vyakarana

R HARINMMTA VYKARANA

Lesson One

THE ALPHABET:

Sarvevaras:

a i u

(with line)

e ai o au

Viujanas:

gutturals ka kha ga gha na (dot over)

palatals ca cha ja jha

retroflex a ha a ha a

dental ta tha da dha na

labial pa pha ba bha ma

ya ra la va a a sa

ha

Davatras:

a i u

(with line)

e ai o au

varas:

a i u

(with line)

e ai o au

as:

a i u

(with line)

e ai o au

Anantas:

a i u

(with line)

e ai o au

Catusanas:

a i u

(with line)

e ai o au

Caturbhujas:

a i u

(with line)

Caturvyuhas:

a i u

(with line)

e ai o au

Viujanas:






ya ra la va a a sa

ha

Viuvargas:






Harikamalas, Harikhadgas, Harigadas, Harighosas, Harivenus:






Viudsas:






Harimitras:

ya ra la va a a sa

ha

Harigotras:

ya ra la va a a sa

ha

auris:

ya ra la va a a sa

ha

Goplas:






ya ra la va a a sa

ha

Ydavas:






ya ra la va a a sa

ha

Stvatas:






ya ra la va a a sa

ha

Vaiavas:






ya ra la va a a sa

ha

1. The Sanskrit alphabet, with its order, appeared from Lord Nryaa.

2. Sarvevaras First 14 letters (the vowels) called Sarvevaras independent controllers. They dont needanother letter.

a i u ( with line over it) e ai o au.

3. Davataras First 10 Sarvevaras called Davatras (excludes e ai o au).

4. Ektmakas Each pair of Davatras consists of 2 ektmakas (two entities with the same soul).(Ektmaka means Ka, who expands into many non-different forms in His pastimes, like the rsa dance.)

5. Vmana First vowel of each ektmaka is called a Vmana (short vowels)

6. Trivikrama The second is called a Trivikrama.

8. varas The Sarvevaras, excluding a and are called varas. (So there are 12 varas).(There are 12 of them, like the number of Deities of the months.)

9. s The Davatras, excluding a and , are called s.(There are 8, like the number of Deities of the material elements.)

10. Anantas The first 6 Sarvevaras (a i u ) are called anantas.(There are 6, like the number of first expansions of Baladeva)

11. Catusanas i u called catusanas.(The 4 Kumras.)

12. Caturbhujas u called caturbhujas

13. Caturvyuhas e ai o au called caturvyuhas.

14. Viucakra called vinucakra.

15. Viucpa Nasalisation of a letter called viucpa.

16. Viusarga Aspirated sound after Sarvevara called viusarga. (Visarga)

17. Viujanas All the consonants called Viujanas.

19. Viuvargas The Viujanas from ka to ma are called Viuvargas. They are arranged in five groups offive letters.Therefore there is ka-varga, ca-varga, -varga, ta-varga, pa-varga.(There are five groups of residents in Vndvana, called the 5 Viuvargas)

20. Viuganas The Viuvargas, excluding , are called Viuganas.(The associates of Lord Viu)

21. Harikamalas The consonants ka ca a ta pa are called Harikamalas.(Lord Vius lotus)

22. Harikhagas The consonants kha cha ha tha pha are called Harikhagas.(The Lords sword.)

23. Harigads The consonants ga ja a da ba are called Harigads.(The club of the Lord.)

24. Harighoas The consonants gha jha ha dha bha are called Harighoas.(The conch.)

25. Harivenus The consonants a a a na ma are called Hariveus.(The flute)

26. Viudsas The Viuvargas excluding the Hariveus are called Viudsas.(Servant, distinct from Viujanas because of their specific services.)

27. Harimitras The letters ya ra la va are called Harimitras. (The semivowels)(The friends of the Lord)

28. Harigotras The letters a a sa ha are called Harigotras.

29. auris The letters a a sa are called auris.

30. Vainavas The Viudsas and Harigotras are called Vaiavas.

31. Goplas The Harigadas, Harighoas. Hariveus, Harimitras and the letter ha are called Goplas.

32. Ydavas All other consonants other than Goplas are called Ydavas.(The Harikamalas, Harikhadgas and auris)

33. Stvatas The Ydavas, excluding the auris, are called Stvatas.(The Harikamalas and the Harikhagas)

34. Rma To designate a single letter, the word Rma is used.(Lord Rma accepted only one wife.)

35. Dvaya To designate a pair of consecutive letters, the word Dvaya is used after the first letter of the pair.Eg. a-dvaya indicates the vowels a and . E-dvaya indicates the vowels e and ai.

36. Virici A rule in which a letter is replaced by another letter is called Virici.(He changes all the material elements into different products.)

37. Viu A rule in which a letter is added is called Viu.

38. Har To drop a letter is called Har.(When a letter is dropped but its presence is still felt it is Har, but when it is dropped and there is no presencefelt it is Mahhar.)

SANDHI RULES

Sarvevara Sandhi

1. When a Davatra is followed by its Ektmaka, the combination is Trivikrama.

Eg: Bhagavad-gt 10.11, 9.13

A. After a/: (6 plus 1)

2. When a/ is followed by i/, the combination is e

Eg: 2.41, 9.11

3. .......... by u/, combination is o

Eg: 2.14, 15.18

43. .......... , ar43a) When -dvaya or a-dvaya are followed by -Rma, sandhi is optional.

Eg: 4.2, 10.13

44. .............-dvaya al

45. ........... e/ai ai

Eg: 2.12, 2.44

46. ............ o/au au

Eg: 1.6, 6.32

B. Before any Sarvevara: (6)

47. i/ changes to y when followed by a Sarvevara.

Eg: 7.14, 7.1

48. u/ to v when followed by a Sarvevara.

Eg: 2.12, 2.40

49. / changes to r when followed by a Sarvevara.

50. -dvaya changes to l when followed by a Sarvevara.

51. E changes to ay and ai changes to i when followed by a Sarvevara.

52. O to av, au to v .........

Eg: 4.22, 5.2

C. Others: (3 plus 1)

53. After final e or o, the initial a of the following word is Har.Then avagraha or apostrophe are put in its place.

Eg: 2.13, 2.24

54. The letters y and v of ay, y, av, v are optionally dropped after a Sarvevara.

This appears to be the case in Bhagavad-gt.

Eg: 1.6, 1.33

55. There is no sandhi of an interjection ending in o or if it is one of the Anantas.55a) There is no sandhi of words ending in , or e when these terminations indicate the dual number,except the maivdis.55b) Vmana is called laghu55c) Trivikrama is called guru55d) Vmana is also guru when followed by sat-sanga.

56. A conjunction of Viujanas is called sat-sanga.

Viujana Sandhi

A. Five Viudsas

61. At the end of a word, Viudsa changes to Harigada (if the following letter is Sarvevara or Gopla).The same change also takes place within the same word, if Viudsa is followed by Harighoa.

The change to Harigad is always within the same varga as the Viudsa.

Eg: BG 3.19, 3.37Internal: 11.30

62. Final Viudsa can be optionally changed to Harivenu, when it is followed by Harivenu. (This is analternative to 61)

Eg: vk + mayam 1) vg mayam (By 61) 2) v mayam (By 62)

Option 1 is not used in Bhagavad-gt.

The change to Hariveu is always within the same varga as the Viudsa.

Eg 11.25, 9.34

63. Viudsa changes to Harikamala when followed by Ydava.

Eg. 3.5, 3.21

This rule is also used in internal sandhi in declension and conjugation.Eg: ved + ti (10.3) vetti loka .... ved +tha (10.15) vettha tvam

64. After Viudsa, a-rma can optionally change to cha-rma.

This option is usually seen when a-rma is preceded with d or t, in which cases 66 + 67 apply.

65. After Viudsa, ha-rma is optionally changed to Harighoa.

The Harighoa should be of the same varga as the preceding Viujana.

Eg. 2.31, 6.42.

B. Some Others

66. Da-rma or ta-rma always changes to the following letter before la-rma, ca-varga or a-varga.

In other words:d/t before l changes to ld/t before c/ch changes to cd/t before j/jh changes to j

Eg: 8.16, 11.30, 10.9

67. Ta-rma changes to ca-rma before a-rma.

Three possibilities exist:1. 67 applied, 64 not2. 67 applied, then 64 applied3. 64, then 66, then 63

Eg 9.31, 2.7, 7.1

68. Final n before c or ch becomes before or h becomes and before t or th becomes s.

Eg 2.14, 4.11

68A. Final n before l changes to l.

Eg: 4.39 (Viucpa is used always)

68B. Final n is changed to before j, jh, or .

Eg: 5.8

69. After final n is changed to before (by 68B), the letter c can optionally be added to .

Does not seem to appear in Bhagavad-gt.

70. Final m changes to Viucakra when it is followed by Viujana.

Eg 2.13, 9.26

71. Viucakra changes to Hariveu when it is followed by Viusarga. But if Viucakra is Viupadanta,this change is optional.

Viucakra changes to Hariveu of the same varga.

Eg: sam + jaya (70) sa + jaya (71) sajaya sam + kirtana (70) sa + kirtana (71) sakrtana puram + jana (70) pura + jana (71) purajana

Harivenu always corresponds to the same varga as the following letter

Eg: ka-varga akha, akara ca-varga paca. Kicana

The changing of Viucakra at Viupadnta is not used in Bhagavad-gt.

72. Cha-rma is reduplicated if it is preceded by Sarvevara.

Eg: premjana + churita (72) premjana+chchurita (63) premjana-cchurita

72a. If cha-rma is preceded by Viupadanta Trivikrama, the reduplication is optional.

74. Final , or n are reduplicated if they are preceded by Vmana and followed by Sarvevara.

Eg: 2.10, 4.6, 5.7

76. Viujana is optionally reduplicated if it is preceded by ra-rma and followed by another Viujana orSarvevara. But if Harigotra is followed by Sarvevara. This rule is not applied.

