wang 2015h

11Drilling Data Acquisition

What CCSD-1 Well encountered were not only the deephole to be drilled but also the complex formations to be met,and then a wide variety of drilling technologies wereadopted during the difcult constructions. In order toimprove drilling efciency and reduce drilling accident,drilling process monitoring must be strengthened, so as toimprove the levels of on-site monitoring, decision-making atdrill site and drilling data processing. So a complete set ofdrilling data acquisition and processing system was indis-pensable for deep well drilling, which could assist to identifythe bottom-hole conditions, improve the level of drillingdecision-making, and reduce accidents and constructioncosts. At the same time, the drilling data acquisition systemwas also an important data source for drilling management.

As the drilling technologies for continental scienticdrilling are different from others and the bottom hole con-ditions reflected by the drilling parameters are not the same,the drilling monitoring strategy and contents must be studiedbased upon the special construction characteristics of thecontinental scientic drilling. Drilling data acquisition sys-tem includes two parts, the surface data acquisition systemand the down-hole data acquisition system. And the surfacedata collection consists of two systems, comprehensivegeological logging system of the comprehensive geologicallogging company and the drilling data gauges equipped onthe drill rig (with computer data acquisition system). In theactual construction, the comprehensive geological loggingsystem had a powerful function and high specializationdegree, collecting data comprehensively, therefore thecomprehensive logging system was used as the primary dataacquisition system, while the drilling data gauges for real-time monitoring in the drilling process.

11.1 General Situation

Since CCSD-1 Well is the rst continental scientic explo-ration well in China, comprehensive logging instrumentsspecically for continental scientic drilling were unavail-able in market. Although the comprehensive logginginstrument for oil drilling could basically satisfy the need ofcontinental scientic drilling, a certain improvements mustbe made in the software and hardware for data acquisition,and more improvements in the data processing software andapplication software to meet the needs of drilling dataacquisition and processing at surface for continental scien-tic drilling.

Petroleum exploration comprehensive logging instrumentis a large scale mechanical and electrical integrated apparatusfor oil and gas exploration services, which can collect real-time drilling parameters, drilling fluid gas logging (CO2,CH4, H2S, etc.) parameters, continuously monitor oil, gas anddown-hole drilling conditions, and make evaluations. Thereare several manufacturers producing different brands ofcomprehensive logging instruments for petroleum explora-tion in the country. SDL9000 comprehensive logginginstrument jointly developed by Petrochina Shanghai Petro-leum Instrument Co. Ltd, China Technical Service BeijingGeological Logging Technology Company and US Halli-burton Company, is a new generation of comprehensivelogging instrument with the international advanced level.DLS-CPSIC comprehensive logging instrument jointlydeveloped by the US International Logging Company andPetrochina Shanghai Petroleum Instrument Co. Ltd, with theinternational advanced level of the 21st century, can be usednot only on land drilling platform, but also on offshore xedand floating drilling platforms. Drillbyte comprehensive log-ging instrument produced by Shanghai Shenkai Science &Engineering Co. Ltd authorized by Beck Hughes InteqCompany is a large scale comprehensive logging instrumentwith the advancedDrillbyte Ver 2.3 system software and otherrelated systems introduced from Hughes Inteq Company.

Translated Li Haipeng.

D. Wang et al., The China Continental Scientific Drilling Project,Springer Geology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-46557-8_11 Science Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

333

SK-2000FC/C comprehensive logging instrument (Fig. 11.1)developed by Shanghai Shenkai Science & Engineering Co.Ltd under the bases of absorbing foreign advanced technologyand experience accumulated over years and depending on thescientic and technological superiority of the company andstrong industrial base in Shanghai, is a new generation ofimportant instrument for petroleum exploration, occupyinga leading role in domestic market in overall design andmanufacturing technology and reaching the internationaladvanced level. Various brands of comprehensive logginginstruments are similar in technical indexes and in func-tions, with the main differences in sensor performance,computer hardware structure and the software functions, etc.In recent years, China has introduced a large number ofcomprehensive logging instruments produced by foreignmanufacturers, which not only have the complete compre-hensive logging functions, but also have the remotetransmission function of real-time data and data les.However, some of them lack the corresponding hardwareequipment and software systems, and few though have a datale transmission system but can not used for real-time datatransmission. Most of domestic comprehensive logginginstruments do not have real-time data transmission function(Figs. 11.2 and 11.3).

