volume 6 - mrs outlook vol 6 no 4...volume 6 • no.4 • april–june, 2012 mrs-s outlook...

Volume 6• No.4• April–June, 2012 MRS-S OUTLOOKM

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MRS-S Executive Committee(For 2012–2013)

PresidentB. V. R. Chowdari, NUS

Founding PresidentShih Choon Fong, KAUST

Vice PresidentsAndrew Wee, T.S., NUS

Ma Jan, NTU

SecretaryTeng Yong NG, NTU

Joint SecretaryGregory GOH, IMRE

TreasurerJun DING , NUS

Joint TreasurerEvan WILLIAMS , IMRE

MembersStefan ADAMS, NUS

Mary CHAN-PARK , NTUZhili DONG , NTUHongjin FAN , NTU

Yuan Ping FENG, NUSGhim Wei HO , NUSMark JHON , IHPCZishun LIU , IHPC

M. P. SRINIVASAN , NUSPatrick THAM , Palico Biotech Pte Ltd

J. J. VITTAL , NUSAndrew WAN , IBN

Honorary AuditorsR. Prasada RAO, NUSShannigrahi. S, IMRE

NUS: National University of SingaporeNTU: Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeIBN: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, SingaporeIHPC: Institute of High Performance Computing, SingaporeIMRE: Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, SingaporeKAUST: King Abdulla University of Science & Technology, Saudi Arabia

Highlights of Previous National Conferences

Year 2004:6 Aug., 2004; 20 Invited Talks; 130 PosterPapers; 4 Best Poster Awards.

Year 2006: 18–20, Jan., 2006; Includes the Sym-posium on Physics and Mechanic of AdvancedMaterials; 60 Invited Talks; 200 Poster Papers;1 Public Lecture; 5 Best Poster Awards.

Year 2008:Feb., 25–27, 2008. Incorporated the MRS-IMumbai (India)-Chapter Joint Indo-Singapore Meet-ing; 2 Keynote Talks, 60 Invited Talks; 211 PosterPapers; 10 Best Poster Awards.

Year 2010: March, 17–19, 2010. 1 Keynote Talk,26 Invited Talks; 137 Poster Papers; 7 Best PosterAwards.

Year 2012: March, 20–22, 2012. 3 Keynote Talks,30 Invited Talks; 160 Poster Papers; 10 Best PosterAwards.

Highlights of ACCMS-6 ConferenceJointly Organized by MRS-S in Singapore

Year 2011:Sept., 6–9, 2011.

Jointly organized by theNational University of Singapore (NUS), MaterialsResearch Society of Singapore (MRS-S), Institute ofHigh Performance Computing (IHPC), and Institute ofAdvanced Studies (IAS) at the Nanyang TechnologicalUniversity, MRS-I (India).

180 participants from 19 countries; 2 Plenary Talks;1 ACCMS Award lecture; Several Invited Talks;84 Poster Papers; 5 Best Poster Awards.

MRS-S OUTLOOK (ISSN 1793-3609) is published quarterly by the Materials Research Society of Singapore (MRS-S), c/o

Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, 3, ResearchLink, Singapore 117 602.

Editor: G.V. Subba Rao.Disclaimer: Statements and opinions expressed in ‘MRS-S OUTLOOK’ are solely those of the

authors, and do not reflect those of MRS-S, nor the editor and staff. Permissions:The subject matter contained in ‘MRS-S

OUTLOOK’ can be freely reproduced for not-for-profit use by the readers; however, a word of acknowledgement will be

appreciated.

A Quarterly publication by the Materials Research Society of Singaporepage 164

MRS-S OUTLOOK Volume 6• No.4• April–June, 2012

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Highlights of Recent Literature(Contributed by the Editor)

Conductive Dense Hydrogen

Molecular hydrogen (H2) is expected to exhibit metal-lic properties under megabar pressures. This metalis predicted to be superconducting with a very highcritical temperature,Tc, of 200–400K, and it mayacquire a new quantum state as a metallic superfluidand a superconducting superfluid. It may potentially berecovered metastably at ambient pressures. However,experiments carried out at low temperatures, T

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that the intrinsic OER activity exhibits a volcano-shaped dependence on the occupancy of the 3d elec-tron with an eg− symmetry of surface transition metalcations in an oxide. The peak OER activity was pre-dicted to be at an eg occupancy close to unity, withhigh covalency of transition metal–oxygen bonds.

Reference

1. J. Suntivich, K. J. May, H. A. Gasteiger, J. B. Goode-nough and Y. Shao-Horn,Science, 334(6061), 1383–1385(2011) (9 Dec., Issue).

Peak External Photocurrent QuantumEfficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in aQuantum Dot Solar Cell

Multiple exciton generation (MEG) is a process thatcan occur in semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantumdots (QDs), whereby absorption of a photon bearing atleast twice the bandgap energy produces two or moreelectron-hole pairs.

Here, Semoninet al.1 report on photocurrentenhancement arising from MEG in lead selenide(PbSe) QD-based solar cells, as manifested by an exter-nal quantum efficiency (the spectrally resolved ratioof collected charge carriers to incident photons) thatpeaked at 114± 1% in the best device measured.The associated internal quantum efficiency (correctedfor reflection and absorption losses) was 130%. Theauthors compare the results with transient absorptionmeasurements of MEG in isolated PbSe QDs and findreasonable agreement. The authors state that, ’thesefindings demonstrate that MEG charge carriers can becollected in suitably designed QD solar cells, providingample incentive to better understand MEG within iso-lated and coupled QDs as a research path to enhancingthe efficiency of solar light harvesting technologies.’

Reference

1. O. E. Semonin, J. M. Luther, S. Choi, H.-Y. Chen, J. Gao,A. J. Nozik and M. C. Beard,Science, 334(6062), 1530–1533 (2011) (16 Dec., Issue).

Observing the Multiexciton State in SingletFission and Ensuing Ultrafast MultielectronTransfer

Multiple exciton generation (MEG) refers to the cre-ation of two or more electron-hole pairs from theabsorption of one photon. Although MEG holds greatpromise, it has proven challenging to implement, andquestions remain about the underlying photo-physicaldynamics in nanocrystalline as well as molecularmedia.

Using the model system of pentacene/fullerenebilayers and femtosecond nonlinear spectroscopies,Chanet al.1 directly observed the multiexciton (ME)state ensuing from singlet fission (a molecular mani-festation of MEG) in pentacene. The data suggest thatthe state exists in coherent superposition with the sin-glet populated by optical excitation. The authors alsofound that multiple electron transfer from the ME stateto the fullerene occurs on a sub-picosecond time scale,which is one order of magnitude faster than that fromthe triplet exciton state.

Reference

1. W.-L. Chan, M. Ligges, A. Jailaubekov, L. Kaake,L. Miaja-Avila and X.-Y. Zhu, Science, 334(6062),1541–1545 (2011) (16 Dec., Issue).

Tuning Charge Transport inSolution-Sheared Organic Semiconductorsusing Lattice Strain

Circuits based on organic semiconductors are beingactively explored for flexible, transparent and low-cost electronic applications. But to realize suchapplications, the charge carrier mobilities of solution-processed organic semiconductors must be improved.For inorganic semiconductors, a general method ofincreasing charge carrier mobility is to introduce strainwithin the crystal lattice.

Here, Giri et al.1 describe a solution-processingtechnique for organic semiconductors in which latticestrain is used to increase charge carrier mobilities byintroducing greater electron orbital overlap betweenthe component molecules. For organic semiconduc-tors, it is known that the spacing between co-faciallystacked, conjugated backbones (theπ-π stacking dis-tance) greatly influences electron orbital overlap and



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therefore mobility. To incrementally introduce latticestrain, the authors altered theπ-π stacking distanceof 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) from 3.33̊A to 3.08Å. The positive chargecarrier (hole) mobility in TIPS-pentacene transistorsincreased from 0.8 cm2V−1s−1 for unstrained films toa mobility of 4.6 cm2V−1s−1 for a strained film. Theauthors state that, ‘using solution processing to modifymolecular packing through lattice strain should aid thedevelopment of high-performance, low-cost organicsemiconducting devices.’

Reference

1. G. Giri, E. Verploegen, S. C. B. Mannsfeld, S. Atahan-Evrenk, D. H. Kim, S. Y. Lee, H. A. Becerril, A. Aspuru-Guzik, M. F. Toney and Z. Bao,Nature, 480(7378),504–508 (2011) (22 Dec., Issue) .

BaFeO3: A Ferromagnetic Iron Oxide

Hayashiet al.1 prepared the cubic perovskite BaFeO3,which is obtained by a low-temperature reaction usingozone as an oxidant, and found that it exhibits ferro-magnetism with a fairly large moment of 3.5µB perFe ion above a small critical field of∼0.3 T. This spe-cific ferromagnetism is attributed to the enhancementof O→Fe charge transfer that arises from deepening ofthe Fe4+ d- levels.

Reference

1. N. Hayashi, T. Yamamoto, H. Kageyama, M. Nishi,Y. Watanabe, T. Kawakami, Y. Matsushita, A. Fujimoriand M. Takano, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,50(52),12547–12550 (2011).

Charge Order and Three-Site Distortions inthe Verwey Structure of Magnetite

The mineral magnetite (Fe3O4) undergoes a complexstructural distortion and becomes electrically insulat-ing at temperatures less than 125 K. Verwey proposedin 1939 that this transition is driven by a charge order-ing of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, but the ground state ofthe low-temperature phase has remained contentiousbecause twinning of crystal domains hampers diffrac-tion studies of the structure. Recent powder diffrac-tion refinements and resonant X-ray studies have ledto proposals of a variety of charge-ordered and bond-dimerized ground-state models.

