w101 - the impact of reliable measurements on the
TRANSCRIPT
© NMISA 2012
The impact of reliable
measurements on the protection
of the environment on a global
scale
Wynand LouwDirector of Technical Infrastructure DevelopmentObo of the CEO of NMISA
© NMISA 2012
Outline of Talk
� Accurate and Reliable Measurement
� Measurement in the Environment: Greenhouse Gases, Ozone, VOCs
� The NMISA and Environmental Analysis
© NMISA 2012
Why Accurate Measurement?
A. Economic reasons
Economic externalities e.g. regulations that protect the
citizen
Assessment of the added value provided by an innovation
Specification of products and services for trade
Quality control or improvement in the efficiency of manufacturing
processes
Mea
sure
men
t Im
pact
s th
e E
cono
my
in fo
ur
way
s
© NMISA 2012
Why Accurate Measurement?
B. Food Safety and Health
Safety from Farm to Fork
Scandals
-dioxin in milk-glycol in wine-BSE in beef
Treaties and
Directives
Environment
© NMISA 2012
Environmental Measurements
Soil and water
Air Quality
Pollutants
Atmospheric Parameters
© NMISA 2012
Why Accurate Measurement?
• Treatment of seeds and plants• Animal feed (natural and
industrial)• Treatment of animals (treatment
for sickness, hormones)• Industrial food processing• Storage, transport, sales,
delivery conditions• Nutritional values
© NMISA 2012
Why Accurate Measurement?
C. Law enforcement and Health
• Forensics• Speed trapping• Blood alcohol levels• Diagnostics and Dosimetry• Trade/Legal metrology
© NMISA 2012
What is Accurate Measurement?
Accuracy and Precision
• the accuracy of a measurement system is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantity's actual (true) value
• The precision of a measurement system, also called reproducibility or repeatability is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results
• A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both
© NMISA 2012
What is Accurate, Reliable Measurement?
© NMISA 2012
What is Traceability?
A measurement system is designated valid if it is both accurate and precise
How is it achieved?
Through measurement standards compared to a common artefact or physical constant of nature
through primary realisation of a unit
© NMISA 2012
The Constants and Measurement Units
A. Some known natural, constant, material phenomenon is produced under well controlled experimental conditions and a well-accepted value (and uncertainty) is assigned to a well known property of that phenomenon
B. This is then used as an “etalon” for the appropriate quantity, to create and calibrate a measurement scale
© NMISA 2012
Consumer assurance
Scale, balance or standard weights are calibrated by accredited cal
labs in SA against calibrated mass pieces
Mass Measurement in Shop SA
Mass Measurement in Shop X
NMISAMass pieces from accreditedcal lab is calibrated against
the national kilogram SA
NMIXMass pieces from accreditedcal lab is calibrated against
the national kilogram X
The copies of the prototype, the “National kilograms” are compared to the protoype Kg
at the BIPM
Scale, balance or standard weights are calibrated by accredited cal
labs in X against calibrated mass pieces
Measurement equivalence achieved
Legal Metrology (NRCS) ensures
compliance through inspection
SANAS ensures competency
through accreditation
NMISA ensures traceability through the
NMS
The Last Artefact unit
© NMISA 2012
The Temperature Scale
The unit of the fundamental physical quantity known as thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, is the kelvin, symbol K, defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water
The ITS-90 extends upwards from 0.65 K to the highest temperature practicably measurable in terms of the Planck radiation law using monochromatic radiation.