Because of the high cost, the down-hole drilling param-eter detection instruments are generally used only in the deepor complex well drilling constructions with greater invest-ment. The down-hole drilling parameters detection mea-surements are divided into the measurement-while-drilling

and non-measurement-while-drilling, and the measurement-while-drilling is divided into the wired and the wirelessmeasurement. The wireless measurement (MWD) mainlyincludes the mud-pulse method, the electromagnetic methodand the acoustic wave method. The main foreign MWDservice companies and their products include: three MWDsystems, Slim1, MWD and LWD by Anadrill Sclumberger;three MWD systems, Acuu Trak 1, Acuu Trak 2 andDMWD by Eastman Chiristensen; the DLWD MWD systemby Exlog Company; two MWD systems, AGD and RGD byHalliburton; three MWD systems, slim-hole MWD, smalldisplacement MWB and large displacement MWB by SmithDatadrill; three MWD systems, MPT, RLL, DWD/DGWD/FEED by Sperry-Sun Company; the four hole sized MWDsystems by Teleco Company. The domestic MWD productsinclude: the PMWD LWD inclinometer by Beijing PulimenCompany, and the YST-48 LWD inclinometer by BeijingHailan Company, etc.

The down-hole data transmission technology using mudpulse (MWD) method is well developed, and many oildrilling companies in the country have the equipment andtechnology, which are mainly imported. The technology hascertain defects in underbalanced drilling, mainly because ofthe gas compressibility that makes the pressure wave signalsdistorted, resulting in great difculties to detect the correctsignals at surface. Since the 1990s, the electromagneticMWD technology in underbalanced drilling applications hasexperienced great development, and it becomes the mosteffective method for down-hole data real-time transmission

Fig. 11.1 The internal units ofSK-2000FC/C comprehensivelogging instrument developed byShanghai Shenkai company

334 11 Drilling Data Acquisition

in underbalanced drilling, which has quite a good develop-ment prospects (Fig. 11.4) because it is not restricted bydeviation angle, drilling fluid (mediums) and drilling meth-ods (rotary drilling or slide drilling).

Continental scientic drilling is a complicated systemengineering, and the key to reducing the drilling costs is todrill safely and fast with high quality to decrease drillingaccident rate, improve drilling efciency and shorten drillingcycle. So the engineering and technical personnel at drill sitemust make and carry out the design scientically for everyaspect, and implement real-time monitoring to prevent andtimely forecast the possible drilling accidents and

complicated situations. Drilling process monitoring is aneffective way to achieve highly efcient and safe drilling, butdrilling crews in our country are still relatively weak intechnical support for drilling process monitoring.

The real-time monitoring and accident diagnosis fordrilling process is to identify and control the drilling processbased upon the analysis of dynamic characteristics. Due tothe large random disturbance of the dynamic system, the lawof drilling process is difcultly described by using mathe-matical model. Though a single characteristic quantity canexpress the law of formation and development of a drillingaccident, it often cannot distinguish the drilling status.

Fig. 11.2 The comprehensive logging instrument of Datalog company and the data interface

Fig. 11.3 The comprehensive logging instrument of Geoservice company and the data interface

Fig. 11.4 The electromagnetic down-hole drilling parameter acquisition system from Geoservice Company

11.1 General Situation 335

Therefore, it is required to use a variety of pattern recogni-tion methods to make comprehensive judgments and iden-tications on many drilling parameters in the process ofdrilling. Many methods are available for pattern recognition.At present, the expert system (ES) and the articial neuralnetwork (ANN) of the articial intelligence (AI) for drillingreal-time monitoring and accident diagnosis are most pro-spective, which do not need accurate mathematical modelsand thus are suitable for drilling process with the charac-teristics that experience can be relied upon, information isinadequate and imprecise.

