vtct level 3 award in taping and strapping for sport and ... of... · af30024f_v4 vtct level 3...

AF30024F_v4

VTCT Level 3 Award in Taping and Strapping for Sport and Active LeisureAccreditation start date: 1 August 2010Credit value: 5Total Qualification Time (TQT): 50Guided learning hours (GLH): 32Qualification number: 500/9525/0Statement of unit achievementBy signing this statement of unit achievement you are confirming that all learning outcomes, assessment criteria and range statements have been achieved under specified conditions and that the evidence gathered is authentic.

This statement of unit achievement table must be completed prior to claiming certification.

Unit code Date achieved Learner signature

Assessor initials

IQA signature (if sampled)

Mandatory units

UV30555

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The qualification

Introduction National Occupational Standards (NOS)

The VTCT Level 3 Award in Taping and Strapping in Sport and Active Leisure is a qualification that has been designed to develop the skills, knowledge and understanding you will need to apply taping and strapping to prevent and manage injury in sport and active leisure. This qualification may also serve as continuing professional development (CPD) for those already working in the sport and active leisure industry.

Throughout this qualification you will develop an understanding of the accepted standards of practice, the relevant indications and contraindications, and health, safety and hygiene related to taping and strapping.

You will be able to devise and evaluate taping and strapping strategies and develop the practical skills needed for the correct application of taping and strapping in sport and active leisure.

Units in this qualification have been mapped to the relevant NOS (where applicable). This qualification is regulated on the Regulated Qualifications Framework. This qualification is approved and supported by SkillsActive, the sector skills council for active leisure and learning.

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Progression

On successful completion of this qualification you will be able to carry out basic taping and strapping techniques to support and limit specific movement to individuals in sport and active leisure.

You will also be able to progress to the following VTCT qualifications:

• Level 3 Certificate in Sports Massage Therapy

• Level 3 Award in Applying Hot and Cold Techniques in Sport and Active Leisure

• Level 3 Award in Nutrition for Physical Activity

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Qualification structure

Mandatory units - 5 creditsVTCT unit code

Ofqual unit reference Unit title Credit value GLH

UV30555 K/601/8909Applying taping and strapping to support and limit specific movement in sport and active leisure

5 32

Total credits required - 5

4

All mandatory units must be completed.

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Guidance on assessment

External assessment (any requirements will be shown in the unit)

Externally assessed question papers completed electronically will be set and marked by VTCT.

Externally assessed hard-copy question papers will be set by VTCT, marked by centre staff and sampled by VTCT external quality assurers.

This book contains the mandatory units that make up this qualification. Optional units will be provided in additional booklets (if applicable). Where indicated, VTCT will provide assessment materials. Assessments may be internal or external. The method of assessment is indicated in each unit.

Internal assessment (any requirements will be shown in the unit)

Assessment is set, marked and internally quality assured by the centre to clearly demonstrate achievement of the learning outcomes. Assessment is sampled by VTCT external quality assurers.

Assessment explained

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VTCT courses are assessed and quality assured by centre staff. Work will be set to improve your practical skills, knowledge and understanding. For practical elements, you will be observed by your assessor. All your work must be collected in a portfolio of evidence and cross-referenced to requirements listed in this record of assessment book.

Your centre will have an internal quality assurer whose role is to check that your assessment and evidence is valid and reliable and meets VTCT and regulatory requirements.

An external quality assurer, appointed by VTCT, will visit your centre to sample and quality-check assessments, the internal quality assurance process and the evidence gathered. You may be asked to attend on a different day from usual if requested by the external quality assurer.

This record of assessment book is your property and must be in your possession when you are being assessed or quality assured. It must be kept safe. In some cases your centre will be required to keep it in a secure place. You and your course assessor will together complete this book to show achievement of all learning outcomes, assessment criteria and ranges.

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Creating a portfolio of evidence

As part of this qualification you are required to produce a portfolio of evidence. A portfolio will confirm the knowledge, understanding and skills that you have learnt. It may be in electronic or paper format.

Your assessor will provide guidance on how to prepare the portfolio of evidence and how to show practical achievement, and understanding of the knowledge required to successfully complete this qualification. It is this booklet along with the portfolio of evidence that will serve as the prime source of evidence for this qualification.