T90/K t90/°C Substance
3 to 5 -270.15 to -268.15 He
83.8058 -189.3442 Ar
302.9146 29.7646 Ga
933.473 660.323 Al
1357.77 1084.62 Cu
© NMISA 2012
Metre Convention
1875
International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)
Consists of 18 individuals elected by the CGPM
It is charged with supervision of the BIPM and affairs of the Metre Convention
The CIPM meets annually at the BIPM
General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM)
meets every four years and consists of delegates from Member States
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
(BIPM)
International Centre for metrology
Laboratories and offices at Sévres (Paris)
Diplomatic treaty
International organisations
National metrology institutes (NMIs)
Governments of Member
States
Consultative Committees (CCs)
Ten CCs normally chaired by a member of CIPM; to advise the CIPM, act on
technical matters and take important role in CIPM MRA; representatives of
NMIs and other experts
Associate States and
Economies of the CGPM
CIPM
MRA
© NMISA 2012
The RMO Comparison structure
© NMISA 2012
Standards and Scales for the Monitoring of Global Greenhouse Gases and other Trace Species
In consultation with Head of Chemistry BIPM:
R.I. Wielgosz
16Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
© NMISA 2012
Outline
� Greenhouse Gases and World Metreological Organisatio n(WMO)- Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) variables
� Definitions
� WMO Scales and traceability chain
� CO2� CH4� N2O� O3� VOCs� Other species
© NMISA 2012
WMO-BIPM Collaboration (1)
� 1999, Resolution 4 of the 21st CGPM on use of SI units in studies of Earth resources, the environment (initial driver from BIPM's Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry)
� 2000, BIPM Laboratories start gas metrology programme in collaboration with NIST for international equivalence of standards for Tropospheric Ozone
� 2001, BIPM's GAWG experts attend the 2001 WMO-GAW meeting
� 2002, Working agreement agreed between BIPM and WMO (following meeting of WMO Executive Council)
© NMISA 2012
WMO-BIPM Collaboration (2)
� 2003, WMO-GAW participate in CCQM-P41 on greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and methane) (NOAA (US) and CSIRO (Australia))
� 2003-2005 WMO-GAW's World Calibration Centre for Surface Ozone (EMPA, CH) participate in comparison on surface ozone (CCQM-P28)
� 2005 BIPM's CCQM Gas Analysis Working Group Experts participate in WMO-GAW 2005 meeting
� 2006 WMO-GAW-VOC expert group requests NMIs active in CCQM GAWG group to develop gas standards and act as a Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL) for WMO-GAW (including VOCs and formaldehyde)
© NMISA 2012
WMO-BIPM Collaboration (3)
� 2008, Expert National Metrology laboratories in BIPM's CCQM Gas Analysis group complete international comparison on VOCs, the technical basis for the establishment of a CCL for VOCs in WMO-GAW
� 2007-2009, Request from WMO-GAW's Surface Ozone and Surface Radiation Central Calibration laboratories for WMO to sign the CIPM-MRA so that they can participate in BIPM's series of Key Comparisons
� 2009, BIPM laboratory experts to participate in WMO-GAW workshop on Ozone and WMO-GAW 2009
� 2010, WMO-BIPM workshop on “Measurements Challenges for Global Observation Systems for Climate Change Monitoring’’
© NMISA 2012
Definitions (WMO) [1]
Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL)
Within the WMO/GAW network, laboratory responsible for maintaining thestandard scale for the species under consideration.
Conventional reference scale (reference-value scale , standard scale)
for particular quantities of a given kind, an ordered set of values,continuous or discrete, defined by convention as a reference for arrangingquantities of that kind in order of magnitude
NOTES1) The scale is based upon a number of primary standards and a measurement procedure to
interpolate other values.2) Within WMO/GAW, the conventional reference scale refers in particular to the calibration
scale used within the GAW network. In the case of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO, this scale is implemented as a family of gas cylinders maintained at the CCL (NOAA).
© NMISA 2012
Definitions (WMO) [2]
Primary standard
Standard that is designated or widely acknowledged as having the highestmetrological qualities and whose value is accepted without reference toother standards of the same quantity
NOTES1) In particular with respect to trace gases, standard with assigned mole
fraction based on absolute calibration, i.e. gravimetric or equivalent method.2) Within WMO/GAW, the primary standards for CO2, CH4, N2O and CO are
maintained at NOAA.
World Calibration Centre (WCC)
Part of the GAW network, responsible for quality assurance measures forone or more components, by way of audits and comparisons
NOTEFor each component under consideration, the WCC refers to the calibrationscale maintained by the CCL designated by GAW.
