wan routing 1

Teknologi WAN & RoutingMateri Kuliah # 1

Pengantar WAN (Teori)

Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id

Agenda

Konsep & Definisi WAN1

Pengantar Teknologi WAN2

Standard WAN3

WAN Connection Methods4

Teknologi & Perangkat WAN6

Overview – Data Link – OSI Model5

Emerging WAN Connection7


Pengantar Perkuliahan

Semua mahasiswa wajib hadir, Tugas(Kelompok & Individu) & Evaluasi (UTS & UAS)

Terlambat :

< 15 Menit – Ditoleransi - Bisa masuk kelas

tidak mengganggu Dosen sedang

menjelaskan!

> 15 Menit – Alasan khusus atau ALPA !

HP & Gadgets – Tidak AKTIF!

Jika tidak memahami materi yang dijelaskan dapat menginterupsi untukbertanya.


Proses Belajar Mengajar

Model belajar mahasiswa AKTIF.

Dosen adalah Fasilitator / Moderator

Metode dan Proses Pembelajaran :

Perkuliahan : Mahasiswa = 60 %

Dosen = 40%

“Mahasiswa diharapkan menyiapkan diri dengan membaca

/ berlatih dengan materi / modul yang akan menjadi topik

bahasan di setiap pertemuan.


Definisi WAN

Jaringan WAN merupakan kumpulan dari beberapa MAN , LAN dan/atau Workgroup yang dihubungkan dengan menggunakan alatkomunikasi modem dan jaringan Internet, dari/ke kantor pusat dan

kantor cabang, maupun antar kantor cabang.

http://indrasufian.web.id/wp-content/uploads/media/ganjil20112012jaringanterapan01bahan/image15_big.png

http://indrasufian.web.id/wp-content/uploads/media/ganjil20112012jaringanterapan01bahan/image15_big.png


Karakteristik WAN

Terhubung ke peralatan yang tersebar ke area geografik yang luas

Menggunakan jalur layanan umum, misalnya perusahaan telekomunikasi. PT. Telkom, PT. Indosat, PT. Excelcomindo, PT PLN, dll untuk membentuk jaringan di dalam area geografik tersebut.

Menggunakan koneksi serial untuk akses bandwidth di seluruh area geografik tersebut.


Keuntungan menggunakan WAN

• Server kantor pusat dapat berfungsi sebagai

bank data dari kantor cabang.

• Komunikasi antar kantor dapat menggunakan

E-Mail & Chat.

• Dokumen/File yang biasanya dikirimkan

melalui fax ataupun paket pos, dapat dikirim

melalui E-mail dan Transfer file dari/ke kantor

pusat dan kantor cabang dengan biaya yang

relatif murah dan dalam jangka waktu yang

sangat cepat.

• Dll


Layanan WAN

Beroperasi pada area geografik yang sangat luas

Mampu memberikan koneksi serial dengan biaya murah dan kecepatan rendah atau biaya mahal dan kecepatan tinggi misalnya lewat jalur ATM atau fiber optik

Mampu menyediakan koneksi full-time dan part-time


Peralatan WAN

Router, termasuk internetworking dan port-port interface WAN

Modem, termasuk interface voice-grade, channel service units/digital service units (CSU/DSU) yang melayani interface T1/E1, dan Terminal Adapter/Network Termination 1 (TA/NT 1) sebagai interface Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Server-server dial in dan user-user yang melakukan dial out untuk melakukan koneksi


Pengantar Teknologi WAN

Type of Networks:

Local & Wide Area (LAN, MAN, WAN ) :

• Spans miles of distance

• Two or more separate locations

• Down the road or across the world such as Microsoft, Federal Express

InterNetworks & IntraNetworks :

• A network of networks

• A networked collection of LANs

• More than one floor in a business(intranetwork)

• Multiple buildings such as Campus environment


Internet

A WAN internetwork

Millions of machines worldwide

The World Wide Web (WWW)

Konsep dan Prinsip dari WAN yang membuat Internet itu ada !

1


WAN Standardization

Organizations that create standards

1. International Organization for Standards

(ISO)

2. American National Standards Institute

(ANSI)

3. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

4. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

5. International Telecommunications Union-

telecommunication (ITU-T)


Standar & Protocol Layer Fisik WAN

EIA/TIA-232 & EIA/TIA-449

V.24

V.35

X.21

G.703

EIA-530

ISDN

T1, T3, E1 dan E3

xDSL

SONET (OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, OC-192)


Standar & Protokol Layer Data Link WAN

High-level data link control (HDLC)

Frame Relay

Poin-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)

X.25

ATM

LAPB

LAPD

LAPF


WAN Connection Methods

Four connection methods

1. Dedicated point-to-point (Leased line)

2. Point-to-multipoint (Time division multiplexing )

3. Circuit-switched

4. Packet-switched

Standards organizations define several types of Data Link protocols used on WAN connections


Overview – Data Link – OSI Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Host B

Network

Network

Physical

Router

Network

Data Link

Physical

Router

Bit

Frame

Packet

TPDU

SPDU

PPDU

APDU

Nama unit yang

dipertukarkan

Internet subnet protocol

Communication subnet boundary

Application protocol

Presentation protocol

Session protocol

Transport protocol

Network layer host-router protocol

Data Link layer host-router protocol

Physical layer host-router protocol

Interface

Interface

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Layer

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Host A

Application Application Lapisan Atas

Presentation

Session

Transport Data Transport Lapisan Bawah

Network

Data Link

Physical

• Protokol WAN beroperasi pada ketigalapisan terbawah dari model OSI dan mendefinisikan komunikasi di atas macam-macam WAN

• Protokol LAN beroperasi pada lapisan fisik dan data link dari model OSI dan mendefinisikankomunikasi di atas macam-macam media LAN.


