 2015.

As an example of the scale of investments that can be required to meet standards, in Scotland, which currently has 83 bathing waters, over £100 million has been invested in the period 2002-2010 in waste water treatment and infrastructure to comply with the existing Bathing Water Directive. The need for such investments would not necessarily arise for all designated bathing waters, but only where further measures are needed to secure consistent compliance with Bathing Water Directive standards. This could mean either secondary and/or tertiary UV treatment where these levels are not currently provided or other improvements, such as reducing discharges from combined sewer overflows. Further funding has also been provided in Scotland to study the improvements required to achieve ‘sufficient’ classification under the revised Directive.

Further information on the Bathing Water Directive is on Defra’s Bathing Water Directive webpage: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/water-quality/bathing

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River quality improvementsOver the last decade, general river quality in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales has progressively improved. Further improvements arising from on-going additional measures, such as the designation and protection of eutrophic sensitive areas, required under the Directive have begun to take effect. The chart below shows improvements in river quality by UK nation with the years 2002 and 2006 compared. It shows the lower quality categories make up a small proportion of river lengths. England shows a generally unchanged situation, Northern Ireland notable, and Scotland and Wales further improvements over already high quality waters.

Figure 4: Chart of river quality improvements – 2002 and 2006 compared

River Water Quality2002 and 2006 Compared

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

England

Northern Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Quality band classifications used in the chartBands 1, 2 and 3 of the chart are generic descriptors for charting purposes only. Band 1 represents the highest quailty bands of the two UK quality classification systems.• Values for England, Northern Ireland and Wales reflect the chemical quality metric of the General Quality Assessmments (GQA) system made up of:Good (A and B (shown by Band 1)), Fair (C and D (shown by Band 2)), Poor (class E), and Bad (class F), (latter two shown by Band 3).• Scotland descriptors are: (i) Unpolluted, (ii) Unimpacted by pollution, (iii) Slightly polluted, (iv) Polluted and (v) Severely polluted. The first three, grouped in Band 1 of the chart, have the breakdown :2002: Unpolluted (81.1), Unimpacted by pollution (10.7) and Slightly polluted (4.7).2006: Unpolluted (85.2), Unimpacted by pollution (7.9) and Slightly polluted (3.6).The Scottish data source includes a 'Not calculated 'percentage of 2.6 (rounded) for both the years compared, not included inthe chart.

Band 1 (highest quality)

Band 2

Band 3 (lowest quality

65.0 28.0 6.0 2002

66.0 27.0 7.0 2006

92.0 6.0 2.0 2002

95.0 3.0 2.0 2006

59.0 38.0 3.0 2002

74.0 22.0 4.0 2006

96.5 0.7 0.2 2002

96.7 0.7 0.1 2006

18

Sewage sludge utilisation and disposal

The treatment of waste water has the objective of returning much cleaner waste water to the environment. A consequence of sewage treatment is that significant quantities of sewage sludge are generated. Sewage sludge is the residual organic matter and dead bacteria used in the treatment process or biosolids removed from the waste water being treated. In the past around a quarter of sewage sludge was either discharged to surface waters through pipes or disposed from ships at sea. The Directive required the cessation of these practices by 31 December 1998 and since then alternative re-use or disposal routes have had to be used. The higher standards of waste water treatment required by the Directive deadlines of the end of 1998, 2000 and 2005 also resulted in greater quantities of sewage sludge being produced. The changes to re-use and disposal routes are seen in Table 3 where the baseline of 1992 is contrasted with the situation in 2008 and 2010.

Table 3: Sewage sludge re-use and disposal routes – tonnes dry solids

Reuse or Disposal Route

Sludge Discharged to Sludge Reused Sludge Disposed

Surface Waters Total

Soil & Pipelines Ships Others Others Landfill Incineration Others

Agriculture

1992 8,430 273,158 – 440,137 32,100 129,748 89,800 24,300 997,673

2008 – – – 1,241,639 90,845 10,882 185,890 1,523 1,530,779

2010 – – – 1,118,159 23,385 8,787 259,642 2,863 1,412,836

Use of sewage sludge as a soil enhancer and fertiliser on agricultural land remains the environmentally favoured option, with around 80% being applied to agricultural land. The reutilisation of sewage sludge to land is regulated under the Sludge (Use in Agriculture) Regulations 1989 (as amended). A voluntary agreement known as the ‘Safe Sludge Matrix’ ensures that sludge is only recycled to certain crops and vegetation to avoid human health impacts from ingestion of pathogen-contaminated salad crops.

Increasingly the sewage sludge generated from treatment processes has undergone anaerobic digestion with around 75% of sewage sludge currently processed this way. Anaerobic digestion reduces the residual sewage solids that needs to be disposed of and generates the by-product of biogas, a renewable energy source. For smaller sewage sludge processing facilities the biogas collected is typically used to heat the digesters to improve the digestion process. At larger facilities, economies of scale mean biogas can be conveyed off-site for use in Combined Heat and Power plants to generate electricity for general use by export to the national grid. Technological developments also mean biomethane (processed biogas) can be injected into the national gas grid or used as a fuel for vehicles. Even when incinerated, sewage sludge can be used as fuel to generate energy. More information on sewage sludge reutilisation to agricultural land is available on Defra’s website: http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/waterquality/sewage/sludge/index.htm

19

Investments

Waste water treatment, improvements to treatment and the ongoing maintenance of collection systems and waste water treatment plants and other sewerage infrastructure require significant capital construction and ongoing operational costs. The following sections set out investments in treatment provision and enhancements and sewerage infrastructure construction, maintenance and improvements, collectively described as ‘sewerage services’ in the UK nation tables below.

England In England investments in sewerage services are determined through the five-yearly periodic review of water industry prices carried out by the Water Services Regulation Authority (Ofwat). Table 4 shows investments in the Directive’s treatment enhancements and separately other drivers of treatment enhancements from 1990 to 2015.

Table 4: Investments in sewerage services – England

Period UWWTD Others Total £m

1990-2000 3,600 6,000 9,600

2000-2005 2,600 2,000 4,600

2005-2010 1,300 1,800 3,100

2010-2015* 500 2,600 3,100

2010-2015* – infrastructure maintenance – all categories 5,300

Total 26,100

Except for 2010-2015 maintenance, figures are for treatment enhancements

*Forecast investments

As Table 4 does not include investments in network and waste water treatment plants maintenance from 1990 to 2010, actual investments to secure compliance will be higher than shown. The sensitive areas designated in England in 2011 are to be provided with tertiary treatment entailing new one-off capital costs estimated at around £40 million and annual operational costs of £3 million by the end of 2018 and are to be reflected in the 2015-2020 investment period following the periodic review to be conducted in 2014.

20

Northern IrelandIn Northern Ireland, through Social & Environment Guidance, the Northern Ireland Executive sets out its investment priorities for the water & sewerage industry price control period. These priorities form the basis of the Water Industry Price Control process which determines the level of funding Northern Ireland Water needs to efficiently maintain and enhance its water and sewerage infrastructure. The economic regulator’s final determination then informs public expenditure bids for each period. Table 5 sets out investments in Northern Ireland from 1990 to 2013.

Table 5: Investments in sewerage services – Northern Ireland

Period Treatment Infrastructure Total £m

1990-1999 currently unavailable currently unavailable 221

1999-2010 675 435 1,110

2010-2013* 111 65 176

Total 1,506

*Forecast investments

ScotlandIn Scotland, funding of improvements is achieved through the Water Quality and Standards process. Table 6 sets out investments in sewerage services for the period 1996–2015. The UWWTD investment for 1996-2002 is made up of Public Private Partnership investment of £549 million. Only total investment for 2010-2015 is currently available.

Table 6: Investments in sewerage services – Scotland

Period UWWTD Others Total £m

1996-2002 862 1,298 2,160

2002-2006 286 1,694 1,980

2006-2010 128 2,252 2,380

2010-2015* currently unavailable currently unavailable 2,500

Total 9,020

*Forecast investments

21

WalesThe five-yearly price review process conducted by Ofwat described above for England also applies to the Welsh water industry. Table 7 shows expenditure on sewerage services for the Directive and separately other drivers of treatment enhancements.