© NMISA 2012
Climate Change – Global Warming
Source: IPCC 4th Report WG1
© NMISA 2012
Greenhouse Gases
� Drivers and Requirements
Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
Climate Change
Monitoring of Greenhouse Gases
[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001]
© NMISA 2012
Climate Change – Greenhouse Gases
Global average abundances of the major, well-mixed, long-lived greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC-12 and CFC-11 - from the NOAA global air sampling network
© NMISA 2012
Calculation of Global Average CO2 Concentrations (1)
1) WMO-GAW network supplies CO2 and CH4 data of theGlobal Climate Observing System (GCOS)
2) World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) – JMACalculates global mean mole fractions
3) NOAA also publishes global mean values based on theirMeasurement network
© NMISA 2012
CO2 Global mapping
© NMISA 2012
WMO-GAW Network for Carbon Dioxide
© NMISA 2012
Calculation of Global Average CO2 Concentrations (2)
WDCGG Global Analysis Method
Step 4: Abstraction of a station’s average seasonal variation expressed by the Fourier polynomial
Step 5: Interpolation for data gaps
Step 6: Extrapolation for synchronization of data period
Step 7: Calculation of the zonal and global mean mole fractions, trends, and growth rates.
Step 1: Station selection based on traceability to the WMO standard scale
Step 2: Integration of parallel data from the same station
Step 3: Selection of stations suitable for global analysis
© NMISA 2012
Calculation of Global Average CO2 Concentrations (3)
Long term trend and average seasonal variation
Monthly variations of zonally averaged CO 2mole fractions
Source: WMO/TD-No. 1473, Technical Report of Global Analysis Method for Major Greenhouse Gases by the WDCGG
© NMISA 2012
Calculation of Global Average CO2 Concentrations (4)
Difference between WDCGG and NOAA globally-averagedCO2 monthly mole fractions
Major cause for differences is use of different mon itoring stations, rather than differences in calculation me thods
Source: WMO/TD-No. 1473, Technical Report of Global Analysis Method for Major Greenhouse Gases by the WDCGG
© NMISA 2012
WMO-GAW Data Quality Objectives
Source: WMO/TD-No. 1487, 14th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon dioxide, other Greenhouse Gases and Related Tracers Measurement Techniques (2007)
© NMISA 2012
Mole fraction of CO2 in airSI-Unit: µmol/mol
WMO-GAW (Metrological) Traceability Chain
Secondary Standards
Laboratory Standards
Transfer Standards
Working standards
NDIR Calibration Procedure
Atmospheric Sample
RESULTCO2 in µmol/mol
NDIR Calibration Procedure
Primary
reference
measurement
procedure
Primary
standards
Secondary
calibrator
15 CO2-in-air primary standards
(WMO CO2 Mole fraction Scale )
NOAA Manometric procedure
GAW Station
measurement
procedure and
standards
NDIR Calibration Procedure
NDIR Calibration Procedure
NDIR Calibration Procedure
Reference Gas
u(x)
0.069 µmol/mol
0.070 µmol/mol
0.071 µmol/mol
0.072 µmol/mol
0.073 µmol/mol
© NMISA 2012
NOAA Manometric system for CO2 in Air Calibrations
C.L. Zhao et al., J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5885-5894 (1997)
© NMISA 2012
Manometric system for Absolute measurement of
CO2 concentration in Air
© NMISA 2012
Calibration Campaigns on WMO Scale Primary
Standards
u(xrep) = 0.03 µmol/mol
C.L. Zhao et al., J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08S09,(2006)