This rule is not used in Bhagavad-gt.

77. After Viujana, Viudsa is dropped, if it is followed by another Viudsa of the same varga.

Eg: (SB 1.4.2) bhagavn + ukha (68b) bhagav + ukha (69) bhagavac + ukha (64) bhagavac +chukha (77) bhagav chukha

C. Viusarga-sandhi

79. Viusarga remains unchanged before k, kh, p, ph.

Eg: 2.42, 3.27, 4.11

80. Viusarga changes: To before c, ch. To before , h. To s before t, th.

Eg: 2.13, 2.14, 4.34

81. Viusarga remains unchanged before auris.

Eg: 2.18, 2.20, 7.19

82. Viusarga, preceded by Vmana a and followed by another Vmana a or Gopla, always changes to u.

After Viusarga changes to u, the u makes sandhi with the preceding a: a + u = o. And if this o is followed bya-rma, the a is elided, by sutra 53.

Eg: 2.13 dehina + asmin (82) dehinau + asmin (42) dehino + asmin (53) dehinosmin yath dehe2.40 na + asti (82) nau + asti (42) no + asti (53) nehbhikrama-nosti2.40 mahata + bhayt (82, 42) mahato bhayt9.29 samoham

83. Viusarga is dropped in the following situations: After Vmana a and before Trivikrama a or Ivara. After Trivikrama and before Sarvevara or Gopla.

Eg: After Vmana a 2.61 After Trivikrama a 9.34

Others: 2.41, 2.45, 2.59

83A. Viusarga, in the words ea and sa, is dropped before Viujana.

Eg: 3.10, 4.2, 7.19

84. Viusarga, preceded by vara and followed by Sarvevara or Gopla, changes to r.

Eg: 4.13, 7.4, 9.30

84A. If Viusarga is ra-rma-ja (born from r), even if it is not followed by vara (it will also change to rbefore Sarvevara or Gopla.) ** Following no.84

Eg: 6.47. 8.16

85. Viusarga of the word aha also changes to r before Sarvevara or Gopla, except before the wordsrtri, rpa and rathntara.

Eg: 8.17 (two examples)

86. R is dropped before another r and the preceding vowel becomes trivikrama.

Eg: hari + rdh-priya (84) harir + rdh-priya (86) har rdh-priya

VIUPDA-PRAKARAAM

1. In Sanskrit, any word which is not a verbal root nor a suffix, and has independent meaning, is called nma.

2. The first part of an inflected word is called prakti.

3. The second part is called pratyaya.

4. Tatra nmna s au jas prathama, am au as dvitiy, bhym bhis ttiy, e bhym bhyas caturthi, nasibhym bhyas pacam, as os m ah, i os sup saptam

This looks like:

1. Pratham s au jas2. Dvitiy am au as3. Ttiy bhym bhis4. Caturth e bhym bhyas5. Pacam asi bhym bhyas6. ahi as os m7. Saptam i os sup8. Sambodhana s au jas

1. Pratham subject2. Dvitiy the end of action (I talk to a friend go to the temple)3. Ttiy by, with4. Caturth beneficiary to 5. Pacam from 6. ahi of 7. Saptam the place, in 8. Sambodhana vocative (address)

More details about the use of the different cases will be given in the chapter kraka-prakaraam.

5. In these suffixes, the consonants j, t, , , p and the vowels u of su and i of asi are it (anubandha) theydisappear in the process of inflecting the words, but convey the need to apply certain rules in certainsituations.

As follows:

1. Pra s{u} au {j}as2. Dvi am {}as3. Tt {} bhym bhis4. Cat {}e bhyas5. Panc {}as{i} 6. a {}as os m7. Sap {}i su{p}8. Sam s{u} au {j}as

6. The nmas are of four classes:a) Puruottama masculineb) Lakmi femininec) Brahm neuterd) Avyaya indeclinables

7. The letters s and r change to Viusarga at Viupadnta.

Therefore:

1. Prath au a2. Dvit am au a3. Tt bhym bhi4. Cat e bhya5. Pac a 6. a a o m7. Sap i o su8. Sam au a

8. After Davatara the a-rma of the suffixes am and as is Har.

9. Before as Davatara changes to Trivikrama and if the word is masculine the s of as changes to n.

KA-SAJA:

DECLENSION OF KA-SAJA:

Ka Kau K 1. (subject)Kam Kau Kn 2. (end of action object, to)Kena Kbhym Kai 3. (by, with)Kya Kbhym Kebhya 4. (to)Kt Kbhym Kebhya 5. (from)Kasya Kayo Knm 6. (of)Ke Kayo Keu 7. (in)________________________________________Ka Kau K 8. (vocative)

10. Any nma ending in a is called Ka.

11. After Ka-saja, ta is replaced by ina.

Ka + ta (11) Ka + ina (41 s) Kena

12. In Ka-saja the final a becomes Trivikrama before a suffix beginning with a Gopla.

Ka + bhym (12) K + bhym Kbhym

13. After Ka-saja, bhis is replaced by ais

Ka + bhis (13) Ka + ais (45 s) Kais (7) Kai

So Ttiy of Ka-saja is:Kena Kbhym Kai

14. After Ka-saja, e is replaced by ya.

Caturthi singular:Ka + e (14) Ka + ya (12) K + ya Kya

15. In plural, the final a of Ka-saja changes to e when it is followed by a suffix beginning with aVaiava.

Caturthi and Pancami plural:Ka + bhyas (15) Ke + bhyas (7) Kebhya

So Caturthi of Ka-saja is:Kya Kbhym Kebhya

16. After Ka-saja asi is replaced by t.

Pancami singular:Ka + asi (16) Ka + t (40 s) Kt

Pancami Ka-saja:Kt Kbhym Kebhya

17. After Ka-saja as is replaced by sya.

Ka + as (17) Ka + sya Kasya

18. The final a of Ka-saja changes to e before os.

athi and Saptami dual:Ka + os (18) Ke + os (51 s) Kay + os (7) Kayo

*** This is a universal rule. 19. After Vmana, Gop-saja and Rdh-saja, nu is inserted before m.Eg. In nu, u is it. Any agama or addition having as it is called it, and they are always integrated with thefollowing suffix. Therefore n{u} + m = nm.

20. Before nm, Vmana becomes Trivikrama, except in tis and catas, and it is optional in n.

athi plural:Ka + m (19) Ka + n{u} + am Ka + nm (20) Ka + nm Knm

So Ka-saja athi:

Kasya Kayo Knm

21. After vara, Harimitra, k and , the letter s changes to , if this s belongs to a pratyaya or virinci, and evenif num or Viusarga interposed; but this does not happen at the beginning or at the end of a word, nor in thecase of sti.

Saptami plural:Ka + su{p} (5) Ka + su (15) Ke + su (21) Ke + u Keu

Saptami Ka-saja:Ke Kayo Keu

22. In Sambodhana, su is called Buddha.

23 After Vmana and after e or o, Buddha disappears.

Sambodhana singular:Ka + su (23) Ka

Examples of Ka-saja nmas:Rma, viva, bhakta, mra, vka, nara, dhma, putra, ava, sarpa, uka, dsa, vinoda, bhrama, prana,saya, krodha, jvara, roga, hasta, pda.

24. After r, or -Dvaya, the letter n changes to , even if there is no interposition of any combination ofSarvevara, h, y, v, ka-varga and pa-varga. This change takes place within the same word but not atViupadnta.

Eg: rmea, rmam, rudrm, manuym, karmai, indriyi, pitmIn rmea, the Ttya singular of rma, n is preceded by r, with the interposition of me two sarvevarasand a pa-varga. Therefore n changes to .

25. All the suffixes from as onwards are called Yadus.

The Sambodhana suffixes are not Yadus, because they are actually prathama.

26. The words pda, danta, msa and ya can optionally be replaced by pad, dat, ms and yan beforeYadu.

27. Final Trivikrama is Har before Yadu-Sarvevaras, but not in feminine words.

Eg: vivap (all-protecting), somap, gop, balad, akhadhin

HARI-SAJA:

Declension of Hari- saja:

hari hari harayaharim hari harinharin haribhym haribhiharaye haribhym haribhyahare haribhym haribhyahare haryo harimharau haryo hariu_____________________________________hare hari haraya

28. Any nma ending in i or u is called Hari.

29. After Hari-saja, the suffix au changes to the preceding vowel.Prathama and Dvitiya dual:hari + au (29) hari + i harviu + au (29) viu + u vi

30. If i-dvaya is replaced by e, u-dvaya is replaced by o, -dvaya is replaced by ar, and -dvaya by al, this is

called Govinda.

