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Page 1: want new - science.sciencemag.org · webinar. sciencemag. org Learn about the latest break-throughs, new technologies, and ground-breaking research in a variety of felds. Our expert
Page 2: want new - science.sciencemag.org · webinar. sciencemag. org Learn about the latest break-throughs, new technologies, and ground-breaking research in a variety of felds. Our expert
Page 3: want new - science.sciencemag.org · webinar. sciencemag. org Learn about the latest break-throughs, new technologies, and ground-breaking research in a variety of felds. Our expert

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Page 5: want new - science.sciencemag.org · webinar. sciencemag. org Learn about the latest break-throughs, new technologies, and ground-breaking research in a variety of felds. Our expert

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Jeremy L. Pinyon et al. (Gary D. Housley), “Close-Field Electroporation Gene Delivery Using the CochlearImplant Electrode Array Enhances the Bionic Ear”, Sci. Transl. Med. 6, 233ra54 (2014) Credit: T. Hung,

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LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES

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molecular biology

Produced by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office

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In May 1983, Kary Mullis, then a scientist at the Cetus

Corporation in Emeryville, California, synthesized some

oligonucleotides, mixed them with a small amount of

template DNA, and added a polymerase enzyme and

a few other reagents. After a series of incubations, the

polymerase had copied the template many times over in a chain

reaction, just as Mullis had hoped.

!"##$�������"�##������������ ��������$���$�����$��� �����

and Cetus was swallowed by a series of other companies, but

PCR persisted. Like the DNA templates it targets, PCR has been

��#$���������#$��������������$���#�� �� $���� #�$���

��$�������� ��#����#� ����� �#�����#���������� �����

vendors sell a wide selection of thermostable polymerases, and

undergraduates worldwide learn the technique in introductory

biology courses.

Now marking its 35th anniversary, PCR has become a ubiquitous

laboratory tool. Nonetheless, researchers, engineers, and physi-

�$����� ����$##���$����������� ��#�$��$��������� $� $���������-

pling of a few of these efforts shows just how far PCRís reach has

grown: from dairies to clinics, and from classrooms to outer space.

The launch sequenceThe primary hardware component of PCR is the thermal

cycler, a machine capable of heating and cooling sample tubes

rapidly, and maintaining them at precise temperatures for

����$����� $�����$������"����� ��������������#������

and competition have improved these machines immensely,

they are still relatively heavy, power-hungry, and expensive. As

�� ��"#���������������$��������$�"������� ���#��"#� �

biology has remained stubbornly inaccessible to educators and

unusable in many remote locations.

ìPCR is one of the most important [research] technologies, and

yet it is one of the most limiting when youíre outside of the lab

because of the size and costî of the equipment, says Zeke Alvarez-

Saavedra, geneticist and cofounder of MiniPCR in Cambridge,

Massachusetts. Frustrated by PCRís persistent immobility, Alvarez-

Saavedra teamed with molecular neurobiologist Sebastian Kraves

in 2013 to build a portable thermal cycler.

Most thermal cyclers control their temperatures using Peltier

junctions, thermoelectric devices that can switch rapidly between

����$�������#$������� �"����#�����#�$� ��"���$���� ��$�����$�����

and the components required to operate them keep PCR ma-

chines heavy and greedy for electricity.

Alvarez-Saavedra and Kraves took a different approach, heating

��������#����$�������$� �#�� ��$��$�������� ��$�$#� ��������$���

defrosters found in cars. For cooling, the team uses a simple fan.

A microcontroller drives the heating, cooling, and incubation

cycles. The simpler design made the machine much smaller and

#$���� ������ $�� ����� ��#����#� ������� "������� ���������

too. ìWhen you make something smaller, it has less parts and

the power supply is smaller ... so that helps reduce the cost,î says

Alvarez-Saavedra.

As they had hoped, the low-cost MiniPCR system immediately

appealed to schools. ìGoing through high school without be-

ing able to get close to biotechnology was kind of a pain point

for us [when we were] becoming scientists, so we wanted to do

away with those barriers,î says Kraves. The company has also

developed a small, simple agarose gel electrophoresis system as

a companion product. A complete kit with the MiniPCR thermal

cycler, gel system, and accessories sells for less than USD 1,000,

putting it well within the budgets of many school systems.

Upcoming features

PCR: Thirty-fve years and counting In the 35 years since its invention, polymerase chain reaction

(PCR) has become a standard technique in laboratory biology,

����������������������������������������������������

������������ ����������������By Alan Dove

Proteomics: Big Data Sharing—June 15 Genomics: Pharmacogenomics—September 28 Animal Models: Better Mouse Models—October 12

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LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES

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Produced by the Science/AAAS Custom Publishing Office

requires substantial computing power and additional equipment,

making qPCR even more complicated and expensive than

standard PCR.