© NMISA 2012
Published uncertainty budget for Manometric System
u(xCO2)= Q[u(xrep), u(xSE)]
u(xCO2)= Q[0.03, 0.062] µmol/mol = 0.069 µmol/mol
C.L. Zhao et al., J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08S09,(2006)
© NMISA 2012
Uncertainty of subsequent value transfers/
calibrations
u(xNDIR)= 0.014 µmol/mol
u(xPS-CO2)= Q[0.069, 0.014] µmol/mol = 0.070 µmol/mol
u(xSS-CO2)= Q[0.070, 0.014] µmol/mol = 0.071 µmol/mol
Standard Calibration Interval Lifetime
Primary 2 years > 30 years
Secondary 0.5 years 3-5 years
Laboratory 2 years 20-30 years
Transfer 0.5 years 3-5 years
Working 0.25 years 0.25 years
Reference gas 0.25 years 0.25 years
© NMISA 2012
CCQM-P41, Carbon dioxide, 365 µmol/mol (2003)
WMO-GAW Laboratories
Agreement with gravimetric value
Comparison coordinated by NMi-VSL (NL)
© NMISA 2012
CCQM-P41, Carbon dioxide, 365 µmol/mol (2003)
Comparison coordinated by NMi-VSL (NL)
DQO= ± 0.10 µmol/mol = ± 0.03%
© NMISA 2012
Commutability and Method Comparisons
1) CO2 in N2 standards not commutable with NDIR methods
- Effect as large as 5 µmol/mol
2) IDMS method developed; agreement within 0.52 µmol/mol(Verkouteren and Dorko (NIST), Anal. Chem., 61, 2416-2422, 1989)
3) Similar methods developed at NPL 1997 (Milton and Wang, International Journal of Mass SpectrometryVolume 218, Issue 1, 15 June 2002, Pages 63-73)
© NMISA 2012
Methane is the major greenhouse gas (18.2 % to the overall global
radiative forcing).
Before the industrial era ~ 700 ppb 2008 ~1797 ppb (7 ppb/year).
Figure 4. Globally averaged CH4 (a) and its growth rate (b) from 1984 to 2008.
Methane Ambient Levels (CCQM -K82)
CCQM-K82
Jointly coordinated by NIST and the BIPM
© NMISA 2012
CCQM-P41, Methane 1.8 µmol/mol (2003)
WMO-GAW Laboratories
1.7 % difference from gravimetric value (WMO Scale was CMDL83)
Comparison coordinated by NMi-VSL (NL)
© NMISA 2012
WMO Scale for Methane (1)
1) NOAA04 has replaced CMDL83 as the WMO CH 4 scale
2) CMDL83 established in 1983 based on two CH 4 in air Standards, calibrated at the Oregon Graduate Instit uteagainst commercially prepared standards verified ag ainstNIST SRM-1659 (9.5 µmol/mol)
3) NOAA04 established in 2004 based on 16 gravimetr icallyPrepared standards (300-2600) nmol/mol
© NMISA 2012
WMO Scale for Methane (2)
16 gravimetrically produced CH 4 in air standards
E.J. Dlugokencky et al., J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18306,(2005)
© NMISA 2012
WMO Scale for Methane (3)
Effect of change in scales NOAA04 (solid) and CMDL83 (dashed)
E.J. Dlugokencky et al., J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18306,(2005)
© NMISA 2012
CCQM-P41, Methane 1.8 µmol/mol (2003)
Comparison coordinated by NMi-VSL (NL)
DQO= ± 2.0 nmol/mol = ± 0.1%
© NMISA 2012
WMO Scale for Nitrous Oxide
NOAA-2006 N 2O replaces previous NOAA 2000 scale
NOAA-2006 scale defined by 13 primary standards pre pared gravimetrically (260-370) nmol/mol
Y= -2.2025·10-7 x3 + 1.20704·10-4 x2 + 0.98343 x
Difference between Scales
© NMISA 2012
CCQM-K68 (Nitrous oxide)
Coordinator KRISS
NMIJ NIM VSL NIST IMK-IFU GMD VNIIM KRISS
DQO= ± 0.1 nmol/mol
© NMISA 2012
BIPM-NIST programme to maintain the comparability of the worldwide network of ozone
reference standards
Surface Ozone Monitoring
© NMISA 2012
The reference method: UV photometry
BIPM – SRP27
OZONE SAMPLE
LIGHT
INTENSITY I0
ATTENUATED LIGHT
INTENSITY I
Light Path length 2l