Evidence in the portfolio may take the following forms:

• Observed work• Witness statements• Audio-visual media • Evidence of prior learning or attainment• Written questions• Oral questions• Assignments• Case studies

All evidence should be documented in the portfolio and cross referenced to unit outcomes. Constructing the portfolio of evidence should not be left to the end of the course.

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Unit assessment methods

This section provides an overview of the assessment methods that make up each unit in this qualification. Detailed information on assessment is provided in each unit.

Mandatory units External Internal

VTCT unit code Unit title Question

paper(s) Observation(s) Assignment(s)

UV30555Applying taping and strapping to support and limit specific movement in sport and active leisure

0

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Unit glossary

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Description

VTCT product code

All units are allocated a unique VTCT product code for identification purposes. This code should be quoted in all queries and correspondence to VTCT.

Unit title The title clearly indicates the focus of the unit.

National Occupational Standards (NOS)

NOS describe the skills, knowledge and understanding needed to undertake a particular task or job to a nationally recognised level of competence.

LevelLevel is an indication of the demand of the learning experience, the depth and/or complexity of achievement and independence in achieving the learning outcomes.

Credit valueThis is the number of credits awarded upon successful achievement of all unit outcomes. Credit is a numerical value that represents a means of recognising, measuring, valuing and comparing achievement.

Guided learning hours (GLH)

The activity of a learner in being taught or instructed by - or otherwise participating in education or training under the immediate guidance or supervision of - a lecturer, supervisor, tutor or other appropriate provider of education or training.

Total qualification time (TQT)

The number of hours an awarding organisation has assigned to a qualification for Guided Learning and an estimate of the number of hours a learner will reasonably be likely to spend in preparation, study, or any other form of participation in education or training. This includes assessment, which takes place as directed - but, unilke Guided Learning, not under the immediate guidance or supervision of - a lecturer, supervisor, tutor or other appropriate provider of education or training.

Observations This indicates the minimum number of observations required to achieve the unit.

Learning outcomes

The learning outcomes are the most important component of the unit, they set out what is expected in terms of knowing, understanding and practical ability as a result of the learning process. Learning outcomes are the results of learning.

Evidence requirements This section provides guidelines on how evidence must be gathered.

Maximum service times

The maximum time in which a particular service or practical element must be completed.

Observation outcome

An observation outcome details the practical tasks that must be completed to achieve the unit.

Knowledge outcome

A knowledge outcome details the theoretical requirements of a unit that must be evidenced through oral questioning, a mandatory written question paper or portfolio of evidence.

Assessment criteria

Assessment criteria set out what is required, in terms of achievement, to meet a learning outcome. The assessment criteria and learning outcomes are the components that inform the learning and assessment that should take place. Assessment criteria define the standard expected to meet learning outcomes.

Range The range indicates what must be covered. Ranges must be practically demonstrated in parallel to the unit’s observation outcomes.

UV30555Applying taping and strapping to support and limit specific movement in sport and active leisureIt is the aim of this unit to provide you with the knowledge, understanding and practical skills to apply taping and strapping to support and limit specific movement in sport and active leisure activities.

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GLH

Credit value

Level

Observation(s)

External paper(s)

32

5

3

2

0

On completion of this unit you will:

Learning outcomes Evidence requirements

Applying taping and strapping to support and limit specific movement in sport and active leisure

1. Be able to prepare for taping and strapping techniques

2. Be able to devise and agree taping and strapping strategies for clients

3. Be able to apply taping and strapping

4. Be able to evaluate the effectiveness of taping and strapping

5. Be able to produce and store client records

6. Know how anatomy and physiology underpin the application of taping and strapping

7. Understand the agreed standards of practice when taping and strapping in sport and active leisure

8. Understand the indications for and contra-indications to taping and strapping

9. Understand the importance of concurring and presenting taping and strapping strategies

10. Understand the importance of hygiene and client positioning when taping and strapping

11. Understand how to evaluate the effectiveness of taping and strapping

1. Environment Evidence for this unit must be gathered in a real or realistic working environment.

2. Simulation Simulation is not allowed in this unit.

3. Observation outcomes Competent performance of ‘Observation’ outcomes must be demonstrated to your assessor on at least two occasions.

