THE PAPERS OF

John Peabody Harrington IN THE

Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME THREE A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES:

NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA/BASIN

EDITED BY

Elaine L. Mills and Ann]. Brickfield

THE PAPERS 0 F

John Peabody Harrington IN THE

Smithsonian Institution :) 1907-1957

VOLUME THREE

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES:

Native American History, Language and Culture of

Southern California/Basin

~

Prepa red in the National Anthropological Archives

Department ofAnthropology National IHuseum ofNatural History

lVashington, D.C.

THE PAPERS OF

John Peabody Harrington IN THE

Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME THREE

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES:

Native American History, Language and Culture of

Southern California/Basin

EDITED BY

Elaine L. Mills and Ann J. Brickfield

KRAUS INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS A Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited

White Plains, N.Y.

(C)Copyright The Smithsonian Institution 1986

A// nght\ resen1ed. i\"O pn rt of this ll'ork covert'd hy the (o/Jyright hereon may I~e uproduced or used in (/Inform or b)' any ITIfans-graphic, flectronie, or mechonical. including photo(opying. rNording or taping,

information storage and rctrirt'al s)Jstems-ll'ithout written pnlTllssion o/thl' jJu/JIishf/.

First Printing Reprinted 2007 by ProQuest

Printed in the United States ofAmerica

Contents INTRODUCTION III / zx Scope and Content of this Publication III I lX

Libra n' ofCongress (;otologllig-in-Plibliration Data History of the Papers and the Microfilm Edition III I x

Editorial Procedures III I xil Harrington, John Peabody. The papers ofJohn Peabody Harrington in the Acknowledgements III I xiv

Smithsonian Institution, 1907 -1957. A guide to the

field notes.

Bibliography: v. 1, p. Contents: v. 1. Native American history, language,

and culture of Alaska/Northwest Coast - ­ NOTES TO RESEARCHERS III / xvzz v. 3. Native American history, language, and culture of

Southern California/Basin. Using the Guide III I xvu Vol. 3 edited by Elaine L. Mills and Ann J. Brickfield. Vol. 3 prepared in the National Anthropological Using the Microfilm III I xviil

Archives, Dept. of Anthropology, National Museum of Note on Terminology III I xix Natural History, Washington, D.C.

1. Harrington, John Peabody - Archives - Catalogs. 2. Indians-Manuscripts-Catalogs. 3. Indians-Languages _ Manuscripts - Catalogs. 4. National Anthropological Archives-Catalogs. I. Mills, Elaine L. II. Brickfield,

Ann J. III. Title. MAPS III / xxz Z1209.H33 1981 970.004'97 81-7290 ISBN 0-527-84243-5 (v. 1) Tribal Territories in Southern California IBasin III I xxu ISBN 0-527-84262-1 (v. 2) Sites ofFieldwork in Southern California III I xxiil ISBN 0-527-84287-7 (v. 3)

