warm-up what are the four macromolecules and their function?
TRANSCRIPT
Warm-up
•What are the four macromolecules and their function?
Mindstretcher
1. What is the name of the region at which reactants bind to an enzyme during a biochemical reaction?
a) Catalyst
b) Product
c) Substrate
d) Active site
Mindstretcher
2. How are enzymes able to speed up biochemical reactions?
a) They provide energy to the reactants.
b) They absorb energy from the products.
c) They lower the activation energy of the reaction.
d)They increase the number of available reactant particles.
3. The diagram below shows a single glucose molecule.
This molecule is also referred to as
a) A polysaccharide
b) A monosaccharide
c) A fatty acid
d)A nucleic acid
Mindstretcher
EnzymesEnzymes
Metabolism
•The totality of an organism’s chemical processes, involving thousands of precisely coordinated, complex, efficient and integrated chemical reactions in the cell.
Enzymes are “biological catalysts”:they make all the chemical reactions happen
in the cell!
Enzymes = “biological catalysts”
•Catalyst = chem agent that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed
•Protein
•Specific
•Reusable
Catalyst: something that speeds up a chemical reaction
Enzyme: proteins that speed up/help jump start reactions in an organism
Therefore enzymes are catalysts because they speed up biochemical reactions
• We need enzymes for every process that happens in our bodies!
e.g. Digesting food, replicating DNA
Enzymes Enzymes Substrate: the material that an enzyme
binds to and breaks down
Complex: enzyme and substrate together
Active site: Where the enzyme and substrate bind together
EnzymesEnzymesEnzymes often end in -ase
•Lactase breaks down lactose
•Amylase breaks down amylose
•Make up your own enzyme-substrate names. Write on your paper
Quick CheckQuick Check1. What’s a substrate?
2. What do enzymes usually end in?
3. Is catalase an enzyme or a substrate? How do you know?
4. What do you predict is the substrate for the enzyme sucrase?
Enzyme SpecificityEnzyme SpecificityEnzyme SpecificityEnzyme SpecificityEnzymes are specific:
• They only work with one substrate
• The enzyme and the substrate fit together like a lock and a key
Enzymes are reusable: meaning _________
therefore the enzyme is not changed during a reaction
The substrate is changed, it becomes the product(s)
Activation Energy•For reaction to occur,
reactants must absorb energy to break bonds
•Activation Energy is the amount of energy reactant molecules must absorb to start a chemical reaction.
Enzymes Lower Activation Energy•Stress bonds for
catabolism (breakdown)
•Orient molecules for anabolism (building)
•Provide microenv. that facilitates the reaction
Catalytic Cycle of Enzymes
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
•Enzymes are proteins
•Proteins are long chains of amino acids foldedinto a very specific shape
•The function of every protein depends on itsstructure or shape
•Change the shape of an enzyme and it won’t work
•What would change the shape of an enzyme?
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
•Temperature—increase temp, increase reaction rate, until heat denatures protein
•pH – most optimal from 6-8
•Ionic conc. – most enz cannot tolerate high salinity
•Many adaptations are exceptions to above
Denature: enzyme changes shape so that it no longer works properly
Destroying EnzymesDestroying EnzymesAn enzyme’s job is determined by its SHAPE
Enzymes are denatured by high temperatures and low pHs.
Optimum Temperature and pH
1. Find the highest point on the curve. 2. Drop down to the x-axis.
3. Record temperature or pH.
Factors Influencing Rate of Enzyme Action:
pH pH - the optimum (best) in most living things is close
to 7 (neutral)
•high or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity
•A few enzymes (such as gastric protease) work best at a pH of about 2.0
Temperature - strongly influences enzyme activity
•optimum temperature for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 C.
•reactions proceed slowly below optimal temperatures
•above 45 C most enzymes are denatured (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function)
Factors Influencing Rate of Enzyme Action: Temperature
Factors Influencing Rate of Enzyme Action: Concentrations of Enzyme and
Substrate
•When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off.
lactose + H2O glucose + galactose
lactase
substrate
enzyme
products
Enzymes (Notes)Enzymes (Notes)
\
Enzyme FoldableSUBSTRATES A &
B
ENZYME
ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
PRODUCT AB
ENZYME
1 2
3 4
TAB 1• ENZYME: proteins that act as catalyst to speed
up chemical reactions in living cells.
• SUBSTRATE: the substance and enzyme acts on
Tab 2Induced Fit:
ACTIVE SITE: a region of an enzyme molecule which the substrate binds to
•A change in the shapeshape of an enzyme’s active site
•Induced Induced by the substrate
Tab 3Factors that Affect Enzyme
Action:
•pH
•Temperature
•Amount of substrate
Tab 4•Reusable or NOT reusable? Reusable
•Specific or not specific? Specific
•Effect on chemical bonds that join atoms in molecules:
•Break bonds or
•Make bonds
•What macromolecule? Enzymes always protein
•Examples of biological catalysts: Protease, Lactase, Amylase
ReviewQuiz!
Question 1
What are proteins that speed up chemical reactions called?
A. Amino acidsB. Reactants C. EnzymesD. Substrates
Question 2 What is a substrate?
A. The compound that is before the arrow in a chemical reactionB. Another name for an enzymeC. The material that an enzyme binds to D. The term used to describe the structure formed after an enzyme binds with a complex
Question 3 How do enzymes affect the activation energy of
a chemical reaction?A. Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for a reaction to startB. Enzymes decrease the activation energy needed for a reaction to startC. Enzymes do not alter activation energy of chemical reactionsD. Enzymes initially decrease activation energy than increase it
Question 4
Which of the following statements best describes enzymes?
A. enzymes cannot be reused after a reactionB. Enzymes are organic catalystsC. Enzymes slow down chemical reactionsD. Enzymes can bind to any substrate
Question 5
An enzymes job is determined by its what?
A. sizeB. shapeC. colorD. Activation energy
Answers
Question 1
What are proteins that speed up chemical reactions called?
A. Amino acidsB. Reactants C. EnzymesD. Substrates
Question 2 What is a substrate?
A. The compound that is before the arrow in a chemical reactionB. Another name for an enzymeC. The material that an enzyme binds to D. The term used to describe the structure formed after an enzyme binds with a complex
Question 3 How do enzymes affect the activation energy of
a chemical reaction?A. Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for a reaction to startB. Enzymes decrease the activation energy needed for a reaction to startC. Enzymes do not alter activation energy of chemical reactionsD. Enzymes initially decrease activation energy than increase it
Question 4
Which of the following statements best describes enzymes?
A. enzymes cannot be reused after a reactionB. Enzymes are organic catalystsC. Enzymes slow down chemical reactionsD. Enzymes can bind to any substrate
Question 5
An enzymes job is determined by its what?
A. sizeB. shapeC. colorD. Activation energy