Sarvevara , u u, , (both)Govinda e o ar al

31. The nit suffixes are called Vnis ({}, {}as{i}, {}as and {}i)

32. Hari-saja takes Govinda before jas, Vnis and Buddha.

Prathama plural:hari + {j}as (5) hari + as (32) hare + as (51s) haray + as (7) harayaviu + {j}as (5) viu + as (32) vio + as (52s) vias + as (7) viava

Dvitya singular:hari + am (8) hari + m harimviu + am (8) viu + m vium

Dvitya plural:hari + {}as (5) hari + as (8) hari + s (9a) har + s (9b) har + n harnviu + {}as (5) viu + as (8) viu + s (9a) vi + s (9b) vi + n vin

33. After Hari-saja is replaced by n, but not in Lakmi-linga.

Tty singular:hari + (33) hari + n harin (24) hariviu + (33) viu + n viun

Caturthi singular:hari + {}e (5) hari + e (32) hare + e (51s) haray + e harayeviu + {}e (5) viu + e (32) vio + e (52s) viav + e viave

34. After e or o, the a-Rma of as and as is Har.

Pancami and ati singular:hari + {n}as{i} (or {}as) (5) hari + as (32) hare + as (34) hare + s (7) hareviu + {n}as{i} (or {}as) (5) viu + as (32) vio + as (34) vio + s (7) vioati and Saptami dualhari +os (47s) hary + os haryoviu + os (48s) viv + os (7) vivo

ati plural:hari + m (19) hari + n{ut} + m (20)hari + nm (24) harimviu + m (19) viu + n{ut} + m (20) viu + nm viunm

35. After Hari-saja i is replaced by auc.

36. The letter or group of letters at the end of a word, beginning with the last Sarvevara, is called Sasra.

37. The Sasra is Har when it is followed by cit (c-anubandha).

Saptami singular:

hari + i (35) hari + au{c} (37) har + au harauviu + i (35) viu + au{c} (37) vi +au viau

Saptami plural:hari + su{p} (5) hari + su (21) hariuviu + su{p} (5) viu + su (21) viuu

Sambhodana singular:hari + su (32) hare + su (23) hareviu + su (32) vio + su (23) vio

Examples of Hari-saja ending in i: kavi, agni, giri, ari, ravi, avi, asi, nidhi, kapi, pi, srathi, muni, vidhi,bhpati, (a)tithi, rahmi, jaladhi.

viu viu viavavium viu vinviun viubhym viubhiviave viubhym viubhyavio viubhym viubhyavio vivo viunmviau vivo viuu______________________________________vio vi viava

Examples of Hari-saja ending with u: ambhu, bhnu, jnu, snu, vyu, prabhu, jahnu, guru, manyu,bhu, taru, setu, pau, hetu, bindu, iu, iu, vidhu, iku, sdhu, bandhu, atru, tantu, mtyu.

SAKHI AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH HARI-SAJA

DECLENSION OF SAKHI AND PATI:

sakh sakhyau sakhyasakhyam sakhyau sakhnsakhy sakhibhym sakhibhisakhye sakhibhym sakhibhyasakhyu sakhibhym sakhibhyasakhyu sakhyo sakhnmsakhyau sakhyo sakhiu_________________________________________sakhe sakhyau sakhya

pati pat patayapatim pat patnpaty patibhym patibhipatye patibhym patibhyapatyu patibhym patibhyapatyu patyo patnmpatyau patyo patiu__________________________________________

pate pat pataya

When pati is samsa (eg. Prajpati, narapati etc) it is declined like Hari-saja. The only difference then is and the Vns.

40. Su is replaced by c after -Rma and after the word sakhi, but not in Buddha.

Sakhi + su (40) sakhi + {c} (37) sakh + sakh

41. When a-dvaya is replaced by , l-dvaya by ai, u-dvaya by au, -dvaya by r or -dvaya by l, this is calledVndra.

Sarvevara a, , u, , (both)Vnndra ai au r l

42. The first five svdis are called Pavas.

su au jasam au

43. Sakhi takes Vndra when it is followed by the Pavas, except su.

sakhi + au (43) sakhai + au (51s) sakhay + au sakhyausakhi + {j}as (5) sakhi + as (43) sakhai + as (51s) sakhy + as (7) sakhyasakhi + am (43) sakhai + am (51s) sakhy + am sakhyamsakhi + {}as (5) sakhi + as (8) sakhi + s (9a) sakh + s (9b) sakh + n sakhn

44. Sakhi is not Hari-saja from onwards; nor pati, provided it is not in samsa.

sakhi + {} (5) sakhi + (47s) sakhypati + {} (5) pati + (47s) patysakhi + {}e (5) sakhi + e (47s) sakhyepati + {}e (5) pati + e (47s) patye

45. After words ending in khi or kh, ti or t, the suffixes asi and as are replaced by us.

Sakhi + asi (or as) (45) sakhi + us (47s) sakhy + us (7) sakhyupati + asi (or as) (45) pati + us (47s) paty + us (7) patyu

46. After sakhi and pati, i is replaced by au.

Sakhi + i (46) sakhi + au (47s) sakhyaupati + i (46) pati + au (47s) patyau

Sambodhana singular:sakhi + su (32) sakhe + su (23) sakhepati + su (32) pate + su (23) pate

SOME OTHERS:

47. The or of a dhtu changes to iy or uv before a suffix beginning with Sarvevara. But this rule is bahula(it has many exceptions).

Eg Kar (Kas opulence)Kar Karyau KaryaKaryam Karyau KaryaKary Karbhym KarbhiKarye Karbhym KarbhyaKarya Karbhym KarbhyaKarya Karyo KarymKaryi Karyo Karu__________________________________________________Kar Karyau Karya

Eg: sur, yavakr, uddadh, sudh.

Eg Svayambh (self-born)Svayambh Svayambhuvau SvayambhuvaSvayambhuvam Svayambhvau SvayambhvaSvayambhuv Svayambhbhym SvayambhbhiSvayambhuve Svayambhbhym SvayambhbhyaSvayambhuva Svayambhbhym SvayambhbhyaSvayambhuva Svayambhuvo SvayambhuvmSvayambhuvi Svayambhuvo Svayambhu________________________________________________________________Svayambh Svayambhuvau Svayambhuva

Eg: hh, khalap, svabh, vaabh, karabh, sul.

These types of words are quite rare.

(Another exception to rule 47):48. After a compound ending with the word n, and after Rdh-saja, ni is replaced by m.

For example: vivan (leader of the universe).

-RMA PRAKTIS:

40. Su is replaced by c after -Rma and after the word sakhi, but not in Buddha.

-Rmantas, prathama singular:pit + su (40) pit + {c} (37) pit + pit

Declension of -Rmantas:

pit:pit pitarau pitarapitaram pitarau pitnpitr pitbhym pitbhi

pitre pitbhym pitbhyapitu pitbhym pitbhyapitu pitro pitmpitari pitro pitu____________________________________pita pitarau pitara

49. -Rma takes Govinda before the Pavas and i.

Prathama singular is an exception to this. 40 takes precedence over 49 where applicable:pit +su (40, 37) pitpit + au (49) pitar + au pitaraupit + {j}as (5, 49) pitar + as (7) pitarapit + am (49) pitar + am pitarampit + {}i (5, 49) pitar + i pitari

Other cases:pit + {]as (5) pit + as (8) pit + s (9a, b) pit + n pitnpit + {} (5) pit + (49s normal sandhi) pitr

50. After -Rma, the a of asi and as is replaced by uc (c-it).

Pit + {}as{i} (or as) (5) pit + as (50) pit + u{c}s (37) pit + us (7) pitu

Other cases:pit + m (19) pit + n{u} + m (20) pit +nm (24) pitmpit +su{p} (5) pit + su (21) pitsu

51. -Rma takes Govinda in Buddha.

Sambodhana singular:pit + su (51) pitar + su (continued in next sutra)

52. Su is Har after Rdh-saja, Viujana and feminine words ending in trivikrama , formed with thesuffix p. (Feminine of some words is formed by using suffix gopa-gop, deva-dev, dsa-ds etc.)

52 A. Svas and words ending in t take Vnndra before the Pavas, except before su.

(This includes all words ending in t, except family terms pit mt etc.Eg: dht, napt, tvat, kat, kart, bhart, gopt, vakt, hot

Sutra 52A takes precedence over 49 wherever applicable.

-Rmantas, Sambodhana singular:continuation of sutra 51 pitar + su (52) pitar (7) pita

NUMERALS:

38. Tri is replaced by traya before nm, if it is used in the direct meaning (in number three).

Except eka (one) and dvi (two), all numerals ae declined in plural.

ahi plural or tri:tri + m (19) tri + n{ut} + m tri + nm (38) traya + nm (20) traynm (24) traym

In other cases tri is declined as Hari-saja.

Traya (5, 32, 51s, 7)trn (5, 8, 9a, 9b)tribhitribhyatribhyatraymtriutraya

39. After the numerals ending in or n, and after kati, the suffixes jas and as are Mah-har, provided thenumerals are used in their direct meaning.

1 eka, 2 dvi, 3 tri, 4 catur, 5 pacan, 6 a, 7 sapta, 8 aan, 9 navan, 10 daan

In Mah-har the suffix is removed before effecting any transformation in the word, whereas in Har someeffect is felt before the removal of the suffix.

Kati (only in plural):kati + jas (or as) (39) katiother cases: katibhi, katibhya, katnm, katiu

THE FOLLOWING ARE GENERAL RULES:

1. In Sanskrit, any word which is not a verbal root nor a suffix, and has independent meaning, is called nma.

2. The first part of an inflected word is called prakti.

3. The second part is called pratyaya.

7. The letters s and r change to Viusarga at Viupadnta.

8. After Davatra the a-rma of the suffixes am and as is Har.

9. Before as Davatra changes to Trivikrama and if the word is masculine the s of as changes to n.

19. After Vmana, Gop-saja and Rdh-saja, nu is inserted before m.Eg. In nu, u is it. Any agama or addition having as it is called it, and they are always integrated with thefollowing suffix. Therefore n{u} + m = nm.

20. Before nm, Vmana becomes Trivikrama, except in tis and catas, and it is optional in n.

21. After vara, Harimitra, k and , the letter s changes to , if this s belongs to a pratyaya or virinci, and even

if num or Viusarga interposed; but this does not happen at the beginning or at the end of a word, nor in thecase of sti.

22. In Sambodhana, su is called Buddha.

23 After Vmana and after e or o, Buddha disappears.After , or -Dvaya, the letter n changes to , even if there is no interposition of any combination ofSarvevara, h, y, v ,ka-varga and pa-varga. This change takes place within the same word but not atViupadnta.

25. All the suffixes from as onwards are called Yadus.

27. Final Trivikrama is Har before Yadu-Sarvevaras, but not in feminine words.

30. If i-dvaya is replaced by e, u-dvaya is replaced by o, -dvaya is replaced by ar, and -dvaya by al, this iscalled Govinda.