Sites ofFieldwork in California and Mexico III I xxiv

6

Contents Contents III/viiIII/vi

SERIES DESCRIPTIONS and REEL CONTENTS III / 1

PHOTOGRAPHS III/xxv Pacifico Archuleta III / xxvz

III / xxviCarobeth Harrington with Maria Solares

View of Santa Agada III / xxvi

Harrington with Rosario Cooper III/xxvi

Luisa Ignacio III / xxviz

Lucrecia Ignacio Garcia III/xxvii

Mary Garcia Yee III/xxvii

Juan de Jesus Justo III / xxviiz

Fernando Librado at Hueneme Point III/xxviii

Jose Pelegrino Romero (Winai) Supervising

House Construction III / xxvm

III / xxixDedication of Tablet to Last San Nicolas Woman

Jose Juan Olivas III/xxix

Estevan Miranda on Salt Creek III / xxix

Magdalena Olivas Measuring Bead Money III/xxx

Eugenia Mendez III/xxx

La Liebra Ranch III/xxx

Adan Castillo III / xxxi

Felicitas Serrano III/xxxi

Jose lalvidea III/xxxi

George Laird III/xxxii

Juan Sotelo Calac in Ceremonial Costume III / xxxii

Don Ramon Yorba III / xxxii

Page of Mohave Linguistic Data III / xxxiiz

Mohave Man Playing Flute III/xxxiv

Village Site ofSikutip III/xxxiv

Angel Quilpe Excavating at Milyahu III / xxxiv

Isidro Nejo III/xxxv

Hasaramp III/xxxv

Scenic View in Baja California III / xxxv

Petrocina with String Bag III/xxxv

III/xxxviHarringtonand David Banks Rogers at Burton Mound Site

Old Print of California Mission III/xxxvi

Chumash

Tubatulabal

Kitanemuk

Serrano

Gabrielino

F('rnandeiio

Cahuilla

LuiseilO /./uaneiio

Cupeiw

Chemehuevi

IHohave

Diegueiw (U.S. and Baja)

Paipai / Kiliwa

Ute / Paiute / Shoshoni

General and Miscellaneous IHaterials

APPENDIX III/ 159 Abbreviations and Special Uses of Terms III / 159

III / 1

III/56

III / 60

III / 64

III / 67

III / 75

III / 76

III / 85

III / 103

III / 105

III / 116

III / 129

III / 135

III / 137

III / 142

[ L

Introduction

SCOPE AND CONTENT OF THIS PUBLICATION

"A Guide to the Field Notes: Native American History, Language, and Culture ofSouthern California/Basin" is the third volume ofa ten-vol­ume official inventory for the microfilm edition of The Papers ofJohn P. Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957. This inventory supersedes any other published or unpublished finding aids describing the collection. Volume One covers the region Alaska/Northwest Coast and Volume Two covers Northern and Central California. Subsequent volumes of this inventory will be issued as each section of the microfilm edition becomes available, and will cover Harrington's field notes on the Southwest, the Plains, Northeast/Southeast, and Mexico/Central America/South America. There will also be a volume on Harrington's notes and writings on special linguistic studies, his correspondence and financial records, and a volume on his photographs. At the completion of the project all the volumes will be issued in a cumulated hardbound edition.

The materials described herein represent the results ofJohn

111/ ix

III/x John Peabody Harrington

P. Harrington's study of the native languages and cultures of southern California from the Tejon region to the Mexican border; notes col­lected in Baja are also included. The fieldwork was undertaken just prior to and during his employment as ethnologist (1915 -1954) by the Bureau of American Ethnology and during his retirement years in California until his death in 1961. The documents focus primarily on linguistic data, although they also include significant amounts of ethno­graphic and historical information.

Only original documents created by Harrington, his co­workers and field assistants, or field notes given to him by others are contained in this publication. Related materials collected by Harring­ton such as printed matter, journals, and books are not included. Photo­stats, microfilm and typed and handwritten copies of publications and manuscripts which lack his annotations have likewise been omitted.

A sizable number of Harrington's California field notes are presently housed at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. The anthropologists on the staffplan to inventory and microfilm those docu­ments, funding permitting. Other smaller blocks of Harrington's papers can be found outside the Smithsonian Institution - notably at the Southwest Museum and the Bancroft Library, University ofCalifor­nia, Berkeley. Additional items may subsequently come to light. This publication presently represents the majority of Harrington's output in the area.

HISTORY OF THE PAPERS AND THE MICROFILM EDITION

The original documents comprising The Papers ofJohn Peabody Harring­ton are housed in the Smithsonian Institution's National Anthropologi­cal Archives (N .A.A.) where they were brought together after Harring­ton's death in 1961. Some of the papers were already located on the Smithsonian premises in the archives of the Bureau of American Eth­nology (B.A. E.), having been deposited by him as individual manu­scripts while in the bureau's employ. Others were located at various warehouses in the Washington, D.C., area and elsewhere.

The great bulk of the papers was sorted in a number ofstorage locations in California by his daughter Awona Harrington and sent to Washington, D.C., over a period of several years. Although the lin­guist-ethnologist had expressed the wish that his field notes be given to

Southern California / Basin III/xi

some institution in California, Miss Harrington recognized that the approximately one million pages were actually government property as they had been created while her father wasa federal employee. A sizable portion of these California-based papers was actually loaned on a long­term basis to the Department of Linguistics at the University of Califor­nia, Berkeley, under the charge of Professor Mary R. Haas. After ex­tensive use there by several generations of graduate students in linguistics, cultural anthropology, and archeology, they were shipped to the Smithsonian during the period from 1976 to 1979.