Table 7: Investments in sewerage services – Wales

Period UWWTD Others Total £m

1990-2000 700 500 1,200

2000-2005 400 100 500

2005-2010 100 200 300

2010-2015* – 100 100

2010-2015* – infrastructure maintenance – all categories 400

Total 2,500

Except for 2010-2015 maintenance, figures are for treatment enhancements

*Forecast investments

As Table 7 does not include investments in network and waste water treatment plants maintenance from 1990 to 2010, actual investments to secure compliance will be higher than shown.

Summary of UK sewerage services investments Table 8 below summarises investments in sewerage services between 1990 and 2015 across the UK. Differences in the periods presented arise from differing investment planning periods between UK nations or availability of information during compilation of this report. Future editions of this report will seek to generally present investments from 1990, around the time the Directive was adopted, up to the latest available information of planned investments on all other directives requiring sewerage services investments, not just investments relating to the Directive.

Table 8: Summary of UK investments on sewerage services from 1990 to 2015

Summary Period £m

England 1990-2015 26,100

Northern Ireland 1990-2013 1,506

Scotland 1996-2015 9,020

Wales 1990-2015 2,500

Total

Sources: Ofwat, Northern Irish and Scottish Governments

39,126

22

Are you doing your bit? What we all can do...

We all contribute to pollution of the water environment, but we can also contribute to its protection by each of us taking responsibility to reduce our impacts. The following sections set out a selection of current initiatives that provide opportunities for us all to do our bit.

England On 28 March 2012 the ‘Love Your River’ campaign was launched by Defra in partnership with the Environment Agency and key organisations such as The Wildlife Trusts, The National Trust, Waterwise, Keep Britain Tidy and water companies via the Water Efficiency Network. The campaign aims to raise public awareness of the link between river health and water use, so that people understand and value water and take action to improve their local rivers and the environment around them. There are actions we can take individually, such as having shorter showers, to collective actions through volunteering for local ‘clean up’ activities and restoration projects that will benefit the water environment. The ‘Winnall Moors – Exemplar for the River Itchen’ restoration project is a £1.3 million, five-year project that is currently developing the local nature reserve as an example of good practice in areas such as grazing, fishing and the education of local residents on the needs of wildlife. Further information on the ‘Love Your River’ campaign can be found at: www.defra.gov.uk/loveyourriver.

Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Water’s Education team has a number of Education and Awareness Campaigns, such as its ‘Bag It & Bin It’ campaign which promotes the disposal of sanitary material such as cotton buds, razors, disposable nappies etc in bins rather than flushing them down the toilet. The ‘Bag It & Bin It’ campaign is an on-going exercise with Education Officers actively engaging with schools, hospitals, nursing homes, libraries, mother and toddler and other community groups. Furthermore a ‘Stop and Think, Not Down the Sink’ campaign is targeted at business to highlight responsibilities such as the appropriate disposal of fats, oils and grease covered in more detail in the ‘Fats, oils and grease’ section below. Northern Ireland Water is actively engaging with many stakeholders to raise awareness of inappropriate flushing, and participated in a beach cleanup awareness exercise. Further information on the campaign can be obtained from the Northern Ireland Water website: www.niwater.com. In addition Northern Ireland Water’s Waterbus ‘The Wonderful World of Water’ visits primary schools teaching pupils about the water cycle, water for health, water conservation, and water and wastewater treatment.

Scotland Scottish Water runs a number of customer campaigns to play a positive role in the lives and education of customers now and in future generations. Many Scottish Water campaigns aim to raise awareness of the simple but effective things customers can do in and around their homes to help do their bit to protect Scotland’s natural environment. Scottish Water’s ‘Save your Drains’ campaign provides customers with ‘Bag It & Bin It’ information and advice on how to help prevent blockages in drains through appropriate disposal of waste.

23

The Scottish Water education programme also helps to educate customers about the water cycle, water and waste water treatment, water and health, and how to help protect the environment by using water wisely and disposing of bathroom and kitchen waste properly. The Scottish Water volunteering programme also allows Scottish Water employees to participate in activities benefitting charities, the environment and communities across Scotland. Further information on Scottish Water customer campaigns and activities are on its website: www.scottishwater.co.uk.

Fats, Oils and GreaseFats, oils and grease (FOG) disposed to sewers from restaurants, pubs, canteens and residential premises cause significant problems in sewerage infrastructure. FOG readily sticks to pipes and tunnels, where they solidify and build up into hard accretions that can constrict or even block sewers. Accretions of problem FOG need to be removed manually, a task that involves sewerage companies in considerable time, effort and money that is ultimately paid for by sewerage customers. We can each do our bit to help make better use of sewerage companies’ resources, by filtering and reusing oils, using kitchen towels to dry-wipe oils and fats from pots, crockery and utensils as appropriate before washing them. Such measures can reduce use of washing up liquid and the potential environmental impact of phosphate used in detergents, which, as we have seen earlier, contributes to eutrophication. The UK water industry’s umbrella body, Water UK, has produced guidance in collaboration with other organisations for reducing inputs of FOG to sewers from catering establishments, but the general principles apply equally to residential properties: http://www.water.org.uk/home/snap.

24

UK Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive maps Figures 5 to 10: English maps

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Figure 7: England – Environment Agency – North West Region map

Environment Agency – North West Region map

41 Sensitive Areas (Shellfish Waters)

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Rivers 1 Glaze Brook 2 Leeds to Liverpool Canal 3 River Alt 4 River Calder 5 River Dane 6 River Darwen 7 River Douglas 8 River Eden 9 River Ehen 10 River Irwell 11 River Kent 12 River Lostock 13 River Ribble 14 River Weaver 15 River Wyre 16 River Yarrow 17 Sinderland Brook 18 River Tame

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Lakes 19 Bassenthwaite Lake 20 Lake Windermere

Environment Agency North West Regional Boundary

Sensitive Areas (Eutrophic)

Sensitive Areas (Bathing Waters)

Sensitive Areas (Shellfish Waters)

Major rivers

0 5 10 20 Miles Urban Areas

Urban Waste Water Treatment Plants

© Environment Agency copyright and / or database rights 2012. All rights reserved. Secondary treatment © Crown copyright and database rights 2012 Ordnance Survey 100024198, 100022861.

Tertiary treatment

27

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patia

l dat

a lic

ence

d fro

m th

eC

entre

for E

colo

gy a

nd H

ydro

logy

, © C

EH

. Inc

lude

s m

ater

ial

base

d up

on O

rdna

nce

Sur

vey

map

ping

with

per

mis

sion

of H

.M.