4. Range All ranges must be competently demonstrated.

5. Knowledge outcomes There must be evidence that you possess all the knowledge and understanding listed in the ‘Knowledge’ section of this unit. This evidence may include projects, assignments, case studies, reflective accounts, oral/written questioning and/or other forms of evidence.

6. Tutor/Assessor guidance You will be guided by your tutor/assessor on how to achieve learning outcomes and ranges in this unit. All outcomes and ranges must be achieved.

7. External paper There is no external paper requirement for this unit.

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Achieving observation outcomes Achieving range

Achieving observations and range

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Your assessor will observe your performance of practical tasks. The minimum number of observations required is indicated in the evidence requirements section of this unit.

Criteria may not always naturally occur during a practical observation. In such instances you will be required to produce other forms of evidence or asked questions to demonstrate your competence in this area. Your assessor will document the criteria that have been achieved through oral questioning.

Your assessor will sign off an outcome when all criteria have been competently achieved.

The range section indicates what must be covered. Ranges should be practically demonstrated as part of an observation. Where this is not possible other forms of evidence may be produced. All ranges must be covered.

Your assessor will document the portfolio reference once a range has been competently achieved.

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Outcome 1

Observations

You can:

Observation 1 2 OptionalDate achievedCriteria questioned orallyPortfolio referenceAssessor initialsLearner signature

*May be assessed through oral questioning.

Be able to prepare for taping and strapping techniques

a. Apply professional standards of personal hygiene, dress and appearance

b. Carry out equipment and treatment area checks to ensure cleanliness and hygiene and that current health and safety requirements are met

c. Prepare treatment areas and equipment to ensure cleanliness, comfort and dignity for clients

d. Select materials that are appropriate for taping and strapping

e. Prepare and store records as legally required

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Outcome 2

You can:

Be able to devise and agree taping and strapping strategies for clients


a. Follow approved guidelines for the presence of a chaperone, where necessary*

b. Gather information on possible dangers of, and contra-indications to taping and strapping, and the precautions to take

c. Concur the taping and strapping strategy by a more qualified person*

d. Present the aims and objectives of taping and strapping strategies to clients

e. Present the nature and purpose of the taping and strapping techniques and the equipment to be used to clients

f. Present the materials to be used for taping and strapping techniques to clients

g. Clarify the function and suitability of proprietary supports, where applicable*

h. Communicate the possibility of adverse reaction to taping and strapping to clients

i. Obtain informed consent using the correct procedures

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Outcome 3

You can:


Be able to apply taping and strapping

a. Position the client for comfort, safety and support throughout taping and strapping

b. Prepare relevant body areas for taping and strapping with due respect to the client’s dignity

c. Observe and palpate body areas in a way that is consistent with the context and the presenting conditions of clients

d. Select materials that are appropriate for planned taping and strapping

e. Apply taping and strapping techniques correctly and consistently to meet the client’s presentation and needs

f. Demonstrate how to take account of the dangers of, and contra-indications to taping and strapping

g. Assist the client to make body areas clean and hygienic following taping and strapping

h. Reassess the client, identifying any adverse reactions

i. Check that proprietary supports used have been assessed/prescribed by a healthcare professional

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Outcome 4

You can:

Be able to evaluate the effectiveness of taping and strapping


a. Gain feedback on the effects of taping and strapping from clients

b. Analyse client feedback against the aims and objectives of taping and strapping

c. Provide appropriate advice and opportunities for client questions and/or feedback

d. Evaluate the effectiveness of the taping and strapping strategy

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Outcome 5

You can:


Be able to produce and store client records

a. Store records securely according to legal requirements

b. Clarify when client records must be destroyed as legally required*

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Collected all subjective and objective information Portfolio referencePersonal details

History of presenting condition

Allergies

Previous medical history/support usage

Observations

Palpation

Movement

Applied taping and strapping for all presentations Portfolio referenceInjury free

Sport requirement

Physical/psychological need

Applied taping and strapping for a minimum of 3 contexts Portfolio referenceInjury prevention/psychological need

Training

Pre-competition

Inter-competition

Post-competition

Applied taping and strapping for all purposes Portfolio referenceCompression

Support

Protection

Psychological needs

Applied taping and strapping in all environments Portfolio referenceTreatment area

In situ at sporting event

*It is strongly recommended that all range items are practically demonstrated. Where this is not possible, other forms of evidence may be produced to demonstrate competence.

