Warm UpWarm Up

Hand in writing. Top TrayHand in writing. Top TrayFigure out who your partner Figure out who your partner is going to be for next classis going to be for next class

Pick up security agreement Pick up security agreement off of the overhead . You off of the overhead . You need both pagesneed both pages

Chapter 15 pt. 2: Mood Chapter 15 pt. 2: Mood Disorders, Dissociation, Disorders, Dissociation,

Schizophrenia, and Personality Schizophrenia, and Personality DisordersDisorders

Mood Disorders Illustrate Mood Disorders Illustrate Emotional ExtremesEmotional Extremes

Mood DisordersMood Disorders are characterized are characterized by by emotional extremesemotional extremes and come and come in variety of forms:in variety of forms:–1. Major Depressive Disorder1. Major Depressive Disorder–2. Dysthymic Disorder2. Dysthymic Disorder–3. Seasonal Affective Disorder3. Seasonal Affective Disorder–4. Bipolar Disorder4. Bipolar Disorder

Depression Is PervasiveDepression Is Pervasive Nearly everyone will experience at least Nearly everyone will experience at least

some type of some type of mild depressionmild depression in their in their life often due to some external sad life often due to some external sad event.event.

Major Depressive Disorder:Major Depressive Disorder: differentiates itself from mild depression differentiates itself from mild depression since a person has depressed mood, since a person has depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, and feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest FOR NO EXTERNAL diminished interest FOR NO EXTERNAL REASON for REASON for 2 or more weeks. . 2 or more weeks. . – Dysthymic Disorder:Dysthymic Disorder: less severeless severe down down

swing in mood but lasts for swing in mood but lasts for 2 or more 2 or more yearsyears..

DepressionDepression Seasonal Affective Seasonal Affective

Disorder:Disorder: also known also known as “as “winter winter depressiondepression.” Nearly .” Nearly unknown in the unknown in the tropics, but tropics, but measurably prevalent measurably prevalent in higher latitudes in higher latitudes especially in polar especially in polar areas where daylight areas where daylight becomes rare in becomes rare in winter. winter.

Gender and DepressionGender and Depression

Percentageof population

aged 18-84experiencing

majordepression

at somepoint In life

20

15

10

5

0

USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand

Around the worldwomen are more

susceptible todepression

Gender and DepressionGender and Depression

12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+

Age in Years

10%

8

6

4

2

0

Percentagedepressed

Females

Males

Effects on DepressionEffects on Depression Neurotransmitter, Neurotransmitter,

serotoninserotonin is scarce is scarce during depression.during depression.

Cognitively, people Cognitively, people tend to have a tend to have a negative negative explanatory explanatory outlookoutlook which which helps feed helps feed depression and depression and lower mood. lower mood.

Brainchemistry

Cognition

Mood

Vicious Cycle of Vicious Cycle of DepressionDepression

Breaking Breaking any of the any of the links can links can often help often help eliminate eliminate depressiodepression. n.

1Stressful

experiences

4Cognitive and

behavioral changes

2Negative

explanatory style

3Depressed

mood

Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder:Bipolar Disorder:

mood disorder in which mood disorder in which person alternates person alternates between between hopelessness and hopelessness and lethargylethargy of depression of depression and the and the overexcited, overexcited, hyperactivehyperactive, , optimistic state of optimistic state of mania. mania.

Used to be known as Used to be known as Manic Depressive Manic Depressive Disorder.Disorder.

– 1%1%

VS.

Mood Disorders and SuicideMood Disorders and Suicide

15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+

Suicides per100,000 people

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Males Females

The higher suicide rateamong men greatly increases in late adulthood

Explaining Mood DisordersExplaining Mood Disorders1.1. Many Many behavioral and cognitivebehavioral and cognitive changes changes

accompany depression accompany depression Unmotivated, grades decreases, no sleepUnmotivated, grades decreases, no sleep…….…….