Sta

tione

ry O

ffice

, © C

row

n C

opyr

ight

. Lic

ence

num

ber 1

0001

6991

. 64

Se

nsiti

ve A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic &

Fre

shw

ater

Fis

h) R

iver

s

54 A

chai

rn B

urn

55 B

lack

Bur

n56

Bla

ck W

ater

- d/

s St

Fer

gus

57 B

oyne

Bur

n (in

clud

ing

Burn

of C

ornc

airn

)58

Eas

ter F

earn

Bur

n59

Elri

ck B

urn

- d/s

New

mac

har W

WTP

60 F

indo

n Bu

rn61

For

dyce

Bur

n62

Loc

hter

Bur

n / K

ings

Bur

n63

Loc

hter

Bur

n / K

ings

Bur

n64

Mac

hrih

anis

h W

ater

65 M

urkle

Bur

n66

Nor

th U

gie

Wat

er -

uppe

r cat

chm

ent

67 N

orth

Ugi

e W

ater

- lo

w e

r cat

chm

ent

68 P

otte

rton

Burn

69 R

iver

Dev

eron

- Tu

rriff

to ti

dal li

mit

70 R

iver

Don

- A

lford

to In

veru

rie71

Riv

er D

on -

Dyce

to ti

dal li

mit

72 R

iver

Don

- In

veru

rie to

Dyc

e73

Riv

er Is

la -

Keith

74 R

iver

Isla

- d/

s Sh

iel B

urn

75 R

iver

Isla

- d/

s Ke

ith to

Shi

el B

urn

76 R

iver

Los

sie

- Wau

kmill

to A

rthur

s Br

idge

77 R

iver

Ugi

e - N

orth

/Sou

th c

onfl

to ti

dal li

mit

78 R

iver

Yth

an -

Met

hlic

k to

Ello

n79

Riv

er Y

than

- Fy

vie

to M

ethl

ick

80 S

outh

Mun

durn

o Bu

rn81

Sou

th U

gie

Wat

er -

Mau

d to

Stu

artfi

eld

82 S

outh

Ugi

e W

ater

- Ne

w D

eer t

o M

aud

83 S

outh

Ugi

e W

ater

- Lo

ngsi

de to

Ugi

e co

nflu

ence

84 S

outh

Ugi

e W

ater

- St

uartf

ield

to L

ongs

ide

85 S

outh

Ugi

e W

ater

- St

uartf

ield

to L

ongs

ide

86 W

ater

Of C

rude

n87

You

lie B

urn

/ Bro

nie

Burn

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Fre

shw

ater

Fis

h)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic &

Fre

shw

ater

Fis

h)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Bat

hing

Wat

ers)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(She

llfis

h W

ater

s)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic L

ochs

& E

stua

ry)

Urb

an W

aste

Wat

er T

reat

men

t Pla

nts

Sec

onda

ry T

reat

men

t to

be in

stal

led

Sec

onda

ry

Terti

ary

Urb

an A

reas

Sens

itive

Are

as

(B

athi

ng W

ater

s)1

Abe

rdee

n2

Crud

en B

ay3

Dunn

et B

ay4

Fras

erbu

rgh

(Phi

lorth

)5

Fras

erbu

rgh

(Tig

erhi

ll)6

Inve

rboy

ndie

7 Na

irn (C

entra

l)8

Nairn

(Eas

t)9

Rose

mar

kie

Sens

itive

Are

as

(S

hellf

ish

Wat

ers)

24 L

och

Etiv

e25

Cro

mar

ty B

ay26

Dor

noch

Firt

h23

Loc

h Ki

shor

n, N

orth

Wes

t

Sens

itive

Are

a

(Eut

roph

ic) E

stua

ry27

Yth

an E

stua

ry

Sens

itive

Are

as

(E

utro

phic

) Loc

hs28

Loc

h Fa

d

29 L

och

Mor

e

30 L

och

of A

boyn

e

31 L

och

of H

arra

y

32 L

och

of S

kene

33 L

och

of S

pigg

ie

34 L

och

of S

trath

beg

32

207

213

52

177

175

43

190

164

165

189

223

193

178

5016

2 19

4 16

017

4 16

7 15

8 16

6 15

0 19

5 17

1

22

21

169

183

2016

1 49

48

13

45

187

44

176

51

47

153

152

46

168

200

191

205

224

18

156

206

198

170

182

204

199

202

1619

7 17

18

0 15

19

21

6 14

21

2 21

815

7 15

915

5 20

918

8 21

5 20

1 19

6 21

015

1 21

7 20

3 17

9 17

320

821

1 16

3 22

5 18

1 15

418

6 22

2 21

4

184

185

192

172

221

149

220

219

1:1,

000,

000

020

10

40

Kilo

met

res

010

5

20M

iles

© 2

012

Sco

ttish

Env

ironm

ent P

rote

ctio

n A

genc

y. S

ome

feat

ures

of th

is m

ap a

re b

ased

on

digi

tal s

patia

l dat

a lic

ence

d fro

m th

eC

entre

for E

colo

gy a

nd H

ydro

logy

, © C

EH

. Inc

lude

s m

ater

ial

base

d up

on O

rdna

nce

Sur

vey

map

ping

with

per

mis

sion

of H

.M.

Sta

tione

ry O

ffice

, © C

row

n C

opyr

ight

. Lic

ence

num

ber 1

0001

6991

.

157

Brox

Bur

n (R

yal B

urn

Conf

luen

ce to

Riv

er A

lmon

d)15

8 Bu

ddon

Bur

n15

9 Bu

rdie

hous

e Bu

rn/S

w a

nsto

n Bu

rn16

0 Bu

rrel

ton

Burn

161

Cere

s Bu

rn16

2 Co

mm

erto

n Bu

rn16

3 Da

lhou

sie

Burn

/Shi

el B

urn

164

Dean

Wat

er16

5 De

an W

ater

166

Digh

ty W

ater

167

Digh

ty W

ater

(Sou

rce

to F

ithie

Bur

n co

nflu

ence

)16

8 Dr

onac

hy B

urn

169

Drum

mon

d Bu

rn17

0 Ea

st P

effe

r Bur

n17

1 Ea

st P

ow B

urn

172

Ettri

ck W

ater

173

Eye

Wat

er17

4 Fi

thie

Bur

n17

5 G

airie

Bur

n17

6 G

airn

ey B

urn

177

Gig

hty

Burn

178

Gla

mis

Bur

n17

9 G

ogar

Bur

n (S

ourc

e to

Uni

on C

anal

)18

0 G

ogar

Bur

n (U

nion

Can

al to

Riv

er A

lmon

d)18

1 G

ore

Wat

er/M

iddl

eton

Sou

th B

urn

182

Gra

nge

Burn

183

Kinn

ess

Burn

(inc

ludi

ng C

airn

smill

Burn

)18

4 La

mbd

en B

urn

185

Leet

Wat

er (L

ambd

en B

urn

conf

luen

ce to

Riv

er T

wee

d)18

6 Le

et W

ater

(Sou

rce

to L

ambd

en B

urn

conf

luen

ce)

187

Loch

ty B

urn

188

Logi

e W

ater

/Bar

bauc

hlaw

Bur

n18

9 Lu

nan

Wat

er (F

riock

heim

to E

stua

ry)

190

Luna

n W

ater

(Res

cobi

e Lo

ch to

Frio

ckhe

im)

191

Lyne

Bur

n19

2 M

aide

nhal

l Bur

n19

3 M

eigl

e Bu

rn19

4 M

oniki

e Bu

rn (i

nclu

ding

Pan

lath

ymill

Burn

)19

5 M

otra

y W

ater

196

Mur

ray

Burn

197

Nidd

ry B

urn

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Fre

shw

ater

Fis

h)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic &

Fre

shw

ater

Fis

h)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic L

ochs

& E

stua

ry)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Bat

hing

Wat

ers)

Urb

an W

aste

Wat

er T

reat

men

t Pla

nts

Sec

onda

ry

Terti

ary

Urb

an A

reas

21 S

t. A

ndre

ws

(Eas

t San

ds)

48 L

och

Leve

n

22 S

t. A

ndre

ws

(Wes

t San

ds)

37 L

och

Lom

ond

(Sou

th B

Se

nsiti

ve A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic &

Fre

shw

ater

Fis

h) R

iver

s19

8 Pa

rdov

an B

urn

(d/s

Brid

gend

to e

stua

ry)

199

Pard

ovan

Bur

n/Ha

ugh

Burn

/Ric

carto

n Bu

rn (S

ourc

e to

d/s

Brid

gend

)

200

Pow

Bur

n (F

alkir

k)

201

Rive

r Alm

ond

(Bre

ich

Wat

er c

onflu

ence

to M

aitla

nd B

ridge

)

202

Rive

r Alm

ond

(Mai

tland

Brid

ge to

Cra

mon

d)

20

3 Ri

ver A

lmon

d (S

ourc

e to

Fou

lshi

els

Burn

con

fluen

ce)

204

Rive

r Avo

n (L

ogie

Wat

er c

onflu

ence

to E

stua

ry)

205

Rive

r Car

ron

(Avo

n Bu

rn to

Bon

ny W

ater

Con

fluen

ce)