Sarvevara , u u, , (both)Govinda e o ar al

31. The nit suffixes are called Vnis.{}e {}as{i} {}as {}i

36. The letter or group of letters at the end of a word, beginning with the last Sarvevara, is called Sasra.Eg. K{a} (the a is the sasra)Bhagav{at} (the at is the sasra)

41. When a-dvaya is replaced by , l-dvaya by ai, u-dvaya by au, -dvaya by r or -dvaya by l, this is calledVndra.

Sarvevara a, , u, , (both)Vnndra ai au r l

42. The first five svdis are called Pavas.

su au jasam au

52. Su is Har after Rdh-saja, Viujana and feminine words ending in trivikrama , formed with thesuffix p. (Feminine of some words is formed by using suffix gopa-gop, deva-dev, dsa-ds etc.)

52 A. Svas and words ending in t take Vnndra before the Pavas, except before su.

(This includes all words ending in t, except family terms pit mt etc.

Sutra 52A takes precedence over 49 wherever applicable.

Hant (one who gives):hant + su (40, 37) hanthant + au (52A) hantar + au hantrahant + {j}as (52A) hantr + as (7) hantra

hant + am (52A) hantr + am hantramhant + {}as (8, 9) hantn

53. Final ai changes to before s or bh.

Karai (Lord Kas opulences):Karai + s{u} (53) Kar (7) KaraKarai + bhym (Kar + bhym) Karbhym

Kar Karyau KaryaKaryam Karyau KaryaKarya Karbhym KarbhiKarye Karbhym KarbhyaKarya Karbhym KarbhyaKarya Karyo KarymKaryi Karyo Karsu_____________________________________________________Kar Karyau Karaya

54. Final o changes to au before the Pavas.

Go (cow, bull, senses, earth)go + su (54) gau + s (7) gaugo + au (54) gau + au (52s) gv + au gavaugo + {j}as (54) gau + as (52s) gv + as (7) gva

54. Final o changes to before am and as; and in as, s does not change to n.

This sutra modifies sutra 9.

Go + am (55) g + am (8) g + m gmgo + {}as (55) g + as (8) g + s (7) g

go + {} (52s) gav + gavgo + {}as{i} (or {}as go + as (34) go + s (7) gogo + os (52s) gav + os (7) gavo

gau gvau gvagm gvau ggav gobhym gobhigave gobhym gobhyago gobhym gobhyago gavo gavmgavi gavo gou________________________________gau gvau gva

For masculine words ending in au no specific sutras are given only sandhi is applied wherevernecessary.

Eg glau (effulgence):

glau + su (7) glauglau + au (52s) glv + au glvauglau + {j}as (52s) glv + as (7) glva

glau glvau glvaglvam glvau glvaglv glaubhym glaubhiglave glaubhym glaubhyaglva glaubhym glaubhyaglva glvo glvmglvi glvo glauu___________________________________glau glvau glva

SARVEVARNTA LAKM LING

56. Feminine words ending in -Rma are called Rdh.

Rdh-saja, prathama singular:Rdh + su (52) Rdh

57. After Rdh-saja and Brahma-linga, the suffix au is replaced by .

Rdh + au (57) Rdh + (41s) RdheRdh + {j}as (or as) (5) Rdh + as (7,40s) RdhRdh + am (8) Rdh + m Rdhm

58. Final of Rdh-saja changes to e before , os and Buddha.

Rdh + {} (58) Rdhe + (51s) Rdhay + RdhyRdh + os (58) Rdhe + os (51s) Rdhay + os (7) Rdhyo

Sambodhana singular:Rdh + su (58) Rdhe + su (23) Rdhe

59. Yp is applied to Rdh-saja before the Vnis.

Rdh + {n}e (59) Rdh + y{p} + e Rdhy + e (45s) RdhyaiRdh + {}as{i} (or as) (59) Rdh + y{p} + as (7) Rdhy +a (40s) RdhyRdh + i (59) Rdh + y{p} + i (48) Rdhy + m (40s) Rdhym

Rdh + m (19) Rdh + n{u} + m Rdhnm

Rdh Rdhe RdhRdhm Rdhe RdhRdhy Rdhbhym RdhbhiRdhyai Rdhbhym RdhbhyaRdhy Rdhbhym Rdhbhya

Rdhy Rdhyo RdhnmRdhym Rdhyo Rdhsu_____________________________________________Rdhe Rdhe Rdh

Examples of Rdh-saja: ram, durg, ambik, vidy, day, kp, gang, narmad, indir, candik, amb,gop (also in masc,!), kany, lajj, chy, kath, t, j, cint, knt, ni, , park, obh, vart,sandhy.

60. The last letter of Gop-saja and amb etc, becomes Vmana before Buddha.

(In the case of amb, this sutra modifies sutra 58)

Sambodhana singular:amb + su (60) amba + su (23) ambagop + su (60) gopi + su (23) gopi

61. Jar is optionally replaced by jaras before Sarvevara.

Jar jare/jarasau jar/jarasajarm/jarasam jare/jarasau jar/jarasajaray/jaras jarbhym jarbhijarayai/jarase jarbhym jarbhyajary/jarasa jarbhym jarbhyajary/jarasa jarayo/jaraso jarm/jarasmjarym/jarasi jarayo/jaraso jarsu________________________________________________________________jare jare/jaraso jar/jarasa

62. p is applied before the Vnis to feminine Hari-saja optionally, and to Gop-saja compulsorily.

I. Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (i-Rmnta):Bhakti (devotional service):

bhakti + s{u} (7) bhaktibhakti + au (29) bhakti + i bhaktibhakti + {j}as (32) bhakte + as (51s) bhaktay + as (7) bhaktayabhakti + am (8) bhakti + m bhaktimbhakti + {}as (8) bhakti + s (9) bhakt + s bhaktibhakti + {} bhakty

II. bhakti + Vnis (2 forms by 62)

a) bhakti + {}e (32) bhakti + e (51s) bhaktaye(62) bhakti + {p} + e bhakty + e (44s) bhaktyai

b) bhakti + {}as{i} (or as) bhakti + as (32) bhakte + as (34) bhakte + s bhakte(62) bhakti + {p} + as bhakty + s bhakty

c) bhakti + {}i (35) bhakti + au{c} (37) bhakti + au bhaktau(62) bhakti + {p} + i bhakty + i bhakty** + m bhaktym

** Bhakty is Rdh-saja, so 48 is applied

III. Sambodhana singular:

bhakti + su (32) bhakte + su (23) bhakte

IV. Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (u-Rmanta)

dhenu (cow):

dhenu + su dhenudhenu + au (29) dhenu + u dhendhenu + {j}as (32) dheno + as (52s) dhenv + as dhenavadhenu + am (8) dhenu + m dhenumdhenu + {}as (8) dhenu + s (9) dhen + s dhendhenu + {} (48s) dhenv

V. Dhenu + Vnis (2 forms by 62)

a) dhenu + {}e (32) dheno + e (52s) dhenv + e dhenave(62) dhenu + {p} + e dhenv + e dhenvai

b) dhenu + {}as{i} (32) dheno + as (52s) dhenav + as dhenava ?????(62) dhenu + {p} + as dhenv + as dhenv

c) dhenu + {}i (35) dhenu + au{c} (37) dhenu + au dhenau(62) dhenu + {p} + i dhenv + i (48) dhenv + m dhenvm

VI. Sambodhana singular:

dhenu + su (32) dheno + su (23) dheno

VII. Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (i-Rmantas)bhakti:

bhakti bhakt bhaktayabhaktim bhakt bhaktbhakty bhaktibhym bhaktibhibhaktyai/bhaktaye bhaktibhym bhaktibhyabhakty/bhakte bhaktibhym bhaktibhyabhakty/bhakte bhaktyo bhaktnmbhaktym/bhaktau bhaktyo bhaktiu_________________________________________________________________bhakte bhakt bhaktaya

Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (i-Rmantas): mati, buddhi, mrti, prti, stuti, ruti, dhti, smti, krti, knti, jti,mukti, rtri, bhmi, akti, rti, kti, sti, vci.

VIII. Hari-saja, Lakm-liga (u-Rmantas)dhenu:

dhenu dhen dhenavadhenum dhen dhendhenv dhenubhym dhenubhidhenvai/dhenave dhenubhym dhenubhyadhenvai/dhenvo dhenubhym dhenubhyadhenv/dhenvo dhenvo dhennmdhenvm dhenvo dhenuu____________________________________________________________________dheno dhen dhenava

63. In feminine gender, tri and catur are replaced by tis and catas before the application of Viubhaktis.

64. Before Sarvevara, of tis and catas changes to r.

I. 64 takes precedence over 9 and 49 whenever applicable, but not over 19.

II. Declension of tri, Lakm-liga (only plural):

a) (63) tis + {j}as (or {}as) (64) tisr + as tisrab) (63) tis + m (19) tis + n{ut} + m (20) tisnm (24) tismc) other forms: tisbhi, tisbhya, tisu

65. Feminine words ending in or are called Gop.

I. Gop-saja, -Rmanta:

a) gop + su (52) gopb) gop + {j}as (47, 7) gopyac) gop + am (8) gop + m gopmd) gop + {}as (8) gop + s (7) gope) gop + {}e (62) gop + {p} + e gopy + e (45s) gopyaif) gop + {}as{i} (or as) (62) gop + {p} + as gopy + as (7) gopyg) gop + {}i (62) gop + {p} + i gopy + i (48) gopy + m gopymh) Samobodhana singular: gop + su (60) gopi + su (23) gopi

gop gopyau gopyagopm gopyau gopgopy gopbhym gopbhigopyai gopbhym gopbhyagopy gopbhym gopbhyagopy gopyo gopnmgopym gopyo gopu______________________________________________gopi gopyau gopya

Gop-saja, i-Rmantas: gaur, nad, prvat, bhavn, rudrn, tantr, kumar, nr, janan, ds, nagar,patr, vall, mahi, pthv, re, maitr, putr, dhtr, vp.