At Biomeme, cofounders Marc DeJohn, Jesse van Westrienen,

and Max Perelman thought that an unrelated trend might help

bring qPCR out of the lab. ìWe thought, ëhey, everybodyís got a

smartphone in their pocket,í [and] we didnít really see anybody

using them for molecular diagnostics,î says van Westrienen. While

addressing the same engineering problems MiniPCR faced with

'()*(������*�������*'����*��)*(������*(��*�' ����('�)* *���'��*

optical sensors via a smartphone application that can both control

and monitor qPCR reactions, and shelf-stable reagent kits for

sample preparation.

��*����*�)��*�)�����*����*')*��������*(��*�)(*�' ����(*(�'��*

... and one of our focuses from day one has been to develop a

very simple product that doesnít require any expertise or special

lab equipment,î says van Westrienen. The result is a catalog of

kits designed for different applications, each with freeze-dried

reagents and primers premeasured in sample tubes.

Perelman says that by using one of the companyís kits, a

minimally trained experimenter can turn a crude sample into

a set of qPCR reactions ready for the thermal cycler in a few

minutes. The machine itself has a dock compatible with standard

smartphone connectors. Biomemeís web-based data portal can

store the resulting raw data, which researchers can analyze online

or download to their own computers.

At about USD 4,000, the current Biomeme device is

considerably more expensive than MiniPCRís system, but

Perelman argues that it offers additional utility: ìYou can

complete everything in under an hour... just left swipe or right

)�'��*'�*(��*���*���*�������*����*(*)��*(��*����'���('�*'�*

real time.î Perelman adds that the company is now working with

�� ��)�*���*���*�� ������(*�)��)*�)*����*�)*����*)�'��(')()*���*

food companies.

The quick and the deadWhile portable PCR is expanding the techniqueís reach

dramatically, researchers worldwide continue to push its

capabilities forward in countless incremental ways as well. The

problem of distinguishing live from dead bacteria provides a

good example.

���*')*����')'(���*)��)'('��*���*)���'��* �*��(��('��*�����'�*

acid sequences, but simply knowing that a particular DNA or

RNA sequence is present doesnít prove itís associated with a live

organism. Thatís a major problem in the food industry, where

both pasteurized and unpasteurized foods will test positive for

pathogenic bacteria by PCR, even though the bacteria are safely

dead in the former and dangerously alive in the latter. As a result,

food labs have long relied on relatively slow, cumbersome culture

�))��)* �*����'('��*(�)('��

DNA crosslinking reagents that can only penetrate dead

���(��'�*���'���*(��*��)(*��!�*�������*'�*(�')*���� *

Crosslinking prevents the dead bacteriaís DNA from amplifying

'�*(��*)��)�����(*���*����('� *"��*��)(*������('�* *(��)�*

reagents was hard to work with, requiring a darkroom and careful

cold storage. More recently, Takashi Soejima and colleagues at

Morinaga Milk Industry in Kanagawa, Japan, have developed

stable, light-tolerant compounds that similarly target dead

bacteria. The teamís most recent work involved

Though schools have become a major market for MiniPCR,

others have been quick to adopt the platform as well. Kraves says

����*)�'��(')()�*��'���*�������)�*���* �*�����'�)*����*���*��(*

(��*)�)(��*(*�)��* (��*���'��*'(*�������*���* �)(��*(*�*(��'�*

own PCR-based assays on the spot rather than send samples to a

remote lab.

The most surprising call, though, came from engineers

working on the International Space Station. ìWe never really

designed the technology to be space-friendly, so we were

surprised when the space agencies ... told us it was very well

��)'����* �*)����*#'��(�$*)��)*%����) *"��*&'�'���*)�)(��*

is now the core component of the ongoing Genes in Space

competition, where secondary school students propose PCR-

based experiments that are then carried out in microgravity

by astronauts on the space station.

Smartphone PCR&'�'���*��)*(��*��)(*������*(*��(*���*'�(*)�����*��(*

they are not the only one trying to make the technique cheaper

and more portable. Ahram Biosystems in Seoul, South Korea,

sells the Palm PCR miniaturized thermal cycler, which is similar

to the MiniPCR device. Meanwhile, Biomeme in Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania, is taking the portable PCR idea to a new level,

extending it to include real-time PCR.