Work on organizing the Harrington Papers began almost as soon as the first boxes of documents arrived at the archives. Early in 1962, Catherine A. Callaghan, then a graduate student at U .C., Berke­ley, was hired on a temporary appointment to tackle the monumental task of preparing a box list for several tons of notes. She spent several months identifying as many bundles as possible by tribe or language, at least down to the family level.

Refinement of this initial sorting was continued by the then current archivist Margaret C. Blaker and later, in the early 1970s, by a member ofher staff, Jane M. Walsh. Throughout this period the papers were available to researchers, some of whom were able to make sugges­tions for improving the identification ofsmall portions of the collection.

A new energy was infused into the work on the papers after the arrival in 1972 of National Anthropological Archives Director Her­man J. Viola. He not only encouraged the application of modern archi­val methods to improve on the piecemeal efforts of the past, but also actively sought ways to improve the accessibility of the material to a steadily growing number of researchers. Encouraged by the interest of a number of microfilm companies in publishing the papers on film, he decided in 1975 to submit a proposal for funding such a project to the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (N.H.P.R.C.).

A major consultant in developing the documentation for this proposal was Geoffrey L. Gamble, then a Smithsonian Fellow doing work on Harrington's Yokuts field data. During his year at the archives, he began integrating the Berkeley-based material with the material in Washington and compiled the first systematic inventory of the entire collection. Through correspondence and attendance at meetings he helped to marshall support for the archives' project among members of the anthropological profession.

" -----------1

III/xii John Peabody Harrington

In December 1976 the Smithsonian Institution received a grant from the N.H.P.R.C. for the first year ofan envisioned five-year venture, and work on the "Harrington Microfilm Project" officially began. Herman J. Viola was the project director. Elaine L. Mills, an archives staff member who had already done considerable work on Harrington's photographs, was chosen as editor. N.A.A. archivist James R. Glenn and Smithsonian linguist Ives Goddard agreed to act as consultants to the project.

EDITORIAL PROCEDURES

The present arrangement of the Papers ofJohn P. Harrington does not represent the state in which he left the papers. Much editorial work has had to be done for this published inventory and to make the notes usable by researchers at the National Anthropological Archives. This was due in part to the way in which the various portions of the collection arrived at the archives and in part to Harrington's lack of methodical organiza­tion and thorough documentation.

As explained above, the papers were widely scattered at the time of Harrington's death. The urgency of packing the material and removing it from the various warehouses, storage sheds, and offices in which it was then being stored made it necessary to pack many unrelated manuscripts and segments of field notes in any given box. Despite the early efforts to broadly categorize the material, much sorting still re­mained to be done.

There was also the task of interfiling similar material from the Washington, D.C., and Berkeley repositories. In some cases parts of the

Southern California / Basin III/xiii

found in the middle or at the bottom of a stack ofloose, unnumbered sheets and slips. The contents of folders and envelopes might not match the outside labels if the containers had been reused.

The fact that Harrington, for many reasons, was a poor docu­menter of his own work posed yet another challenge to the effort to identify, arrange, and describe the field data. His notes often furnished little internal evidence for easily determining either the language, tribe, or identity of the informants involved, or the circumstances under which the work was done. A page by page examination was often neces­sary to glean enough clues to file the material properly.

An important aspect of this work was the deciphering of Har­rington's numerous personally devised abbreviations and special uses of terms. Some codes were fairly obvious ("Tl." for Tlingit; "V.U." for Vpper Umpqua). Others were not nearly so clear ("Can." for Canalefio, i.e., Chumash; "No Sir" for Noser, or Vana). Sometimes an abbrevia­tion would have to be seen in many contexts before it could be correctly interpreted. The creation ofa working file ofgeneral abbreviations and those referring to informants and tribes or languages assured that any form could be recognized if encountered elsewhere in the papers.