206

Rive

r Car

ron

(Bon

ny W

ater

con

fluen

ce to

Car

ron

Estu

ary)

207

Rive

r Nor

th E

sk (C

onflu

ence

with

Cru

ick

Wat

er to

Est

uary

)

208

Rive

r Nor

th E

sk (d

/s L

ead

Burn

con

fluen

ce to

Gle

ncor

se B

urn

conf

luen

ce)

209

Rive

r Nor

th E

sk (E

lgin

haug

h to

con

fluen

ce w

ith S

outh

Esk

)

210

Rive

r Nor

th E

sk (G

lenc

orse

Bur

n co

nflu

ence

to E

lgin

haug

h)

211

Rive

r Nor

th E

sk (P

enic

uik

Hous

e to

d/s

Lea

d Bu

rn c

onflu

ence

)

212

Rive

r Sou

th E

sk (G

ore

Wat

er to

N E

sk c

onflu

ence

s)

213

Rive

r Sou

th E

sk (W

hite

Bur

n co

nflu

ence

to e

stua

ry)

214

Rive

r Tw

eed

(Col

dstre

am to

tida

l lim

it)

215

Rive

r Tyn

e (B

irns

Wat

er c

onflu

ence

to H

addi

ngto

n)

216

Rive

r Tyn

e (H

addi

ngto

n to

Est

uary

)

217

Rive

r Tyn

e (S

ourc

e to

Birn

s W

ater

con

fluen

ce)

218

Sauc

het W

ater

219

Tevi

ot W

ater

220

Tevi

ot W

ater

221

Tevi

ot W

ater

(low

er)

on

map

o

tect

ion

Ag

ency

– S

ou

th E

ast

Reg

io

nm

ent

Pre

13: S

cotl

and

– S

cott

ish

En

vir

Fig

ur

Sco

ttis

h E

nvi

ron

men

t Pr

ote

ctio

n A

gen

cy –

So

uth

Eas

t R

egio

n

Se

nsiti

ve A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic &

Fre

shw

ater

Fis

h) R

iver

s

149

Ale

Wat

er (W

oll B

urn

conf

luen

ce to

Tev

iot W

ater

)15

0 A

nnat

y Bu

rn15

1 Bi

lsto

n/Bo

ghal

l Bur

n15

2 Bl

ack

Devo

n (B

irkhi

ll Pla

ntat

ion

to F

orth

Est

uary

)15

3 Bl

ack

Devo

n (S

ourc

e to

Birk

hill P

lant

atio

n)15

4 Bl

acka

dder

Wat

er (H

owe

Burn

con

fluen

ce to

Whi

tead

der W

ater

)15

5 Bo

ghea

d Bu

rn/B

og B

urn/

Cous

ton

Wat

er15

6 Bo

nny

Wat

er/R

ed B

urn

Sens

itive

Are

as

Sens

itive

Are

as

(Bat

hing

Wat

ers)

(Eut

roph

ic) L

ochs

13 L

even

35 C

astle

Sem

ple

Loch

14 P

ease

Bay

43 F

orfa

r Loc

h

15 P

orto

bello

(Cen

tral)

44 G

artm

orn

Dam

16 P

orto

bello

(Wes

t)36

Kilb

irnie

Loc

h

17 D

unba

r (Ea

st)

45 L

ake

of M

ente

ith

18 D

unba

r (Be

lhav

en)

28 L

och

Fad

19 S

eton

San

ds46

Loc

h Fi

tty

20 K

ings

barn

s47

Loc

h G

elly

33

est

Reg

ion

map

o

tect

ion

Ag

ency

– S

ou

th W

on

men

t Pr

Fig

ure

14:

Sco

tlan

d –

Sco

ttis

h E

nvi

r

Sco

ttis

h E

nvi

ron

men

t Pr

ote

ctio

n A

gen

cy –

So

uth

Wes

t R

egio

n

Sens

itive

Are

as

(B

athi

ng W

ater

s)10

Lus

s Ba

y11

Roc

kclif

fe12

Sou

ther

ness

Sens

itive

Are

as

(E

utro

phic

) Loc

hs35

Cas

tle S

empl

e Lo

ch36

Kilb

irnie

Loc

h37

Loc

h Lo

mon

d (S

outh

Bas

in)

38 L

ochr

utto

n Lo

ch11

3 11

4 39

Milto

n Lo

ch12

3 40

Moc

hrum

Loc

h41

Stra

thcl

yde

Loch

42 W

hite

Loc

h12

4 13

6 13

8 41

133

134 13

5 12

5 88

14

6 12

1 37

13

110

101

93

89

120

107

108

129

94

112

92

91

148

137

35

105

41

104

36

111

97

109

147

99

110

96

128

100

143

117

119

132

142

106

139

90

126

95

102

127

145

144

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic &

Fre

shw

ater

Fis

h )

115

141

118

98

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Bat

hing

Wat

ers)

103

130

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic L

ochs

)39

38

Urb

an W

aste

Wat

er T

reat

men

t Pla

nts

140

42

Sec

onda

ry1:

910,

000

Terti

ary

116

11

12

5 20

Kilo

met

res

010

Urb

an A

reas

0

612

40

3M

iles

© 2

012

Sco

ttish

Env

ironm

ent P

rote

ctio

n A

genc

y. S

ome

feat

ures

of th

is m

ap a

re b

ased

on

digi

tal s

patia

l dat

a lic

ence

d fro

m th

eC

entre

for E

colo

gy a

nd H

ydro

logy

, © C

EH

. Inc

lude

s m

ater

ial

base

d up

on O

rdna

nce

Sur

vey

map

ping

with

per

mis

sion

of H

.M.

Sta

tione

ry O

ffice

, © C

row

n C

opyr

ight

. Lic

ence

num

ber 1

0001

6991

.

Se

nsiti

ve A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic &

Fre

shw

ater

Fis

h) R

iver

s

88 A

ucht

er W

ater

89 A

von

Wat

er (P

owm

illon

Burn

to R

iver

Cly

de)

90 B

arle

w a

n Bu

rn

91 B

lack

Car

t Wat

er

92 B

lack

Car

t Wat

er

93 B

lane

Wat

er

94 B

othl

in B

urn

(Gar

nkirk

Bur

n to

Lug

gie

conf

luen

ce)

95 B

urno

ck W

ater

96 C

ande

r Wat

er/W

hite

Cor

se B

urn

97 C

apel

rig/A

uldh

ouse

Bur

n

98 C

arge

n Po

w /B

ogrie

Lan

e

99 C

arm

el W

ater

100

Cess

nock

Wat

er10

1 En

dric

k W

ater

(d/s

Bla

ne W

ater

)10

2 Ev

an W

ater

103

Kirtl

e W

ater

104

Kitto

ch W

ater

105

Leve

rn W

ater

106

Luga

r Wat

er10

7 Lu

ggie

Wat

er (K

elvi

n to

Mol

lins

Burn

)10

8 Lu

ggie

Wat

er (u

/s M

ollin

s Bu

rn)

109

Lugt

on W

ater

110

Mou

se W

ater

(Dip

pool

Wat

er to

Cly

de)

111

Mou

se W

ater

(u/s

Dip

pool

Wat

er)

112

North

Cal

der W

ater

(d/s

Hille

nd R

eser

voir

to S

hotts

Bur

n)11

3 No

rth C

alde

r Wat

er (L

uggi

e Bu

rn to

Cly

de)

114

North

Cal

der W

ater

(Sho

tts B

urn

to L

uggi

e Bu

rn)

115

Penn

ylan

d Bu

rn/M

ein

Wat

er11

6 Pi

ltant

on B

urn

117

Pow

Bur

n (A

yrsh

ire)

118

Rive

r Ann

an (T

hree

wat

erfo

ot to

Ann

an)

119

Rive

r Ayr

(d/s

Gre

enoc

k W

ater

)12

0 Ri

ver C

lyde

(Mou

se W

ater

to C

arba

ns)