Fungsi Lapisan Bawah

1. Network LayerBerfungsi untuk mengantarkan paket ketujuan (Routing). Mengontrol

paket yang akan dikirim ke data link layer dengan cara mencari route yang

paling murah dan cepat. Fungsinya untuk mendefinisikan alamat-alamat

IP, membuat header untuk paket-paket, dan kemudian melakukan routing

melalui internetworking dengan menggunakan router dan switch layer-3.

Protocol dalam layer ini adalah: IP

2. Data-Link layer

Pada layer ini data diterima dari network layer berupa Paket yang

kemudian diencapsulasi menjadi Frame. Fungsinya untuk

menentukan bagaimana bit-bit data dikelompokkan menjadi format

yang disebut sebagai frame. Kemudian mengirimkan frame

menurut topologi yang di gunakan. Protokol dalam layer ini: Frame

relay, ATM.


Application protocol

Presentation protocol

Session protocol

Transport

protocol

Network

protocol

Application

Layer

Presentation

Layer

Session

Layer

Transport

Layer

Network

Layer

Data Link

Layer

Physical

Layer

Application

Layer

Presentation

Layer

Session

Layer

Transport

Layer

Network

Layer

Data Link

Layer

Physical

LayerBits

DH Data DT

TH Data

DataNH

DataPH

SH Data

DataAH

Data

Proses

Penerimaan

Proses

Pengiriman

Path transmisi data sebenarnya

Fungsi Lapisan Bawah

3. Physical LayerPada layer ini data diterima dari data link layer berupa Frame yang

dan diubah menjadi Bitstream yang akan dikirim ketujuan berupa

sinyal melalui media komunikasi. Pada penerima, layer ini akan

mengubah sinyal dari pengirim menjadi Bit dan sebelum dikirim ke

data link layer Bit diubah menjadi Byte. Protocol dalam layer ini

adalah: RJ45


WAN Data Link Protocols

Three categories of Data Link protocols used for WAN

Interface to IBM enterprise data centers1. Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)

WAN connections using peer devices2. High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)

3. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Switched or relay services4. X.25/Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB)

5. Frame Relay

6. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)/Link Access Procedure D-channel (LAPD)

7. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)


WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)

1. SDLC

IBM hosts system communication over WAN

links

Point-to-point

Point-to-multipoint

Connections between

• Remote devices

• Central mainframe

Synchronous communication



2. HDLC

Default protocol on WAN links

Also known as Advanced Data Communications

Control Procedure (ADCCP)

Superset of the SDLC protocol

Point-to-point

Point-to-multipoint

Supports full-duplex and half-duplex

Synchronous and asynchronous

Default HDLC does not support multiple protocols

Cisco HDLC allows for multiple protocols



3. PPP

SLIP

Further extends default HDLC by providing a protocol field

Dial-up

Leased lines

Network Control Protocols (NPCs)

Can transfer IP, IPX, AppleTalk and other network layer protocols

PPP provides the following connections

• Router-to-router

• Host-to-router

• Host-to-host

Physical interfaces for PPP

• Asynchronous serial

• ISDN/synchronous serial

• High-speed Serial Interface (HSSI)



4. X.25/LAPD

Packet-switching

Widely implemented for international

communications

Connections over virtual circuits

Create to function over existing unreliable

analog telecommunication lines

Errors correction and flow control

Older than OSI, does not directly translate



5. Frame Relay A Data Link protocol

A service

Improved upon X.25 standard

Operates between 56 Kbps and 45 Mbps

Higher layer protocols provide error checking and flow control

Packet-switching

Shared bandwidth with other frame relay subscribers

Defines the connection between

• Customer premise equipment (CPE)

• Service provider’s local access switching equipment

Operates on almost any Physical layer interface

Two types of virtual circuits

• Switched virtual circuits (SVC)

• Permanent virtual circuits (PVC)

Uses statistical multiplexing to allocate bandwidth



5. Frame Relay (continued)

Congestion control

• Forward explicit congestion notification (FECN)

• Backward explicit congestion notification (BECN)

Configuration considerations

• Local access rate

• Committed information rate (CIR)

• Committed burst size (CBS)

• Excess burst size (EBS)

Configuration considerations (continued)

• Data link connection identifier (DLCI)

• Local Management interface (LMI)

• Discard eligible (DE)



6. ISDN/LAPD

Circuit-switched technology

Dedicated circuit for the length of the transmission

Two types of ISDN

• Basic rate interface (BRI)

• Primary rate interface (PRI)

