Warm Up:

Clear your desks for Geography Quiz!

Peer Review • Work with a partner• Exchange homeworkLook for the following:• Thesis – does it preview the paragraph?• Comparisons – is a direct comparisons between the Assyrians and

Phoenicians made?Evidence – are there specific details/facts that support the comparisons being made?

• Analysis- is there explanation as to why each similarity or difference discussed exists?

• What did your partner do well?• What could be improved?

Essay Structure

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E.

Phoenicians – Semitic speaking people living on the coast of modern Syria and Lebanon in the first millennia B.C.E. Referred to themselves as Canaanites

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E.

A. Phoenician City-States1. Origins• Settled near modern Lebanon. • the Phoenicians established a number of small

city-states• The major Phoenician city-states were Byblos,

Berytus, Sidon, and Tyre.

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

2. Trade and technology• Deeply involved in trade- Raw materials (Cedar, Pine, Metals Incense,

Papyrus)- Food stuffs (Wine, Spices, Fish)- Luxury Goods (Textiles, Ivory, Glass)• Invented the first alphabetical writing system.- Did not include vowel sounds

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E.

B. Expansion in the Mediterranean1. Colonization • expansion into the Mediterranean • Colonies were established on: • Cyprus, the North African coast, the south

and southeast Spanish coast, Sardinia, Sicily, and Malta.

See map page 88

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E.

2. Effects of Colonization• Outlet for excess population• New source of trade goods• New trading partners• Expanded the Phoenician trading to include

entire Mediterranean

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E.

3. Colonization and Conflict• expansion in Mediterranean brought

Phoenicians into conflict with the Greeks• Conflict over control of Sicily • Savage wars for centuries• By 3rd century B.C.E. Phoenicians controlled

Sicily

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E.

C. Carthage’s Commercial Empire1. Carthage • Phoenician colony on the Coast of North

Africa in modern Tunisia • Became most powerful Phoenician city-state

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

2. Geography• Located on the Mediterranean Sea• Hilltop citadel• Surrounded by high walls• Double harbor- Inner harbor for warships- Outer harbor for commercial ships• Harbor could be closed by large chain during an

attack

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

3. Government• Two “judges” elected from upper class families- Carried out administrative and judicial functions• The Senate- Members of leading merchant families- Members sat for life- Formulated policy, directed affairs• Occasionally the Senate convened an Assembly of Citizens to

vote for important issues- Used when the Senate was divided, or to gain popular

enthusiasm

Warm Up:

• Why did the Phoenicians create colonies?• What were some of the effects of this

colonization?

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

4. Navy• Navy was the source of Carthaginian power• Dominated the W. Mediterranean • Navy made up of fast, maneuverable galleys- Ram to pierce hull of enemy ship- Marines fired weapons from deck- Up to 170 rowers

Galley

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

5. Foreign Policy• Reflected economic interests • Protect sea lanes, gain access to raw materials• Created a commercial monopoly in the

western Mediterranean

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

D. War and Religion1. Control• Ruled indirectly• Allowed other Phoenician city-states to

remain independent

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

2. Military• Citizens not required to serve in army• More valuable participating in trade• Had no enemies close to home• Relied on mercenaries under Carthaginian

command

V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean, 1200-500 B.C.E

3. Religion• Polytheistic• Baal-Hammon was the chief god (male storm

god)• May have practiced child sacrifice to please

gods

Review for Chapter 3 Test