War for Independence

pp. 148-162

1. William Franklin was a ________ during the Revolution.

2. The French decided to join the American cause after Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold’s victory at __________.

3. Following defeat in New York, Washington rallied his troops on Christmas Day 1776 to victory at _______, New Jersey.

4. Nathanael Greene, a fighting Quaker, led the colonists to victory at King’s Mountain and Cowpens, important victories in the ___________ colonies.

5. Joseph Brant led the _________ to fight against the colonists during the Revolution.

1. The French decided to ally with the American cause after the Battle of _________.

2. Joseph Brant led the _________ to fight against the colonists during the Revolution.

3. Joseph Brant led which group to fight against

4. The final battle of the Revolution was fought at the Battle of ________.

5. Where did John Paul Jones led the efforts to fight the British?

Loyalists vs. Patriots

Maybe 1/3 of colonists were loyalists

Loyalists were stronger in the South

Loyalists included members of King’s govt. in colonies, such as judges, governors, etc. AND many ordinary colonists.

Perhaps 1/3 to 1/2 of the colonists were patriots = calling for independence.

Patriots tended to come from those who wanted more economic independence.

*Many Americans tried to stay neutral, esp. Quakers.

African-Americans fought on both sides.

Native Americans tended to side with the British.

The Fall of New York and Valley Forge

July 1776, Washington, with a weak and disorganized force of 23,000, forced to retreat from NY after fleet of 500+ ships and over 32,000 British soldiers and Hessian and Prussian mercenaries lands on Long Island and is flanked repeatedly:

*Battle of Long Island

*Battle of Brooklyn

*Battle of Kips Bay

*Battle of Fort Lee

*Battle of Fort Washington

(Victories at Trenton and Princeton)

*Battle for Philadelphia

Retreat to Valley Forge–only 8,000 troops remain with Washington

*all terrible losses for Americans

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The contribution and sacrifice of the Maryland Line at the Battle of Long Island during the American

RevolutionOn August 27, 1776, some four hundred Maryland troops led a rear-guard action to check the British advance and protect the retreat of Washington's greatly outnumbered army. The Marylanders launched six counter attacks at the Cortelyou House. During the last attack, Cornwallis' troops were reinforced and the Marylanders were swept back to the Gowanus Canal. After the battle, 256 Marylanders were buried in a mass grave that is located a few blocks from the park. It is for this heroic action that Maryland became known as the Old Line State. “Good God, what brave fellows I must this day lose.”

–George Washington.http://www.sos.state.md.us/MMMC/vt3-md400.html

ONLY 9 men, including the leader of the MD forces, Mordecai Gist, survived.

Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters: Washington retreats to Valley Forge, NJ, with only a few thousand men and they suffer a terrible winter with few supplies. LOW POINT FOR THE AMERICANS. However, the troops that remain are committed and trained by von Steuben. While British officers enjoyed the social life of Philadelphia, General Washington, his officers, and his men suffered from inadequate food, supplies, firewood, and shelter in their winter encampment, a situation due, in part, to the corruption and greed of military suppliers and the incompetence of the quartermaster corps. (Stock Montage )

Washington and Lafayette at Winter Quarters

Trenton and PrincetonWashington begins to win:

Uses ruses and surprise attacks/Guerilla tactics

Trenton – captures 1000+ Hessians on Dec. 26,1776

Princeton – Defeat British forces near Princeton

THIS IS THE TURNING OF THE TIDE FOR THE PATRIOTS

NOTE: NJ campaign is to protect Philadelphia, site of the Continental Congress.

Howe makes strategic blunder of not destroying Washington’s forces after NY and dividing his forces to capture RI.

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Battle of Trenton, Christmas 1776

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Battle of Princeton by James PealeAt the Battle of Princeton in early 1777, American forces under George Washington cemented the victory they had won a few days earlier at Trenton. This view was painted in 1787 by James Peale, who fought in the battle. (Princeton University Library)

Battle of Princeton by James Peale

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

http://www.pbs.org/ktca/liberty/images/map.trenton.jpg

FALL OF 1777

After the fall of New York, British Gen. Burgoyne pushes south, planning to meet Gen Clinton at Albany, to cut the rebel colonies in half.