121

Rive

r Cly

de (M

ouse

Wat

er to

Stra

thcl

yde

Loch

out

flow

)12

3 Ri

ver C

lyde

(Nor

th C

alde

r to

Tida

l Wei

r)12

4 Ri

ver C

lyde

(Stra

thcl

yde

Loch

out

flow

to N

orth

Cal

der)

125

Rive

r Cly

de (S

trath

clyd

e Lo

ch o

utflo

w to

Nor

th C

alde

r)12

6 Ri

ver D

oon

(d/s

Muc

k W

ater

)12

7 Ri

ver D

oon

(u/s

Muc

k W

ater

)12

8 Ri

ver I

rvin

e (C

essn

ock

conf

luen

ce to

Tid

al W

eir)

129

Rive

r Kel

vin

(Gla

zert

Wat

er to

Tid

al L

imit)

130

Rive

r Urr

131

Rotte

n Ca

lder

Wat

er13

2 Sl

apho

use

Burn

133

Sout

h Ca

lder

Wat

er (A

ucht

er W

ater

to T

illan

Burn

)13

4 So

uth

Cald

er W

ater

(Stra

thcl

yde

Loch

cen

trelin

e)

135

Sout

h Ca

lder

Wat

er (S

trath

clyd

e Lo

ch o

utflo

w to

Riv

er C

lyde

)13

6 So

uth

Cald

er W

ater

(Tilla

n Bu

rn to

Stra

thcl

yde

Park

)13

7 So

uth

Cald

er W

ater

(u/s

Auc

hter

Wat

er)

138

Sout

h Ca

lder

Wat

er (u

/s A

ucht

er W

ater

)13

9 Ta

iglu

m B

urn

140

Tarf

f Wat

er14

1 Up

per C

ree

142

Wat

er o

f Coy

le (d

/s T

aigl

um B

urn)

143

Wat

er o

f Fai

l14

4 W

ater

of G

irvan

(d/s

Dai

lly)

145

Wat

er o

f Girv

an (L

inds

ayst

on B

urn

to P

alm

ulla

n Bu

rn)

146

Wel

lsha

w/E

arno

ck B

urn

147

Whi

te C

art W

ater

(abo

ve K

ittoc

h co

nf)

148

Whi

te C

art W

ater

(Kitt

och

Wat

er to

Ham

ills W

eir)

34

ales

map

o

nm

ent

Ag

ency

Wal

es –

En

vir

e 15

: WFi

gu

r

Envi

ron

men

t A

gen

cy W

ales

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Eut

roph

ic)

Sen

sitiv

e A

reas

(Bat

hing

Wat

ers)

2119

6

Riv

ers

19 R

hyl

1 R

iver

Lou

ghor

10

20

20 C

olw

yn B

ay

2 R

iver

Wye

22

18

21 L

land

udno

Nor

th S

hore

12

22 R

hosn

eigr

Coa

stal

23 P

wllh

eli

3 C

ardi

ff Ba

y11

24

Cric

ciet

h

4 Ta

we

Estu

ary

25 T

ywyn

5 L

ough

er E

stua

ry

26 A

bery

stw

yth

Nor

th24

27

Tre

saith

23

28 A

berp

orth

29 N

ewga

leS

ensi

tive

Are

as (S

hellf

ish

Wat

ers)

30 D

ale

31 C

astle

Bea

ch, T

enby

6 D

ee (E

ast)

32 T

enby

Nor

th7

Bur

ry In

let (

Nor

th)

33 T

enby

Sou

th8

Bur

ry In

let (

Sou

th)

25

34 A

mro

th C

entra

l9

Gw

endr

aeth

35 P

embr

ey10

Men

ai S

trait

(Eas

t)36

Cas

wel

l Bay

11 M

enai

Stra

it (F

oryd

Bay

)26

37

Sw

anse

a B

ay12

Men

ai S

trait

(Wes

t)41

38

Lan

glan

d B

ay13

Sw

anse

a B

ay (E

ast)

39 L

imes

lade

Bay

14 S

wan

sea

Bay

(Sou

th)

40 B

race

let B

ay15

Sw

anse

a B

ay (W

est)

41 A

bery

stw

yth

Sou

th16

Taf

27

42 P

oppi

t Wes

t 17

Tyw

i28

18 D

ee (W

est)

42

Sens

itive

Are

as (E

utro

phic

)

Sens

itive

Are

as (B

athi

ng W

ater

s)29

Sens

itive

Are

as (S

hellf

ish

Wat

ers)

2 17

34

16

30

9

1 M

ajor

rive

rs32

35

7 31

5

33

4En

viro

nmen

t Age

ncy

Wal

es B

ound

ary

37

13

8 15

38 40

Urb

an W

aste

Wat

er T

reat

men

t Pla

nts

36 3

9 S

econ

dary

trea

tmen

t14

3

Terti

ary

treat

men

t

Urb

an A

reas

0 15

30

60M

iles

© E

nviro

nmen

t Age

ncy

copy

right

and

/ or

dat

abas

e rig

hts

2012

. All

right

s re

serv

ed.

© C

row

n co

pyrig

ht a

nd d

atab

ase

right

s 20

12 O

rdna

nce

Sur

vey

1000

2419

8, 1

0002

2861

.

35

Figure 16: Sewage treatment stages and sewage sludge re-use and disposal routes

Treatment Process Discharge Area

Waste water from domestic, commercial,and municipal properties and certain industries (generally food and drinks industries) carried by sewers to waste water

treatment plants

Water body type From agglomerations of

Preliminary ‘Appropriate treatment’

Grit removal by flow attenuation, screening of large solids

Freshwater, Estuarine <2,000 p.e.

Coastal <10,000 p.e.

‘Appropriate treatment’ can be no treatment, or preliminary through to tertiary treatment depending on

uses of receivng water and associated standards

Primary ‘less sensitive areas’

Settlement of suspended solids Estuarine between 2,000 and 10,000 p.e.

Coastal >10,000p.e.

Secondary ‘normal areas’

Biological treatment (bacterial breakdown)

(a) activated sludge process (aerated, agitated bacterial culture liquor)

(b) filter beds (waste water trickled over bacteria-coated aggregate)

Freshwater, Estuarine > 2,000 p.e.

Coastal >10,000 p.e.

Tertiary Discharges affecting ‘sensitive areas’

Various types of tertiary treatment can be applied individually or combined to meet emission or water

quality standards.Main types are: phosphate removal, nitrate removal (by

chemical processes), disinfection (by UV irradiation or filter membranes).

*Designation of ‘eutrophic’ and ‘abstraction source protection’ sensitive areas applies where discharges from

>10,000 agglomerations affect the receiving waters. Other directives’ waters identified as sensitive areas have no associated lower agglomeration size threshold; tertiary

treatment protection alone qualifies them as sensitive areas.

Freshwater, Estuarine, Coastal >10,000 p.e. *

Sewage sludge from treatment processes Re-use and disposal routes percentages

2008 2010

ReuseAgriculture 81.1% Others 5.9%

Agriculture 79.1%Others 1.7%

DisposalIncineration 12.1%Landfill 0.7% Others 0.1%

Incineration 18.4%Landfill 0.6%Others 0.2%

36

Tables comparing agglomerations, treatment plants and compliance

Tables 9(a) to 11(b) compare agglomerations, treatment plants and compliance of plants for 2008 and 2010 and are based on data submitted to the European Commission under Article 15 of the Directive, which is largely concerned with reporting compliance of treatment plants with the Directive’s emission standards. Submitted data are on the EC’s website at the following links: 2008 data | 2010 data.

1. The tables are for active agglomerations and plants.

2. Tables include more than one agglomeration generating, and plant catering for, organic loads of less than 2,000 p.e. reported in 2008 or 2010.

3. Agglomeration discharges reported as discharging to the ‘catchment of a sensitive area” are included under the ‘sensitive areas’ columns.

4. ‘t.p.e.’ means ‘total population equivalent’ – see Glossary entry 1 population equivalent.