The research necessarily led from the field notes to other parts of the collection. The examination of the correspondence was quite illuminating. Harrington sometimes gave a fuller description of his fieldwork in letters to his friends than in the field notes themselves. Searches of financial records also proved exceptionally helpful in estab­lishing indirect identification of the notes. In accounts of expenses Harrington often listed informants and the number ofhours he worked with each. Cancelled checks also provided information on linguistic services rendered. All such information, along with that gleaned from

same individual manuscripts or sets of notes had been separated. Care had to be taken to assure that a meaningful order was restored. Interre­lationships also had to be determined between these sections and the cataloged portion of the archives' holdings from Harrington.

The difficulties posed by the sheer bulk of material to be examined and sorted were complicated by additional factors. Harring­ton's method of sorting his papers was to tie them into bundles, some­times as much as a foot thick. Each stack might contain widely disparate materials: correspondence, financial records, notes to himself, and other miscellaneous matter, in addition to the field notes for the Indian group or groups with which he was working at the time.

Inconsistencies in Harrington's system for labeling added to

the confusion. Pages obviously intended as heading sheets might he

annual reports and other administrative records of the Bureau ofAmer­ican Ethnology, was compiled in a working chronology of Harrington's life and career, a valuable summary of all his activities which will be published in the cumulated edition of this inventory.

At times it was necessary to identify field notes through com­parative work, making extensive use of published dictionaries, gram­mars, ethnographies, and maps, as well as unpublished vocabularies housed at the National Anthropological Archives and elsewhere. The problems of varying orthographies used by Harrington and the other linguists made it sometimes difficult to categorize positively the linguis­tic data he recorded. For this reason a number of linguistic consultants were brought in to cover each of the major language families repre­

III/xiv John Peabody Harrington

sented in the papers. (Those who worked on this section are listed in "Acknowledgements.") Their examination of the relevant material during an average week-long visit allowed them to confirm identifica­tions already made and to supply explanations for any tentatively or totally uncategorized material. Their findings were submitted in re­ports which gave suggestions for further editorial work.

In refining the arrangements of notes within each series, two archival principles were kept constantly in mind. One was to determine and then preserve or restore any original arrangement scheme in­tended by Harrington. Thus, if heading sheets were found indicating a semantic or an alphabetic organization, any misfiled pages were refiled to conform to these plans. If, on the other hand, large blocks of notes were totally without order, an attempt was made to find a logical method of reorganizing them. For example, a section of vocabulary elicited through the use of a secondary source was arranged to follow the order of the lexical items in that source. Time limitations required that some particularly confusing sections be left in an "unsorted" state.

Considerable time was spent in preparing descriptions of the field notes in an effort to make them maximally useful to researchers in as many disciplines as possible. Harrington's field methods usually inte­grated linguistic and ethnographic descriptive work into one approach. Thus, while eliciting grammatical data, he developed ethnographic data. He also had a strong sense of being an American Indian histori­ographer. All of his material incorporates data relevant to post-contact, local history, and the personal histories of informants. Therefore, al­though a particular set of material is categorized in this publication as linguistic, it might just as accurately be described as ethnographic, his­torical, or biographical. Division titles were assigned largely for conve­nience, depending upon the predominance of anyone type of material within that division. The detailed descriptions which follow indicate the variety of material to be found within each category. Researchers are encouraged to at least skim each descriptive paragraph to ensure that they locate all notes of potential interest to them. For more technical information on the microfilm and its use with this guide, please see the "Notes to Researchers" which follow this introduction.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my appreciation to the other staff members of the "Harrington Microfilm Project" for their cooperation and support

Southern California / Basin III/xv

which have been indispensable to the success of the project. Adminis­trative support has come from Herman j. Viola who has served as the project's director. The attention to detail shown by the project's con­sultants, james R. Glenn and Ives Goddard, in reviewing the guide and completed reels, has improved the accuracy and clarity of both narra­tive descriptions and microfilm targets.