Because most of the drill sites are in elds with incon-venient trafc, it is not easy for relevant superior departmentleaders or technical personnel to understand the drillingprogress and conditions. Nowadays, with the continuousdevelopment of the computer network technology, thecomputer network and internet have been applied in all walksof life, and it is possible as well to realize remote real-timenetwork monitoring of drilling parameters and conditions atdifferent drill sites. At present, remote real-time monitoringsystem for drilling state at different drill sites in the country isstill unavailable, and only DATALOG company fromCanada is now conducting the research, but has not yet fullyrealized remote real-time monitoring based on internet.

11.2 Analysis of Data Acquisitionand Processing Requirements

11.2.1 Data Acquisition SystemRequirements

According to the needs of full range recording and monitor-ing in CCSD-1 Well drilling, the main requirements for thedrilling data acquisition system could be analyzed as follows:1. Basic data collection and drilling basic data entry

The basic data collection mainly includes sensor nominaldata and system-setting parameters, etc.; and the drillingbasic data mainly includes drilling tool structure data,borehole structure data and mud pump performance data.These data are necessary for the normal work of a compre-hensive logging system.2. Rapid acquisition of surface drilling parameters

The data collected by the comprehensive logging systemincludes drilling parameters, hook parameters, mud proper-ties and circulation parameters, and hole bottom fluidsdetection parameters, which basically contain all the data canbe collected at surface (except drilling tool vibration).3. Rapid acquisition of bottom hole drilling parameters

The bottom hole drilling parameters acquisition and real-time transmission technology are complex and difcult.Based upon the available technical conditions and the dril-ling needs it was determined the parameters collected

included vertex angle, tool face angle, temperature andpressure; and only the non real time data transmissionmethod could be used, namely, the method of playback afterlifting the drilling tool assembly.4. Output of real-time data

The output data, which include every parameter collected,are for technical personnel to monitor and analyze the dril-ling process. The forms of the data output mainly includedata display and printing, and data curves display andprinting, and the parameters of display and printing can bechosen according to needs.5. Drawing system of logging color map based on time

and well depthIn oil comprehensive logging, the function of color log-

ging map drawing is essential, while in continental scienticdrilling, the logging maps, which record all technicalparameters of the whole construction process in detail andbasically are the records of the whole construction process,should be designed according to the practical needs.6. Real-time data communication of the real-time batch

processing modeIn order to improve the decision-making and management

level, the research on the real-time data transmission waysfrom well site to base data center has been conducted in oildrilling industry, and now a lot of oil elds have relatively welldeveloped data transmission systems in wire and wirelessways. Real-time data transmission is an essential function ofmodern comprehensive logging system as well as therequirement of information management in drilling construc-tion. The method of real-time data transmission in CCSD-1Well can be selected based upon the conditions at drill site.7. Data-saving in the network database management

systemAfter being transmitted to the base, the real-time data are

generally saved in the network database as the basis forfuture analysis and decision making. To save the mass real-time data of the continental scientic drilling in the databasesystem can provide a good environment for the follow-updata processing and utilization.8. Historical data processing software system

During the drilling construction process, it is requiredsometimes to make some necessary searching, processingand analysis towards the previous historical data, so variousdata off-line processing software should be developedaccording to the requirements in drilling construction.

11.2.2 Data Processing SystemRequirements

The requirements of the data processing system mainlyinclude two aspects: record and monitor in the drillingprocess and follow-up treatment of the drilling data and


comprehensive utilization of the related knowledge. Themain requirements of CCSD-1 Well for the data processingsystem are as follows.1. Recording and monitoring the drilling process

To record and monitor the drilling process is a basicrequirement of the production and management in conti-nental scientic drilling, and is a fundamental function of thecomprehensive logging instruments and the requirement ofthe continental scientic drilling informationization as well.2. Abnormal data monitoring in drilling process