5. Tabular and geographical data reported under Article 15 are required to conform to data submission formats. Submission format requirements mean that not all legally designated sensitive areas can currently be reported, with the consequence that agglomerations and treatment plants associated with the omitted designations are grouped under the ‘normal’ rather than the ‘sensitive areas’ heading in the tables below.

37

Tab

le 9

(a):

Ag

glo

mer

atio

ns

as a

t en

d o

f 20

08

Dis

char

ge

area

N

orm

al a

reas

Se

nsi

tive

are

as

Less

sen

siti

ve a

reas

To

tals

all

area

s

Size

bra

cket

s (p

.e.)

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Nº

t.p.

e.

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

2,00

0 10

,000

39

9 1,

797,

059

17

106,

236

612

2,75

9,25

4 2

11,1

54

– –

– –

1,03

0 4,

673,

703

10,0

01

15,0

00

59

723,

447

17

205,

417

103

1,26

5,22

4 0

0 –

– –

– 17

9 2,

194,

088

15,0

01

150,

000

185

9,13

9,70

4 61

3,

635,

654

315

13,9

35,0

18

6 32

1,72

2 –

– –

– 56

7 27

,032

,098

150,

001

and

abov

e 35

19

,534

,100

10

3,

100,

164

36

12,7

82,1

97

3 94

7,48

3 –

– –

– 84

36,

363,

944

Tota

ls f

or

cate

go

ries

67

8 31

,194

,310

10

5 7,

047,

471

1,06

6 30

,741

,693

11

1,

280,

359

0 0

0 0

1,86

0 70

,263

,833

Tab

le 9

(b):

Ag

glo

mer

atio

ns

as a

t en

d o

f 20

10

Dis

char

ge

area

N

orm

al a

reas

Se

nsi

tive

are

as

Less

sen

siti

ve a

reas

To

tals

all

area

s

Size

bra

cket

s (p

.e.)

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Nº

t.p.

e.

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

2,00

0 10

,000

41

0 1,

799,

785

16

108,

597

616

2,73

4,32

9 1

4,74

3 –

– –

– 1,

043

4,64

7,45

5

10,0

01

15,0

00

63

770,

394

15

182,

068

111

1,35

4,96

0 0

0 –

– –

– 18

9 2,

307,

422

15,0

01

150,

000

184

9,06

4,92

2 62

3,

606,

746

312

13,7

22,2

97

6 33

8,83

9 –

– –

– 56

4 26

,732

,804

150,

001

and

abov

e 34

19

,169

,205

10

3,

002,

867

35

12,4

75,9

68

3 99

0,96

8 –

– –

– 82

35,

639,

008

Tota

ls f

or

cate

go

ries

69

1 30

,804

,305

10

3 6,

900,

278

1,07

4 30

,287

,555

10

1,

334,

550

0 0

0 0

1,87

8 69

,326

,689

Tab

le 1

0(a)

: Tre

atm

ent

pla

nts

at

end

of

2008

Dis

char

ge

area

N

orm

al a

reas

Se

nsi

tive

are

as

Less

sen

siti

ve a

reas

To

tals

all

area

s

Size

bra

cket

s (p

.e.)

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Nº

t.p.

e.

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

2,00

0 10

,000

41

5 1,

882,

863

17

93,9

28

601

2,68

7,61

8 0

0 –

– –

– 1,

033

4,66

4,40

9

10,0

01

15,0

00

59

723,

447

18

215,

933

102

1,25

4,70

8 0

0 –

– –

– 17

9 2,

194,

088

15,0

01

150,

000

194

9,50

9,54

2 63

3,

831,

173

306

13,4

29,7

66

5 26

1,61

7 –

– –

– 56

8 27

,032

,098

150,

001

and

abov

e 34

19

,008

,689

10

3,

100,

164

36 1

2,97

3,60

8 2

680,

993

– –

– –

82 3

5,76

3,45

4

Tota

ls f

or

cate

go

ries

70

2 31

,124

,541

10

8 7,

241,

198

1,04

5 30

,345

,700

7

942,

610

0 0

0 0

1,86

2 69

,654

,049

38

Tab

le 1

0(b

): T

reat

men

t p

lan

ts a

t en

d o

f 20

10

Dis

char

ge

area

N

orm

al a

reas

Se

nsi

tive

are

as

Less

sen

siti

ve a

reas

To

tals

all

area

s

Size

bra

cket

s (p

.e.)

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Nº

t.p.

e.

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

2,00

0 10

,000

42

2 1,

864,

711

26

127,

998

594

2,63

3,25

2 1

0 –

– –

– 1,

043

4,62

5,96

1

10,0

01

15,0

00

65

802,

656

16

194,

730

110

1,33

7,73

3 0

0 –

– –

– 19

1 2,

335,

119

15,0

01

150,

000

190

9,28

8,32

1 65

3,

833,

156

302

13,3

23,4

42

5 27

2,23

7 –

– –

– 56

2 26

,717

,156

150,

001

and

abov

e 33

18

,695

,462

10

2,

993,

388

36

12,9

87,0

85

2 72

4,47

8 –

– –

– 81

35,

400,

413

Tota

ls f

or

cate

go

ries

71

0 30

,651

,150

11

7 7,

149,

272

1,04

2 30

,281

,512

8

996,

715

0 0

0 0

1,87

7 69

,078

,649

11(a

): C

om

plia

nt

pla

nts

at

end

of

2008

Dis

char

ge

area

N

orm

al a

reas

Se

nsi

tive

are

as

Less

sen

siti

ve a

reas

To

tals

all

area

s

Size

bra

cket

s (p

.e.)

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Nº

t.p.

e.

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

2,00

0 10

,000

39

6 1,

781,

301

15

90,5

45

590

2,63

7,01

7 0

0 –

– –

– 1,

001

4,50

8,86

3

10,0

01

15,0

00

58

710,

022

13

155,

224

101

1,24

3,92

3 0

0 –

– –

– 17

2 2,

109,

169

15,0

01

150,

000

191

9,36

5,05

4 57

3,

321,

572

298

13,0

44,9

75

5 26

1,61

7 –

– –

– 55

1 25

,993

,218

150,

001

and

abov

e 30

16

,789

,042

10

3,

100,

164

36

12,9

73,6

08

2 68

0,99

3 –

– –

– 78

33,

543,

807

Tota

ls f

or

cate

go

ries

67

5 28

,645

,419

95

6,

667,

505

1,02

5 29

,899

,523

7

942,

610

0 0

0 0

1,80

2 66

,155

,057

Co

mp

lian

t p

lan

t n

um

ber

s an

d p

.e. a

s %

of

Tab

le 1

0(a)

fo

r 20

08

96.8

%

95.0

%

11(b

): C

om

plia

nt

pla

nts

at

end

of

2010

Dis

char

ge

area

N

orm

al a

reas

Se

nsi

tive

are

as

Less

sen

siti

ve a

reas

To

tals

all

area

s

Size

bra

cket

s (p

.e.)

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Fres

h an

d es

tuar

ine

wat

ers

Coa

stal

wat

ers

Nº

t.p.

e.

