Warm-Up 1/14/09

List your classes and what kind of a final you are having in that class.

Turn in warm-ups today.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Gram +, but does not hold dye well because of waxy outer coating

Bacillus/rod shaped

Clusters Antibiotics can kill it,

until it evolves

From PBS Evolution website Evolving Ideas, why does evolution matter

now?http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2

/e_s_6.html6 min

Escherichia coli

Gram negative

Clusters

Bacillum/Rod shaped

Can be killed by penecillin, unless resistant.

Clostridium perferigens

Gram positive Bacillus/rod shaped Single grouping

Can be killed by antibiotics

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

gram negative Coccus/ circular Clusters

Can be treated with antibiotics

Bacteria BasicsMulti-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

“Bacteria”

Prokaryoticrokaryotic cells Oldest living organisms Lack nuclei and other

organelles; have cell walls DNA is a circular fragment

called a plasmid

Prokaryotes = Two Kingdoms

Eubacteria- common bacteria living in and among humans; ex: E. coli

Archaebacteria- bacteria living in extreme conditions- volcanoes, ocean vents, mountain peaks, etc.;

Methanogens

(a type of Archaebacteria)

E. coli (a type of Eubacteria)

Why Two Kingdoms?

Eubacteria have peptidoglycan (a carbohydrate) in their cells walls; Archaebacteria don’t.

DNA of archaebacteria is more like DNA of eukaryotes; they may be the ancestors of eukaryotes.

Classifying Prokaryotes…

Prokaryotes are organized into groups based on:ShapeMovementChemical make-up of cell wallsHow they get energy

Basic Shapes of Bacteria

1) spherical – coccus (cocci)

2)rod-shaped – bacillus (bacilli)

3) spiral – spirillum (spirilli)

Arrangements of Bacteria Staphylo – clusters Strepto – filaments or strings Diplo – two Colonies – groups of like bacteria growing

together (starting from a single bacterium) Lawn- bacterial colonies growing across a

surface. Ex: plaque on teeth

Streptobacillus

Staphylococcus

Movement of Bacteria May move by flagella May not move at all!

Chemical Make-Up of Cell Wall Defined by Gram stain Gram positive (+) = purple

Two layered cell wallSusceptible to antibiotics (produced by

bacteria)

Common Gram + bacteria are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, B. subtilis

Gram negative (-) = pink 3 layered cell wall Unaffected by many antibiotics

Important in determining treatment of disease

Common Gram – bacteria are E. coli and those that cause cholera and salmonella

How Bacteria Get Energy

Heterotrophs (get food from outside source) Autotrophs (make their own food)

- photoautotrophs use light energy (cyanobacteria are first to recolonize after a natural disaster)

- chemoautotrophs use chemicals found in environment (archaebacteria in deep sea vents use hydrogen sulfide gas)

Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw Choose a bacterial disease to read about

(E. coli, Tuberculosis, Meningitis, Flesh Eating)

On notebook paper, answer the following questions:

What are the symptoms of the disease? How is the disease spread? How is the disease treated? What are the long-term effects of the disease? Any other interesting info. you find!

Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw In your group of four, take turns sharing

information about your disease In your group, read the ‘epidemic profiles’ In your group, write four short paragraphs

answering the following:Which epidemic should be addressed first?

second? third? fourth?Support your rankings with at least two pieces

of information from your readings

Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw

Staple and turn in the following:Your four paragraphs (all names, please)Answers to questions about each bacterial

disease (individual names, please)