Range

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*You must practically demonstrate that you have:

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*You must practically demonstrate that you have:

Applied taping and strapping to a minimum of 4 client types Portfolio referenceMale clients

Female clients

Pre-adolescent

Adolescent

Adult

Specific populations

Used all equipment Portfolio referenceCouch and couch roll

Other suitable surface

Proprietary supports

Towels

Cleansing agents and materials

Razors, scissors and tape cutters

Used a minimum of 6 materials for taping and strapping Portfolio referenceCohesive

Crepe

Elasticated non-adhesive

Kinesiology tape

Tubigrip

Underwraps

Padding and felt

Proprietary supports

Second skin

Zinc oxide tape

*It is strongly recommended that all range items are practically demonstrated. Where this is not possible, other forms of evidence may be produced to demonstrate competence.

Achieving knowledge outcomes

Developing knowledge

You will be guided by your tutor and assessor on the evidence that needs to be produced. Your knowledge and understanding will be assessed using the assessment methods listed below:

• Observed work performance• Witness testimony/statements• Audio-visual media • Evidence of prior learning or attainment• Written questions• Oral questions• Assignments• Case studies• Professional discussion• Employer-provided question papers and

tests• E-assessment.

Where possible your assessor will integrate knowledge outcomes into practical observations through oral questioning.

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Knowledge

Outcome 2

Be able to devise and agree taping and strapping strategies for clients

You can: Portfolio reference /Assessor initials*

j. Devise taping and strapping strategies appropriate to clients needs, context and the rules of the sport

*Assessor initials to be inserted if orally questioned.

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Outcome 5

Be able to produce and store client records


c. Clarify the importance of accurate and confidential record keeping and safely storing records

d. Produce records of taping and strapping in the accepted format

e. Clarify the importance and process of referral to relevant professionals, when necessary

f. Produce reports/letters of referral for relevant healthcare professionals


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Outcome 6

Know how anatomy and physiology underpin the application of taping and strapping


a. Describe the importance of having a knowledge of anatomy and physiology when applying taping and strapping

b. Describe the physical and physiological effects of taping and strapping


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Outcome 7

Understand the agreed standards of practice when taping and strapping in sport and active leisure


a. Clarify the accepted standards of practice

b. Explain the importance of cleanliness and hygiene, dress and appearance and the standards to be applied

c. Explain the importance of understanding and obeying the rules of sports

d. Clarify relevant and current health and safety legislation for the types of equipment used in taping and strapping

e. Explain the importance of maintaining the dignity and comfort of clients throughout the taping and strapping process

f. Explain the importance of having a chaperone present when working with children and vulnerable adults

g. Explain the importance of obtaining informed consent prior to assessments and application of taping and strapping

h. Explain the importance of obtaining information on the possible dangers of and contra-indications/precautions to taping and strapping

i. Explain the importance of accurate client assessments and record keeping


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Outcome 8

Understand the indications for and contra-indications to taping and strapping


a. Explain the indications for taping and strapping

b. Explain the content of taping and strapping materials in relation to allergic reaction and contra-indications

c. Explain the dangers, possible adverse reactions and contra-indications to taping and strapping


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Outcome 9

Understand the importance of concurring and presenting taping and strapping strategies


a. Justify the importance of explaining the aims and objectives of taping and strapping to clients

b. Justify the importance of clients understanding the nature and purpose of taping and strapping and the equipment used

c. Outline the importance of concurring the taping and strapping strategy with a more qualified person


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Outcome 10

Understand the importance of hygiene and client positioning when taping and strapping


a. Explain the importance of cleansing the body prior to and following taping and strapping

b. Explain the importance of ensuring clients are correctly positioned


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Outcome 11

Understand how to evaluate the effectiveness of taping and strapping


a. Explain the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of taping and strapping

b. Explain why it is important to provide reassurance and opportunities for further feedback


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Outcome 1: Be able to prepare for taping and strapping techniques

Unit content

This section provides guidance on the recommended knowledge and skills required to enable you to achieve each of the learning outcomes in this unit. Your tutor/assessor will ensure you have the opportunity to cover all of the unit content.

