vulnerability of the fishery dependent communities to climate change in kerala · 2017-07-27 ·...

Indian Journal of Economics & Business, Vol. 14, No. 3, (2015) : 423-435

*Research Scholar, Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India)-Cochin University of Science andTechnology, ̀ Researcher Alterra, ̂ Professor Alterra-Wageningen University Netherlands, ~C0-chairmanNERCI & Emeritus Professor CUSAT

VULNERABILITY OF THE FISHERY DEPENDENTCOMMUNITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN KERALA

SACHIN PAVITHRAN A. P.*, TANYA SINGH` EDDY MOORS^ &N. R. MENON~

Abstract

The fisheries sector is confronted with and vulnerable to climate change andvariability, fluctuations in marine fisheries resources as well as the related socio-economic conditions. The aim of this paper is to understand how fluctuating fisheriesresources, climate induced hazards and socio-economic changes affect fishingcommunities within Kerala State. The present paper assessed the vulnerability of 40fishing community members in two coastal districts of Kerala using PVA(Participatory vulnerability assessment) methodology. The methodology providesprioritisation and ranking of the different impacts as perceived by the fishers onvarious climate change induced hazards. The vulnerability scores were worked outfor the fisher households. The fisher’s perception revealed that the traditional fishermenare the most vulnerable when compared to other social groups.Keywords: Vulnerability, sustainable development, climate change, fishingcommunity, vulnerability assessmentJEL Classifications: Q01, Q54

INTRODUCTIONKerala, a long strip of land in the south-west corner of India is considered as themost productive portion of the Arabian Sea. This state has a vast inshore and offshore area. The inshore sea area falling within the territorial limit of the State isabout 13,000 sq.kms. The continental shelf area of the sea adjoining the KeralaState is 39139 sq.kms. Marine fisheries and associated activities play an importantrole in the coastal economy of Kerala. In the past years climate change has beenattracting growing attention for its immediate and potential impacts upon theenvironment and human populations. In the case of marine and coastal ecosystems,which is considered as extremely vulnerable to climate-change processes such asocean warming and sea-level rise have a direct impact upon the lives and livelihoodsof coastal fishing communities.

424 Saching Pavithran A. P., Tanya Singh, Eddy Moors & N. R. Menon

Climate change needs to be understood as adding a new dimension to the crisisalready faced in the fisheries sector of Kerala. It is quite clear that while climatechange is a global process, it is aggravated by local processes and practices, whichmeans that efforts to address it must cover a range of activities from the globallevel down to that of the individual fisher in a remote fishing community.Additionally, little attention has been given to the consequences of changing fisheriesecosystems on people, particularly so for the small-scale fisher folk (fishers, fishprocessors, traders and ancillary workers) in the rural coastal villages of Keralawho are among the most vulnerable to climate change. According to the IPCCdefinition vulnerability is a combination of the exposure of groups or individuals orecological systems to a hazard, such as rising sea level, their intrinsic sensitivity tothe hazard, and their ability to adapt their practices in order to deal with the hazard.In this paper we analysed the relative vulnerability of fishing communities in Keralato climate change hazards.

There are an increasing number of reports on the vulnerability of coastal zonesand fishing communities to climate change at the global and national level (i.e.Allison et al., 2004; Coulthard, 2008; Badjeck et al., 2009; Daw et al., 2009). Coastalzones are under increasing stress because of an interrelated set of planning figures,information, economic market and policy intervention failures. Moves towardsintegrated coastal zone management are urgently required to guide the coevolutionof natural and human systems (Turner et al. 2006).

Site-specifically though, the predominant focus of the majority of studieshave been either on the socio-economic or socio-political assets of fishing-communities in the context of livelihood issues and resource depletion (i.e.Kurien & paul, 2000; Dhanuraj, 2004; Sathiadhas, 2006; Divakarannair, 2007)or on the different pathways through which climate change and variabilityimpacts fisheries, which were all addressed as a standalone unit (i.e. Vivekanandan,2010).

Inorder to understand environmental change and variability impacts and thecapacity of people to adapt to the impacts requires an analysis of the socio-economicand biophysical system combined (Salagrama, 2012).