Special thanks go to key staff members Ann Brickfield and Louise G. Mills whose efforts have contributed directly to the work on this voluminous section of the papers. As assistant editor, Ann has undertaken varied assignments from bibliographic research to process­ing entire series of notes. In addition, she took a major role in the preparation of the material for shipment and filming. Her dedication and thoroughness have been greatly appreciated. Louise has spent over four years reading and indexing Harrington's correspondence. Her work has already aided immeasurably in the preparation of this guide and will contribute significantly to the forthcoming volume nine of this inventory, "Correspondence and Financial Records."

In addition, I wish to recognize the invaluable assistance of Vyrtis Thomas ofthe National Anthropological Archives. She has com­pleted delicate conservation work on many fragile pages in the collec­tion and has greatly facilitated the packing, shipping, and reboxing of the field notes. She was aided on a number of occasions by Catherine Creek and DeDe Adams, also on the N .A.A. staff. Thanks also to Mary Frances Bell, archives' staff editor, who has provided expert editorial assistance in all phases of preparing this guide.

The "Harrington Microfilm Project" has drawn continually on the technical resources of many other individuals inside the Smith­sonian Institution in the offices of Grants and Risk Management, Print­ing and Photographic Services, and the Library. Deserving of special mention is David R. Short of the Contracts Office, whose competence, patience, and good spirits have made administrative details much less of a nightmare. Thank you also to Theophilus Britt Griswold, scientific illustrator in the Department ofAnthropology, for his care in preparing the excellent maps for the guide.

Obviously of vital importance to the project have been the editorial and production staffs at Kraus International Publications and Graphic Microfilm, especially, at Kraus, Marion Sader, publisher; Ruth Sandweiss, production manager; and Barry Katzen, managing editor; and, at Graphic, Mickie Stengel, lead technician. I thank them for their cooperation in producing a high-quality publication. It has been a plea­

III/xvi .John Peabody Harrington

sure working with them. I would also like to acknowledge the generous financial support of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the Ahmanson Foundation, and Kinetics Technology In­corporated. FranJ<. Burke, Roger Bruns, and George Vogt of the N .H.P.R.C. have all been extremely helpful in offering training and advice in all aspects of editing a microfilm publication. I have also benefitted from the technical advice of Alan Bain, WiHiam Bright, and Marc Okrand, whose suggestions have improved the quality and useful­ness of both the film and the guide.

Special appreciation is due Awona Harrington, Mary R. Haas, and Catherine CaHaghan for their early efforts to preserve the papers and to Geoffrey L. Gamble who helped in so many ways to forward the microfilm project in its early stages. Thanks also to the numerous scholars who have written so kindly in support of the present work. The enthusiastic encouragement ofaH these people has served as an inspira­tion in the often overwhelming task of editing such a voluminous set of papers.

The following consultants, researchers, and information spe­cialists deserve special thanks for their work on the field notes for "Southern California/Basin." They collectively helped me to identify and better organize the notes here at the archives and carefuJIy re­viewed my drafts of series descriptions. They are alphabeticaHy: Madi­son Beeler, WiJJiam Bright, Marie Byrne, Susan Dyal, Abraham Hal­pern, Kathryn Klar, Susan Norwood, Ernest Siva, and Kenneth W. Whistler. I am particularly indebted to Kathryn Klar who worked closely with me during her year as a Postdoctoral FeHow at the Smith­sonian Institution and later as a consultant to assist in sorting the volu­minous notes on Chumash. I would also like to extend thanks toJohn P. Marr and the Harrington family for their notes of personal encourage­ment. A final, special thank you goes to my husband, Bob Kline, for his unfailing support and assistance in aU phases of the project.

ELAINE L. MILLS, Editor

The John P. Harrington Papers National Anthropological Archives

Notes to Researchers

USING THE GUIDE

Researchers are encouraged to read relevant portions of this guide before examining the microfilm itself. A perusal of the series descrip­tions and reel contents wiH give an accurate idea of both the general scope and specific contents of each block of field notes.