In real-time or quantitative PCR (qPCR), experimenters use

#���)���(*������)*(*��'(�*(��*�����))* *���*����'���('�*

continuously. By measuring the rate at which new DNA copies

appear, researchers can calculate how many template molecules

must have been in the starting sample. They can also read

results directly from the PCR reaction tubes without having to

run agarose gels. All that monitoring and calculating, however,

Like the DNA templates it targets, PCR has

������� ���������� ����������������

into laboratories worldwide.

cont.>

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References;��� #��1� 2�ED��.��%�D�������Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 82��<=9>?<=@;��A>;<���A��� ���.��1D����et al���Science 230��;9:>?;9:@��;=B:���9��� 3��� � EE �ED���1�� G��� ���C��)������8��)� E ���Hematology 23�

� ;B;?;B<��A>;B���

Ahram Biosystemsahrambio.com

Biodesixwww.biodesix.com

Biomemebiomeme.com

Bio-Radwww.bio-rad.com

Featured participants

Alan Dove is a science writer and editor based in Massachusetts.

East Carolina Universitywww.ecu.edu

LaCAR MDx Technologies www.lacar-mdx.com

MiniPCRwww.minipcr.com

Morinaga Milk Industrywww.morinagamilk.co.jp/english

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new products: molecular biology

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SNP Genotyping System

Integrated DNA Technologiesí rhAmp SNP Genotyping System

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Electronically submit your new product description or product literature information! Go to www.sciencemag.org/about/new-products-section for more information.

Newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of interest to researchers in all disciplines in academic, industrial, and governmental organizations are featured in this

space. Emphasis is given to purpose, chief characteristics, and availability of products and materials. Endorsement by Science or AAAS of any products or materials mentioned is not

implied. Additional information may be obtained from the manufacturer or supplier.

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2018

SCIENTIFIC

CONFERENCESPresenting the most significant research on cancer etiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment

Learn more and register at

AACR.org/Calendar

Cancer Dormancy and Residual Disease

Conference Cochairs: Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso,

Ann F. Chambers, Cyrus M. Ghajar,

Christoph A. Klein, and Dorothy A. Sipkins

June 19-22, 2018 | Montreal, QC, Canada

Inaugural AACR International Meeting on

Advances in Malignant Lymphoma: Maximizing the

Basic-Translational Interface for Clinical Application

Scientific Committee Chair: Ari M. Melnick

June 22-26, 2018 | Boston, MA

Sixth JCA-AACR Special Joint Conference on

the Latest Advances in Lung Cancer Research:

FromBasic Science to Therapeutics

Organizing Committee: Hiroyuki Mano,

Seiji Yano, Hiroyoshi Nishikawa, Alice T. Shaw,

Roy S. Herbst, and Charles M. Rudin

July 10-12, 2018 | Kyoto, Japan

Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in

Science and Clinical Care

Conference Cochairs: Ronald M. Evans,

Manuel Hidalgo, Steven D. Leach,

Gloria M. Petersen, and Brian M. Wolpin

September 21-24, 2018 | Boston, MA

Second AACR International Conference on

Translational Cancer Medicine

Conference Cochairs: Carlos L. Arteaga,

Carlos Gil M. Ferreira, and Gabriel A. Rabinovich

September 27-29, 2018 | São Paulo, Brazil

Intestinal Stem Cells and Colon Cancer:

Biology to Therapy

Conference Cochairs: Anil K. Rustgi, Johanna Bendell,

Hans Clevers, Christina Curtis, and Owen Sansom

September 27-30, 2018 | Washington, DC

Metabolism and Cancer

Conference Cochairs: Ralph J. Deberardinis, Tak W. Mak,

Joshua D. Rabinowitz, and M. Celeste Simon

September 28-October 1, 2018 | New York, NY

Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International

Cancer Immunotherapy Conference:

Translating Science into Survival

September 30-October 3, 2018 | New York, NY

EACR-AACR-ISCR Conference: The Cutting

Edge of Contemporary Cancer Research

Conference Cochairs: Richard M. Marais,

Eli Pikarsky, and Robert A. Weinberg

October 9-11, 2018 | Jerusalem, Israel

30th Anniversary AACR Special Conference

Convergence: Systems Biology and

Physical Sciences in Oncology

Conference Cochairs: Phillip A. Sharp

and William C. Hahn

October 14-17, 2018 | Newport, RI

11th AACR Conference on The Science of Cancer

Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities

and the Medically Underserved

Conference Cochairs: Laura Fejerman,

Scarlett Lin Gomez, Augusto C. Ochoa,

Brian M. Rivers, and Ivis Sampayo

November 2-5, 2018 | New Orleans, LA

EORTC-NCI-AACR Molecular Targets

and Cancer Therapeutics Symposium

Scientific Committee Cochairs: Charles Swanton,

James L. Gulley, and Antoni Ribas

November 13-16, 2018 | Dublin, Ireland

AACR-KCA Joint Conference on

Precision Medicine in Solid Tumors

Program Committee Cochairs: Tae-You Kim

and Charles L. Sawyers

November 15-17, 2018 | Seoul, South Korea

Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy

Conference Cochairs: James P. Allison,

Lisa M. Coussens, Ira Mellman, and Drew M. Pardoll

November 27-30, 2018 | Miami Beach, FL