Here, Senn et al.1 report the full low-temperature superstructure of magnetite, determinedby high-energy X-ray diffraction from an almostsingle-domain, 40-µm grain, and identify the emer-gent order. The acentric structure is described bya superposition of 168 atomic displacement waves(frozen phonon modes), all with amplitudes of lessthan 0.24Å. Distortions of the FeO6 octahedra showthat Verwey’s hypothesis is correct to a first approxi-mation and that the charge and Fe2+ orbital order areconsistent with a recent prediction. However, anoma-lous shortening of some Fe–Fe distances suggests thatthe localized electrons are distributed over linear three-Fe-site units, which the authors call ‘trimerons’. Thecharge order and three-site distortions induce substan-tial off-centre atomic displacements and couple theresulting large electrical polarization to the magnetiza-tion. The authors state that, trimerons may be importantquasi-particles in magnetite above the Verwey transi-tion and in other transition metal oxides.

Reference

1. M. S. Senn, J. P. Wright and J. P. Attfield,Nature,481(7380), 173–176 (2012) (12 Jan., Issue).

Bistability in Atomic-ScaleAntiferromagnets

Control of magnetism on the atomic scale is becom-ing essential as data storage devices are miniaturized.Here, Lothet al.,1 show that antiferromagnetic nanos-tructures, composed of just a few Fe atoms on a sur-face, exhibit two magnetic states, the Néel states, thatare stable for hours at low temperature. For the small-est structures, they observed transitions between Néelstates due to quantum tunneling of magnetization. Themagnetic states of the designed structures were sensedusing spin-polarized tunneling and switching betweenthem electrically sensed with nanosecond speed. Theauthors state that, ‘tailoring the properties of neigh-boring antiferromagnetic nanostructures enables a low-temperature demonstration of dense nonvolatile stor-age of information.’

Reference

1. S. Loth, S. Baumann, C. P. Lutz, D. M. Eigler andA. J. Heinrich,Science, 335(6065), 196–199 (2012) (13Jan., Issue).

A Quarterly publication by the Materials Research Society of Singapore page 167

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Composites Reinforced in ThreeDimensions by Using Low Magnetic Fields

The orientation and distribution of reinforcing parti-cles in artificial composites are key to enable effectivereinforcement of the material in mechanically loadeddirections, but remain poor if compared to the distinc-tive architectures present in natural structural compos-ites such as teeth, bone, and seashells.

Here, Erb et al.1 show that µm-sized reinforc-ing particles coated with minimal concentrations ofsuper-paramagnetic nanoparticles (0.01 to 1 vol.%) canbe controlled by using ultralow magnetic fields (1 to10 mT) to produce synthetic composites with tunedthree-dimensional orientation and distribution of rein-forcements. The authors state that, ‘a variety of struc-tures can be achieved with this simple method, leadingto composites with tailored local reinforcement, wearresistance, and shape memory effects.’

Reference

1. R. M. Erb, R. Libanori, N. Rothfuchs and A. R. Studart,Science,335(6065), 199–204 (2012) (13 Jan., Issue).

Pathway Complexity in SupramolecularPolymerization

Self-assembly provides an attractive route to functionalorganic materials, with properties and hence perfor-mance depending sensitively on the organization ofthe molecular building blocks. Molecular organiza-tion is a direct consequence of the pathways involvedin the supramolecular assembly process, which ismore amenable to detailed study when using one-dimensional systems. The self-assembly of syntheticsupramolecular polymers has been studied and evenmodulated, but our quantitative understanding of theprocesses involved remains limited.

Here, Korevaaret al.1 report time-resolved obser-vations of the formation of supramolecular polymersfrom π-conjugated oligomers. Their kinetic experi-ments show the presence of a kinetically favouredmetastable assembly that forms quickly but thentransforms into the thermodynamically- favored form.Quantitative insight into the kinetic experiments wasobtained from kinetic model calculations, whichrevealed two parallel and competing pathways lead-ing to assemblies with opposite helicity. These insights

prompted the authors to use a chiral tartaric acid asan auxiliary to change the thermodynamic preferenceof the assembly process. They found that aggrega-tion can be forced completely down the kineticallyfavored pathway so that, on removal of the auxiliary,the authors obtained only the metastable assemblies.

Reference

1. P. A. Korevaar, S. J. George, A. J. Markvoort,M. M. J. Smulders, P. A. J. Hilbers, A. P. H. J. Schenning,T. F. A. De Greef and E. W. Meijer,Nature, 481(7382),492–496 (2012) (26 Jan., Issue).

Unimpeded Permeation of Water ThroughHelium-Leak–Tight Graphene-BasedMembranes

Permeation through nm-size pores is important in thedesign of materials for filtration and separation tech-niques and because of unusual fundamental behaviorarising at the molecular scale. Here, Nairet al.1 foundthat sub-µm-thick membranes made from grapheneoxide can be completely impermeable to liquids,vapors, and gases, including helium, but these mem-branes allow unimpeded permeation of water (H2Opermeates through the membranes at least 1010 timesfaster than He). The authors attribute these seeminglyincompatible observations to a low-friction flow ofa monolayer of water through two-dimensional cap-illaries formed by closely spaced graphene sheets.Diffusion of other molecules is blocked by reversiblenarrowing of the capillaries in low humidity and/or bytheir clogging with water.

Reference

1. R. R. Nair, H. A. Wu, P. N. Jayaram, I. V. Grigorievaand A. K. Geim,Science, 335(6067), 442–444 (2012) (27Jan., Issue).

Ultrafast Viscous Permeation of OrganicSolvents Through Diamond-LikeCarbon Nanosheets

Chemical, petrochemical, energy, and environment-related industries strongly require high-performancenanofiltration membranes applicable to organic sol-vents. To achieve high solvent permeability, filtrationmembranes must be as thin as possible, while retain-ing mechanical strength and solvent resistance. Here,



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Karanet al.1 report on the preparation of ultrathin free-standing amorphous carbon membranes with Youngsmoduli of 90 to 170 GPa. The membranes can sep-arate organic dyes at a rate three orders of magni-tude greater than that of commercially available mem-branes. Permeation experiments revealed that the hardcarbon layer has hydrophobic pores of∼1 nm, whichallow the ultrafast viscous permeation of organic sol-vents through the membrane.

Reference

1. S. Karan, S. Samitsu, X. Peng, K. Kurashima andI. Ichinose,Science, 335(6067), 444–447 (2012) (27 Jan.,Issue).

Reversible Reduction of Oxygen toPeroxide Facilitated by MolecularRecognition

Generation of soluble sources of peroxide dianion(O2

2−) is a challenge in dioxygen chemistry. Theoxidizing nature of this anion renders its stabiliza-tion in organic media difficult. Here, Lopezet al.1

describe the chemically reversible reduction of oxy-gen (O2) to cryptand-encapsulated O2

2−. The dianionis stabilized by strong hydrogen bonds to N-H groupsfrom the hexacarboxamide cryptand. Analogous sta-bilization of peroxide by hydrogen bonding has beeninvoked recently in crystalline saccharide and proteinsystems. The present peroxide adducts are stable atroom temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) andN,N’-dimethylformamide (DMF). The authors statethat, ‘these adducts can be obtained in gm-quantitiesfrom the cryptand-driven dis-proportionation reactionof potassium superoxide (KO2) at room temperature.’

Reference

1. N. Lopez, D. J. Graham, R. McGuire Jr., G. E. Alliger,Y. Shao-Horn, C. C. Cummins and D. G. Nocera,Science,335(6067), 450–453 (2012) (27 Jan., Issue).

Field-Effect Tunneling Transistor Based onVertical Graphene Heterostructures

An obstacle to the use of graphene as an alternative tosilicon electronics has been the absence of an energy

gap between its conduction and valence bands, whichmakes it difficult to achieve low power dissipation inthe OFF state. Britnellet al.1 report a bipolar field-effect transistor (FET) that exploits the low density ofstates in graphene and its one-atomic-layer thickness.The prototype devices are graphene heterostructureswith atomically thin boron nitride or molybdenumdisulfide acting as a vertical transport barrier. The FETexhibit room-temperature switching ratios of≈50 and≈10,000, respectively. The authors state that, ‘suchdevices have potential for high-frequency operationand large-scale integration.’

Reference

1. L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle,F. Schedin, A. Mishchenko, T. Georgiou, M. I. Katsnel-son, L. Eaves, S. V. Morozov, N. M. R. Peres, J. Leist,A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and L. A. Ponomarenko,Science, 335(6071), 947–950 (2012) (24 Feb., Issue).

The Local Structure of Amorphous Silicon

It is widely believed that the continuous random net-work (CRN) model represents the structural topologyof amorphous silicon. The key evidence is that themodel can reproduce well the experimental reduceddensity functions (RDFs) obtained by diffraction.

By using a combination of electron diffractionand fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) variancedata as experimental constraints in a structural relax-ation procedure, Treacy and Borisenko1 showed thatthe CRN is not unique in matching the experimen-tal RDF. They find that the inhomogeneous para-crystalline structures containing local cubic orderingat the 10 to 20̊A- length scale are also fully consistentwith the RDF data. Crucially, the authors also foundthe RDF data matched the FEM variance data, unlikethe CRN model. The authors state that, ‘the para-crystalline model has implications for understandingphase transformation processes in various materialsthat extend beyond amorphous silicon.’

Reference

1. M. M. J. Treacy and K. B. Borisenko,Science, 335(6071),950–953 (2012) (24 Feb., Issue).


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Recent Books and Review Articlesin the Area of Materials Science, Engineering and Technology

(Contributed by the Editor)

Books

1 Sustainable Materials – With BothEyes Open

By Julian M. Allwood and Jonathan M. Cullen,UIT Cambridge, Cambridge, 2011Hardback: 384 pp.£45. ISBN 9781906860073.Paperback: 384 pp.£24.95. ISBN 9781906860059.