σσσσ Ozone absorption cross-section at 253.64 nm under standard conditions of
temperature and pressure
T Temperature in the cells
P Pressure in the cells
R Gas constant
NA Avogadro constant
D Product of transmittance of the two cells
Lopt light path length
1ln( )
2 opt A
T Rx D
L P Nσ−=
x mole fraction of ozone in dry air (nmol/mol)
© NMISA 2012
Pilot study CCQM-P28 Final results - Di at 420
nmol/mol
NIS
T
ISC
III
ER
LAP
Env
ironm
ent C
anad
a
ME
TAS
SR
P18
ME
TAS
SR
P14
KR
ISS
LNE
VN
IIM FMI
WM
O/W
CC
-EM
PA
UB
A (A
)
SP
NP
L
ND
EN
W
UB
A (D
)
NIE
S
CH
MI
CS
IR-N
ML(
1)
NE
RI
NIL
U
NM
i-VS
L
INR
IM
CS
IR-N
ML
(2)
BIP
M G
PT
NIE
S G
PT-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Di (
nmol
/mol
)
(k=2)
i LABi BIPMD x x= −
© NMISA 2012
Classifying GAWG key comparisons
• “Analytical challenge”
• Species (and concentrations) for which
• analysis is challenging,• may not be stable in
cylinders• preparation of standards
may be complex
“Core”
Species (and concentrations) for which
• analysis based on “generic” techniques
• stable in cylinders• standards prepared from
gases
“Natural gas”
Species (and concentrations)• C3 and below (+ CO2 and N2) �� “core”• C4 and above (+ He) �� “analytical challenge”
© NMISA 2012
1.00E-01 1.00E-02 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 1.00E-05 1.00E-06 1.00E-07 1.00E-08 1.00E-09 1.00E-10 Mass FractionAnalyteCO2COC3H8CH4
19931994
SO2 1995NO 1996Ozone 1997NO2 1998
19992000
BTX 2001VOCs 2002SF6 2003CFCs 2004
2005EtOH 2006
Nat. Gas
H2SH2S/methaneNH3HCHOHClO2/N2H2ON2OPurityCS2
Mass Fraction10% 1 ppb
“Core species” and key comparisons
© NMISA 2012
Chemistry BIPM Impact: Improvements in Laboratory
Performance
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
Ave
rage
Rel
ativ
e S
tand
ard
Dev
iatio
n (%
)
All results
NMIs and DIs
u(xi) SRP
EUROMET 414
CCQM-P28
BIPM.QM-K1 Cycle 1
© NMISA 2012
243 244 2459.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
Burrows (1997) Malicet (1993) Bogumil (2004) This work, referenced to Hearn This work, referenced to BDM
Abs
orpt
ion
cros
s se
ctio
n /
(10-1
8 cm
2 /mol
ecul
e)
Wavelength / nm
Paper in press with Journal of Geophysical
Research – Atmospheres
244.1 nm
Ozone absorption Cross Section Determinations at th e BIPM
Relative measurements of ozone absorption cross-
sections at three wavelengths in the Hartley band using a well-defined
UV laser beam (2012)
Current activities• Pure ozone generation and
characterization• Path length measurements• Absolute X-section measurements
© NMISA 2012
BIPM.QM-K1, ozone ambient level (2008-2009)
© NMISA 2012
Pilot study CCQM-P28 Final results - Di at 420
nmol/mol
NIS
T
ISC
III
ER
LAP
Env
ironm
ent C
anad
a
ME
TAS
SR
P18
ME
TAS
SR
P14
KR
ISS
LNE
VN
IIM FMI
WM
O/W
CC
-EM
PA
UB
A (A
)
SP
NP
L
ND
EN
W
UB
A (D
)
NIE
S
CH
MI
CS
IR-N
ML(
1)
NE
RI
NIL
U
NM
i-VS
L
INR
IM
CS
IR-N
ML
(2)
BIP
M G
PT
NIE
S G
PT-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Di (
nmol
/mol
)
(k=2)
i LABi BIPMD x x= −
© NMISA 2012
BIPM.QM-K1, ozone ambient level (2008-2009)BIPM.QM-K1, ozone ambient level (2008-2009)
© NMISA 2012
VOC target compounds; WMO-GAW Strategic Plan
2008-2015
17 target compounds• ozone formation
• fugitive emissions• biogenic emissions
• biomass burning• aerosol precursors• ocean emissions
60
© NMISA 2012
© NMISA 2012
© NMISA 2012
CCLs within GAW-VOC
© NMISA 2012
The GAW-VOC Target Compounds
∗ formaldehyde is discussed elsewhere.