Abnormal data monitoring is to monitor whether drillingparameters are abnormal, such as pump pressure, torque anddrilling speed, etc. and plays the role of warning, which ismainly completed by single parameter monitoring and usu-ally realized by computer.3. Data monitoring for drilling state identication

To judge abnormalities in drilling process, basic profes-sional knowledge combined with a number of drillingparameters are usually required to analyze and evaluatedrilling condition, which provide the necessary basis for thesubsequent decision. Articial monitoring is given priorityduring abnormality monitoring, assisted by computer mon-itoring, and the job is mainly done by the technical personnelat drill site.4. Hole bottom fluids abnormal display monitoring

As one of the important tasks in drilling construction,monitor of hole bottom fluids in continental scientic dril-ling has important scientic signicance. Fluids abnormali-ties include hydrocarbon gases, non hydrocarbon gases andother fluids.5. Network monitor in drilling process to expand

monitoring range and improve monitoring level

As continental scientic drilling is a complicated projectcovering a wide range of advanced technologies, cyberna-tion of drilling production management and decision-makingand cybernation of drilling data processing are required as animportant technical measure to improve decision-makinglevel in drilling process and as well as an important index formodernization of continental scientic drilling.6. Providing software platform for subsequent software

developmentIn the professional computer software development, a

certain software platform is usually provided for subsequentdata development and utilization, and for continental scien-tic drilling which is rare and high-tech, data acquisition andprocessing system must provide a certain platform for sub-sequent software development to improve the system itself,and at the same time, with the development of science andtechnology, the subsequent software development can pro-vide larger and better drilling data processing, managementand decision-making platforms for future drilling work.

11.3 Drilling Data Acquisition System

The drilling data acquisition system for CCSD-1 Wellincludes two parts: surface data acquisition system anddown-hole data acquisition system, the former is mainly tomonitor the drilling process parameters through the surface-installed sensors, while the latter is to monitor the down-holedrilling parameters through the sensors installed in lowerpart of the drilling tools. The overall structure of the dataacquisition system is shown in Fig. 11.5.

Down-holesensor group

Data acquisitioncard

Acquisition computer

Workstation

Plat

form

sen

sor g

roup

Driller instrument display units

Data acquisition card

Drilling supervisor

Manual input computer

Platform driller

Down-hole datastorage

Data reading computer

Site headquarters computer

Fig. 11.5 The data acquisitionsystem structure diagram

11.2 Analysis of Data Acquisition and Processing Requirements 337

11.3.1 Surface Drilling Data AcquisitionSystem

SK-2000FC/C comprehensive logging instrument (Fig. 11.6)developed by Shanghai Shenkai Co. Ltd. was adopted as thesurface drilling data acquisition system for CCSD-1 Well, acertain improvement and supplement were made. Forexample: Strengthening the manual data acquisition in thedrilling supervisor ofce to collect some data which computercannot collect, such as the rotary speed of dual power rotarydrilling and the recorded data of drilling roundtrip; Rede-veloping the software to improve the data processing andpreservation function, such as to calculate the torque anddrilling rate of PDM and to save the real-time data into thenetwork database.1. SK-2000 FC/C comprehensive logging instrument

SK-2000 FC/C type comprehensive logging instrumentcan preserve and print all the data recorded in 5 s, which isthe important data source to identify the bottom-hole stateand diagnose accidents, with the main technical performanceas follows:(1) Power supplyPower input: Voltage 380/220 V (+10 %, 20 %), Fre-

quency 50 HzPower output: Voltage (220 + 11) V, Frequency

(50 1) Hz, Klirr 5 %Relay time in case of power failure: Full load work

10 min (applicable to the power grid supply or dieselgenerator power supply, and instruments with overload

circuit breaking, electric leakage safety protection andlacking-phase protection)(2) Natural gas total hydrocarbon detector and component

detectorMeasuring range of total hydrocarbon detector: Maxi-

mum detecting concentration*100 % (methane), Minimumdetecting concentration 50 ppm

Measuring range of hydrocarbon component detector:Maximum detecting concentration *100 % (methane),Minimum detecting concentration 30 ppm (C1C5 can beanalyzed in 3 min analysis cycle)