2.2. Depression is Depression is widespreadwidespread3.3. Women at greater riskWomen at greater risk

Women more Women more passivepassive Men more active Men more active

4.4. Depression usually goes away Depression usually goes away 5.5. Stressful eventsStressful events usually precede depression usually precede depression6.6. Depression is striking Depression is striking more and earliermore and earlier

Explaining Mood DisordersExplaining Mood Disorders

Genetic Genetic – Mood disorders are Mood disorders are geneticgenetic– Have not found a single Have not found a single

“depression” “depression” genegeneThe BrainThe Brain

– Decrease in Decrease in serotoninserotonin– Lack of activity in Lack of activity in frontal lobefrontal lobe

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

Symptoms Symptoms – Memory loss (amnesia) of certain time Memory loss (amnesia) of certain time

periods, events and people periods, events and people – Mental health problems, including Mental health problems, including

depression and anxiety depression and anxiety – A sense of being detached from yourself A sense of being detached from yourself

(depersonalization) (depersonalization) – A perception of the people and things around A perception of the people and things around

you as distorted and unreal (derealization) you as distorted and unreal (derealization) – A blurred sense of identity A blurred sense of identity

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders CausesCauses

– children subjected to chronic children subjected to chronic physical, sexual or emotional abuse physical, sexual or emotional abuse

– a home environment that is a home environment that is otherwise frightening or highly otherwise frightening or highly unpredictable.unpredictable.

– A child who learns to dissociate in A child who learns to dissociate in order to endure an extended period order to endure an extended period of his or her youth may use this of his or her youth may use this coping mechanism in response to coping mechanism in response to stressful situations throughout life. stressful situations throughout life.

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders In general In general Dissociative Dissociative

DisordersDisorders are disorders in are disorders in which a person’s conscious which a person’s conscious awareness becomes separated awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous (dissociated) from previous memories and feelings. memories and feelings.

Dissociative Identity Dissociative Identity Disorder: Disorder: used to be known as used to be known as multiple personality multiple personality disorderdisorder. Rare disorder where . Rare disorder where person exhibits person exhibits 2 or more2 or more distinct and alternating distinct and alternating personalities.personalities.

Dissociative Disorders Include Dissociative Disorders Include Amnesia (NOT IN BOOK)Amnesia (NOT IN BOOK)

Unlike other forms of memory loss dissociative Unlike other forms of memory loss dissociative memory loss is memory loss is NOT caused by brain NOT caused by brain trauma.trauma.

Anterograde Amnesia:Anterograde Amnesia: loss of memory loss of memory afterafter a traumatic event. a traumatic event. Cant learn new factsCant learn new facts that that occur after incident.occur after incident.

Retrograde Amnesia:Retrograde Amnesia: loss of memories from loss of memories from before a traumatic eventbefore a traumatic event. Cant remember . Cant remember anything prior to the incident. anything prior to the incident.

Dissociative (Psychogenic) Amnesia:Dissociative (Psychogenic) Amnesia: is the is the loss of a person’s identityloss of a person’s identity. According to . According to Freud, caused by intense anxiety. Serves as an Freud, caused by intense anxiety. Serves as an escape. escape.

Dissociation Disorders (NOT Dissociation Disorders (NOT IN BOOK)IN BOOK)

Dissociative (Psychogenic) Dissociative (Psychogenic) Fugue State:Fugue State: when person when person with amnesia with amnesia physically physically moves away from homemoves away from home and takes on a new identity and takes on a new identity somewhere else. somewhere else.

Usually temporary and Usually temporary and according to some according to some researchers is caused by researchers is caused by traumatic/stressful traumatic/stressful episode. episode.

Schizophrenia Is Not One Schizophrenia Is Not One DisorderDisorder

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia is a group is a group of disorders characterized of disorders characterized by by disorganized and disorganized and delusional thinkingdelusional thinking, , disturbed perceptions, and disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions. inappropriate emotions.

Schizophrenics often Schizophrenics often experience experience hallucinationshallucinations (false perceptions) and (false perceptions) and delusionsdelusions (false beliefs of (false beliefs of grandeur or persecution).grandeur or persecution).

Background Background

1 in 1001 in 100 ppl get it ppl get it Typically appears Typically appears

in in teens and teens and twentiestwenties– Men before 25Men before 25– Women 25-45Women 25-45

Men and women Men and women affected equallyaffected equally

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEXyqe85cuA&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?watch?v=4LScZZOkeIs&sav=4LScZZOkeIs&safety_mode=true&pfety_mode=true&persist_safety_modeersist_safety_mode=1&safe=active=1&safe=active

Positive symptomsPositive symptoms involve the involve the presence of inappropriate perceptions presence of inappropriate perceptions behavior. behavior. – Ex: Ex: Hallucinations, Delusions, Hallucinations, Delusions, “Word Salad,”“Word Salad,” Inappropriate Inappropriate laughter, etc. laughter, etc.

Negative symptomsNegative symptoms involves the involves the absence of appropriate behaviorabsence of appropriate behavior. . – Ex: toneless voices, expressionless, Ex: toneless voices, expressionless,

rigid, mute, etc. rigid, mute, etc.