2 Macrocycles, Construction, Chemistryand Nanotechnology Applications

By David Parker and Stephen J. Butler,John Wiley& Sons, Hoboken, USA 2011.Softcover: 608 pp.£57.90. ISBN 978-0470714638

For a review, see, F. Davis and S. Higson,Angew.Chem. Int. Ed., 50(50), 11842 (2011).

3 Nanotechnology for Biology andMedicine – At the Building Block Level

Edited byGabriel A. Silva and Vladimir Parpura,Springer, New York, 2011Hardback: 250 pages. $189.ISBN: 9780387312828

4 The Essence of Materials ForEngineers

By Robert W. Messler, Jr.,Jones and Bartlet IndiaPvt. Ltd. 2011Paperback: 570 pp. Original Price: $107.95.Special Indian Price: Rs. 595.00.ISBN: 9789380108902

5 Bioelectrochemistry – Fundamentals,Applications and RecentDevelopments

Edited byAlkire, Richard C. / Kolb, Dieter M. /Lipkowski, Jacek,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2011Hardcover: 387 pp. Euro 149. ISBN-10:3-527-32885-8. ISBN-13: 978-3-527-32885-7



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6 Electrochemical Technologies forEnergy Storage and Conversion

Edited byZhang, Jiujun / Zhang, Lei / Liu, Hansan/ Sun, Andy / Liu, Ru-Shi,2 Volumes. Wiley-VCH,Weinheim. 2011Hardcover: 792 pp. Euro 249.ISBN-10: 3-527-32869-6.ISBN-13: 978-3-527-32869-7

7 Porous Silicon in Practice –Preparation, Characterization andApplications

By Sailor, M. J.,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2011Softcover: 250 pp. Euro 79.ISBN-10: 3-527-31378-8.ISBN-13: 978-3-527-31378-5

8 Atomic Layer Deposition ofNanostructured Materials

Edited byPinna, Nicola / Knez, Mato,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim. 2011Softcover: 436 pp. Euro 139.ISBN-10: 3-527-32797-5.ISBN-13: 978-3-527-32797-3

9 Ceramic Integration and JoiningTechnologies – From Macro toNanoscale

Edited bySingh, Mrityunjay / Ohji, Tatsuki /Asthana, Rajiv / Mathur, Sanjay,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim. 2011 - John Wiley & SonsHardcover: 830 pp. Euro 155.ISBN-10: 0-470-39122-7.ISBN-13: 978-0-470-39122-8



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10 Ceramics Science and Technology –Volume 3: Synthesis and Processing

Edited byRiedel, Ralf / Chen, I-Wei,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim. 2011Hardcover: 532 pp. Euro 249.ISBN-10: 3-527-31157-2.ISBN-13: 978-3-527-31157-6

11 Green Corrosion Chemistry andEngineering – Opportunities andChallenges

With a Foreword byNabuk Okon Eddy;Edited bySharma, Sanjay K.,Wiley-VCH Weinheim. 2011Softcover: 402 pp. Euro 69.ISBN-10: 3-527-32930-7.ISBN-13: 978-3-527-32930-4

12 Hierarchically Structured PorousMaterials – From Nanoscience toCatalysis, Separation, Optics, Energy,and Life Science

Edited bySu, Bao-Lian / Sanchez, Clément / Yang,Xiao-Yu,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.2011Hardcover: 652 pp. Euro 159.ISBN-10: 3-527-32788-6.ISBN-13: 978-3-527-32788-1

13 Mechanical Properties andPerformance of Engineering Ceramicsand Composites VI

Edited bySingh, Dileep / Salem, Jonathan,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2011 – John Wiley & SonsHardcover: 328 pp. Euro 69.90.ISBN-10: 1-118-05987-5.ISBN-13: 978-1-118-05987-6



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14 Mechanical Stress on the Nanoscale –Simulation, Material Systems andCharacterization Techniques

Edited byHanbücken, Margrit / Müller, Pierre /Wehrspohn, Ralf B.,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2011Hardcover: 359 pp. Euro 119.ISBN-10: 3-527-41066-X.ISBN-13: 978-3-527-41066-8

15 Nanostructured Materials andNanotechnology V

Edited byMathur, Sanjay / Ray, Suprakas Sinha,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2011 – John Wiley & SonsHardcover: 208 pp. Euro 69.90.ISBN-10: 1-118-05992-1.ISBN-13: 978-1-118-05992-0

16 Scanning Probe Microscopy of SoftMatter – Fundamentals and Practices

Edited byTsukruk, Vladimir V. / Singamaneni,Srikanth,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2011Hardcover: 642 pp. Euro 146.ISBN-10: 3-527-32743-6.ISBN-13: 978-3-527-32743-0

17 Oxide Ultrathin Films – Science andTechnology

Edited byPacchioni, Gianfranco / Valeri, Sergio,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2011Hardcover: 352 pages. Euro 139.ISBN-10: 3-527-33016-X.ISBN-13: 978-3-527-33016-4 - Wiley-VCH,Weinheim

18 Transition to Hydrogen – PathwaysToward Clean Transportation

Edited byAlexander Wokaun and Erik Wilhelm,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011Hardback: 272 pp., $110, £65.ISBN: 9780521192880



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19 Graphene: Synthesis andApplications

Edited byWonbong Choi and Jo-won Lee,CRCPress- Taylor & Francis Group, 2011Hardback: 394 pp. £82. ISBN 9781439861875

20 Self-Healing at the Nanoscale:Mechanisms and Key Concepts ofNatural and Artificial Systems

Edited byVincenzo Amendola,CRC Press- Taylor& Francis Group, 2011Hardback: 463 pp. £82. ISBN 9781439854730

21 Magnetic Nanoparticles: FromFabrication to Clinical Applications

Edited byNguyen TK Thanh,CRC Press- Taylor &Francis Group, 2012Hardback: 616 pp. £121. ISBN 9781439869321

22 Electrochemical Nanofabrication:Principles and Applications

Edited byDi Wei, Pan Stanford Publishing. 2011Hardback: 350 pp. £95. ISBN 9789814303736.Cat# N10473



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23 Advances in Nanotechnology and theEnvironment

Edited byJuyoung Kim,Pan StanfordPublishing. 2011Hardback: 400 pp. £95. ISBN 9789814241557

24 Electricity and Magnetism 2nd ed.Edited byEdward M. Purcell,CambridgeUniversity Press, New York, 2011Hardback: 502 pp. $75, £40. ISBN 9781107013605

25 Renewable Polymers – Synthesis,Processing, and Technology

Edited byMittal, Vikas,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.2011 – John Wiley & SonsHardcover: 502 pp. Euro 152.ISBN-10: 0-470-93877-3.ISBN-13: 978-0-470-93877-5

26 Rubber-Clay Nanocompositese –Science, Technology, andApplications

Edited byGalimberti, Maurizio,Wiley-VCH,Weinheim. 2011 – John Wiley & SonsHardcover: 632 pp. Euro 129.ISBN-10: 0-470-56210-2.ISBN-13: 978-0-470-56210-9

27 Carbon Meta-Nanotubes – Synthesis,Properties and Applications

By Monthioux, Marc,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2011– John Wiley & SonsHardcover: 448 pp. Euro 129.ISBN-10: 0-470-51282-2.ISBN-13: 978-0-470-51282-1



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28 Developments in Data Storage –Materials Perspective

Edited byPiramanayagam, S. N. / Chong, ChongTow, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2011 – John Wiley &SonsHardcover: 352 pp. Euro 105.ISBN-10: 0-470-50100-6.ISBN-13: 978-0-470-50100-9

29 Biomaterials for Surgical OperationBy Shuko Suzuki and Yoshito Ikada,Humana(Springer), New York, 2012Hardback: 221 pp., illus. $189. ISBN9781617795695

30 Mechanics of Biomaterials –Fundamental Principles for ImplantDesign

By Lisa A. Pruitt and Ayyana M. Chakravartula,Cambridge University Press, New York, 2012Hardback: 697 pp., illus. $110, £45. ISBN9780521762212

31 A Guide to Hands-on MEMS Designand Prototyping

By Joel A. Kubby,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 2011Hardback: 178 pp., illus. $125, £75.ISBN: 9780521889254. Paperback: 178 pp., illus.$45, £27.99. ISBN 9781107645790

32 Porous PolymersEdited by Michael S. Silverstein, Neil R. Cameron,and Marc A. Hillmyer,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim,2011hardcover: 472 pp. Euro 109.ISBN: 978-0470390849

For a review, see, A. Cooper,Angew. Chem. Intl.Ed., 51(6), 1307–1308, (2012)

33 Fundamentals of Materials for Energyand Environmental Sustainability

Edited by David S. Ginley and David Cahen,Cambridge University Press, New York, 2012Hardback: 771 pp. $99, £65. ISBN 9781107000230

34 Green Chemistry for EnvironmentalRemediation

By Sanghi R., Singh V.,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim,2012 – John Wiley & SonsHardcover: 800 pp. Euro 169.ISBN-10: 0-470-94308-4.ISBN-13: 978-0-470-94308-3



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35 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy –An introduction to Principles andPractices

By van der Heide, Paul,Wiley-VCH, Weinheim,2012 – John Wiley & SonsHardcover: 264 pp. Euro 77.90.ISBN-10: 1-118-06253-1.ISBN-13: 978-1-118-06253-1

36 Chips 2020 – A Guide to the Future ofNanoelectronics

Edited byBernd Hoefflinger,Springer, Berlin, 2012Hardback: 505 pp. $109, Euro 79.95, £72,CHF115. ISBN 9783642223990

37 Modeling Materials – Continuum,Atomistic and Multiscale Techniques

By Ellad B. Tadmor and Ronald E. Miller,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012Hardback: 787 pp. $85, £50. ISBN 9780521856980

38 Nanotechnology in RegenerativeMedicine – Methods and Protocols

Edited byMelba Navarro and Josep A. Planell,Humana (Springer), New York, 2012Hardback: 331 pages. $139. ISBN 9781617793875

39 Problems in Solid State Physics withSolutions

By Fuxiang Han,World Scientific, Hackensack, NJ,2011Paperback: 668 pp. $138, £91. ISBN9789814366878

Review Articles

1 Conjugated Rod–Coil and Rod–RodBlock Copolymers for PhotovoltaicApplications

By M. He, F. Qiu and Z. Lin,J. Mater. Chem.,21(43), 17039–17048 (2011).