To the following -Rmanata words sutra 52 is not applied, so su is not dropped: av (woman), tar (boat),lakm, hr (modesty), dh (intelligence), r (opulence).

II. Gop-saja, -Rmantas:vadh (bride, maiden):

a) vadh + s{u} (7) vadhb) vadh + {j}as (48s, 7) vadhvac) vadh + am (8) vadhmd) vadh + {}as (8, 7) vadhe) vadh + {}e (62) vadh + {p} + e vadhv + e (7) vadhvaif) vadh + {}as{i} (or as) (62) vadh + {p} + as vadhv + as (7) vadhvg) vadh + {}i (62) vadh + {p} + i vadhv + i (48) vadhv + m vadhvmh)Sambodhana singular: vadh + su (60) vadhu + su vadhu

vadh vadhvau vadhvavadhm vadhvau vadhvadhv vadhbhym vadhbhivadhvai vadhbhym vadhbhyavadhv vadhbhym vadhbhyavadhv vadhvo vadhnmvadhvm vadhvo vadhu____________________________________________________vadhu vadhvau vadhva

66. Before Sarvevara, the and of str and bhr are changed to iy and uv; but for str this change isoptional before am and as.

I. Str:

a) str + su (52) strib) str + au (66) striy + au striyauc) str + {j}as (66) striy + as (7) striyad) str + am (2 forms, as per 66): 1) (66) striy + am striyam 2) (8) str + m strme) str + {}as (2 forms, as per 66): 1) (66) striy + as (7) striya 2) (8) str + s (7) str

II. Bhr:

a) bhr + s{u} (7) bhrb) bhr + au (66) bhruv + au bhruvauc) bhr + am (66) bhruv + am bhruvamd) bhr + {j}as (66) bhruv + as (7) bhruva

67. By definition the words ending in iy or uv are not gop-saja, but str, even after the replacement iy,still follow all the rules of gop-saja; and any other word will follow these rules optionally before theVnis and am.

I. Str (continued):

a) str + {}e (66) striy + e (67, 62) striy + {p} + e striy + e (45s) striyaib) str + {}as{i} (or as) (66) striy + as (67, 62) striy + {p} + as striy + as (7) striyac) str + {}i (66, 67, 62) striy + {p} + {}i striy + i (48) striy + m striymd) Sambodhana singular: str + su (60) stri + su (23) stri

str striya striyastriyam/strm striyau striya/strstriy strbhym strbhistriyai strbhym strbhyastriy strbhym strbhyastriya striyo strm striym striyo stru________________________________________________str striyau striya

II. Bhr (continued):

a) bhr + {}e (2 forms, as per 67): 1) (66, 67, 62) bhruv + {p} + e bhruv + e bhruvai 2) (66, 67) bhruv + e bhruveb) bhr + {}as{i} (or as) (2 forms as per 67) 1) (66, 67, 62) bhruv + {p} + as bhruv + as bhruva 2) (66, 67) bhruv + as bhruvac) bhr + {}i (2 forms as per 67): 1) (66, 67, 62) bhruv + {p} + {}i (48) bhruv + m bhruvm 2) (66, 67) bhruv + i bhruvid) bhr + m (2 forms as per 67): 1) (66, 67) bhruv + m bhruvm 2) (19) bhr + n{u} + m (24) bhrnme) Sambodhana singular: bhr + su (60) bhru + su bhru

bhr bhruvau bhruvabhruvam bhruvau bhruvabhruv bhrbhym bhrbhibhruvai/bhruve bhrbhym bhrbhyabhruv/bhruva bhrbhym bhrbhyabhruv/bhruva bhruvo bhruvm/bhrmbhruvm/bhruvi bhruvo bhruu___________________________________________________________bhru bhruvau bhruva

III. r:

a) r + s{u} (65 III) r + s (7) rb) r + au (47) riy + au riyau

c) r + {}e (47) riy + e (2 forms as per 67) 1) (67, 62) riy + {p} + e riy + e riyai 2) (67) riy + e riye

r riyau riyariyam riyau riyariy rbhym rbhiriyai/riye rbhym rbhyariy/riya rbhym rbhyariy/riya riyo riym/rmriym/riyi riyo riu_________________________________________________r riyau riya

SARVEVARNTA BRAHMA-LIG68. After Neuter nouns ending in Vmana a, su is replaced by am.

I. Ka-saja, Brahma-liga:Gokula:

a) gokula + su (68) gokula + am (8) gokula + m gokulamb) gokula + au (57) gokula + gokule

69. In Brahma-liga, jas and as are replaced by i.

70. Before i, num is applied to Brahma-liga ending in Sarvevara or Vaiava.

71. Mit suffixes are applied after the last Sarvevara.

72. The letter next to the last is called Uddhava.

73. The Pava suffixes not used in Brahma-liga, and the suffix i are called Ka-sthna.

I. Ka-sthna is the Pavas:

su au jasam au and i

This definition excludes the suffix am (prath and dvit singular) and (prath and dvit dual) of Brahma-liga.

74. In words ending in n, or in sat-sangas (except the dhtus), and in the words mahat and ap, the Uddhavabecomes Trivikrama before Ka-sthna, but not before Buddha.

I. Ka-saja, Brahma-liga:

a)gokula + jas (69) gokula + i (70) gokula n(um) + i gokulan ** + {}i (74) gokuln + i gokulni

** Whenever a mit suffix is used, it is considered part of the prakti.

II. In Brahma-liga:

a) Dvitiya is equal to prathama, andb) From Ttiya onwards, the declination is like Puruottama-liga.

III. Sambodhana singular: gokula + su (23) gokula

gokulm gokule gokulnigokulam gokule gokulnigokulena gokulbhym gokulaigokulya gokulbhym gokulebhyagokult gokulbhym gokulebhyagokulasya gokulayo gokulnmgokule gokulayo gokuleu__________________________________________________gokula gokule gokulni

Examples of Ka-saja Brahma-linga: jna, anyatama, dhana, phala, vana, pustaka, jala, dvra, mitra,arra, vastra, padya, gadya, lavaa, chatra, mra (also masc!), gha, anna, satya, amta, rpa, yuddha, bhaya,udyna, pupa, yantra, bhaa, sukha, dukha, nagara, netra, mukha, rotra, udara, cibuka, nepathya,keyra.

75. Before the Yadus, hdaya can be changed to hd, and ira to iran

I. Hdaya:a) hdaya + su (68) hdaya + am (8) hdaya + m hdayamb) hdaya + au (57) hdaya + hdayec) hdaya + jas (69) hdaya + i (70, 71) hdaya n{um} + {}i hdayan + {}i (74) hdayn + i hdaynid) hdaya + as (2 forms as per 75): 1) same as jas (69) hdayni 2) (75) hd + as (69) hd + i ( 70, 71) h n{um] d + {}i hnd + i hndi

II. From onwards hdaya follows Ka, and hd follows suhd (s 7-11)

III. Hdaya:

hdayam hdaye hdaynihdayam hdaye hdaynihdayena/hd hdaybhym/hdbhym hdayai/hdbhihdayya/hde hdaybhym/hdbhym hdayebhya/hdbhyahdayt/hda hdaybhym/hdbhym hdayebhya/hdbhyahdayasya/hda hdayo/hdo hdaynm/hdm hdaye/hdi hdayo/hdo hdayeu/htsu____________________________________________________________________hdaya hdaye hdayni

76. Within the same word, n and m change to Viucakra before Vaiava.

I. Rkas:

rkas + jas (69) rkas + i (70, 71) rka n{um}s + i rkans + {}i (74) rkans + I (76) rkmsi

77. Su and am are Maha-har after neuter nouns (other than Ka-saja).

I. For Ka-saja, Brahma-liga see no. 68

II. a) 1) vari (water) + su (77) vari 2) vari + am (77) varib) vastu (real thing) + su (77) vastuc) guna-bhokt (master of the gunas) + su (77) gua-bhokt

78. After Brahma-liga ending in a, nuk is inserted before Sarvevara, but not before m.

I. A) vari

1) vari + au (57) vari + (78) vari n{uk} + variu (24) vari2) vari + jas (69) vari + {}i (78) vari n{uk} + {}i (74) varn + I (24) vari3) vari + {} (78) vari n{uk} + (24) vari4) Similarly varie, varia, varii5) vari + m ( 78, 19) vari + n{ut) m vari + nm (24) varim

II. A) vastu + au (57) vastu + (78) vastu n{uk} + vastunb) gua-bhokt + au (same process) gua-bhoktn (24) gua-bhokt

79. From onwards, i-Rma of dadhi, asthi, sakthi and aki changes to an before Sarvevara.

I. Dadhi:

a) dadhi + su (77) dadhib) dadhi + au (57) dadhi + (78) dadhi n{uk} + dadhinc) dadhi + jas (69) dadhi + i (78) dadhi n{uk} + i (74) dadhn + {}i dadhnid) dadhi + (79) dadhan + (continues in sutra 81)

80. Excluding Ka-sthna, the svdis beginning with Sarvevara, and the taddhitas beginning with y arecalled Bhagavat.

I. The suffix is also Bhagavat.

II. The Bhagavat suffixes:

{}as{}{}e{}as{}{]as{}i os m os

The Taddhitas are suffixes applied to a nma to form a derviative word, for example: madhura (sweet) withapplication of the Taddhita y becomes madhurya (sweetness).

81. Words ending in an, not preceded by v or m in sat-sanga, drop the a before the Bhagavat suffixes. Beforethe Bhagavat and i this rule is optional, and before the Taddhita y it is not applied.