The field notes for the area Southern California/Basin have been arranged by tribe/language or, in the case of comparative mate­rial, by field trip. Each of these categories constitu tes a "series." Series descriptions begin with a brief introduction, furnishing such back­ground information as the circumstances of the trip and the identity of the principal Indian and non-Indian informants and co-workers. This is foHowed by textual descriptions (highlighted by titles in bold face type) of the major divisions within the notes-for example, vocabularies, dictionaries, texts, ethnographic notes, historical and biographical data, and bibliographies. FinaHy, the reel contents list provides a detailed outline of contents complete with reel and frame numbers.

Other helpful aids are checklists of the people with whom Harrington worked and the published and unpublished works to which

1 III/xvii

....---­

III/xviii John Peabody Harrington

he referred. In the first list, abbreviations and alternate spellings of names appear in parentheses. In the second listing, brief notes in brackets indicate whether Harrington possessed a copy of the work (photostat, microfilm, typescript, handwritten copy, etc.). The notation "N.A.A." stands for National Anthropological Archives; "B.A.E."

stands for Bureau of American Ethnology. Also included, if relevant, are a list of publications by Har­

rington himself and cross-references to other series in the "Southern California/Basin" field notes or elsewhere in the papers. Researchers are urged to skim the forthcoming guides to "Photographs" and "Cor­respondence" as well as the "Chronology of Harrington's Career" for additional information. It should be noted that prints ofbotanical speci­mens will be included with the section of "Photographs." Sound re­cordings are not a part of this publication. Interested researchers should contact the National Anthropological Archives for information

regarding any recordings mentioned in the guide.

USING THE MICROFILM The John P. Harrington Papers are published on 35mm microfilm at a reduction of 14: 1. Images appear in the" A" position, usually two to a frame. Each numbered reel begins with introductory frames giving

general reel contents and technical information. Beginning with the first original item, a digital counter ap­

pears at the bottom center of each frame for ease in locating and citing documents. The location of each section of notes for a given tribe/lan­guage is provided in the reel contents lists in this guide. A list will direct researchers to the film by two sets of digits, the first designating the correct reel and the second indicating a frame or group of frames. Thus, to locate "Obispeno Semantic Slipfile" under Chumash

(002 0001-0761) turn to Reel 2, Frames 1 through 761. In citing the papers in footnotes and bibliographical refer­

ences, researchers should refer to the original set of papers and their location and should mention the use of the microfilm edition. A sug­

gested form for the first citation is: Chumash Field Notes John P. Harrington Papers National Anthropological Archives Smithsonian Institution (Microfilm edition: Reel 2, Frame 0543)

Southern California / Basin III/xix

Two editorial devices have been used to guide the researcher through each reel of film. The first is the "target," a kind of signpost interspersed throughout the records. It serves primarily to announce the beginning of each new section on a reel. It may also be used to explain the peculiarities of certain pages of notes such as: handwritten annotations by informants and assistants; errors in numbering; missing, misplaced, and two-sided pages; abbreviations which are not obvious in context; old manuscript numbers; and cross-references to other parts of the papers. The second device is the "flash space," a strip of blank film placed between major and minor sections to aid in spotting division breaks (between letters of the alphabet in a dictionary, for example) when reeling quickly through the film.

When individual manuscript pages are faded, discolored, torn, or reversed (as in carbons), typed transcripts appear on the film beside the manuscript version. These follow the original text as closely as possible. Any information supplied by the editor is bracketed.

Before being duplicated each master reel of microfilm passed a frame-by-frame quality control check at Kraus International Publica­tions. It was then proofread by the "Harrington Microfilm Project" staff against the inventory list for the Papers as they appear in the folders and boxes at the National Anthropological Archives. The only omissions are those noted in the "Scope and Content" section above and on the backs of pages where data have either been completely obliterated or crossed out and copied exactly elsewhere.

NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY

Occasionally, terms used in this publication for referring to Indian groups may not be those currently utilized by anthropologists, linguists, or tribal members. To avoid confusion in choosing among alternative terms or the various ways to spell them, the editor referred to a stan­dardized master list based on the catalogs of manuscripts and photo­graphs in the National Anthropological Archives.

Maps

EXPLANATION OF MAPS

Map I shows the tribal groups studied by Harrington during his work in Southern California/Basin.