Abstract

Conjugated polymer-based bulk heterojunction (BHJ)solar cells are widely recognized as a promising alter-native to their inorganic counterparts for achievinglow-cost, roll-to-roll production of large-area flexiblelightweight photovoltaic devices. Current research indesigning new polymers and optimizing device archi-tectures has been devoted to improving the film mor-phology, photovoltaic performance and stability of

polymer BHJ solar cells. Conjugated block copolymers(BCPs), including rod–coil and rod–rod BCPs, exhibitexcellent flexibility for tuning the band gap of semi-conductor polymers, regulating the molecular organi-zation of donor (and/or acceptor) units, templating thefilm morphology of active layers, and achieving well-defined BHJ architectures.

In this article, the authors summarize the recentdevelopments over the past five years in the synthe-sis, self-assembly, and utilization of conjugated rod–coil and all-conjugated rod–rod BCPs for solar energyconversion, highlight the correlation between themicrophase-separated morphology and photovoltaicproperties in conjugated BCPs, and finally providean outlook on the future of BCP-based photovoltaicdevices. 136 References.



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2 Toward High-PerformanceNanostructured ThermoelectricMaterials: The Progress of Bottom-upSolution Chemistry Approaches

By Y. Zhao,J. S. Dyck and C. Burda,J. Mater. Chem.,21(43), 17049–17058 (2011).

Abstract

Significant research effort has recently gone intothe synthesis of thermoelectric nanomaterials throughdifferent chemical approaches since nanomaterialschemistry became a promising strategy for improvingthermoelectric performance. Different thermoelectricnanocrystals, especially PbTe, Bi2Te3 and CoSb3, withvarious compositions and morphologies have beensuccessfully prepared by solvo/hydrothermal, electro-chemical, and ligand-based synthesis methods. Suchnanoscale materials show not only substantial reduc-tion in thermal conductivity due to increased phononscattering at nanoscale grain boundaries and lower den-sities of phonon states but possibly also an enhance-ment in thermopower due to electronic quantum sizeeffects. More recently, the notoriously low power fac-tors of thermoelectric nanomaterials prepared by wetchemistry have been significantly improved by usingan increasingly cross-disciplinary approach towardsthe bottom-up synthesis that combines expertise fromchemistry, physics, and materials engineering.

In this review, the authors discuss the recentprogress and current challenges of preparing thermo-electric nanomaterials with solution-based chemistryapproaches. 115 References.

3 Functional Mixed Metal–OrganicFrameworks with Metalloligands

By M. C. Das, S. Xiang, Z. Zhang and B. Chen,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,50(45), 10510–10520 (2011).

Abstract

Immobilization of functional sites within metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is very important for theirability to recognize small molecules and thus, fortheir functional properties. The metalloligand approach

has enabled to rationally immobilize a variety ofdifferent functional sites such as open metal sites,catalytic active metal sites, photoactive metal sites,chiral pore environments, and pores of tunable sizesand curvatures into mixed metal–organic frameworks(M′MOFs).

In this review, the authors highlight some impor-tant functional M′MOFs with metalloligands for gasstorage and separation, enantio-selective separation,heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis, sensing, and asphotoactive and nanoscale drug delivery and biomedi-cal imaging materials.

4 Controlled Growth of Single-WalledCarbon Nanotubes on PatternedSubstrates

By X. Zhou, F. Boey and H. Zhang,Chem. Soc.Rev.,40(11), 5221–5231 (2011).

Abstract

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) haveattracted great interest in the last two decades becauseof their unique electrical, optical, thermal, mechanicalproperties, etc. One major research field of SWCNTs isthe controlled growth of them from the patterned cat-alysts on substrates, since the integration of SWCNTsinto nanoelectronics and other devices requires well-organized SWCNT arrays.

This review describes the commonly used litho-graphic techniques to pattern catalysts used for con-trolled growth of SWCNTs, specifically confined to thehorizontal direction. Advantages and disadvantages ofeach method will be briefly discussed. Applications ofthe SWCNT arrays grown from the catalyst patternswill also be introduced. 55 References.

5 Solution Processing of TransparentConductors: From Flask to Film

By R. M. Pasquarelli, D. S. Ginley and R.O’Hayre,Chem. Soc. Rev.,40(11), 5406–5441 (2011).



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This review focuses on the solution deposition of trans-parent conductors with a particular focus on trans-parent conducting oxide (TCO) thin-films. TCOs playa critical role in many current and emerging opto-electronic devices due to their unique combination ofelectronic conductivity and transparency in the visibleregion of the spectrum. Atmospheric-pressure solutionprocessing is an attractive alternative to conventionalvacuum-based deposition methods due to its ease offabrication, scalability, and potential to lower devicemanufacturing costs. An introduction into the applica-tions of and material criteria for TCOs is presentedfirst, followed by a discussion of solution routes tothese systems. Recent studies in the field are reviewedaccording to their materials system. Finally, the chal-lenges and opportunities for further enabling researchare discussed in terms of emerging oxide systems andnon-oxide based transparent conductors. 341 Refer-ences.

6 Fabrication and Application ofInorganic Hollow Spheres

By J. Hu, M. Chen, X. Fang and L. Wu,Chem. Soc.Rev.,40(11), 5472–5491 (2011).

Abstract

Inorganic hollow spheres have attracted considerableinterest due to their singular properties and wide rangeof potential applications. In this article, the authors pro-vide a comprehensive overview of the preparation andapplications of inorganic hollow spheres.

They first discuss the syntheses of inorganic hol-low spheres by use of polymers, inorganic nonmetals,metal-based hard templates, small-molecule emul-sion, surfactant micelle-based soft-templates, and thetemplate-free approach. For each method, a criticalcomment is given based on the available knowledgeand related research experience. They discuss someimportant applications of inorganic hollow spheres in0D, 2D, and 3D arrays. The review concludes withsome perspectives on the future research and develop-ment of inorganic hollow spheres. 235 References.

7 Controlled Synthesis ofSemiconductor Nanostructures in theLiquid Phase

By Z. Zhuang, Q. Peng and Y. Li,Chem. Soc. Rev.,40(11), 5492–5513 (2011).

Abstract

The microstructure (composition, size and shapeetc.) of semiconductor nanocrystals determine theelectronic density of states of semiconductor nanoma-terials and ultimately determine their optical and elec-trical properties. Semiconductor nanocrystal advancedstructures, such as hybrid nanostructures and nanocrys-tal superlattices, not only integrate the function ofindividual nanocrystals, but also brings the materialscollective and synchronic properties. How to controlthe monodispersity, composition and structure of as-prepared semiconductor nanocrystals during their syn-theses, as well as their furthermore assembly, has beena hot research area in this decade.

This review focuses on the development of syn-thetic and assembly methods (techniques) of semi-conductor nanocrystals processed in the liquid phase.Emphasis is on the synthesis methodology, microstruc-ture related properties of semiconductor nanocrystals,and their applications. 243 References.

8 Poisson’s ratio and modern materialsBy G. N. Greaves, A. L. Greer, R. S. Lakes and T.Rouxel, Nature Mater.,10(11), 823–837 (2011).

Abstract

In comparing a material’s resistance to distort undermechanical load rather than to alter in volume, Pois-son’s ratio offers the fundamental metric by whichto compare the performance of any material whenstrained elastically. The numerical limits are set by1/2 and−1, between which all stable isotropic mate-rials are found. With new experiments, computationalmethods and routes to materials synthesis, the authorsassess what Poisson’s ratio means in the contempo-rary understanding of the mechanical characteristicsof modern materials. Central to these recent advances,



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they emphasize the significance of relationships out-side the elastic limit between Poisson’s ratio and den-sification, connectivity, ductility and the toughness ofsolids, and their association with the dynamic proper-ties of the liquids from which they were condensed andinto which they melt. 118 References.

9 Organic Photorefractive Materials andApplications

By S. Köber, M. Salvador and K. Meerholz,Adv.Mater.,23(41), 4725–4763 (2011).

Abstract

This review describes recent advances and applicationsin the field of organic photorefractive materials, aninteresting area in the field of organic electronics andpromising candidate for various aspects of photonicapplications.

The authors describe the current state of knowledgeabout the processes involved in the formation of pho-torefractive gratings in organic materials and focus onthe chemical and photo-physical aspects of the materialstructures employed in low glass-transition tempera-ture amorphous composites and organic photorefrac-tive glasses. State-of-the art materials are highlightedand recent demonstrations of photonic applicationsrelying on the reversible holographic nature of the pho-torefractive materials are discussed. 246 References.