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

Nº

t.p.

e N

º t.

p.e

2,00

0 10

,000

41

8 1,

834,

130

23

122,

661

589

2,61

2,91

5 1

0 –

– –

– 1,

031

4,56

9,70

6

10,0

01

15,0

00

65

802,

656

12

145,

314

109

1,32

6,61

5 0

0 –

– –

– 18

6 2,

274,

585

15,0

01

150,

000

186

9,04

9,97

6 60

3,

448,

909

300

13,2

20,8

18

5 27

2,23

7 –

– –

– 55

1 25

,991

,941

150,

001

and

abov

e 32

18

,070

,084

10

2,

993,

388

36

12,9

87,0

85

2 72

4,47

8 –

– –

– 80

34,

775,

035

Tota

ls f

or

cate

go

ries

70

1 29

,756

,845

10

5 6,

710,

273

1,03

4 30

,147

,434

8

996,

715

0 0

0 0

1,84

8 67

,611

,267

Co

mp

lian

t p

lan

t n

um

ber

s an

d p

.e. a

s %

of

Tab

le 1

0(b

) fo

r 20

10

98.5

%

97.9

%

39

Key organisations and information links

Government Departments

s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs www.defra.gov.uk

s Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland www.doeni.gov.uk

s Scottish Government www.scotland.gov.uk

s Welsh Government www.wales.gov.uk

Environmental Regulators

s¬ Environment Agency for England www.environment-agency.gov.uk

s¬ Northern Ireland Environment Agency www.doeni.gov.uk/niea

s¬ Scottish Environment Protection Agency www.sepa.org.uk

s¬ Environment Agency Wales www.environment-agency.gov.uk/cy

Umbrella body for UK water supply and sewerage services providers

s¬ Water UK www.water.org.uk*

* includes links to all UK sewerage undertaker websites

Link to European Union website page of the Directive

s¬ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0271:EN:NOT

Links to UK legislation transposing the Directive on Defra’s website

s¬ www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/sewage/sewage-treatment

40

Glossary

Except where indicated ‘the DWater Treatment Directive

1 population equivalent

irective’, ‘Articles’, ‘Annexes’ and ‘Table(s)’ refer to the Urban Waste

‘1 Population Equivalent’ is the unit of measure employed in the Directive for assessing the polluting potential of waste water discharges. ‘Population’ does not refer to a population headcount of communities. It is defined in the Directive as: ‘1 p.e. (population equivalent)’ means the organic biodegradable load having a five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of 60 g of oxygen per day. This means the oxygen used, largely by bacterial organisms, in breaking down the organic matter in waste water. The use of ‘equivalent’ is therefore a proxy for any organic matter, not just that arising from human metabolism, that when broken down by bacterial cultures utilises dissolved oxygen. The p.e. of discharges, sensitivity of receiving waters to discharges, and whether discharges are made to fresh, estuarine or coastal waters are used to determine the treatment to be provided, as in general, confined freshwaters provide less dilution than either estuarine or coastal waters, and estuarine waters provide less dilution than coastal waters. The sensitivity of waters to discharges, such as if they are impacted by excess nutrients in discharges, may also need to be considered. See Article 2(6).

Agglomeration An agglomeration is a community of homes, shops, hospitals, offices etc, and generally food and drinks industries which are sufficiently concentrated for their waste water to be collected and conveyed for treatment at a waste water treatment works. See Article 2(4).

Anaerobic digestion ‘Anaerobic’ means ‘without oxygen’. Processing of sewage sludge using this process refers to the use of bacterial cultures in the absence of oxygen to break down organic matter.

Appropriate treatment The term used in the Directive to refer to the waste water treatment applicable to smaller communities. It can be involve processes* and/or disposal systems that ensure receiving waters meet water quality objectives set by environmental regulators can potentially mean no treatment to tertiary treatment. See Articles 2(9) and 7.

*Septic tanks, rotating biological contactors, trickle filters, reed beds etc.

Bathing Water Directive Introduced in 1975 to help protect bathers (in identified waters) from the harmful bacteria and viruses arising from sewage discharges largely. It sets microbiological and physico-chemical quality requirements for identified bathing waters. A revised Bathing Water Directive was adopted in March 2006 requiring higher water quality standards than the 1975 Bathing Water Directive.

Biochemical oxygen A widely used measure of polluting potential – BOD is a measure of oxygen use or

demand (BOD) ‘demand’ of bacteria and other organisms breaking down the biodegradable load present in waste water. BOD is the basis for deriving a community’s population equivalent. See Article 2(6) and Annex I, Table 1.

Biodegradation The chemical deconstruction of organic matter by largely by bacteria, fungi and other organisms. When biodegradation occurs in the water environment dissolved oxygen is utilised generally through bacterial action. If acting on significant amounts of organic matter, such as that present in untreated waste water, the process rapidly deoxygenates waters and can lead to fish and invertebrate deaths.

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Biodiverse, biodiversity, Biodiverse generally refers to the normal diversity of plants and/or animals inhabiting an ecosystem unimpacted by human activities or other external factors detrimentally affecting it. It may not always mean that ecosystems contain a large number of species and numbers within species as some ecosystems can naturally contain few species and individuals, such as naturally nutrient poor upland lakes. See Eutrophication for nutrient status classifications.

Biogas Biogas is the gas that is produced from the decay or bio-degradation of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. An important constituent of biogas is methane which is a renewable energy source that can be burned for direct use of the heat energy or to generate electricity.

Diffuse pollution Pollution not arising from a specific, identifiable point. Agricultural land and brownfield sites are often cited as sources of diffuse pollution. Contrasts with Point source pollution.

Discharge authorisation A generic term to refer to documentary authorisation issued by environmental regulators allowing emissions to be made to the environment. It is the regulatory, or legal, mechanism for controlling polluting emissions to the environment. Emissions are discharges of continuous treated discharges from waste water treatment plants, or, lesser treated or untreated intermittent discharges from trunk sewerage combined sewer overflows, treatment plant storm tanks, or pumping station emergency overflows. Different terms are used to refer to these documents in the UK: Environmental Permits in England and Wales; Water Order Consents in Northern Ireland; Authorisations in Scotland.

Authorisations for treatment plant discharges typically identify the discharge (or outfall) location, concentration limits (standards) for controlled parameters, such as biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, ammonia, toxic metals and hazardous substances.

Ecosystem A system made up of living organisms (bacteria, fungi, plants and animals), and the non-living physical characteristics of the environment (water, soil, latitude, elevation, water depth, light and temperature regimes), within, and with which, the living organisms interact.

Effluent Generally, the treated waste water discharged from a sewerage system. Effluent from treatment plants is typically sampled and analysed to ensure discharged water complies with standards set in discharge authorisations. Where percentage reduction standards for parameters are to be achieved, effluent is sampled in conjunction with influent to enable reductions to be measured.

Environmental regulator A generic term referring to the organisations responsible for controlling polluting emissions to the environment and monitoring of environmental waters to meet water quality standards or objectives. These are the: Environment Agency in England; Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Scottish Environment Protection Agency; Wales Environment Agency.

Estuarine Refers to estuaries. The term ‘transitional waters’ was introduced in the Water Framework Directive to refer to waters transitioning between fully fresh to fully saline waters.

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Eutrophication Naturally occurring eutrophication is usually the beneficial enrichment of the environment by various mechanisms such as animal and plant decay, mineral and nutrient deposition from rock weathering and soil erosion, nitrogen-fixing by bacteria or lightning. The natural state of environments with low to high nutrient levels (their trophic status) are classed as: oligotrophic (low), mesotrophic (medium), eutrophic (high). Ecosystems associated with these naturally arising trophic states can be adversely impacted by nutrient inputs from human activities. For example, small inputs of nutrients to oligotrophic ecosystems can cause more damage than larger inputs to a mesotrophic environment and so on.

Undesirable eutrophication can arise from human activities. In the context of the Directive eutrophication is the process to which waters are subject when excessive inputs of nutrients, specifically nitrogen and/or phosphorus compounds in waste water discharges, cause accelerated growth of algal and higher forms of plant life and a degradation of water quality, resulting in an imbalance in the range of plant and animal species expected for pristine ecosystems. ‘Eutrophic’ describes the status of waters chronically impacted by excessive nutrient inputs (for that ecosystem) from human activities. Eutrophic waters may usually be populated by plant and algal species that are better able to utilise excess nutrients and that are more tolerant of poor quality water arising from eutrophication, (such as low oxygen or light levels), and so outcompete other species. See Article 5 and Annex II (A)(a).

Hydromorphological type Hydromorphology is a term introduced for implementation of the Water Framework Directive to refer to the geomorphological characteristics and processes that distinguish and are associated with different water body types. At its most basic level of description riverine, lacustrine, estuarine and coastal waters represent four hydromorphological water body types. Sub-categories of these four basic morphologies may be used to differentiate between for example, clear, nutrient poor and generally pollution free upland rivers and lakes as against turbid, nutrient enriched and generally more polluted lowland waters.