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Cleanliness and hygiene: Use of sanitisation procedures, hygienic preparation of the therapist and client as appropriate, hand washing, laundry procedures, use of appropriate hygiene procedures to prevent contamination and cross-infection, appropriate dress, appearance, hair tied back, nails short, adhere to roles and responsibilities of the sports massage practitioner/sports therapist, adhere to codes of practice.

Equipment and treatment area checks: Appropriate to available work area, particular client and materials used, control risk of cross-infection, hand gel, clinical and portable couches, couch safety (height, stability, couch cover and paper towel), hygiene (equipment and personal), health and safety requirements, environment (heat, noise, light, privacy and ventilation), management of risk.

Treatment area and equipment preparation: Couch and couch roll, towels, supports, cleanliness, hygiene, water, no jewellery, clean area to be taped/strapped, check use by date, in clinic and at other sporting locations, cleansing agents, razors, scissors and tape cutters.

Taping and strapping materials: Cohesive, elastic non-adhesive, zinc oxide tape, crepe, tubigrip, kinesiology tape, underwraps, padding and felt, proprietary supports, second skin.

Records: Legal requirements, storage of records, (locked cabinets, password on computer), record of consent, detailed

record of SOAP notes, record of taping and strapping application and its effects, records must be clear, legible, accurate, logical, in permanent ink, signed.

Outcome 2: Be able to devise and agree taping and strapping strategies for clients

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Chaperone guidelines: Child protection legislation, definition of key term (vulnerable adult), suitable chaperones, role of chaperone, protection of practitioner, principles to observe in relation to legislation.

Gather information on possible dangers, precautions and contra-indications: Observation, palpation, movement, consultation, verbal, written (personal and medical details, previous medical history, support usage, allergies), consider rules of sport.

Devise taping and strapping strategy: Including aims and objectives, nature and purpose of treatment, short, medium, long term goals and outcome measures, involving other specialists (physiotherapists, podiatrists), refer when appropriate, work within scope of practice relevant to the individual’s sports, sports specific, needs of the sport, rules of the sport.

Concur strategy with more qualified person: Follow directions of other healthcare professionals (GP’s, physiotherapists, osteopaths, podiatrists, chiropractors, HCP registered) work under healthcare guidelines, refer when appropriate, liase with coaching staff.

Present aims and objectives: Informed consent, clarification with client, verbal, written.

Present the nature and purpose: Different taping and strapping techniques (anchors, transverse, vertical, stirrups, locks, heel locks, compression, horseshoe, figure 8, buddy taping, fans) purpose, (address dysfunction or other indications for application, maintenance to support

client function, relieve symptoms, facilitate healing, familiarise client with the process).

Present materials: Explain material purpose, demonstrate materials, informed consent, discuss other options.

Clarify use of proprietary supports: Kinetic change correction, additional support, psychological reassurance, confidence, commercially purchased braces and joint supports (e.g. neoprene supports, ankle straps, orthotics).

Communicate possible adverse reactions: Clarify clients understanding of signs/symptoms of adverse reactions (skin reactions, cramps, restricted circulation, adverse biomechanical changes, reliance), explain precautions taken to minimise possibility, explain alternatives.

Obtain informed consent: Define ‘informed’, purpose, clarification with client, importance of obtaining consent prior to assessment and treatment, practitioner explains nature and purpose of taping and strapping, risks and alternatives, components of informed consent form.

Outcome 3: Be able to apply taping and strapping

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Client positioning and modesty: Preserve the dignity and comfort of client during application, best positions for effectiveness of taping techniques, limb positions for effectiveness of taping, demonstrate prone, supine, side lying, sitting, standing etc, position with couch and without, manual handling techniques, working in team dressing rooms, working pitch side.

Prepare relevant body area for taping and strapping: Appropriate positioning for support, appropriate joint position, degree of exposure, use of underwraps, shaving excess hair, cleansing of area to be taped, ensure area is dry.

Observing and palpating: Palpate area (changes in temperature, drag, bogginess), observe (changes in colour, capillary refill, client comfort, range of movement).