Measuring range of non hydrocarbon component detec-tor: CO2 0.2100 %, H2 0.012 %; Accuracy of measure-ment: 2.5 % (F.S)(3) SensorsMeasuring unit of pump stroke rate: Measuring range 30,

60, 120, 240, 480, 960, and 1920 BPM optional; Accuracy:1 % (F.S)

Measuring unit of rotary speed of rotary table: Measuringrange 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960, and 1920 RPM optional;Accuracy: 1 % (F.S)

Measuring unit of rotary table torque: Measuring range01.6 MPa (050 kN m); Accuracy: 2 % (F.S)

Measuring unit of standpipe pressure and casing pressure:Measuring range 040 MPa; Accuracy: 2 %

Measuring unit of hook weigh parameter: Measuringrange 06 MPa (04000 kN); Accuracy: 2 %

Measuring unit of drilling fluid temperature: Measuringrange 0100 C; Accuracy: 1 C

Fig. 11.6 The comprehensivelogging instrument used inCCSD-1 well


Measuring unit of drilling fluid density: Measuring range0.92.5 g/cm3; Accuracy: 1 %

Measuring unit of drilling fluid conductivity: Measuringrange 050 ms/cm; Accuracy: 2 % (F.S)

Measuring unit of drilling fluid outlet flow rate: Measuringrange 0100 % (relative flow rate); Accuracy: 5 % (F.S)

Measuring unit of drilling fluid pit volume: Measuringrange 02 m (or according to the requirements of customer);Accuracy: 1.5 % (F.S)

Measuring unit of drawworks sensor: Measuring range09999 (hook position); Accuracy: 10 mm/single rope(4) InstrumentsCarbonate analyzer;Mudstone density measuring instrument;Fluorescence analyzer;Recording instrument

(5) Computer systemThe full set of computer software system has the functions

of acquisition, display, alarming, printing and memory, etc.i. Data real-time acquisition procedureAs the main program for real-time acquisition while

drilling and the core program for the whole set of softwaresystem, the procedure has multiple functions of real-timeacquisition, calculation, multi screen display, alarming andChinese-English free switch-over, etc., which can provideeighteen function modules and display frames (such asdrilling animation, main drilling parameters, initialization ofthe system, sensor calibration, drilling tool management,chromatographic calibration, strip chart recording, etc.).ii. Real-time data processing procedureThe procedure is an auxiliary procedure for real-time data

acquisition program, which can generate entire-meter data

les from real-time data collected by the acquisition proce-dure, delay the entire-meter data le, establish the opendatabase and print the LWD real-time monitoring data tables.iii. Off-line data processing procedureAs a processing procedure for data les generated from

real-time data program, the procedure, which produces thedrilling tool reports, drill bit reports, gas logging diagrams,hydraulics reports, hole deviation reports and pressureforms, etc., can edit and print the morning geological report,morning engineering report, daily geological report andwater horsepower report, and input, modication, print ofthe geologic logging data and optimization of the drillingexpert system as well.iv. Monitor data remote transmission

In order to facilitate the geological supervisor and engi-neering supervisor to instruct the production at drill site,monitors 100 m away from the instrument house wererespectively arranged, and the monitoring pictures could beselected according to needs.2. Improvement on the surface data acquisition function

Data collected in drilling are generally based on time andwell depth, however, for continental scientic drilling, therecords based on core drilling roundtrips are also important.In the operations of statistical calculation, enquiry andstorage of the data for continental scientic drilling, datacalculation and processing based on the roundtrips areimportant as well, besides based on time and well depth,including footage drilled per roundtrip, penetration rate perroundtrip and core recovery per roundtrip, etc. According tothis characteristic, in order to facilitate record, enquiry andstatistics, the Excel format (as shown in Fig. 11.7) was usedin manual data entry of the core drilling roundtrip records.