Bandwidth (BRI 128 kbps, PRI 1.544 mbps)

B-channels (bearer channels)

• 64-kbps

D-channel (delta or data channel)

• BRI 16 kbps

• PRI 64 kbps

BRI (Two B channels & One D channel )

PRI (23 B channels & One D channel )



6. ATM

Used within and between LAN connections

Based on Frame Relay technology

Cell-switched technology

Circuit-oriented in the sense that ATM cells follow the

same path for the duration of the connection

Cell are fixed length of 53 bytes

Provides high-speed data transmission

No error correction like X.25

Bandwidth up to 10 gbps


Teknologi & Perangkat WAN

WAN Physical Layer

• Demarcation • Point of presence (POP)• Local loop or last mile• Central office switch (CO)• Toll network


WAN Connections

Provide connections between two LANs

Connections between

Channels service unit/ data service unit CSU/DSU

Router

Routers now include internal CSU/DSU

Data terminal equipment (DTE)

Data-circuit terminating equipment (DCE)

Demarcation or demarc

Point of presence (POP)

Local loop or last mile

Central office switch (CO)

Toll network


WAN Physical Standards

Physical WAN serial interface standards

EIA/TIA-232

EIA/TIA-449

EIA-530

High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)

V.24

V.35

X.25

X.21

G.703


WAN Topologies

WAN topologies

Peer

Star

Partial mesh

Mesh

Peer :

• Daisy-chained

• Simplest WAN topology

• Least expensive

• Easy to configure

• No redundancy


WAN Topologies (continued)

Star topology

Most implemented design

Also know as the “hub-and-spoke” topology

Simple hierarchical design

One central router acting as the hub

Several edge routers connect to hub

Full mesh Most expensive topology

Most fault-tolerant design

Each router has a connection to every other router

Partial mesh Compromise between star and full mesh

Connection are made according to need and traffic flow

LAN biasanya berbentuk topologi simetris, sebaliknya WAN umumnyabertopologi tak menentu.


Emerging WAN Connection Methods

Broadband access

Two new WAN connection methods

Digital subscriber lines (DSL)

Cable access with cable modem

DSL

Two types of DSL

• Asynchronous DSL

• Symmetric DSL

• Modulates voice and data over

existing copper phone lines

• Download speeds vary

• 256 kbps to faster than T1 (1.544 mbps)

• Upload speeds are typically slower than download speeds

• Speed and cost are attractive

• Distance limitations to CO

Cable access and cable modems

• Uses existing cable TV infrastructure

• Shared bandwidth• Distance limitation not an issue

like DSL• Need VPN!


Highlights WAN

WANs connect LANs in geographically separate areas WAN connections typically function at the Physical and Data Link

layers of the OSI reference model, and are made over serial connections

WAN connections operate at a lower speed than LAN connections, and can be made as point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and switched WAN connections

You can use several different data link protocols for WAN connections

The different types of WAN connections are: (1) interfaces to IBM mainframes provided by SDLC; (2) WAN connections using peer devices with HDLC and PPP; and (3) switched or relayed services including X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, and ISDN

X.25 is the oldest of the switched or relayed services and provides the least efficient service because of its excessive error checking

Frame Relay is an enhancement over X.25 because it is faster and does not provide redundant error checking.

ATM is similar to Frame Relay, except that it uses fixed-length cells instead of variable-length packets

In addition, the ATM protocol can be used on LANs as well as WANs


Highlights WAN (continued)

ISDN is a leased digital line that can support X.25 and Frame Relay connections, among others

ISDN comes in PRI and BRI levels

BRI only provides 128-Kbps throughput over two B-channels, and 16 Kbps over one D-channel that is used for controlling the connection

PRI provides 23 B-channels of 64 Kbps each and one 64-Kbps D-channel for controlling the connection

This allows PRI to offer 1.544-Mbps throughput

The Physical layer WAN connections concern the interface between the DTE and DCE

The DTE is the endpoint of the user’s network, which connects to the WAN interface

This is typically a router, computer, or terminal of some type The WAN service provider usually provides the DCE, which is often

a CSU/DSU, modem, or terminal adapter


Highlights WAN (continued)

The DCE is then connected to a demarc, which is a communications facility owned by the WAN service provider

The local loop is the connection (usually copper cable) that links the demarcation to the WAN service provider’s CO switch, which is actually part of the toll network or PSTN

The physical WAN topologies are

Peer, which is simply customer facilities connected in

a daisy-chained fashion

Star, which involves connecting remote customer

facilities to a central facility

Full mesh, which connects every location to every

other location

Partial mesh, which provides redundancy only where

necessary


Referensi

Cisco Networking Academy - CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking – WAN Concepts

www.themegallery.com


Materi Praktek II

Googling cara mengkonfigurasi jenis-jenis Router dan Port yang tersedia di Packet Tracer, contoh bisa dilihat di http://ilmukomputer.org/2013/02/01/cisco-packet-tracer-konfigurasi-router-menggunakan-cli/

Googling Bagaimana menggunakanPacket Tracer di jaringan LAN (Keyword MultiUser )

Hotspot : Polimdo

Pass : Poli1

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