Materials: Underwraps, padding and felt, cohesive, zinc oxide, crepe, tubigrip, elastic non-adhesive, kinesiology tape, second skin, proprietary supports.

Applying taping and strapping techniques: Tension, limitations of tape, uses of tape, application techniques, appropriate aesthetic quality, avoid excessive traction of skin, gaps and wrinkles, avoid continuous circumferential taping, avoidance of tightness over bony areas, taping and strapping techniques (stirrups, figure of 8, compressions, anchors, strips).

Taking account of dangers and contra-indications: Communication, practitioner observation of the effects of treatment, responding to client feedback and adverse reaction, noting variations of treatment plan in records, tightness, gaps and

wrinkles, excessive layers, continuous circumferential taping, frictions, blisters, excessive restricted movement, lack of circulation.

Cleansing and hygiene following treatment: Adhesive remover, technique to remove tape, support skin as tape removed, check skin for damage, remove within 24 hours (unless hypo-allergenic), disposal of tape, any contaminated tissues into yellow bin, wipes, awareness of possible after effects of treatments, awareness of skin condition, moisturise after removal of tape, maintaining skin condition for further treatments, further advice.

Client reassessment: Clients subjective evaluation of taping, evaluation of treatment markers, injury prevention, improvement in proprioception, decreased swelling, client confidence, progression of treatment, modification of techniques to athletes needs.

Use of proprietary supports: Direct client to healthcare professional for advice, check they are prescribed by healthcare professional, check they are prescribed for the client concerned, regularly assessed for continued suitability.

Outcome 4: Be able to evaluate the effectiveness of the taping and strapping

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Feedback: Opportunities for feedback, before, during and after taping and strapping, physical, contradictions in message received, feedback (verbal, non-verbal and physical communication).

Analyse feedback: Amalgamation of feedback sources, during and post-application of taping and strapping, achievement of treatment aims and objectives, future improvement to taping and strapping strategy.

Post-care advice and feedback opportunities: Scope of practice, referral to other appropriate professionals if

required, adverse reactions, contra-actions, client is part of the process, empowerment, critical treatment information, before during and after treatment and subsequent treatment, verbal, written.

Evaluating treatment effectiveness: Progression, amalgamation of feedback and taping and strapping assessment plan, progression from short/medium to long term goals, future improvements to treatment plan and process.

Outcome 5: Be able to produce and store client records

Importance of record keeping: Legal requirements, confidentiality, record treatment details, data protection, legal requirements for storage, legal requirements for disposal, recording details of the treatment and its effects, format (subjective, objective, analysis and plan (SOAP)).

Produce records: Recording details of modality, application and its effects, subjective, objective, analysis and plan (SOAP), recording details of treatment and effects.

Referral process: Importance of referral when appropriate, scope of practice, identification of relevant healthcare professionals, referral letter to healthcare professional, content of referral letter, assessment report, details of treatment and advice given.

Produce referral documents: Content of referral letter, details of treatment and advice given, layout of letter, process of referral.

Store records: Legal requirements, establishment policy, insurance requirements, data protection, paper and electronic.

Destruction of records: Legal requirements, insurance requirements, process of destruction, when to destroy records.

Outcome 6: Know how anatomy, physiology and pathology underpin the application of taping and strapping

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Importance of practitioner knowledge base: Application, selection and justification of taping and strapping techniques, linkage of theory to practice, identification of pathology and early intervention, positions for sports techniques, body movements.

Physical and physiological effects of taping and strapping: Limit range of movement, protection of injury, prevention of injury, compression of injury, increase proprioception, increase client confidence/comfort, placebo effect.

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Outcome 7: Understand the agreed standards of practice when applying taping and strapping in sport and active leisure

Standards of practice: Relevant codes of practice, Federation of Holistic Therapists (FHT), Sports Massage Association (SMA), other organisations.

Cleanliness and hygiene: Use of sanitisation procedures, hygienic preparation of the area and equipment, hygienic preparation of the therapist and client as appropriate, hand washing, nails, the importance of hygiene in preventing contamination and cross-infection, laundry procedures dress, appearance, attitude, standards to be applied, roles and responsibilities of the sports massage practitioner and sports therapist, codes of practice.