Fig. 11.7 The manual data entryinterface

11.3 Drilling Data Acquisition System 339

In the design of the data entry interface, a drillingroundtrip was recorded as one electronic working table, atthe upper part of the interface was mainly recorded the basicdata of a roundtrip (current roundtrip number, bottom holeassembly and initial depth), at the lower part was mainly forstatistical data and important descriptions of this drillingroundtrip, and in the intermediate part was for the maindrilling parameters and abnormities (recorded every 10 min).Some parameters to which comprehensive logging instru-ments could not collect were manually calculated and input,such as the rotary speed of dual power rotary drilling,abnormal phenomena happened during tripping (pulling outand running in), and the distance to the hole bottom where

slacking-off was encountered and reaming-down wasneeded, etc. (Fig. 11.8).

In the redevelopment of the software system of thecomprehensive logging instrument, functions of parametercalculation, data processing and storage of the downholepower drilling tool were strengthened in the aspect of dataacquisition. The function of parameter calculation mainlyincluded the calculations of the rotary speed and torque ofPDM, and calculation of drilling rate, etc. The functionsof data processing and storage mainly included the displayof historical data and the playback of the curves, and thestorage of real-time data into the network drilling database,etc. The software structure is shown in Fig. 11.9.

Fig. 11.8 Manual data entry andthe recording mode

Syst

em m

odul

e

Rea

l-tim

e m

odul

eH

isto

ry m

odul

e

Real-time drilling

parameter curves

WOB, well depth and hookload parameter

curves

Pump stroke 1 parameter

curve

Pump pressure,pump capacityand mud return

parametercurves

Pump stroke2 parameter

curve

Drilling rate,rotary torque and

hook positionparameter

curves

H2 parametercurve

Parameter range settingsSystem

setting

Drilling parameter

data real-time display

Drilling parameter

data browsing

Data acquisition and storage

System alarm

History drilling

parameter curve

History drillingparameter

data browsing

History data exported to the

Access database

History WOB, well depth and hook load parameter

curves

History pump pressure, pump

capacity and mud return parameter

curves

History drilling rate, rotary torque and hook position

parameter curves

Graphics conversion

Graphics conversion

Colorsetting

Alarm value setting

Line width and type setting

Pump discharge coefficient and other setting

Fig. 11.9 Structure of theredeveloped software


The functions of the redeveloped drilling data softwareinclude the following:i. Function of data real-time display. After startup, thesoftware enters the interface as shown in Fig. 11.10. Onthe left of the main interface, commonly used drillingparameters are real-time displayed in the drilling datalist, and on the right drilling curves are real-time dis-played, rolling upwards with the lapse of time.

ii. Functions of drilling data auto-saving and management.The system automatically saves the daily drilling data,with a data le formatted as the CCSD le per day,which was encrypted and opened only by the system.

iii. Function of system setting. The system settings includeve parts: setting for drilling parameter curve coordi-nate range; setting for color; setting for line width andtype; setting for alarming value; setting for pump flowcoefcient and other settings;

iv. Full-screen function;

v. Function of graph saving. Graphs of drilling curves aresaved in BMP format les;

vi. Function of data export. The CCSD format data in thesystem can be exported into path les, to be easilyprocessed and utilized;

vii. Function of browsing historical data and curves. His-torical data and curves can be browsed (Fig. 11.11).

11.3.2 Down-Hole Drilling Data AcquisitionSystem

The information of bottom hole condition in continentalscientic drilling contains the data which reflect the workingstate of drilling, economic indexes of drilling technology,drilling parameters and the information about the bottomhole drilling tool assembly. Therefore, monitoring these datainformation is of important practical signicance.