10 Carbon Materials for ChemicalCapacitive Energy Storage

By Y. Zhai, Y. Dou, D. Zhao,P. F. Fulvio, R. T. Mayes and S. Dai,Adv. Mater.,23(42), 4828–4850 (2011).

Abstract

Carbon materials have attracted intense interests aselectrode materials for electrochemical capacitors,because of their high surface area, electrical conduc-tivity, chemical stability and low cost. Activated car-bons produced by different activation processes fromvarious precursors are the most widely used elec-trodes. Recently, with the rapid growth of nanotechnol-ogy, nanostructured electrode materials, such as carbon

nanotubes and template-synthesized porous carbonshave been developed. Their unique electrical proper-ties and well controlled pore sizes and structures facil-itate fast ion and electron transportation. In order tofurther improve the power and energy densities of thecapacitors, carbon-based composites combining elec-trical double layer capacitors (EDLC)-capacitance andpseudo-capacitance have been explored. They shownot only enhanced capacitance, but as well good cycla-bility.

In this review, recent progress on carbon-basedelectrode materials are summarized, including acti-vated carbons, carbon nanotubes, and template-synthesized porous carbons, in particular mesoporouscarbons. Their advantages and disadvantages as elec-trochemical capacitors are discussed. Finally, thefuture trends of electrochemical capacitors with highenergy and power are proposed. 130 References.

11 Graphene Versus Carbon Nanotubesin Electronic Devices

By C. Biswas and Y. H. Lee,Adv. Funct. Mater.,21(20), 4828–4850 (2011).

Abstract

Advances in semiconductor device during last fewdecades enable us to improve the electronic deviceperformance by minimizing the device dimen-sion. However, further development of these sys-tems encounters scientific and technological limitsand forces us to explore better alternatives. Low-dimensional carbon allotropes such as carbon nanotubeand graphene exhibit superior electronic, optoelec-tronic, and mechanical properties compared to the con-ventional semiconductors.

This article reviews the recent progress of car-bon nanotubes and graphene researches and com-pares their electronic properties and electric deviceperformances. A particular focus is the compari-son of the characteristics in transparent conductingfilms (transparency and sheet resistance) and field-effect transistors (FETs) (device types, ambipolar-ity, mobility, doping strategy, FET-performance, logicand memory operations). Finally, the performance ofdevices that combine graphene and carbon nanotubesis highlighted. 100 References.



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12 Nanostructured Electrodes forLithium-Ion and Lithium-Air Batteries:The Latest Developments,Challenges, and Perspectives

By M. –K. Song, S. Park, F. M. Alamgir, J. Choand M. Liu, Mater. Sci. & Engg., R,72(11), 4828–4850 (2011).

Abstract

The urgency for clean and secure energy has stimulateda global resurgence in searching for advanced electricalenergy storage systems. For now and the foreseeablefuture, batteries remain the most promising electricalenergy storage systems for many applications, fromportable electronics to emerging technologies suchas electric vehicles and smart grids, by potentiallyoffering significantly improved performance, energyefficiencies, reliability, and energy security while alsopermitting a drastic reduction in fuel consumption andemissions. The energy and power storage characteris-tics of batteries critically impact the commercial via-bility of these emerging technologies. For example, therealization of electric vehicles hinges on the availabil-ity of batteries with significantly improved energy andpower density, durability, and reduced cost. Further,the design, performance, portability, and innovation ofmany portable electronics are limited severely by thesize, power, and cycle life of the existing batteries.

Creation of nanostructured electrode materialsrepresents one of the most attractive strategies todramatically enhance battery performance, includingcapacity, rate capability, cycling life, and safety. Thisreview aims at providing the reader with an under-standing of the critical scientific challenges facingthe development of advanced batteries, various uniqueattributes of nanostructures or nano-architecturesapplicable to lithium-ion and lithium-air batteries, thelatest developments in novel synthesis and fabricationprocedures, the unique capabilities of some power-ful, in situ characterization techniques vital to unrav-eling the mechanisms of charge and mass transportprocesses associated with battery performance, andthe outlook for future-generation batteries that exploitnanoscale materials for significantly improved perfor-mance to meet the ever-increasing demands of emerg-ing technologies. 313 References.

13 Recent Aspects of OxideThermoelectric Materials for PowerGeneration from Mid-to-HighTemperature Heat Source

By M. Ohtaki,J. Ceram. Soc. Japan119(11), 770–775 (2011).

Abstract

Rapid progress in thermoelectric performance of oxidematerials has been conducted virtually exclusively inJapan, resulting in more than 10 times increase inthe ZT values of oxides within the last two decades.This has caused a revolutionary change in the guid-ing principles of thermoelectric materials research,in which oxide materials had been disregarded asa potential candidate until early 1990s. Promisingoxide thermoelectric materials having been discoveredinclude CaMnO3-based perovskites, Al-doped ZnO,layered cobalt oxides represented by NaCo2O4 andCa3Co4O9, and SrTiO3-related phases.

This article reviews the current aspects of oxidethermoelectric materials, and some strategies of nanos-tructure control for selective reduction of the latticethermal conductivity (selective phonon scattering) inbulk oxide ceramics are also discussed. 47 References.

14 Electrical Energy Storage for the Grid:A Battery of Choices

By B. Dunn, H. Kamath and J. –M. Tarascon,Science,334(6058), 928–935 (2011).

Abstract

The increasing interest in energy storage for the elec-tric grid can be attributed to multiple factors, includingthe capital costs of managing peak demands, the invest-ments needed for grid reliability, and the integrationof renewable energy sources. Although existing energystorage is dominated by pumped hydroelectric, there isthe recognition that battery systems can offer a numberof high-value opportunities, provided that lower costscan be obtained.

The battery systems reviewed here include sodium-sulfur batteries that are commercially available forgrid applications, redox-flow batteries that offer lowcost, and lithium-ion batteries whose development for



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commercial electronics and electric vehicles is beingapplied to grid storage. 62 References.

15 Lowering the Temperature of SolidOxide Fuel Cells

By E. D. Wachsman and K. T. Lee,Science,334(6058), 935–939 (2011).

Abstract

Fuel cells are uniquely capable of overcoming combus-tion efficiency limitations, e.g., the Carnot cycle. How-ever, the linking of fuel cells (an energy conversiondevice) and hydrogen (an energy carrier) has empha-sized investment in proton-exchange membrane fuelcells as part of a larger hydrogen economy and thusrelegated fuel cells to a future technology. In contrast,solid oxide fuel cells are capable of operating on con-ventional fuels (as well as hydrogen) today. The mainissue for solid oxide fuel cells is high operating tem-perature (about 800◦C) and the resulting materials andcost limitations and operating complexities, e.g., ther-mal cycling.

Recent results on the solid oxide fuel cellshave demonstrated extremely high power densities,∼ 2 W/cm2 watts at 650◦C along with flexible fueling,thus enabling higher efficiency within the existing fuelinfrastructure. Newly developed, high-conductivityelectrolytes and nanostructured electrode designs pro-vide a path for further performance improvement atmuch lower temperatures, down to∼350◦C, thus pro-viding opportunity to transform the way we convertand store energy. 46 References.

16 Multigate Transistors as the Future ofClassicalMetal–Oxide–SemiconductorField-Effect Transistors

By I. Ferain, C. A. Colinge and J. –P. Colinge,Nature,479(7373), 310–316 (2011).

Abstract

For more than four decades, transistors have beenshrinking exponentially in size, and therefore the num-ber of transistors in a single microelectronic chiphas been increasing exponentially. Such an increase

in packing density was made possible by continuallyshrinking the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effecttransistor (MOSFET). In the current generation of tran-sistors, the transistor dimensions have shrunk to suchan extent that the electrical characteristics of the devicecan be markedly degraded, making it unlikely that theexponential decrease in transistor size can continue.

Recently, however, a new generation of MOSFETs,called multigate transistors, has emerged, and thismultigate geometry will allow the continuing enhance-ment of computer performance into the next decade.43 References.

17 Nanometre-scale electronics with III–Vcompound semiconductors

By J. A. del Alamo,Nature,479(7373), 317–323 (2011).

Abstract

For 50 years the exponential rise in the power of elec-tronics has been fuelled by an increase in the densityof silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor(CMOS) transistors and improvements to their logicperformance. But silicon transistor scaling is nowreaching its limits, threatening to end the microelec-tronics revolution. Attention is turning to a familyof materials that is well placed to address this prob-lem: group III–V compound semiconductors. The out-standing electron transport properties of these mate-rials might be central to the development of the firstnanometre-scale logic transistors. 95 References.

18 Academic and Industry ResearchProgress in Germanium Nanodevices

By R. Pillarisetty,Nature,479(7373), 324–328 (2011).

Abstract

Silicon has enabled the rise of the semiconductor elec-tronics industry, but it was not the first material usedin such devices. During the 1950s, just after the birthof the transistor, solid-state devices were almost exclu-sively manufactured from germanium (Ge). Today,one of the key ways to improve transistor perfor-mance is to increase charge-carrier mobility within



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the device channel. Motivated by this, the solid-statedevice research community is returning to investigat-ing the high-mobility material, Ge. The Ge-based tran-sistors have the potential to operate at high speeds withlow power requirements and might therefore be usedin non-silicon-based semiconductor technology in thefuture.

In this review, the history and recent progress ofindustry and academic research into the use of germa-nium channel materials as a replacement for silicon-based p-type MOSFETs (PMOSs) is presented. Suchresearch could lead to a non-silicon transistor architec-ture, based on low-power group III–V/Ge complemen-tary metal–oxide–semiconductors (CMOSs). 52 Refer-ences.

19 Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors asEnergy-Efficient Electronic Switches

By A. M. Ionescu and H. Riel,Nature,479(7373), 329–337 (2011).