I. Dadhi:

a) dadhi+ (79) dadhan + {} (81) dadhn + dadhnb) dadhi + e (79) dadhan + {}e (81) dadhn + e dadhnec) Similarly: dadhna, dadhno, dadhmd) dadhi + i (79) dadhan + {}i (2 forms as per 81) 1) dadhn + i dadhni 2) dadhan + i dadhani

II. a) This sutra is normally applied to words ending in an, like nman, preman, (nmne gaura tvie nama) b) But it is not applied towards having m or v in sat-sanga, like karman, tman, brahman, yajvan etc.

82. Brahma-liga optionally takes Govinda before Buddha.

I. Sambodhana singular (two forms):

a) vri + su 1) (23 or 77) vri 2) (82) vre + su (23 or 77) vreSimilarly:b) vastu + su 1) vastu, or 2) vastoc) gua-bhokt + su 1) gua-bhokt, or 2) gua-bhoktar (7) gua-bhoktad) dadhi + su 1) dadhi, or 2) dadhe

II. Vri:

vri vri vrivri vri vrivri vribhym vribhivrie vribhym vribhyavria vribhym vribhyavria vrino vrimvrii vrino vriu________________________________________________vri/vre vri vri

Brahma-linga, ending in I: asthi, dadhi, sakthi, aki.

III. A) Vastu:

vastu vastun vastni

vastu vastun vastnivastun vastubhym vastubhivastune vastubhym vastubhyavastuna vastubhym vastubhyavastuna vastuno vastnmvastuni vastuno vastuu_________________________________________________vastu/vasto vastun vastni

Also: madhu

b) gua-bhokt:

gua-bhokt/bhokt gua-bhokt gua-bhoktnigua-bhokt gua-bhokt gua-bhoktnigua-bhokt gua-bhoktbhym gua-bhoktbhigua-bhokte gua-bhoktbhym gua-bhoktbhyagua-bhokta gua-bhoktbhym gua-bhoktbhyagua-bhokta gua-bhokto gua-bhoktnmgua-bhokti gua-bhokto gua-bhoktu__________________________________________________________________gua-bhokt/bhokta gua-bhokt gua-bhokt

IV. Dadhi:

dadhi dadhin dadhnidadhi dadhin dadhnidadhn dadhibhym dadhibhidadhne dadhibhym dadhibhyadadhna dadhibhym dadhibhyadadhna dadhno dadhnmdadhani/dadhni dadhno dadhiu___________________________________________________dadhi/dadhe dadhin dadhni

Similarly asthi, sakthi and aki.

83. At the end of Brahma-liga, Trivikrama becomes Vmana.

I. Vivan (universal leadership):

a) When vivan is used in the neuter sense it is changed to vivam (by sutra 83): vivam, vivani, vivani,vivanin etc.

84. For e an ai, the Vmana is i, for o or au it is u.

I. This sutra is related with the previous one (83).

II. Example: Karai (Kas opulence)In Brahma-liga Karai is declined as Kari (84).

VIUJANNTA PURUOTTAMA-LIG

EXAMPLE: MARUT (WIND):

marut ** marutau marutamarutam marutau marutamarut marudbhym marudbhimarute marudbhym marutbhyamaruta marutbhym marutbhyamaruta maruto marutmmaruti maruto marutsu_________________________________________marut marutau maruta

** marut + su (52) marutmarut + bhym (61s) marudbhym

Also: bhbht, dadat, jakat.

II. All the rules for Viujannta applied to Puruottama-liga are also applied to feminine and neuter nouns.

85. Before Ka-sthna, num is applied to words ending with ac or with catur-bhuja anubandha.

I. Examples of compound nouns with ac: pratyac (backward, westward), nyac (downward), tiryac(horizontal), udac (upward), vivac (pervading), prc (eastern), avc (southern) etc.

II. Examples of Catur-bhuja anubandha words: bhagavat{u}, (Supreme Personality of Godhead), mahat{u}(great), hanumat{u}, (Hanuman), dhmat{u} (learned) etc.

86. In contact with ca-varga, ta-varga changes to ca-varga.

a) jagat + cakus (86, 7) jagac-cakub) jagat-chaya (86) jagac-chyac) bhagavat + jna (86) bhagavac-jna (61) bhagavaj-jnad) suhd + carana (86) suhj-carana (63) suhc-caranae) suhd + jana (86) suhj-janaf) (BG 5.8) payan + jighran (86) paya jighran

87. The last letter of a sat-sanga is Har at Viupadnta.

87A. In words ending in at{u] or as, except dhtus, the Uddhava becomes Trivikrama in prathama singular.

I. Bhagavat{u}a) bhagavat + su (87a) bhagavat + su (52) bhagavt (85, 71) bhagav n{um} t bhagavnt (87) bhagavnb) bhagavat + au (85, 71) bhagavant + au bhagavantauc) Similarly: bhagavanta, bhagavantam.

d) bhagavat + as bhagavatas (7) bhagavatae) Similarly: bhagavat, bhagavate etcf) bhagavat + bhym (61s) bhagavadbhymg) Sambodhana singular: bhagavat + su (85, 71) bhagavant + su (52) bhagavant (87) bhagavan

bhagavn bhagavantau bhagavantabhagavantam bhagavantau bhagavatabhagavat bhagavadbhym bhagavadbhibhagavate bhagavadbhym bhagavadbhyabhagavata bhagavadbhym bhagavadbhyabhagavata bhagavato bhagavatmbhagavati bhagavato bhagavasu_____________________________________________________________bhagavan bhagavantau bhagavanta

II. Mahat{u} (m, f)

a) mahat + su (87a or 74e) maht + su (52) maht (85, 71) maht n{um} t mahnt (87) mahnb) mahat + au (74c) maht + au (85, 71) mahnt + au mahantauc) Similarly: mahnta, mahntamd) The other cases follow the same pattern as bhagavat.

mahn mahntau mahntamahntam mahantau mahantamahat mahadbhym mahadbhimahate mahadbhym mahadbhyamahata mahadbhym mahadbhyamahata mahato mahatmmahati mahato mahatsu______________________________________________________mahan mahntau mahnta

III. Candramas (m) moon:

a) candramas + su (87a) candrams + su (52) candrams (7) candramab) candramas + au candramasauc) candramas + bhym (7) candrama + bhym (82s) candramo + bhym candramobhym(Note: The suffixes bhym etc are considered separate words, see sutra ??? )d) Sambodhana singular: candramas + su (52) candramas (7, 87a) candrama

candram candramasau candramasacandramasam candramasau candramasacandramas candramobhym candramobhicandramase candramobhym candramobhyacandramasa candramobhym candramobhyacandramasa candramaso candramasmcandramasi candramaso candramasu/ssu__________________________________________________________________candrama candramasau candramasa

Also: mahanjas, pracetas, durvsas, divaukas, sumanas, mahnjaas, vanaukas

Similar: uanas, anehas, vedhas.

88. Ca-varga changes to ka-varga at Viupadnta, or before a Vainava of different varga.

I. Pratyac (backward, westward):

a) pratyac + su (85, 71) pratya n{um} c + su (52) pratyanc (86) pratyac (87) pratya (88) pratyab) pratyac + au (85, 71) pratyanc + au (86) pratyacauc) Similarly: pratyaca, pratyacam

89. The a of ac is Har before Bhagavat suffixes, and the preceding letter becomes Trivikrama.

I. a) Pratyac + {}as (89) pratic ** + as (89) pratcas (7) pratca** When a-Rma is dropped, the sandhi is dissolved.b) Similarly: pratc, pratice, pratci etc.

89A. The prakti is treated as Viupada before svdis beginning with Viujana; or before Taddhitas notbeginning with y or Sarvevara.

I. a) pratyac + bhym (89A, 61s) pratyaj + bhym (88) pratyagbhymb) pratyac + su{p} (89A, 88) pratyaksu (21) pratyaku

pratya pratyacau pratyacapratyacam pratyacau pratcapratic pratyagbhym pratyagbhipratce pratyagbhym pratyagbhyapratca pratyagbhym pratyagbhyapratca pratco pratcmpratci pratco pratyaku_____________________________________________________pratya pratyacau pratyaca

90. Before Bhagavat suffixes, tieyac is replaced by tirac, and udac by udc.

I. A) tiryac + {}as (90) tirac + as (7) tiracab) Similarly: tiraca, tirace etc.

II. Tiryac:

tirya tiryacau tiryacatiryacam tiryacau tiracatirac tiryagbhym tiryagbhitirace tiryagbhym tiryagbhyatiraca tiryagbhym tiryagbhyatiraca tirao tiracmtiraci tiraco tiryaku_____________________________________________________tirya tiryacau tiryaca

91. Letters ch and , and the last letter of rj. Yaj, bhrj, parivrj, sj, mj, bhrasj and vrac change to atViupadnta or before Vainava.

(Examples appeear under sutra 94)

92. At Viupadnta or before Vainava, the initial s or k of sat-sanga is Har.

I. Bhsj (from the word bhrasj):

bhsj + su (91) bhs + su (52) bhs (92) bh ...............

93. changes to at Viupadnta or before Harighoa.

I. Rj:

rj + su (91) r + su (52) r (93) r .....................