Positive vs. Negative Positive vs. Negative SymptomsSymptoms

Explaining Schizophrenia: Explaining Schizophrenia: Brain ChemistryBrain Chemistry

Most psychologists believe Most psychologists believe disorganized thinking and disorganized thinking and hallucinations is caused by a hallucinations is caused by a breakdown in selective attentionbreakdown in selective attention..

Selective attention breakdown is most Selective attention breakdown is most likely caused by an overabundance of likely caused by an overabundance of the neurotransmitter the neurotransmitter dopaminedopamine..

Abnormal Abnormal brain chemistry brain chemistry

What Causes it? What Causes it?

Don’t really know…. Maybe….. Don’t really know…. Maybe….. Low birth weightLow birth weight Oxygen deprivationOxygen deprivation Viral infectionsViral infections while in the womb while in the womb Genetics definitely play a role Genetics definitely play a role Environment or parenting is Environment or parenting is notnot

thought to cause itthought to cause it Environmental events Environmental events may trigger may trigger

it it

Warning Signs……Warning Signs…… A A mother mother who whose schizophrenia who whose schizophrenia

was severe and long lastingwas severe and long lasting Birth complicationsBirth complications Separation from parentsSeparation from parents Short attention span and poor Short attention span and poor

muscle coordinationmuscle coordination Disruptive or withdrawnDisruptive or withdrawn behavior behavior Emotional unpredictabilityEmotional unpredictability Poor peer relationsPoor peer relations and solo play and solo play

Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia and GeneticsGenetics

Lifetime riskof developingschizophrenia

for relatives of a schizophrenic

40

30

20

10

0 Generalpopulation

Siblings Children Fraternaltwin

Childrenof two

schizophrenia victims

Identicaltwin

Personality disorders Personality disorders

SymtomsSymtoms– Frequent mood swings Frequent mood swings – Stormy relationships Stormy relationships – Social isolation Social isolation – Angry outbursts Angry outbursts – Suspicion and mistrust of others Suspicion and mistrust of others – Difficulty making friends Difficulty making friends – A need for instant gratification A need for instant gratification – Poor impulse control Poor impulse control – Alcohol or substance abuseAlcohol or substance abuse

Personality disorders Personality disorders

Causes Causes – The causes of personality disorders are The causes of personality disorders are

not fully known. not fully known. – Nurture- possible causes include trauma Nurture- possible causes include trauma

in early childhood such as abuse, in early childhood such as abuse, violence, inadequate parenting and violence, inadequate parenting and neglect.neglect.

– nature- Neurological and genetic nature- Neurological and genetic factors may also play a partfactors may also play a part

Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders refer to refer to

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that that impair social functioningimpair social functioning. .

Variety of Types:Variety of Types:– 1. Avoidant Personality:1. Avoidant Personality: avoids avoids

personal interaction because they personal interaction because they fear fear they are inadequatethey are inadequate or socially or socially inept. inept.

– 2. Paranoid Personality: 2. Paranoid Personality: constant constant distrust of othersdistrust of others; believe others are ; believe others are out to get you. out to get you.

Personality Disorder Types Personality Disorder Types ContinuedContinued

3.3. Borderline Personality:Borderline Personality: characterized characterized by by mood instability and poor self-mood instability and poor self-imageimage. Trouble maintaining relationships. . Trouble maintaining relationships.

4.4. Histrionic Personality:Histrionic Personality: must be must be center center of attentionof attention; constantly interrupts others. ; constantly interrupts others.

5.5. Narcissistic Personality:Narcissistic Personality: very self very self centered personality.centered personality. Will exaggerate Will exaggerate achievements. achievements.

Antisocial Personality Antisocial Personality Does NotDoes Not Mean Shyness/Not Good With Mean Shyness/Not Good With

PeoplePeople Anti-Social Anti-Social

Personality Disorder:Personality Disorder: characterized by a characterized by a lack lack of conscience for of conscience for wrong-doingwrong-doing toward toward anyone. anyone.

Often aggressive or Often aggressive or con con artists and fearlessartists and fearless. .

MurderersMurderers like Charles like Charles Manson. Manson.

Explaining Antisocial Explaining Antisocial PersonalityPersonality

PET scans illustrate reduced activation in PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s a murderer’s frontal cortexfrontal cortex

Normal Murderer

Influences on CriminalsInfluences on Criminals

Percentageof criminaloffenders

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Total crime Thievery Violence

Childhoodpoverty

Obstetricalcomplications

Both poverty and obstetrical complications

Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders

Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals

Ethnicity Gender

Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8%

Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8

Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3

Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6

Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8

Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5

Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6