Abstract

Power dissipation is a fundamental problem for nano-electronic circuits. Scaling the supply voltage reducesthe energy needed for switching, but the field-effecttransistors (FETs) in today’s integrated circuits requireat least 60 mV of gate voltage to increase the currentby one order of magnitude at room temperature. Tun-nel FETs avoid this limit by using quantum-mechanicalband-to-band tunneling, rather than thermal injection,to inject charge carriers into the device channel. Tun-nel FETs based on ultrathin semiconducting filmsor nanowires could achieve a 100-fold power reduc-tion over complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor(CMOS) transistors, so integrating tunnel FETs withCMOS technology could improve low-power inte-grated circuits. 86 References.

20 A Role for Graphene in Silicon-BasedSemiconductor Devices

By K. Kim, J.-Y. Choi, T. Kim, S.-H. Cho and H.-J.Chung, Nature,479(7373), 338–344 (2011).

Abstract

As silicon-based electronics approach the limit ofimprovements to performance and capacity throughdimensional scaling, attention in the semiconductorfield has turned to graphene, a single layer of carbonatoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice. Its high mobil-ity of charge carriers (electrons and holes) could leadto its use in the next generation of high-performancedevices.

Graphene is unlikely to replace silicon completely,however, because of the poor on/off current ratioresulting from its zero bandgap. But it could beused to improve silicon-based devices, in particu-lar in high-speed electronics and optical modulators.90 References.

21 Embracing the Quantum Limit inSilicon Computing

By J. J. L. Morton, D. R. McCamey,M. A. Eriksson and S. A. Lyon,Nature,479(7373), 345–353 (2011).

Abstract

Quantum computers hold the promise of massive per-formance enhancements across a range of applications,from cryptography and databases to revolutionary sci-entific simulation tools. Such computers would makeuse of the same quantum mechanical phenomena thatpose limitations on the continued shrinking of conven-tional information processing devices. Many of the keyrequirements for quantum computing differ markedlyfrom those of conventional computers. However, sili-con, which plays a central part in conventional infor-mation processing, has many properties that make it asuperb platform around which to build a quantum com-puter. 101 References.



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22 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis ofColloidal Inorganic Nanocrystals

By M. Baghbanzadeh, L. Carbone, P. D. Cozzoliand C. O. Kappe,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,50(48), 11312–11359 (2011).

Abstract

Colloidal inorganic nanocrystals stand out as an impor-tant class of advanced nanomaterials owing to theflexibility with which their physical–chemical proper-ties can be controlled through size, shape, and com-positional engineering in the synthesis stage and theversatility with which they can be implemented intotechnological applications in fields as diverse as opto-electronics, energy conversion/production, catalysis,and biomedicine. The use of microwave irradiation asa non-classical energy source has become increasinglypopular in the preparation of nanocrystals. Similar toits now widespread use in organic chemistry, the effi-ciency of ‘microwave flash heating’ in dramaticallyreducing overall processing times, is one of the mainadvantages associated with this technique.

This review illustrates microwave-assisted meth-ods that have been developed to synthesize colloidalinorganic nanocrystals and critically evaluates the spe-cific roles that microwave irradiation may play in theformation of these nanomaterials.

23 Development and Evaluation ofPorous Materials for Carbon DioxideSeparation and Capture

By Y.-S. Bae and R. Q. Snurr,Angew. Chem. Int.Ed.,50(49), 11586–11596 (2011).

Abstract

The development of new microporous materials foradsorption separation processes is a rapidly growingfield because of potential applications such as carboncapture and sequestration (CCS) and purification ofclean-burning natural gas. In particular, new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and other porous coor-dination polymers are being generated at a rapid andgrowing pace.

Herein, the authors address the question of how thislarge number of materials can be quickly evaluated for

their practical application in carbon dioxide separationprocesses. Five adsorbent evaluation criteria from thechemical engineering literature are described and usedto assess over 40 MOFs for their potential in CO2 sepa-ration processes for natural gas purification, landfill gasseparation, and capture of CO2 from power-plant fluegas. Comparisons with other materials such as zeolitesare made, and the relationships between MOF proper-ties and CO2 separation potential are investigated fromthe large data set. In addition, strategies for tailoringand designing MOFs to enhance CO2 adsorption arebriefly reviewed.

24 From Ni-YSZ to Sulfur-Tolerant AnodeMaterials for Sofcs: ElectrochemicalBehavior, in Situ Characterization,Modeling, and Future Perspectives

By Z. Cheng, J.-H. Wang, Y. M. Choi, L. Yang,M. C. Lin and M. Liu,Energy Environ. Sci.,4(11), 4380–4409 (2011).

Abstract

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer great promisefor the most efficient and cost-effective conversion toelectricity of a wide variety of fuels such as hydro-carbons, coal gas, and gasified carbonaceous solids.However, the conventional Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilizedzirconia) anode is highly susceptible to deactivation(poisoning) by contaminants commonly encounteredin readily available fuels, especially sulfur-containingcompounds. Thus, one of the critical challenges facingthe realization of fuel-flexible and cost-effective SOFCsystems is the development of sulfur-tolerant anodematerials.

This article aims at providing a comprehensivereview of materials that have been studied as anodesfor SOFCs, the electrochemical behavior of variousanode materials in H2S-contaminated fuels, experi-mental methods forex situ and in situ characteriza-tions of species and phases formed on anode surfacesupon exposure to H2S-containing fuels, mechanismsfor the interactions between H2S and anode surfacesas predicted from density functional theory (DFT) cal-culations, and possible strategies of minimizing or



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eliminating the effect of sulfur poisoning. Many chal-lenges still remain to bridge the gaps between mod-els at different scales or between theoretical predic-tions and experimental observations. An important newdirection for future research is to develop a predictivemulti-scale (from DFT to continuum) computationalframework, through a rigorous validation at each scaleby carefully-designed experiments performed under insitu conditions. 217 References.

25 Organic Solar Cells: A New Look atTraditional Models

By J. D. Servaites, M. A. Ratner and T. J. Marks,Energy Environ. Sci.,4(11), 4410–4422 (2011).

Abstract

Traditional inorganic solar cell models are widely usedin understanding bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organicsolar cell response. While these models can be useful,there are several key points of departure from tradi-tional solar cell behavior. In this article, the authorsdiscuss three important areas: (1) geminate pair andbimolecular recombination, (2) effects of interfaciallayers inserted between the electrodes and active layer,and (3) resistance effects. This is imperative for thedesign and synthesis of new generation high efficiencyorganic solar cell materials. 129 References.

26 Chemical Solutions for theClosed-Cycle Storage of Solar Energy

By T. J. Kucharski, Y. Tian, S. Akbulatov and R.Boulatov, Energy Environ. Sci.,4(11), 4449–4472 (2011).

Abstract

This review analyzes the inherent scientific chal-lenges of realizing the potential of storing solarenergy by photochemical generation of high-energymetastable compounds whose subsequent thermal iso-merization releases large amounts of low-temperature(¡500 K) heat. Such compounds may be stored at roomtemperature for days or months, regenerated using sun-light, and may be cycled many times without signifi-cant degradation.

After highlighting some of the general challengesof solar energy conversion and storage, the authors dis-cuss how recent advances in understanding the effectof molecular strain on the thermal and photochemi-cal reactivity of small molecules offers new oppor-tunities for a systematic approach to the moleculardesign of solar thermal fuels, defining the molecu-lar properties which determine the fundamental lim-its of such a material’s performance characteristics.151 References.

27 Theoretical Studies of Dye-SensitisedSolar Cells: From Electronic Structureto Elementary Processes

By N. Martsinovich and A. Troisi,Energy Environ.Sci.,4(11), 4473–4495 (2011).

Abstract

A full understanding of the elementary processes tak-ing place in dye-sensitized solar cells requires anaccurate description of the electronic structure of thedyes, the semiconductor surface, the electrolyte andtheir interactions. This review describes how elec-tronic structure calculations have contributed to thefield since its first steps and what methodologies havebeen adopted to study the charge transfer processes atthe interface. Not all properties are equally predictablewith electronic structure methods, and this work high-lights the main success areas (e.g. the rationalizationof the optical properties of the dyes), the recent devel-opments (e.g. the improved description of the dye–semiconductor interaction) and the key challenges forthe future (e.g. the calculation of charge recombinationrate). 270 References.

28 Strategies for the Fabrication ofPorous Platinum Electrodes

By A. Kloke, F. von Stetten,R. Zengerle and S. Kerzenmacher,Adv. Mater.,23(43), 4976–5008 (2011).

Abstract

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stimulation electrodes, mechanical actuators and catal-ysis in general. Based on a discussion of the gen-eral principles behind the reduction of platinum saltsand corresponding deposition processes this articlediscusses techniques available for platinum electrodefabrication. The numerous, different strategies avail-able to fabricate platinum electrodes are reviewed anddiscussed in the context of their tuning parameters,strengths and weaknesses. These strategies comprisebottom-up approaches as well as top-down approaches.

As a further top-down strategy, this reviewdescribes methods to decorate porous metals other thanplatinum with a surface layer of platinum. This way,fabrication methods not performable with platinum canbe applied to the fabrication of platinum electrodeswith the special benefit of low platinum consumption.322 References.

29 Multiscale Modeling of CompositeMaterials: a Roadmap Towards VirtualTesting

By J. LLorca, C. González, J. M.Molina-Aldareguı́a, J. Segurado, R. Seltzer, F.Sket, M. Rodrı́guez, S. Sádaba, R. Muñoz and L. P.Canal, Adv. Mater.,23(44), 5130–5147 (2011).