94. Viudsa optionally changes to Hari-kamala before Virma.

I. Words ending in ch and :

a) sarvaprcch1) sarvaprcch + su (52) sarvaprcch ** (91) sarvaprs (93) sarvapr (94) sarvapr/d** The reduplicaton of ch is explained by 72s.2) sarvaprcch + au sarvaprcchau3) sarvaprcch + bhym (91) sarvapr + bhym (93) sarvaprbhy4) sarvaprcch + su{p} (91, 93) sarvapr + su (63s) sarvaprtsu

b) Kapra (enquiry about Ka):1. Kapra + su (52) Kapra (91) Kapra (93) Kapra (94)Kapra/2) Kapra + au Kapraau3)Kapra + bhym (91, 93) Kapradbhym4) Kapra + su{p} (91, 93, 63s) Kaprasu

II. Words listed in sutra 91:a) vivarj (King of the Universe):1) vivarj + su (52, 91, 93, 94) vivar/2) vivarj + bhym (91, 93) vivarbhym3) vivarj + su{p} (91, 93, 63s) vivarsu or (75s) vivartsu

d) rj (vivarj, svarj etc):

r/ rjau rjarjam rjau rjarj rbhym rbhirje rbhym rbhyarja rbhym rbhyarja rjo rjnmrji rjo rsu/rtsu________________________________________________r/ rjau rja

Eg: vibhr, parivr

IV. Words listed in 91:

bhsj (from bhrasj one who fries):

1) bhsj + su (52) bhsj (91) bhs (92) bh (93) bh (94) bh/2) bhsj + au (94d) bhjj + au bhjjau (sj to jj is rule from dhtu section)3) Similarly bhjja, bhjjam, bhjja, bhjje etc.4) bhsj + bhym (91, 92, 93) bhd + bhym bhdbhym5) bhsj + su{p} (89a, 91, 92, 93, 63s) bhtsu

95. At Viupadnta, the final letter of sraj, di, d, tvij, unih, dadh, sp and td changes to k.

I. Sraj:

a) sraj + su (52) sraj (95) srakb) sraj + au srajauc) sraj + bhym (95) srak + bhym (61s) sragbhymd) sraj + su{p} (95) sraksu (21) sraku

II. By the same process: prath s. Prath d. T d. Sap. pdr dk dau dgbhym dkuunih unik uihau unigbhym unikudadh dadhk dadhau dadhgbhym dadhkusp spk spau spgbhym spkutd tdk tdau tdgbhym tdku

Also: na, ghtasp, yad, md, kd, bhavd, tvd, etd

III. A) di:

dik diau diadiam diau diadi digbhym digbhidie digbhym digbhyadia digbhym digbhyadia dio dimdii dio diku_____________________________________________dik diau dia

b) tvij:

tvik tvijau tvijatvijam tvijau tvijatvij tvigbhym tvigbhitvije tvigbhym tvigbhyatvija tvigbhym tvigbhyatvija tvijo tvijm

tviji tvijo tviku____________________________________________________tvik tvijau tvija

96. Num is applied to yuj before Ka-sthna, except when it is used in samsa or in the sense of samdhi.

I. Yuj:

a) yuj + su (96, 71) yu n{um} j + su (52) yunj (86) yuj (87) yu (88) yub) yuj + au (96, 71) yunj + au (86) yujauc) yuj + {}as (7) yujad) yuj + bhym (88) yugbhyme) yuj + su{p} (88, 63s) yuksu (21) yuku

yu yujau yujayujam yujau yujayuj yugbhym yugbhiyuje yugbhym yugbhyayuja yugbhym yugbhyayuja yujo yujmyuji yujo yuku_______________________________________yu yujau yuja

97. In a sat-sanga beginning with r, only s is Har at Viupadnta.

I. Eg. rj (strength):

rj + su (52) rj (88) rg (94) rk

98. If a dhtu has these three characteristics:1. Begins with Harigad (except j)2. Has only one Sarvevara3. Ends with Harighoa

then the initial Harigad changes to Harighoa if the dhtu is followed by s or dhv or is at Viupadnta.(Here Viupadnta indicates that the dhtu is used as a nma.)

II. Kabudh ( knower of Ka):

a) Kabudh + su (52) Kabudh (98) Kabhudh (61s) Kabudh (94)Kabut/db) Kabudh + au Kabudhauc) Kabudh + bhym (98, 61s) Kabhudbhymd) Kabudh + su{p} (98, 61s) Kabhud + su (63s) Kabhutsu

Kabhut/d Kabudhau KabudhaKabudham Kabudhau KabudhaKabudh Kabhudbhym KabhudbhiKabudhe Kabhudbhym KabhudbhyaKabudha Kabhudbhym KabhudbhyaKabudha Kabudho KabudhmKabudhi Kabudho Kabhutsu

________________________________________________________________Kabhut/d Kabudhau Kabudha

99. The final n of a nma is Har at Viupadnta, except in Buddha. (Where n is originally the final letterof a prakti)

I. Rjan (king):

a) rjan + su (52) rjan (74) rjn (99) rjnb) rjan + au (74) rjn + au rjnauc) rjan + {}as (81) rjn + as (86) rjas (7) rjad) rjan + bhym (89a, 99) rja + bhym rjabhyme) rjan + {} (two forms by 81):

1. (81) rjn + I (86) rji2. Rjan + I rjani

f) rjan + su{p} (89a, 99) rja + su rjasug) Sambodhana singular: rjan + su (52, 74, 99) rjan

rj rjnau rjnarjnam rjnau rjarj rjabhym rjabhirje rjabhym rjabhyarja rjabhym rjabhyarja rjo rjmrji/rjani rjo rjasu___________________________________________rjan rjnau rjna

99a. Pus changes to pumas before Ka-sthna. (Pumas has anubandha u pumas{u})

I. Pus:

a) pus + su (99a) pumas{u} + su (85) puma n{um} s + su (52) pumans pumnb) pus + au (99a) pumas{u} + au (85) puma n{um} s + au (74) pumns + au pumsauc) pus + {}as pus + as (7) pumsad) pus + bhym (89a, 87) pum + bhym pumbhyme) pus + su{p} (89a, 87) pusuf) Sambodhana singular: pus + su (99) pumas{u} + su (85) puma n s + su (52) pumans (74, 87) puman

pumn pumsau pumsapumsam pumsau pusapus pumbhym pumbhipuse pumbhym pumbhyapusa pumbhym pumbhyapusa puso pusmpusi puso pusu______________________________________________puman pumsau pumsa

100. The syllable va of van, yuvan and maghavan changes to u before the Bhagavat suffixes.

I. van (dog):

a) van + su (52) van (74) vn (99) vb) van + au (74) vn + au vnauc) van + {}as (100) un + as (7) unad) van + bhym (89a, 99) va + bhym vabhyme) van + su{p} (89a, 99) va + su vasu

va vnau vnavnam vnau unaun vabhym vabhiune vabhym vabhyauna vabhym vabhyauna uno unmuni uno vasu______________________________________van vnau vna

II. Yuvan: (Follows exactly the same declension drop and add yu, so those that are u become y)

101. When a dhtu ending in ir, iv or ur is followed by Viujana, i or u becomes Trivikrama; except kurand chur, and nma-dhtus, and before Taddhita suffixes beginning with y.

I. Some rules in this section are applicable to dhtus whether they are used as a verb or as a noun.

II. Pratidivan (sun) from dhtu div (shine):

a) pratidivan + su (52, 74) pratidivn (99) pratidivb) pratidivan + au (74) pratidivnauc) pratidivan + {}as (81) pratidivn + as (101) pratidvn + as pratidvnad) pratidivan + bhym (89a, 99) pratidiva + bhym pratidivabhyme) pratidivan+ su{p} (89a, 99) pratidiva + su pratidivasuf) Sambodhana singular: pratidivan + su (52, 74) pratidivan

pratidiv pratidivnau pratidivnapratidivnam pratidivnau pratidivnapratidvn pratidivabhym pratidivabhipratidvne pratidivabhym pratidivabhyhpratidvna pratidivabhym pratidivabhyhpratidvna pratidivno pratidvnmpratidvni pratidvno pratidivasu______________________________________________________pratidivan pratidivnau pratidivna

102. The letter n of pathin, mathin and bhukin is Hara before su.

103. In Ka-sthna, i-Rma of pathin, mathin and bhukin changes to Trivikrama , and nuk is insrtedbefore th.

I. Pathin:

a) pathin + su (102) pathi + su (103) path + su (103) pa n{uk} th + su (7) panthb) pathin + au (103) pathn + au (103) panthn + au panthnau

104. The sasra or pathin, mathin and bhukin is Hara before Bhagavat suffixes.

I. Pathin:

a) pathin + {}as (104) path + as (7) pathab) pathin + bhym (89a, 99) pathi + bhym pathibhymc) pathin + su{p} (89a, 99) pathi + su (21) pathiu

panth panthnau panthnapanthnam panthnau panthnapath pathibhym pathibhipathe pathibhym pathibhyapatha pathibhym pathibhyapatha patho pathmpathi patho pathiu_____________________________________________________panth panthnau panthna

104a. Words ending in in, and han, pan and aryaman change their Uddhava to Trivikrama only before suor i.

II. This modifies sutra 74.

105. Before n or it, the h of han changes to gh.

I. Kasahan (the killer of Kasa):

a) kasahan + su (52) kasahan (104a) kasahn (99) kasahb) kasahan + au kasahanauc) kasahan + {}as (81) kasahn + as (105) kamsaghn + as (7) kamsaghnad) kasahan + bhym (89a, 99) kasahabhyme) kasahan + {}i (2 forms by 81):

1. (81) kasahn + I (105) kamsaghn + i kamsaghni2. Kasahani

kasah kasahanau kasahanakasahanam kasahanau kamsaghnakamsaghn kasahabhym kasahabhikamsaghne kasahabhym kasahabhyakamsaghna kasahabhym kasahabhyakamsaghna kamsaghno kamsaghnmkamsaghni/kasahani kamsaghno kasahasu________________________________________________________kasahan kasahanau kasahana

Eg: vtrahan, aryaman

106. After numerals ending in r, or n, nut is applied before m (but only in their primary sense as

numbers).