Various research works carried out by the Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch (ICAR) and Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI),concluded that the climate change impacts the distribution, phenology andabundance of marine fish species (Vivekanandan, 2010)

In turn, this will affect the structure and function of the ecosystem as well aspossibly impair the fisheries industry and threaten the livelihoods of the fishingcommunities. Additionally, climate change could directly impact the fisheries sector,for instance, damaging infrastructure; damaging crafts and gear; increasing safetyrisks; impacting income, profits and assets; affecting human welfare, andmarginalizing the men and women from their traditional occupations.(Vivekanandan, 2010).

Vulnerability of the Fishery Dependent Communities to Climate Change in Kerala 425

Collective action for natural resource management can include joint investmentin buying, constructing or maintaining local infrastructure and technologies, settingand implementing rules to exploit resources, representing the group to outsidersand sharing information (Bardhan, 2000). Olson (1965) defines collective action as;collective action is where individuals undertake collective effort based on naturalinterests and the expectation of natural benefits.

The sea level rise which has been observed over the last century poses a significantthreat to coastal zones (Wigley and Raper, 1992). Human activities can also influencesea level directly and may have led to a net change in sea levels over the past centuryalthough even the direction of this change is disputed (Turner 1991).

METHODOLOGYTo assess the vulnerability context of fishery dependent livelihoods, primary datacollection was carried out at the following coastal areas within Ernakulam andAlleppey Districts: A vulnerability analysis has been performed as shown in table1. This assessment is based on group discussions and the information obtained atthe coastal villages of Alleppey (Thykal and Arthungal) and Ernakulam(Vypin).

The unit of this research are primarily individuals of fishing communities.Atthe community level, a total of 40 fishing community members were interviewedand the scores were tabulated. The study was carried out through participatoryvulnerability assessment.

The participating actors were selected at random based on applicability in termsof their knowledge of the subject at hand (fisheries resources, environmental change,hazards), their willingness toparticipate and availability at the time. The studysample comprised of: Traditional non-motorised fishermen of the backwaters;Chinese-net fishermen; traditional fishermen crew of motorised crafts, small andlarge sized; trawling boat crew members; fishermen wives/fisherwomen; fishvendors, fish marketers and middle men.

OBJECTIVEVulnerability of the fishery dependent communities to climate change in Keralastate: recommendations for increasing adaptive capacity.

Research questionsWhat determines the vulnerability of the fisheries sector, in particular the fishingcommunities under consideration to changes in the biophysical system? And howdo different actors within the fisheries sector perceive and respond to the affectsthat shape their vulnerability?

Fishing communities in KeralaIn the following the the fisheries communty is classified into groups to assess theirvulnerability due to the climate change hazards. The major groups identified are:


1. Traditional fishermen family: Their economic background is low leading tothe limited investment in gears especially catamarans and canoes. Thisprevents their chance of exploring various fishing grounds effectively whichis mostly restricted to the near shore waters at that moment.

2. Motorized fishermen family/ Mechanized fishermen family: they useoutboard engines or motors in canoes due to slightly higher economic status.They will be able to utilize the resources better as the fishing groundexploration percentage is higher than for the traditional fishermencommunity. They fall in the better category of all fishermen.

3. Local fish traders: They form the first line traders between the fishermenand the local markets with very limited investment in trading.

4. Middlemen fish traders: They have better investment and proper tradingstrategies. They buy fish from the local fishermen and sell it at higher prices.

5. Fish Exporters: Investment-wise the fish exporters are up in the line. Theirprofits may be very high but they are very depended on the quality andavailability of specific fish species. They also have to deal with changinggovernment policies.

CLIMATE CHANGE HAZARDS AFFECTING THE FISHING COMMUNITIESThere is now ample evidence of the impacts of global climate change on marineenvironments. Regional changes are more relevant in this context. The existingevidence shows that the influence of climate changes on local fishery communitiescan be very high. Here we tried to address climate change which impacts a widerange of activities. The key drivers of climate change that have an impact upon thelives and livelihoods of fishers include:

• Sea level rise

• Upwelling

• Sea-surface temperature and salinity

• Local rainfall and monsoonal variability

• Hazardous algal bloom

• Illness

Sealevel rise (SLR)SLR is considered as one of the major impact of global warming. The simpleunderstanding of the issue is the sea level changes and is reported to influence thecoast in a number of ways by affecting waves, currents and bottom pressure in thenear-shore regions. Thus considering the science behind sea level rise it can behypothesized that some coastal villages will be exposed to inundation due to aprojected 1-m rise in sea level, expected to happen over 20-50 years.