Influent Untreated waste water entering a waste water treatment plant. Various measurements of influent can be undertaken such as volume, concentrations of controlled substances that help with management of waste water flows through plants and control of treatment processes needed to achieve percentage reduction standards for parameters in discharges.

Lacustrine Is a term that refers to lakes, much as estuarine refers to estuaries.

Less sensitive area A ‘less sensitive area’ can be an estuarine, or coastal water, (or both) designated for the purposes of the Directive as having characteristics of good water and oxygen exchange and not subject to eutrophication or low oxygen levels. Discharges of a size that would receive secondary treatment if made to normal waters can receive a minimum of primary treatment, if (i) they are made to less sensitive areas, and (ii) comprehensive studies demonstrate there would be no adverse environmental impacts on the receiving waters from such discharges. See Articles 6, 8(5) and Annex II (B).

Mandatory standards Generally, the minimum standards for emissions or environmental water quality required to comply with legislation.

More stringent treatment Term used in Article 5(2): “… more stringent treatment than that described in Article 4”. As Article 4 covers secondary treatment, more stringent in effect means tertiary treatment. Annex II (A)(c) of the Directive uses the term ‘further treatment…’ to refer to tertiary treatment.

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Normal waters Waters not designated as either ‘less sensitive areas’ or ‘sensitive areas’ are by default, ‘normal waters”, and can be inland, estuarine (transitional) or coastal waters. Large discharges to normal waters receive secondary treatment. See also less sensitive areas and sensitive areas.

Parameter In the context of waste water treatment and a discharge authorisation a parameter is a pollutant present in waste water that is to be controlled through relevant treatment, such as UV light irradiation to destroy bacterial or viral contaminants. Examples of other parameters that may need to be controlled are: BOD, named toxic metals or nutrients or sewage litter.

Pathogen Disease causing agent, more generally referring to viruses, bacteria and protozoa, but can include microscopic invertebrates, fungi and alga.

Point source pollution Pollution arising from specific identifiable points, such as the end of pipes discharging waste water. Contrasts with Diffuse pollution.

Preliminary treatment The simplest treatment that waste water arriving at treatment plants can have. It generally involves removal of grit and gravel by slowing flows down so such matter is deposited in grit traps. After de-gritting waste water is often screened to remove rags and other large solids, and less commonly, maceration, to reduce the size of remaining solids.

Primary treatment Primary treatment involves the passive and/or chemically-enhanced process of settlement of suspended solids not removed by preliminary treatment. The Directive sets percentage reduction figures for biochemical oxygen demand of the influent by at least 20% and a reduction in total suspended solids in the influent by at least 50% before discharge to receiving waters. Discharges from agglomerations to inland and estuarine waters above 2,000 p.e and coastal discharges above 10,000 p.e. to normal waters receive secondary treatment with more stringent BOD standards. Primary treatment standards are therefore generally intended to apply to discharges made to less sensitive areas provided comprehensive studies demonstrate a minimum of primary treatment would not impact the environment. See Article 2(7).

Pumping station Sewerage systems usually rely on gravity to convey sewage to treatment plants, and sewers are constructed with gradients to achieve that. However, to avoid very deep sewers pumping stations are used to pump waste water to sewers nearer the surface so it can to continue its journey to treatment plants. They may also be used to pump waste water past low-lying regions such as valleys, depressions etc.

Saline When applied to environmental waters a term that means waters with high concentrations of salt generally coastal and marine waters.

Salinity Refers to the ‘saltiness’ or salt content of waters, where ‘low salinity’ or ‘high salinity’ indicating low and high salt concentrations. The term ‘salinity gradient’ is typically used to describe the degree (rapidity) of change in the concentration of salt between freshwaters and saline coastal or marine waters.

Secondary treatment Secondary treatment is the biological treatment of waste water. It generally involves use of bacterial cultures to break down biodegradable matter in waste water. The objective of secondary treatment is to reduce the BOD of waste water to avoid chronic oxygen depletion in receiving waters, the immediate and most damaging effect of untreated sewage discharges to the environment. Various processes are used to achieve BOD reductions, such as: aeration of waste water with bacterial culture sludges to accelerate biodegradation of organic matter, often used for larger communities; trickle filter beds containing aggregate covered with bacterial cultures to maximise the surface area over which waste water is trickled, used for small to medium size communities. See Article 4 and Annex I, Table 1.

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Sensitive area A ‘sensitive area’ is a legally designated body of water. There are three criteria for their designation with the objective of (a) protecting water ecosystems from excessive nutrients; (b) protecting abstraction source waters from high nitrate levels and (c) ‘flagging’ other directives’ waters that require tertiary treatment to achieve their parent directives’ quality requirements. The common thread is that whatever the criterion, sensitive areas receive tertiary treatment protection from impacting discharges. See Article 5 and Annex II (A) (a), (b) and (c).

Sewage The more commonly used term to refer to ‘urban waste water’. In general this report uses the term ‘waste water’. See also the ‘Sewerage’ entry below.

Sewage litter The artificial, manufactured, solid matter present in waste water, such as cotton-buds, condoms, sanitary-ware, disposable nappies, razors, safety-pins and many other items that have been flushed down toilets or put down drains and manholes. Sewerage systems were never designed to deal with such matter which can affect the performance of treatment systems and end up in environmental waters.

Sewage solids A term which includes sewage litter but also, usually, visible faecal matter, vegetable and animal matter flushed to sewers from domestic and commercial premises or from surface drainage.

Sewerage Generally, a term to describe the network, or system, of pipes, and for larger systems, also tunnels, that collect waste water; their receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, combined sewer or emergency overflows, screening chambers and waste water treatment plants. Sewerage ends at the point of discharge of treated or untreated waste water to the environment. In technical UK usage ‘sewage’ and ‘sewerage’ are distinctly different, but is sometimes erroneously used interchangeably. In correct UK usage, sewage flows through sewerage.

Sewerage undertakers A generic term used to describe the organisations responsible for the collection and treatment of waste water, and for the construction and maintenance of associated sewerage infrastructure.

Suspended solids This is a term used to describe the matter, both organic and artificial, such as sewage litter, suspended in water. See Sewage solids also.

Tertiary treatment Treatment provided after preliminary, primary and secondary treatment. It is provided to address a variety of polluting agents so can take a variety of forms such as ultra-violet light irradiation (UV treatment), microfiltration or chemical dosing. The Directive uses the term more stringent treatment (then secondary treatment) to refer to tertiary treatment. The Directive does not set (environmental) quality standards for other directives’ waters identified as sensitive areas – the Directive only sets emission standards. See Annex I, Table, 2 for tertiary treatment emission standards required by the Directive.

Water Framework Directive

The Water Framework Directive (WFD), 2000/60/EC, was adopted on 23 October 2000. It is designed to improve and integrate the way water bodies are managed throughout Europe. Further information on the WFD is on Defra’s website at: www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/legislation/water-framework-directive.

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Water Quality Directives Section (a): Directives explicitly cited at Article 10 of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and considered to be fundamental measures under the Water Framework Directive are:

s Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (96/61/EC)2

s Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) s Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC)

Section (b): WFD Annex IX Directives – referenced via Article 10 of WFD:

s The Mercury Discharges Directive (82/176/EEC) s The Cadmium Discharges Directive (83/513/EEC) s The Mercury Directive (84/156/EEC) s The Hexachlorocyclohexane Discharges Directive (84/491/EEC) s The Dangerous Substance Discharges Directive (86/280/EEC)

Section (c): Directives with waters qualifying as sensitive areas:

s Bathing Water Directive s Freshwater Fish Directive2

s Shellfish Waters Directive2

1. Codified (consolidation of amendments) by Directive 2008/1/EC, which is replaced by Directive 2010/75/EU that takes effect on 7 January 2014.

2. To be repealed in 2013 with relevant standards adopted under WFD as appropriate.

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