Fig. 11.10 The real-time datadisplaying interface

Fig. 11.11 The playbackinterface of historical data curves


On the premise of satisfying the requirements of conti-nental scientic drilling, the design of the bottom holedrilling parameter data acquisition system should be of aneconomical, practical, convenient and high-precision tech-nical scheme, and at the same time the technical feasibilityand practicability should be fully considered. According tothe importance of drilling parameters and bottom hole dril-ling tool structure, the down hole data acquisition systemwas researched and developed, the parameters monitored bywhich contained vertex angle, tool face angle, temperatureand mud pressure, etc.; Detection instruments could beinstalled either on the overshot assembly of the wireline coredrilling tool or on conventional core drilling tool; The col-lected data were stored in the memory of the instruments,which could be connected with a computer when pulled outof the borehole, with the data read into the computer forprocessing. China University of Geosciences (Wuhan),entrusted by the CCSD Centre, developed DPMA-1 down-hole parameter detection playback acquisition system(Figs. 11.12 and 11.13) for detection-while-drilling of vertexangle, tool face angle, and pressure and temperature of downhole drilling fluid.

The main technical indexes:Vertex Angle: 045, with error 0.5Pressure: 050 MPa, with error 0.5 MPaTemperature: 0 to +150 C, with error 0.5 CFace Angle: 0360, with error

face angle during drilling in CCSD-1 Well. And the testresults were accurate with repeatability and the instrumentperformed stably and reliably, which came up to therequirements of design and got a successful result. Theplayback curves are shown in Fig. 11.14.

11.4 Drilling Data Processing System

The real-time data collected by the continental scienticdrilling data acquisition system contain omnibearing infor-mation in drilling process, which must be analyzed andprocessed to raise the monitoring level in drilling and deci-sion making level in construction. The monitoring in drillingprocess is carried on according to the difculty degrees.Firstly, the setting limited value of an important singleparameter should be monitored, which can play a warningrole when change takes place in drilling process, and drillingengineers should pay attention to the downhole changes;Secondly, when downhole conditions change, drilling tech-nicians must analyze and judge the changes of the parametersbased upon the previous experience and relevant theoreticalknowledge or with the aid of the computer software, evaluatethe downhole conditions, prevent and timely forecast thepossible complicated status and drilling accidents. So, the

strategy of monitor in drilling process is from easy to dif-cult, from single parameter monitoring to multiple parametersmonitoring, as shown in Fig. 11.15.

11.4.1 Single Parameter Monitoring

Single parameter monitor includes two parts, real-timemonitoring (including well-flushing and redressing) in dril-ling process and real-time monitoring in tripping process.Single parameter monitoring can be implemented by com-puter or manual work, which mainly monitor the abnormalconditions during drilling processes as an early warning.

The main contents of the monitoring in drilling processinclude display of pump working state (including the startingstate and the pump stroke number, etc.); display of drillingfluid performance (including mud density parameters, etc.);real-time calculation of hydraulic parameters (includingequivalent circulating density, etc.); display of pump pres-sure change (including nozzle block and nozzle piercement,judgment of drilling tool piercement, etc.); display of netvariation of total pool volume (judgment of well kick, lost-circulation, etc.); display of torque change (judgment of drillbit failure or drilling tool broken, etc.); display of bit weight(bit weight overrun and drill string not well braked); display

Fig. 11.14 Data playback curvescollected by the down-holedrilling parameter acquisitionsystem

Drilling data acquisition

system

Single drilling parameter monitoring

Multiple parameters monitoring

Construction experience

Theoretical knowledge

Setting limited value

Fig. 11.15 Monitoring in drilling process


of hanging weight (main basis for judging over pull or tightpull) and display of drilling speed (rock formation changes,bit wear, down-hole drilling tool broken, etc.).

The main contents of the monitoring in tripping processinclude monitor of tripping speed (pressure fluctuation);monitor of the rest time of drill string in open hole section;monitor of hook load change; monitor of net variation oftotal pool volume, etc.

11.4.2 Comprehensive Monitoring

Comprehensive monitoring denotes the monitor of drillingprocess dynamics, mainly the monitor of drilling process,based on the changes of two or more parameters. Thecomprehensive monitoring of a number of parameters canaccurately judge the down-hole states or accidents happened,etc. Comprehensive monitoring is mainly completed byengineering and technical personnel, who then make ananalysis and form a judgment on the parameter changesbased upon their theoretical knowledge and practicalexperiences.