Burgoyne

Clinton

BATTLE OF SARATOGA

Benedict Arnold vs. BurgoyneKEY IDEA: Control the water, Control the landBRITISH OBJECTIVE: Divide the colonies by controlling Lake Champlain and the HudsonREBEL STRATEGY: Delay the British link-up, using winter as an ally.TURNING POINT: British defeat at SaratogaRESULT: Americans lost the battle for Canada, but helped win the war by delaying the British, brings France in on side of the Americans!!

HISTORICAL PARALLEL: Braddock’s defeat in the F&I war

NOTE: Arnold latter betrays the cause, jealous and petulant

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7th October 1777 17th October 1777

A Marriage of Convenience

Democratic America & Aristocratic France

(Ben Franklin plays matchmaker)

Alliance between France and Americans, 1778

TIPPING POINT: Balance of Power is against GB

Howe must retreat to NY and w/d from Philly.

France menaces British lines of supply.

Franco- American Alliance

France gives:

France gets:

Americans get:

Franco- American Alliance

France gives: gunpowder, munitions, (90% of American gunpowder in first 2+ years comes from France!!)

France gets: an ally in the New World and a weakened Britain, protection (?) for her sugar colonies in the West Indies, possibly New France back as well

Americans get: 1. A wider war: France, Spain, Holland enter the fight against Britain, fighting in North America, South America, Asia, Caribbean, and on the high seas.

2. most of its supplies, training, and naval support

Map: Campaign of 1777

Campaign of 1777The crucial campaign of 1777 was fought on two fronts: along the upper Hudson and Mohawk River valleys, and in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The rebels won in the north; the British triumphed--at least nominally--in the south. The capture of Philadelphia, however, did the redcoats little good, and they abandoned the city the following year.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Second Southern Campaign, 1778-1781

The Second Southern Campaign, 1778-1781This map of the second attempt by Britain to crush the rebellion in the South shows the many battles waged in the Lower South before Cornwallis's encampment at Yorktown and his surrender there. This decisive southern campaign involved all the military resources of the combatants, including British, loyalist, French, and American ground forces and British and French naval fleets.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The War in the South

The War in the South: British forces, led by Cornwallis, try to use Loyalist support in South to capture the South. Georgia falls in 1778-1779, South Carolina falls in 1780. Battles at King’s Mountain and Cowpens turn tide to Americans favor. Nathanael Greene commands Americans in a hit and run, guerrilla campaign.

Yarr!! Piracy and the

RevolutionWith no real navy, the Congress enlists the aid of privateers to raid British shipping.

+ provides gold and captured goods for the cause

- graft and corruption, i.e. Benedict Arnold

John Paul Jones commands a small fleet of enterprising ships. (French and Spanish navies do most of the fighting.)

War in the old Northwest

• Joseph Brant leads the Mohawks and others to help the British attack colonists on the frontier. Why?

• George Rogers Clark leads colonial forces to seize key forts, cutting British supplies and communications to the interior.

• Tribes allied with the British are forced to sign the Treaty of Ft. Stanwix, ceding lands to the new US.

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Map: The War in the West, 1776-1782

The War in the West, 1776-1782Carolina militiamen drove attacking Cherokees far back into the Appalachians in 1776. George Roger Clark's victory at Vincennes in 1779 gave the United States effective control of the Ohio valley. In retaliation for their raids on New York and Pennsylvania, John Sullivan inflicted widespread starvation on the Iroquois by burning their villages and winter food supplies in 1779. Peace negotiated with Treaty of St. Stanwix, Indians cede most of their lands.

Map: Cession of Tribal Lands, 1775-1790

Cession of Tribal Lands, 1775-1790The land claims of the United States meant little as long as Indian nations still controlled vast territories within the new country's formal boundaries. A series of treaties in the 1780s and 1790s opened some lands to white settlement.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Surrender of the British at Yorktown, October 19, 1781.French naval power combined with American military savvy to produce the decisive defeat of the British. French provide all of the naval power and half of the troops (Library of Congress)

Surrender of the British at Yorktown

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Battle of Yorktown, Oct. 17, 1781

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