Abstract

A bottom-up, multiscale modeling approach is pre-sented to carry out high-fidelity virtual mechanicaltests of composite materials and structures. The strat-egy begins with the in situ measurement of the matrixand interface mechanical properties at the nanometer-micrometer range to build up a ladder of the numer-ical simulations, which take into account the relevantdeformation and failure mechanisms at different lengthscales relevant to individual plies, laminates and com-ponents. The main features of each simulation step andthe information transferred between length scales aredescribed in detail as well as the current limitations andthe areas for further development. Finally, the roadmapfor the extension of the current strategy to include func-tional properties and processing into the simulationscheme is delineated. 128 References.

30 Molecular Self-Assembly at SolidSurfaces

By R. Otero, J. M. Gallego, A. L. V. de Parga, N.Martı́n and R. Miranda,Adv. Mater.,23(44), 5148–5176 (2011).

Abstract

Self-assembly, the process by which objects initiallydistributed at random arrange into well-defined pat-terns exclusively due to their local mutual interactionswithout external intervention, is generally accepted tobe the most promising method for large-scale fabri-cation of functional nanostructures. In particular, theordering of molecular building-blocks deposited atsolid surfaces is relevant for the performance of manyorganic electronic and optoelectronic devices, such asorganic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or photovoltaic solar cells.

In this review the authors give several exam-ples from their recent research demonstrating theapparently endless variety of ways in which the sur-face might affect the assembly of organic adsorbates.176 References.

31 Bioceramics: From BoneRegeneration to CancerNanomedicine

By M. Vallet-Regı́ and E. Ruiz-Hernández,Adv.Mater.,23(44), 5177–5218 (2011).

Abstract

Research on biomaterials has been growing in the lastfew years due to the clinical needs in organs andtissues replacement and regeneration. In addition, can-cer nanomedicine has recently appeared as an effec-tive means to combine nanotechnology developmentstowards a clinical application.

Ceramic materials are suitable candidates to beused in the manufacturing of bone-like scaffolds.Bioceramic materials may also be designed to deliverbiologically active substances aimed at repairing,maintaining, restoring or improving the function oforgans and tissues in the organism. Several mate-rials such as calcium phosphates, glasses and glassceramics able to load and subsequently release in a



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controlled fashion drugs, hormones, growth factors,peptides or nucleic acids have been developed. In par-ticular, to prevent post surgical infections bioceram-ics may be surface modified and loaded with certainantibiotics, thus preventing the formation of bacterialbiofilms. Remarkably, mesoporous bioactive glasseshave shown excellent characteristics as drug carryingbone regeneration materials. These bioceramics are notonly osteo-conductive and osteo-productive, but alsoosteo-inductive, and have therefore been proposed asideal components for the fabrication of scaffolds forbone tissue engineering. 429 References.

32 Thermoelectric Nanostructures: FromPhysical Model Systems towardsNanograined Composites

By K. Nielsch, J. Bachmann, J. Kimling andH. Böttner,Adv. Energy Mater.,1(5), 713–731 (2011).

Abstract

Thermoelectric materials could play an increasing rolefor the efficient use of energy resources and waste heatrecovery in the future. The thermoelectric efficiencyof materials is described by the figure of merit,ZT =(S2σ)/κ (S Seebeck coefficient,σ electrical conductiv-ity, κ thermal conductivity, andT absolute tempera-ture). In recent years, several groups worldwide havebeen able to experimentally prove the enhancement ofthe thermoelectric efficiency by reduction of the ther-mal conductivity due to phonon blocking at nanostruc-tured interfaces.

This review addresses recent developmentsfrom thermoelectric model systems, e.g. nanowires,nanoscale meshes, and thermionic superlattices, up tonanograined bulk-materials. In particular, the progressof nanostructured silicon and related alloys as anemerging material in thermoelectrics is emphasized.Scalable synthesis approaches of high-performancethermoelectrics for high-temperature applications isdiscussed at the end.

33 Eco-Friendly Visible-WavelengthPhotodetectors based on BandgapEngineerable Nanomaterials

By J.-J. Wang, J.-S. Hu, Y.-G. Guo and L. –J. Wan,J. Mater Chem.,21(44), 17582–17589 (2011).

Abstract

The development of visible-wavelength photodetectorsbased on eco-friendly and bandgap engineerable nano-materials represents an important and promising direc-tion in photodetector study. This article reviews recentprogress in the design and construction of photodetec-tors based on the environmentally friendly binary metalchalcogenides and bandgap-tunable ternary or quater-nary compounds such as InSe, In2Se3, ZrS2, Sb2Se3,and CuInSe2etc.Most photodetectors exhibit high sen-sitivity, fast photoresponse and good stability, benefit-ing from increased carrier mobility or improved carrierseparation. 38 References.

34 Thiophene-Based ConjugatedOligomers for Organic Solar Cells

By F. Zhang, D. Wu, Y. Xu and X. Feng,J. MaterChem.,21(44), 17590–17600 (2011).

Abstract

Owing to their efficient light harvesting, structuralversatility and intrinsic charge transport behavior,thiophene-basedπ-conjugated systems have attractedmuch attention in developing high performanceorganic solar cells. In comparison to the relevant conju-gated polymers that are used as active materials in pho-tovoltaic devices, conjugated oligomers possess somecritical advantages: (1) well-defined molecular struc-tures lead to their synthetic reproducibility with highpurity which is vital to obtain repeatable device per-formance; (2) crystalline features of oligomers favorthe long range order in the solid state and benefit thecharge carrier transport; (3) the devices can be readilyfabricated by both solution-processable and vacuum-deposited techniques.

In this article, thiophene-based conjugatedoligomers with molecular architectures from 1D to



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3D, which play an essential role in the device per-formance of organic solar cells, are summarized. Theauthors address the influence of the thiophene motifson the electronic, optical and self-assembly propertiesof the materials, and eventually conclude the relation-ship between the molecular structures and photovoltaicproperties. 59 References.

35 Electrical Transport Characteristicsthrough Molecular Layers

By G. Wang, T.-W. Kim and T. Lee,J. MaterChem.,21(44), 18117–18136 (2011).

Abstract

In the past few decades, considerable progress hasbeen made in the field of molecular electronics towardour understanding of charge transport processes andthe development of experimental methods. This articlepresents a summary of various experimental charac-terization platform testbeds for metal–molecule–metaljunctions using self-assembled monolayer molecules.Important results from these techniques are high-lighted here. A review of the mechanism of electronictransport through molecular layers is presented. Fur-thermore, the prospects and advanced architecturesfor the further development of molecular electronicsare presented. These opportunities may contribute tothe realization of practical applications for molecularelectronic devices. 184 References.

36 Functional Block-like Structures fromElectroactive Tetra (Aniline)Oligomers

By C. U. Udeh, N. Fey and C. F. J. Faul,J. MaterChem.,21(44), 18137–18153 (2011).

Abstract

Recent advances in the fast-growing area of block-likestructures based on electroactive oligomers, with a par-ticular focus on tetra (aniline)-based structures, are dis-cussed in this review.

The authors provide an overview of recent liter-ature covering aspects of design of novel molecu-lar architectures, synthetic strategies and theoreticalinvestigations. Specifically, they discuss tetra(aniline)s(TANI), di- and tri-block architectures before provid-ing details of recent computational studies. They high-light useful synthetic routes, advantages of utilizingblock-like structures, as well as opportunities for fur-ther exploration on both the synthetic and computa-tional fronts. 134 References.

37 The Race to X-ray Microbeam andNanobeam Science

By G. E. Ice, J. D. Budai and J. W. L. Pang,Science,334(6060), 1234–1239 (2011).

Abstract

X-ray microbeams are an emerging characterizationtool with broad implications for science, ranging frommaterials structure and dynamics, to geophysics andenvironmental science, to biophysics and protein crys-tallography. The authors describe how sub-µm hardx-ray beams with the ability to penetrate tens to hun-dreds ofµm into most materials and with the abilityto determine local composition, chemistry, and (crys-tal) structure can characterize buried sample volumesand small samples in their natural or extreme envi-ronments. Beams less than 10 nm have already beendemonstrated, and the practical limit for hard x-raybeam size, the limit to trace-element sensitivity, and theultimate limitations associated with near-atomic struc-ture determinations are the subject of ongoing research.54 References.

38 Pyrene-Based Materials for OrganicElectronics

By T. M. Figueira-Duarte and K. Müllen,Chem.Rev.,111(11), 7260–7314 (2011).

Abstract

The authors present an overview of the use of pyrene-based materials in organic electronics illustrating theincreased interest of pyrene in electronic devices and



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highlighting their potential as organic semiconductors.In their structure-driven approach, they describe manyefforts to manage the pyrene chemical challenges and,consequently, establish a new pyrene chemistry thatallows the use of pyrene in organic electronics. More-over, they also demonstrate how to control the inter-molecular interactions by manipulating the complex-ity of the structure at the molecular level using dif-ferent substitutions on the pyrene ring. The design ofdifferent pyrene-based molecular architectures is dis-cussed, as well as the study of the optical and elec-tronic properties plus the charge transfer processes,which are of particular interest for molecular electron-ics. 285 References.

39 Materials and Transducers TowardSelective Wireless Gas Sensing

By R. A. Potyrailo, C. Surman, N. Nagraj and A.Burns,Chem. Rev.,111(11), 7260–7314 (2011).

Abstract

Wireless sensors are devices in which sensingelectronic transducers are spatially and galvanicallyseparated from their associated readout/display com-ponents. The main benefits of wireless sensors, ascompared to traditional tethered sensors, include thenonobtrusive nature of their installations, higher nodaldensities, and lower installation costs without the needfor extensive wiring. Examples of available wirelesssensors include devices for sensing of pH, pres-sure, and temperature in medical, pharmaceutical, ani-mal health, livestock condition, automotive, and otherapplications.