The main contents of the comprehensive monitoringinclude: the changes of hook position and hook weight areused to monitor the free-fall or not-well-braked drill string;the changes of drilling rate and pump pressure are used tomonitor the working status of PDM and hydro-hammer and

condition of core blockage; the changes of drilling rate, bitweight, pump pressure and torque are used to monitor toolbroken and bit wear; the changes of total mud pool volumeand inlet and outlet flow are used to monitor well kick andlost circulation.

Computer network can be used to expand the limits ofdrilling process monitoring, so as to improve the monitoringlevel. According to the monitoring technological level, themonitor of drilling process in continental scientic drillingproject can be divided into two levels: one is on-site moni-toring, which makes preliminary data analysis and processingto provide necessary information for drilling supervisors andengineers for decision-making; the other one is the basemonitoring, which redevelops the data andmake deep analysisand processing with the aid of the related data processingsoftware, and supplies more detailed information for the rela-ted technical personnel and leaders. Both the on- site moni-toring and the base monitoring are multi-point monitoring,while the content and level of the latter are higher than those ofthe former. The structure of the drilling process monitoringsystem for CCSD-1 Well is illustrated in Fig. 11.16.

The on-site monitoring is more real-time, and is com-pleted by drillers, drilling engineers and drilling supervisors.The base monitoring is less real-time, and is completed bysenior technical personnel. During the drilling processmonitoring of CCSD-1 Well, the whole drilling processmonitoring system ran well.

Well platform sensors

and data acquisition

Monitor by engineer

Collecting instrument

Real-time datatransmission

Real-timecomputer

Manual entrycomputer

Comprehensive logging monitoring by collecting instrument

Data read-incomputer

Computer intechnical office

Chief engineeroffice

Drillers consoleMonitor by driller

at platform

Monitor bydrilling

supervisor

Down-hole data storageDown-holesensor group

Computer indispatching office

Local area network

Fig. 11.16 Structure of drilling process monitoring system


11.4.3 Case History

Figure 11.17 shows the logging curves of 157/311.1 mmnormal reaming drilling on May 9th, 2002, from which canbe found the pipe connection process and time.

Figure 11.18 illustrates the drilling parameter curves beforepulling out the broken lower reaming shell in core drilling onFebruary 10th, 2002, from the curves it can be found thattorque didnt change and penetration rate was very low whendrilling torque was reduced and bit weight increased.

Fig. 11.17 Drilling parametercurves of 157/311.1 mm reamingdrilling

Fig. 11.18 Drilling parametercurves before pulling out thebroken lower reaming shell

11.4 Drilling Data Processing System 345

Figure 11.19 indicates the logging curves when the drillpipe sticking accident occurred during the deviation cor-rection drilling on May 18th, 2003, in which the process ofaccident settlement was clearly recorded.

Figure 11.20 shows the logging curves of redressingprocess before core drilling when drilling tool was rundown to the hole bottom on September 24th, 2003, inwhich was recorded the change of the drilling parameters

Fig. 11.19 Logging curves ofthe settlement of the drill pipesticking accident occurred duringdeviation correction drilling

Fig. 11.20 Logging curves ofredressing process


when bit bouncing occurred during PDM hydro-hammercore drilling.

Figure 11.21 indicates the last logging curves when drillbit steel body fractured during core drilling on February 6th,

2003, from the curves it can be found that the penetrationrate was very low, and the torque and pump pressureincreased when bit weight was increased.

Fig. 11.21 Logging curveswhen drill bit steel body fracturedduring core drilling

11.4 Drilling Data Processing System 347

11 Drilling Data Acquisition11.1 General Situation11.2 Analysis of Data Acquisition and Processing Requirements11.2.1 Data Acquisition System Requirements11.2.2 Data Processing System Requirements

11.3 Drilling Data Acquisition System11.3.1 Surface Drilling Data Acquisition System11.3.2 Down-Hole Drilling Data Acquisition System

11.4 Drilling Data Processing System11.4.1 Single Parameter Monitoring11.4.2 Comprehensive Monitoring11.4.3 Case History

wang 2015h

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