Ozone precursor compounds in Europe (EU Ozone Directive 2002/3/EC) available in a standard certified by NMIs.
© NMISA 2012
Primary standards from NPL: CCL for VOCs
• Primary standards prepared and maintained by NPL
• Comparison with other NMIs verifies their accuracy
• Extensive stability trials by NPL confirms drift of<0.1% per year.
© NMISA 2012
Future – other VOCs
• “other VOCs (semi-stable)”
Permeation
� Need a dynamic dilution device to dilute standards from high-pressure
gas cylinders by a factor of 500 in air
© NMISA 2012GAS2011 symposium, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 9-11 February 2011
WMO/GAW Network : monitoring HCHO in the
background air
Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW)
© NMISA 201225th GAWG meeting, Sèvres, France, 11-12 April 2011
CCQM-K90: Formaldehyde Facility and
Comparison
2010
Permeation rate
analysis (temperature,
flows, …)
FTIR analysis - Impurities from permeation system?
Impurities from cylinders?
0.81000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-1
measured spectra, xHCHO
= 13 µmol.mol-1
Abs
orba
nce
DecJan …. DecJanDec…..AprJan
2011 2012
Cylinders validation studies
Jan
2013
International comparison
2009
DecJan Apr
Setup and validation
of the facility
…..….. Aug ….. ….. …..
Transfer standards issues
- concentration (1-10 ppm)
- stability
- purity
- provider !!!
© NMISA 2012
• Report of GAW Workshop on NOxy
• now published (WMO Report #195)
69
WMO / BIPM Workshopactions and recommendations
© NMISA 2012
70
Air Quality Gas Standard Comparison Facilities: NO 2
-1.500
-1.350
-1.200
-1.050
-0.900
-0.750
-0.600
-0.450
-0.300
-0.150
0.000
0.150
0.300
0.450
0.600
0.750
0.900
1.050
1.200
1.350
1.500
1.650
Laboratory
D (µ
mol
/mol
)
NPL NIM SMU NMIA NMISA CERI METAS I.N.RI.M KRISS FMI LNE NIST VSL CEM VNIIM BAM BIPM
WMO-GAW NOxy Monitoring
BIPM Primary Dynamic NO 2
Standard Facility
CCQM-K74 Coordinated by the BIPM:
17 Participating Laboratories
Key Comparison Reference Value based on BIPM Measurement Capabilities
© NMISA 2012
Conclusions
� 10 years of increasing collaborative work between W MO andBIPM-CCQM-GAWG Laboratories
� DQOs of WMO -GAW are more stringent than currentlyachievable uncertainties on primary gas standards
� WMO has adopted traceability to specific sets of st andards(scales) – requiring ultra stable gas standards
� NMIs can help established WMO -CCLs monitor changes andconsistenecy in their standards: Requires additional effort from NMIs
� Further requests from WMO for NMIs to act as CCLs expected
© NMISA 2012
Role and Mandate of the NMISA
The NMISA is mandated to keep, maintain and disseminate the National Measurement Standards and demonstrate
measurement equivalence for SA and the region (Act No. 18 of 2006)
In addition the NMISA is responsible for the application and maintenance of the Units (SI) in SA
The NMISA also performs reference analysis and in a dispute, in any SA court, its results will be accepted as
the most correct value
© NMISA 2012
The South African measurement infrastructure
© NMISA 2012
NMISA Products and Services
National Measurement
Standards
Gazetted NMS
Gazetted NMS Primary Primary SecondarySecondary TransferTransfer
Reference Methods
Disseminate NMS
Disseminate NMS
Internationally benchmarkedInternationally benchmarked ValidatedValidated
Certified Reference Materials
Certified Reference Materials
Reference standards
Accredited Laboratory Traceability
Accredited Laboratory Traceability