In this review, the authors concentrate on sensingmaterials, transduction technologies, and data analy-sis techniques for enhancing selectivity and sensitivityin complex environments. The discussions of sensingmaterials for wireless gas sensors are focused on thediversity of response mechanisms to different speciesto enhance selectivity of analyte detection, approachesfor nanoengineering of sensing materials, and newsensing schemes that facilitate the detection and inde-pendent recognition of material responses. The choiceof focus and detail on materials discussed in this review

was provided by their current and future potentialapplicability to wireless gas sensors. 491 References.

40 Plasmonic-Metal Nanostructures forEfficient Conversion of Solar toChemical Energy

By S. Linic, P. Christopher and D. B. Ingram,Nature Mater.,10(12), 911–7921 (2011).

Abstract

Recent years have seen a renewed interest in the har-vesting and conversion of solar energy. Among var-ious technologies, the direct conversion of solar tochemical energy using photocatalysts has received sig-nificant attention. Although heterogeneous photocat-alysts are almost exclusively semiconductors, it hasbeen demonstrated recently that plasmonic nanos-tructures of noble metals (mainly silver and gold)also show significant promise. Here we review recentprogress in using plasmonic metallic nanostructuresin the field of photocatalysis. We focus on plasmon-enhanced water splitting on composite photocatalystscontaining semiconductor and plasmonic-metal build-ing blocks, and recently reported plasmon-mediatedphotocatalytic reactions on plasmonic nanostructuresof noble metals. We also discuss the areas where majoradvancements are needed to move the field of plasmon-mediated photocatalysis forward. 91 References.

41 Assembly of Hybrid PhotonicArchitectures from NanophotonicConstituents

By O. Benson,Nature,480(7376), 193–199 (2011).

Abstract

The assembly of hybrid nanophotonic devices fromdifferent fundamental photonic entities—such as sin-gle molecules, nanocrystals, semiconductor quantumdots, nanowires and metal nanoparticles—can yieldfunctionalities that exceed those of the individual sub-units. Combining these photonic elements requiresnanometre-scale fabrication precision and potentiallyinvolves a material diversity that is incompatible with



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standard nanotechnological processes. Although merg-ing these different systems on a single hybrid platformis at present challenging, it promises improved perfor-mance and novel devices. Particularly rapid progress isseen in the combination of plasmonic–dielectric con-stituents with quantum emitters that can be assembledon demand into fundamental model systems for futureoptical elements. 99 References.

42 Engineering DNA-based FunctionalMaterials

By Y. H. Roh, R. C. H. Ruiz, S. Peng, J. B. Lee andD. Luo, Chem. Soc. Rev.,40(12), 5730–5744 (2011).

Abstract

While DNA is a genetic material, it is also an inher-ently polymeric material made from repeating unitscalled nucleotides. Although DNA’s biological func-tions have been studied for decades, the polymeric fea-tures of DNA have not been extensively exploited untilrecently.

In this review, the authors focus on two aspectsof using DNA as a polymeric material: (1) theengineering methods, and (2) the potential real-worldapplications. More specifically, various strategies forconstructing DNA-based building blocks and materi-als are introduced based on DNA topologies, whichinclude linear, branched/dendritic, and networked. Dif-ferent applications in nanotechnology, medicine, andbiotechnology are further reviewed. 77 References.

43 Graphene – A Promising Material forOrganic Photovoltaic Cells

By X. Wan, G. Long, L. Huang and Y. Chen,Adv.Mater.,23(45), 5342–5358 (2011).

Abstract

As a promising two-dimensional nanomaterial withoutstanding electronic, optical, thermal, and mechani-cal properties, graphene has been proposed for manyapplications. In this review, the authors summarizeand discuss comprehensively the advances made so farfor applications of graphene in organic photovoltaic

(OPV) cells, including that for transparent electrodes,active layers and interfaces layer in OPV.

It is concluded that graphene may very likely playa major role in new developments/improvements inOPVs. The future studies for this area are proposed tofocus on the following: i) improving the conductivitywithout compromising the transparency as a transpar-ent electrode material; ii) controlling the sheet sizes,band structure and surface morphology for use as aelectron acceptor material, and iii) controlling andimproving the functionalization and compatibility withother materials as interface layer material. 90 Refer-ences.

44 Pump-Probe Spectroscopy in OrganicSemiconductors: MonitoringFundamental Processes of Relevancein Optoelectronics

By J. Cabanillas-Gonzalez, G. Grancini and G.Lanzani,Adv. Mater.,23(46), 5468–5485 (2011).

Abstract

In this review the authors highlight the contributionof pump-probe spectroscopy to understand elemen-tary processes taking place in organic based optoelec-tronic devices. The techniques described in this articlespan from conventional pump-probe spectroscopy toelectro-modulated pump-probe and the state-of-the-artconfocal pump-probe microscopy. The article is struc-tured according to three fundamental processes (opti-cal gain, charge photo-generation and charge transport)and the contribution of these techniques on them. Thecombination of these tools opens up new perspectivesfor assessing the role of short-lived excited states onprocesses lying underneath organic device operation.115 References.



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45 Efficient Solar-Driven Synthesis,Carbon Capture, and Desalinization,STEP: Solar Thermal ElectrochemicalProduction of Fuels, Metals, Bleach

By S. Licht,Adv. Mater.,23(47), 5592–5612 (2011).

Abstract

STEP (solar thermal electrochemical production)theory is derived and experimentally verified for theelectrosynthesis of energetic molecules at solar energyefficiency greater than any photovoltaic conversionefficiency. In STEP the efficient formation of metals,fuels, chlorine, and carbon capture is driven by solarthermal heated endothermic electrolyses of concen-trated reactants occurring at a voltage below that of theroom temperature energy stored in the products.

One example is CO2, which is reduced to eitherfuels or storable carbon at a solar efficiency of over50% due to a synergy of efficient solar thermal absorp-tion and electrochemical conversion at high tempera-ture and reactant concentration. CO2-free productionof iron by STEP, from iron ore, occurs via Fe(III) inmolten carbonate. Water is efficiently split to hydro-gen by molten hydroxide electrolysis, and chlorine,sodium, and magnesium from molten chlorides. Apathway is provided for the STEP decrease of atmo-spheric carbon dioxide levels to pre-industrial age lev-els in 10 years. 102 References.

46 Graphene and its derivative-basedsensing materials for analyticaldevices

By S. Guo and S. Dong,J. Mater Chem.,21(46), 18503–18516 (2011).

Abstract

Graphene has received increasing attention due to itsunique physicochemical properties, such as a highsurface area, excellent conductivity, high mechanicalstrength, and good biocompatibility. In particular, inthe last two years there has been explosive growthin studies relating to the use of graphene and itsderivatives as enhanced materials or carriers for probes

and recognition elements in the development of high-performance analytical devices.

In this article, the authors highlight recent impor-tant progress in the construction of graphene and itsderivative-based high-performance analytical sensors.First, recent research efforts on the design of new elec-trochemical sensors, including amperometry, electro-chemical luminescence (ECL), field-effect transistor(FET), electrochemical impedance, photoelectrochem-ical and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) electro-chemical sensors are described. Then, they discussoptical sensors, such as fluorescent, colorimetric andsurface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sen-sors. Finally, a look at the future challenges andprospects of graphene are given and its derivative-related analytical devices. 111 References.

47 Materials Design Using GeneticallyEngineered Proteins

By L. Shen, N. Bao, Z. Zhou, P. E. Prevelige andA. Gupta,J. Mater Chem.,21(47), 18868–18876 (2011).

Abstract

A variety of inorganic materials with amazinglycomplex structures and morphologies are producedby natural organisms. The fundamental mechanismunderlying the natural biological synthesis of inorganicmaterials can be ascribed to the unique recognition andinteraction of proteins with specific inorganic species.By mimicking natural bio-mineralization, geneticallyengineered proteins have in recent years been success-fully utilized as platforms for the synthesis of inorganicnanostructures of various compositions under mildreaction conditions. Moreover, the precisely orientedassembly of genetically engineered proteins offersflexibility in designing inorganic nanostructures withdesired complex architecture.

This short review summarizes the recent progressin materials design using genetically engineered pro-tein templates. 36 References.



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48 Synthetic Inorganic Materials byMimicking BiomineralizationProcesses Using Native andNon-Native Protein Functions

By A. Schulz, H. Wang, P. van Rijn and A. Böker,J. Mater Chem.,21(47), 18903–18918 (2011).

Abstract

Nature is able to produce various inorganic structureswith very specific fine structures in the micro- andnano-regime, which are facilitated and controlled byprotein-based systems. Enzymes like silicateines catal-yse biomineralization and provide organisms withexoskeletons with specific material properties. Whilethese structures are interesting materials in biology,they also offer ample opportunities for materialscientists to create man-made materials with the samebiological species in a non-natural setting. While natu-ral organisms rely on specific proteins for certain pro-cesses, other more accessible proteins show similarcapabilities even though it is not their native function.Mimicking biomineralization provides a route for theformation of new materials of various shapes and com-positions.

In this article, synthetic processes and the result-ing materials are discussed, describing the tools andbio-inspired systems used and comparing the originalbiological function of the protein to its role in the non-natural process. 129 References.

49 Molecular Orientation inSmall-molecule OrganicLight-emitting Diodes

By D. Yokoyama,J. Mater. Chem.,21(48), 19187–19202 (2011).

Abstract

In research on small-molecule organic light-emittingdiodes (OLEDs), the molecular orientation in vacuum-deposited amorphous films

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