UpwellingCoastal upwelling is very important to fisheries activities as it supports some ofthe most productive fisheries in the world. In any particular area, upwelling isintermittent; it can be strong in some years and weak in others. The success offishermen is greatly affected by this, since a weakening of an upwelling system canbring economic disaster. In case of Kerala upwelling depends on the monsoon activityof the region changes in this can have positive or negative impacts, but this is as ofyet uncertain. Upwelling brings nutrient-rich deep waters to the surface, wherealgae can thrive in the sunlight, feeding the fish. Without nutrients, no algae, andwithout algae, no fish, so the uncertainty about upwelling is a serious hazard to thefishermen communities.

Sea Surface Temperature (SST)SST is considered to be an indicator of ocean variability as well as more complexocean processes. In recent years it has been reported that temperature haveincreased both at surface and bottom of the sea. But it is also related to some nonclimatic factor such as power plant discharge, chemical effluent and discharge ofwaste and sewage. One possible impact of rising sea-surface temperature beingfelt by the fishermen might be related to the changing in fish composition in aparticular depth and their catches. The pelagic species of fish has already shiftedto a lower layer which is comparatively cooler due to increase of sea surfacetemperature.

SalinitySea water intrusion and incursion of sea water into the coastal villages and upstreammakes groundwater more saline and harms the inland fisheries specially the freshwater fisheries and aquaculture. There is much evidence of increase of salinity inthe creeks, river and coastal villages of Kerala. However, the critical factor whichinfluences to the increased salinization of the coastal region is the drastic reductionin freshwater flows from the upstream and river. With weakened flows from theupstream fluxes, the seawater intrudes higher up in the creeks and rivers, andstays longer in the absence of a strong push from the discharged freshwater. Thisaffects the local ecological and biological conditions, and as well as the productionof the fish.

Rainfall and Monsoonal variabilitySome critical trends have been observed in the rainfall pattern of Kerala over therecent 100 years. Heavy downpours in certain years are followed by below averagerainfall in recent years. Both being considered as equally disastrous for the fishingand fishing related activities. Even within a year the rainfall is spread evenlythroughout the season, the entire annual rainfall occurs in different break periods,sometime within a very short period. Thus, while the total annual rainfall may


remain constant some years, its distribution may not be uniform through the season.This means a severe upset of fishing and other associated activities.

Hazardous Algal Bloom (HAB)The Indian fisheries economy depends heavily upon the coastal zone for marineproducts, so it is especially sensitive to constraints from red tides and toxicmicroalgae. HABs cause substantial impacts on the growth, recruitment andmortality of fish population, especially fish–killing algal blooms that cause directand severe damage to coastal fishing industries. Also, eating affected shellfish maycause health problems in humans. Although, studies are underway, efficientmonitoring systems have to be established in order to assess the impact of hazardousalgal bloom in coastal zone of Kerala.

IllnessThe projected higher temperatures will increase the occurrence of diseases in theregion. Increasing illness and endemic disease in fishermen resulted in the loss ofsales of fish and fisheries industry. The interlinked reason of this factor is thesafety and mitigation measure of the fisherman, sanitation of the area andawareness of the fishermen.

Vulnerability assessment of Kerala fishing communitiesStudy Area

Alleppey- Arthungal & ThykkalErnakulam- Vypin


1. Traditional fisher families1.1) SLR threatens the traditional fisher families because their houses are usuallyclose to the shore and may thus be damaged by encroaching sea water, which meansthat their exposure is high. However, as SLR is a slow process and it may takeyears to before a significant effect is noticed the sensitivity is not high. This meansthat the potential impact of SLR can be considered as medium. The traditionalfisher families do often not have the means to migrate from their current livingarea and their adaptive capacity to the potential impact of SLR is thus not high. Ifwe combine the potential impact with the adaptive capacity we can conclude thatthe vulnerability of traditional fishing families to SLR is high.