I. a (six):

a) a + jas (or as) (39) a (93) a (94) a/b) a + bhis (89a, 93) a + bhis (7) abhic) a + m (106) a + n{ut} m a + nm (24) anm (????)d) a + su{p} (89a, 93) a + su (63) asu

107. The Uddhava of words ending in n becomes Trivikrama before nm.

I. Pacan (five):

a) pacan + jas (or as) (39) pacan (99) pacab) pacan + bhis (89a, 99) paca + bhis (7) pacabhic) pacan + m (106) pacan + n{ut} + m (107) pacan + nm (89a, 99) pac + nm pacnmd) pacan + su{p} (89a, 99) paca + su pacasu

II. Similarly: saptan (7), navan (9), daan (10), ekdaan (11), dvdaan (12), etc (except aan (8).)

108. Aan optionally changes to a before the Viubhaktis.

109. After that, jas and as are replaced by au (if aan is used in the primary sense.)

I. a) aan + jas (or as) (2 forms by sutra 108):1. (39) aan (99) aa2. (108) aa + jas (109) a + au{} (46s) aau

b) aan + bhis (2 forms by 108):1. (89a, 99) aa + bhis (7) aabhi2. (108) aa + bhis (7) aabhi

c) aan + m (106) aan + nm (107) an + nm (89a, 99) a + nm anm

110. Arvan is replaced by arvat{} before any suffix except su, (but not if it is preceded by negative prefixan).

111. N does not change to before t, th, d, dh. (Optional translation: sutra 24 does not apply if n isfollowed by t, th, d, dh.)

I. Arvan:

a) arvan + su (52) arvan (74) arvn (99) arvb) arvan + au (110) arvat{} + au (85, 71) arva.n{um}t + au (111) arvantauc) arvan + {}as (110) arvat{} + as (7) arvatad) arvan + bhym (110) arvat{} + bhym (89a, 61s) arvad + bhym arvadbhym

arv arvantau arvantaarvantam arvantau arvataarvat arvadbhym arvadbhi arvate arvadbhym arvadbhyaarvata arvadbhym arvadbhyaarvata arvato arvatm

arvati arvato arvatsu_________________________________________________arvan arvantau arvanta

112. The final m of a dhtu changes to n at Viupadnta or before m or v.

I. Prasm (a peaceful person) from dhtu am (be peaceful):

a) praam + su (52) pram (112) pranb) praam + au praamauc) praam + bhym (89a, 112) pran + bhym pranbhymd) praam + su{p} (89a, 112) pran + su (76) prasu

112a. Dhvas, svas, vas and anadu change their final letter to d at Viupadnta.

112b. Va of vas{u} changes to u before Bhagavat suffixes.

I. Bhat 141.

II. Vidvas{u} (scholar, wise person):

a) vidvas + su (85, 71) vidva.n{um}.s + su (52) vidvans (74) vidvns (87) vidvnb) vidvas + au (85, 71) vidva.n{um}.s + au vidvans + au (74) vidvns + au (76) vidvsauc) vidvas + {}as (112b) vidus + as (21, 7) viduad) vidvas + bhym (89a, 112a) vidvadbhyme) vidvas + su{p} (89a, 112a) vidvad + su (63s) vidvatsu

vidvn vidvsau vidvsavidvsam vidvsau viduavidu vidvadbhym vidvadbhividue vidvadbhym vidvadbhyavidua vidvadbhym vidvadbhyavidua viduo vidumvidua viduo vidvatsu_____________________________________________vidvam vidvsau vidvsa

Eg: tasthivas

113. Before Ka-sthna, m is inserted in catur and anau; however before Buddha m is replaced by am.

113a. And before su, num is also applied to anau.

I. Reference Bhat 148.

II. Anau (ox):

a) anau + su (113, 71) anau.{m}.h + su (48s) anav + su (113a, 71) anav.n{um}. + su (52) anavn(87) anavnb) anau + au (113, 71, 48s) anav + au anavhauc) anau + {}as (7) anaua

d) anau + bhym (89a, 112a) anaudbhyme) anau + su{p} (89a, 112a) anaud + su (63s) anautsuf) Sambodhana singular: anau + su (113, 71) anau.a{m}. + su(48s) anava + su (113a, 71)anava.n{um}. + su (52) anavan (87) anavan

anavn anavhau anavhaanavham anavhau anavhaanauh anaudbhym anaudbhianauhe anaudbhym anaudbhyaanauha anaudbhym anaudbhyaanauha anauho anauhmanauhi anauho anautsu__________________________________________________anavan anavhau anavha

114. Ra-Rma does not change to Viusarga before sup.

I. Catur:

a) catur + {j}as (113, 71) catu.{m}.r + as (48s, 7) catvarab) catur + {}as (7) caturac) catur + bhis (89a, 7) catu + bhis (7) catubhid) catur + m (106) catur + n{ut}.m (89a, 7) catu + nm (84s) caturnm (24) caturme) catur + su{p} (89a, 114) catursu (21) caturu

Saju and i, and dhtus ending in is or us change the last letter to r at Viupadnta, and this r changesto Viusarga before sup.

I. This sutra modifies sutra 114.

116. When the ending ir or us of a dhtu is Viupadnta, the Uddhava becomes Trivikrama.

I. Saju (f)

a) saju + su (52) saju (115) sajur (116) sajr (7) sajb) saju + au sajuauc) saju + bhym (89a, 115) sajur + bhym (116) sajr + bhym sajrbhymd) saju + su{p} (89a, 115) sajur + su (116) sajr + su (115) saj + su (21) saju

saj sajuau sajuasajuam sajuau sajuasaju sajurbhym sajurbhisajue sajurbhym sajurbhyasajua sajurbhym sajurbhymsajua sajuo sajumsajui sajuo sajuu/sajuu_______________________________________________saj sajuau sajua

II. i (same pattern as saju saj replaced by i)

III. Words ending in ir and ur:

a) gir (f) (voice)

gi (116, 7) girau giragiram girau giragir girbhym girbhigire girbhym girbhyagira girbhym girbhyagira giro girmgiri giro gru_________________________________g girau gira

b) pur (f) (town):

p purau purapuram purau purapur prbhym prbhipure prbhym prbhyapura prbhym prbhyapura puro purmpuri puro pru____________________________________p purau pura

117. At Viupadnta or before Vainava, h changes to h, but in na, it changes to dh, and in dhtusbeginning with d the final h changes to gh. In druh, muh, na, snuh and snih, the finaol letter optionallychanges to gh.

I. Lih (0ne who likes):

a) lih + su (52) lih (117) lih (61s) li (94) li/b)lih + au lihauc) Similarly : liha, liham, lih, lihe, liho etc.d) lih + bhym (89a, 117) lih + bhym (61s) li + bhy, libhyme) lih + su{p} (89a, 117) lih + su (61s) li + su (63s) li + su lisuf) Example: madhulih (m) bee:

madhuli/ madhulihau madhulihamadhuliham madhulihau madhulihamadhulih madhulibhym madhulibhimadhulihe madhulibhym madhulibhyamadhuliha madhulibhym madhulibhyamadhuliha madhuliho madhulihmmadhulihi madhuliho madhulisu__________________________________________________madhulili/ madhulihau madhuliha

II. Upnah (f) (shoe):

a) upnah + su (52 upnah (117b) upnadh (61s) upnahd (94) upnat/db) upnah + au upnahauc) Similarly: upnaha, upnaham, upnah etc.d) upnah + bhym (89a, 117) upnadh + bhym (61s) upnad + bhym upnadbhyme) upnah + su{p} (89a, 117) upnah + su (61s) upnad + su (63s) upnat + su upnatsu

III. Kmaduh (f) (cow):

a) kmaduh + su (52) kmaduh (117) kmadhugh (99) kmadhug (94) kmadhuk/gb) kmaduh + au kmaduhauc) Similarly: kmaduha, kmaduham, kmaduh etcd) kmaduh + bhym (89a, 117) kmadugh + bhym (99) kmadhugh + bhym (61s) kmadhug + bhym kmadhugbhyme) kmaduh + su{p} (89a, 117) kmadugh + su (98) kmadhugh + su (61s) kmadhug + su (63s) kmadhuksu(21) kmadhuku

kmadhuk/g kmaduhau kmaduhakmaduham kmaduhau kmaduhakmaduh kmadhugbhym kmadhugbhikmaduhe kmadhugbhym kmadhugbhyakmaduha kmadhugbhym kmadhugbhyakmaduha kmaduho kmaduhmkmaduhi kmaduho kmaduku_________________________________________________kmadhuk/g kmaduhau kmaduha

III. Muh:

a) muh + su (52) muh (117) 2 forms:1. (117) mugh (61s) mug (94) muk/g2. (117) muh (61s) mu (94) mu/

prath sing. Prath dual Catur dual Sap pl.Druh druk/g druhau drugbhym drukumuh muk/g muhau mugbhym muku mu/ mubhym mususnuh snuk/g snuhau snugbhym snuku snu/ snubhym snususnih snik/g snihau snigbhym sniku sni/ snibhym snisuna nak/g naau nagbhym naku na/ nabhym nasu

118. In vh, v is replaced by h before Bhagavat suffixes.

119. After a-dvaya, h takes Vnndra.

I. Kavh (the carrier of Ka, Garuda):

a) Kavh + su (52) Kavh (117) Kavh (61s) Kav (94) Kav/b) Kavh + au Kavhau

c) Similarly: Kavha, Kavhamd) Kavh + {}as (118) Ka.{h}.h + as (119) Ka.au.h + as (46s) Kauh + as (7) Kauhae) Similarly: Kauh, Kauhe etc.f) Kavh + bhym (89a, 117) Kavh + bhym (61s) Kav + bhym Kavbhymg) Kavh +su{p} (89a,117) Kavdh + su (63s) Kavsu

Kav/ Kavhau KavhaKavham Kavhau KavhaKauh Kavbhym KavbhiKauhe Kavbhym K

vyakarana

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