Obeying rules of sports: Understanding needed of different sports and rules that apply in relation to taping and strapping e.g. Judo, gymnastics, karate, cricket, other sports.

Health and safety in relation to types of equipment used: Importance of understanding current legislation in relation to the equipment used in taping and strapping, legal responsibilities for, health and safety, maintenance (equipment, building), control of substances hazardous to health, reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations, health and safety at events/on the field of play, first aid kit and procedures, emergency plans, event organisation/organisers.

Dignity and comfort of the client: Privacy, draping, reassurance, warmth, treatment area only exposed, additional steps to maintain dignity, opportunity for client input, comfort, accessibility, use of supports, practitioner working posture.

Child protection and vulnerable adults: Child protection legislation, definition of key terms (vulnerable adults), importance of having a chaperone, protection of practitioner, suitable chaperones, role of chaperones, principles to observe in relation to legislation.

Procedures to obtain informed consent: Importance of gaining informed consent, legal implications, local protocol, records, verbal consent, ongoing consent, recording of consent gained.

Precautions/contra-indications: Importance of obtaining information to identify dangers, allergies, acute soft tissue injury (compression), myositis ossificans (could compress or protect area), capillary refill, range of movement, client comfort, friction of adhesive.

Importance of client assessment: Legal obligation, identify aims and objectives, forming a hypothesis to guide treatment and advice, clear up misconceptions, identify and clarify realistic plan.

Outcome 8: Understand the indications for and contra-indications to taping and strapping

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Indications for taping and strapping techniques: Soft tissue injury, ligament sprains, psychological needs, areas of instability/weakness, protection, limitation of movement, in cases of decreased proprioception, client comfort, increase confidence, physical support, change in biomechanics.

Content of taping and strapping: Research content of materials for possible adverse reactions, reaction to adhesive, contact dermatitis, heat/moisture reaction.

Dangers: Reduction in circulation, inappropriate psychological reassurance, risk of re-injury.

Adverse reactions: Redness, breakdown of skin, blisters, friction burns, skin irritation, muscle aggravation, decrease in proprioception, re-injury, stiffness, reliance, localised blistering, welts, pustules, rashes or pain, fungal infection.

Contra-indications: Acute trauma, trauma, open wounds, frostbite, acute soft tissue injury, circulatory disorders, diabetes, lack of tactile sensation/peripheral sensation, fractures, thrombosis, bursitis, periostitis, infections, skin disorders, allergic conditions, risk of haemorrhage, areas of altered skin sensation, mental incapacity.

Disadvantages: Reliance, interference with performance, altered biomechanics, may be viewed as weakness by opposition, can make athlete a target.

Outcome 9: Understand the importance of concurring and presenting taping and strapping strategies

Explaining the aims and objectives: Informed consent, compliance with clients aims and objectives, examination and treatment confined to agreed informed content, ongoing consent, modifications of consent, addressing dysfunction or other indications for treatment, support client function, increase confidence.

Understanding the nature and purpose: Clarify outcomes, understand outcomes, understand limitations, ensure no misconceptions.

Concurring with more qualified professional: Importance of working within scope of practice, agree taping and strapping strategy with more qualified person, refer when appropriate, ensure safety.

Outcome 10: Understand the importance of hygiene and client positioning when applying taping and strapping

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Importance of cleansing prior to and following taping and strapping: Ensure products adhere, prevent contamination of site, prevent irritation, shaving excess hair, cleansing of area to be taped (antiseptic soap or antiseptic soaked gauze, alcohol soaked gauze in case of oil), ensure area is dry, prevent skin damage.

Client positioning: Preserve the dignity and comfort of client during application,

ensure best positions for effectiveness of taping techniques, appropriate limb positions for effectiveness of taping, appropriate positions with couch and without, effective and safe manual handling techniques, (working in team dressing rooms, working pitch side, working in clinic).

Outcome 11: Understand how to evaluate the effectiveness of the taping and strapping

Evaluating treatment effectiveness: Progression, amalgamation of feedback and taping and strapping assessment plan, progression from short/medium to long term goals, future improvements to treatment plan and process.

Feedback opportunities: Client is part of the process, empowerment, rapport, critical treatment information, before, during, after treatment and also subsequent treatment, verbal, written.

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