Table 1Vulnerability assessment of fishery dependent communities in Kerala

Social groups Climate change induced hazards

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.Sea Uncertainty Increasing Hazar- Monsoon Increased Overalllevel about SST and dous Variability illnesses vulnera-rise upwelling salinity Algal bility

Bloom score

1. Traditional 32 28 34 36 37 43 35fisher family

2. Motorized 14 26 24 21 32 30 24.5fisher family

3. Mechanized 5 10 22 8 29 11 14.16fisher family(trawler)

4. Local fish traders 9 25 20 21 33 27 22.5

5. Middle men 6 12 13 10 25 20 14.136. Fish exporters 5 24 21 31 21 8 18.3

0 = No vulnerability 1 = Low vulnerability 2 = Medium vulnerability 3 = High vulnerability 4= Very high vulnerability

1.2) The uncertainty about the effect of upwelling on the fish stocks may affectthe livelihood of the traditional fisher families. They may not be able to save up thebenefits of a good year to overcome possible bad years. This may be due to thelimited fishery resources that they have available to be able to set aside incomefrom the good year, or because they are not educated enough to make such plans.This gives them a low adaptive capacity to a hazard to which they are both highlyexposed and sensitive.

1.3) Traditional fishing communities are highly exposed and sensitive toincreasing sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity. This is because thesephenomena heavily affect the fish stocks in the inland creeks where they fish inorder to diversify their catching grounds. When this possibility is reduced it limits


the ability to adapt to disturbances elsewhere in the system. Fisherwomen may beable to diversify the income through other means, so there is some adaptive capacity.Nevertheless the vulnerability of traditional fishermen to these hazards isconsidered very high.

1.4) The traditional fisher families are likely to be the first to be exposed tohazardous algal blooms (HABs). They are also sensitive to it as they are likely toconsume the shellfish that are affected by HABs, and they have little knowledgeabout the dangers of this. They could probably adapt by not consuming these shellfishif they were aware of the problem. As they are probably not aware their vulnerabilityto HABs is considered to be high.

1.5) The variation in the monsoon period that may occur will affect the traditionalfishing families in the same way that the uncertainty of the effect of upwelling will.The potential impact may however be even higher as the exposure and sensitivityof the group is higher. However, it is reckoned that the adaptive capacity oftraditional fishermen is somewhat better here as they have had to deal with thiskind of uncertainty even without climate change.

1.6) The traditional fisher families are likely to be exposed to increasing illnessand sensitive as their living conditions are generally poor. As they lack the resourcesto adapt they are considered to be very vulnerable.

2. Motorized fishing familiesFishing families who have access to motorized vessels are considered to be similarlyexposed and sensitive to hazards as the traditional families. Their adaptive capacityis however considered higher as the motorized fishing families will have access tomore resources to overcome difficult periods and they are also more able to diversifytheir fishing practices when the availability of fish is affected by one of the hazards.For this reason they are on average rated one vulnerability class lower than thetraditional fisher families.

3. Mechanized fishing families (trawlers)The families who are using trawlers for fishing is considered have an even higheradaptive capacity than the motorized families, as they have even more access toresources and fishing diversification. They are most vulnerable to monsoonvariability from all the hazards as the potential impact of this is high and they facethe additional limitation of the trawler ban.

4. Local fish tradersAs the local fish traders depend on the fishermen for their trade they are alsoexposed to many of the same disasters. As it is an indirect link the sensitivity islower. The adaptive capacity of traders when fish catches are reduced is higher asthey have tools to ensure their profit. To hazards that directly affect them such asincreasing illness the local fish traders are also highly vulnerable.


5. Middle menMiddle men are considered to have more resources and thus a higher adaptivecapacity than local fish traders. Consequently their vulnerability rating is generallylower.

6. Fish exportersFish exporters are considered to have more resources than the middle men, andthus a higher adaptive capacity. However, they are particularly sensitive to hazardsthat affect the specific species that they are exporting, such as upwelling and HABs.It is more difficult for them to cope when these specific species are affected whichincreases their overall vulnerability rating.

MAIN CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSTraditional fishermen are the most vulnerable. With the most importantdrivers being : increased illness, monsoon variability and hazardous algalbloom in decreasing order of importance

Existing government policiesTo be able to give recommendations on no-regret adaptation measures we need toknow what measures are there already. The Government of Kerala has initiatedmany schemes and programs for fishermen to overcome their vulnerability. Theschemes are:

1. Housing scheme: to provide shelter to poor fisher family. The government grantsRs. 50000 in two installments of 20000 each.

2. Educational concession: to the children of registered non-Hindu fisherman. Theycan get a lump sum grant, hostel fee, stipend, tuition fee and pocket money.