Legal & Trade
Metrology
Legal & Trade
MetrologyIndustryIndustry
Consultation/R&D projects
Industry measurement
solutions
Industry measurement
solutions
Measurements for product
development
Measurements for product
development
NMS development & Improvement
NMS development & Improvement
Knowledge dissemination/Collaboration
PublicationsPublications Conference presentationsConference
presentationsTraining coursesTraining courses
Exchange/ assistance programs
Exchange/ assistance programs
Comparisons/Reference measurements
CIPMCIPM RegionalRegional Bi-lateral
Bi-lateral
SANAS PT scheme
SANAS PT scheme
© NMISA 2012
NMISA Activities: Chemistry
Chemical Traceability
Reference Measurements
Instrument calibration
Ozone metersBreathalysers
Samples/ PT
EnvironmentalFood safety
EnergyAutomotive emissions
REACH/RoHSNano/biotechnology
Pharmaceutical
Reference Materials
Pure mixtures (calibration)
Elemental solutionsGas PRMs
EtOH & NaF CRMs
Matrix (bias)Various in Food and
Environmental matrices
© NMISA 2012NMISA 2011
Nutritional content
Protein content: amino acid
SAGL PT scheme
Mycotoxins
Multiple toxins in maize &
wine
SAGL PT scheme
Wine industry
Pesticide residues
Fruits & vegetables
PT schemes/ referencemeasure-ment ISO
17025 labs
Veterinary drug residues
Chloram-phenicolin pork
and milk
Veterinary Institutes
& Meat industry
Processing contaminants
Melamine in infant
formula & milk,
methoxy-pyrazines
in wine
Dairy & wine
industry
Industrial & environ-mental
chemicals
POPs
Chemistry for Food Safety Regulations
© NMISA 2012
Gas Metrology
• GC-FID/ PDHID, FTIR, NDIR, GC-MSD and CRDS
• Preparation of primary gas reference mixtures by gravimetry in N2 and air matrices
• CO2 ;CO;NO;NO2;SO2;H2S;C3H8;Stack gas mixtures
• Purity analysis • Calibration of breathalysers• Calibration of air pollution analysers• Certification of gas mixtures• Uncertainty in Chemical Measurement
© NMISA 2012
Inorganic Chemistry
• What’s in it?• ICP-MS, LA-ICP-MS, ICP-OES• Trace and ultra-trace element analysis in food
and environmental samples• Se in wheat • Sn in tomato paste• Cd in rice• Pd, Cd, Ca, Fe in wine• Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn in fat soybean• Cd, Fe, Pb and Zn in bovine liver• Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, Pb and Pt in algae
• Metals in manufacturing materials• Cr, Mn, Mo and Ni in low alloy steel• RoHS (Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb) in polypropylene• Pb in lead-free solder
• Application: Reference analysis and certification of materials/ foods
© NMISA 2012
• Temperature & Humidity • Extended temperature scale• New humidity standards
• Photometry & Radiometry• Light and colour• Energy efficient lighting (LEDs)• Expand solar irradiance measurement to
include solar UV measurement• Support to satellites such as SumbandilaSAT• New spectral irradiance lamps for the UV
region, new UVA/B/C sources and detectors
NMISA Activities: Electricity and Magnetism
© NMISA 2012
NMISA Activities: Ionising Radiation
Dosimetry Radioactivity
Parameters-Dosimetry: *Absorbed dose to water*Air kerma*Ambient dosimetry*Personal dosimetry-Radioactivity:
* Surface emission rate
Methods for activity measurements
-TDCR efficiency-CIEMAT/NIST method-4πβ-γ and 4π(x,e)-γ coincidence * Double NaI(Tl) detector for γ-rays* Ionization chamber
Assisting the National Nuclear Regulatorwith establishment of Reference Laboratory
© NMISA 2012
Your Measure
of Excellence