3. Saving cum relief scheme: this is to promote their habit and to extend relieflean period.

4. Matsya Kerala, is a scheme to• diversify aquaculture for enhancing fish production from inland freshwater/

brackish water area• increase inland fish production.• create new employment opportunities in rural areas through the

development of inland and brackish water aquaculture.• increase of export of fish and fish products• increase the per capita availability of fish.• develop a well designed marketing system for aquaculture products.• To create new employment opportunities through the value added products

of aquaculture products.


5. Insurance to fishermen: this scheme is to produce insurance coverage totraditional fishing implements like crafts and engines.

6. Pension to fishermen: the government provides an amount of 200(INR) to oldage persons. It is given only to fishermen’s above 60 years old.

7. Group insurance to fishermen’s: to provide insurance coverage to activefishermen. Government provide 100000(INR) for fishermen when they meetany accident while at fishing.

8. Group insurance to allied workers: to provide insurance coverage to alliedworkers for accidental death.

9. Modernization of country crafts: to provide assistance for changing to an OutBoard Engine (OBE) a maximum of 10000INR) is given as subsidy.

10. Purchase of fishery net: to provide assistance for the purchase of the fishingnets. For this scheme the government provide a maximum of 6000(INR) assubsidy.

11. A mobile application namely m-Krishi® is provided by the government. Thiswill give information on potential fishing zone, wave height, weather, flashnews, governmental schemes/ announcements. Market, rural, yellow pages.

12. The government-run fishery processing units helps the fishermen to overcomethe uncertainties in the market fluctuations.

RECOMMENDATIONS ON NO REGRET ADAPTATION OPTIONSNow that the most vulnerable fishing related communities and the existing measuresto support them are identified we can formulate recommendations on furthermeasures to reduce their vulnerability. The measures that are proposed are no-regret measures. Such measures are needed to deal with the uncertainty that isrelated to climate change hazards. By implementing no-regret measures, theexpected outcome will be positive even if the projected climate hazards do not occur.The following adaptation options have been identified, but need further researchand discussion to explore their feasibility and impact:

1. Support development of alternative income generating activities e.g. tourism

2. Proper increase of awareness about climate change among fishingcommunities and other stakeholders. Awareness program should beconducted periodically to educate fishermen about the use of satellitetechnology for increasing catch and reducing search time. Fishermen shouldbe motivated to make use of Potential Fishing Ground advisories and moderntechnology. They should be provided with global positioning systems at lowcost or free of cost to enable them to reach the prospective grounds of fishschool. In this regard, the Department of Fisheries should conduct trainingand awareness camps at different localities to demonstrate the capabilityand use of PFZ advisories.


3. Education facilities should be provided by opening schools, providingeducational kits, pursuing fishermen to incline towards schooling of theirchildren and monitoring regularly the ongoing classes.

4. Basic amenities like a jetty, cemented bases at landing centers, roofed bighouse for keeping and weighing of fishes, proper weighing machine, coldstorage, transport facility etc. should be provided by the government.

5. The fishermen should be made well aware of the different welfare schemeof government implemented from time to time. The government and NGOsshould play a key role in this regard.

6. Implementation of more fishermen welfare oriented schemes includingconstruction of low cost houses, coverage of more fishermen under theschemes like accident insurance and saving-cum-relief for overall socio-economic development of fishermen.

7. Motorization of more existing crafts to ensure safety and higher income ofthe fishermen.

8. Mesh sizes (smaller meshes do not allow small and juvenile fish to escapewhen caught along with bigger fish) and the number of big boats need to bestrictly regulated.

9. Trawlers should be restricted from fishing in the near-shore waters.10. Fishing seasons need to be restricted to avoid fishing in fish-spawning and

breeding seasons. This could also mean that the duration and timing of thetrawler ban needs to be re-evaluated.

11. Strong measures should be taken to protect mangroves and wetlands whichare breeding grounds for fish.

12. Trawl-ban might need to be adjusted as spawning seasons and distributionranges of fishes are said to be changing

13. There should be a strong fishermen association to put forth their problems,hardships and offer solutions to their problems.

14. Stop overfishing and adopt Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries andIntegrated Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management

AcknowledgementThis paper is partly based on the Indo-Mareclim winterschool exercise under the EU-FP7 ProjectNo 295092, INDO-MARECLIM, and one of the authors Mr Sachin Pavithran gratefullyacknowledge the EC for the project fellowship to conduct the study. We kindly thank all theparticipants of the winter school as well as the interviewers.

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vulnerability of the fishery dependent communities to climate change in kerala · 2017-07-27 ·...

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