Maps 2-3 indicate the major sites of Harrington's fieldwork or other important locations mentioned by him in the field notes.

All maps were prepared by Theophilus Britt Griswold, Scien­tific Illustrator, Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, from sketches and data provided by the author.

Ill/ xxi

r

" I j

t ~ /'\ ~ i/ ,

I

", , > , ....' .... ,..- ......... .,

SHOSHONI , ,, I-'- I

, - -/-. O_Il.~GON I I

I - I

IDAHo II 1 ._-- -UTAH-'

,NORTHERN PAIUTE I

I 1

I

I ,

\j.iI

I\yASHO SHOSHONI I

I

, I , , UTE0.",1-«­

(,.\J,"" .."0'° SOUTHERN, PAIUTE 1"'"1:-~, I , ,, , I

, I 1- -. __

TUBATULABAL' , -AAlioNr­, HAVASUPAI,KAWAIISU', ,-., ;

Obisp,eno . ,.Pu':isimeno~ \,WALAPAI r ~no KITANEMUK \ \

CHUMASH . Barbareno SERRANO':l- ·C"~~"\.. Ventureno \ CHEMHUEVI ruzeno ~ I

. GABRIELINO CAHUILLA~' YAVAPAI .~ .. ~ , .. "-...... ......,"".

..~ LUISENO CUPIfNO/ MOHAVE '. \ DIEGUENO ~

··_·._.(!J.:~·.L.:;YUMA- .'lDIEGUENO-'"

o 50 100 MILES I I I

(Baja) .. 'i..,~-(,!~ -rIC'"a",

California Hot Springs 0 o Fairview oSan Miguel

Kernville lsabella'o

Posoo /J~slield

/ ~ .",,,,,. 0 Calienteo San Luis Obispo

Monolith Tehachapi 0 0 0 Cameron

'~ Maricopa 0 o Mojave

"-~- .

o Los Olivos \... o Santa Ynez ~

Victorville 0 Gaviot3o ~~ \~Goletao oSanta ~O"Piru o Castaic

..............Barbara lal 0 -. Santa B . "- aS .. ,

.' venlura~.antaPaulaar b ara C h Q ~" . :. SallCOy 0 Simi 0 San Fernando

San MigUel.',' . . Santa Cruz I.' 'I . .... 0 Chatsworth S .~ :. . .'. 0 an Gabriel .. :~.~ ••,.' ,'. San Bernardino 0

Santa Rosa I~ \-../,' . Anacapa '5. . . . Los Angeles 0

\ o Corona . Long Beach

CHANNEL. o Santa Ana

ISL.ANDS

Santa Barbara I. .<1 .' .

San Nicolas I. \::),., Santa Catalina;:1:::s p

-1 o e /

~ ;'

'1 e e ~

San Clemente'~~

sanDi~Q

o 10 20 30 40 50 MILES I I I I I I

Map J. Tribal territories in Southern California/Basin, 1907 - 1957. Map 2. Sites of fieldwork in California, 1907 -1957.

III / xxii III/xxiii

~ T

o~~~t-l /,,~o \

'91->­ rJ /"'1 ""-,">

\ o Goffs '

o Barstow Needles iJ-, \.A/:?o Essex \~

, ..... \0,'1­

o Victorville 1:>­",

/ --­San Benardino 0 0 Highland

)

(,

~ o Corona o San Jacinto I o Hemet ro Elsinore

) Photographs0 MurrietaSan Juan I

o Capistrano 0 Aguanga

oPala oWamer Springs

I (o Santa Ysabel

o Ramona "\

o Poway ,..I _/

'_.'/

. ' _ ,. _ ' , _ CJ ~J!.mpo- ,,- ' . - ,Y~" ,-" -"-' r" o Tijuana MEXICO

i',-d!J.JZOftJ.......... ,.4

-<> -7

o 0 o

<:'" .-<\

Ensenada o 10 20 30 40 50 I ! I I I I

'Y ­0-t..

Map. 3. Sites of fieldwork in California and Mexico, 1907 -1957,

III/xxvIII/xxiv

10....­

Carobelh HarringlOn Wilh elderly woman, probably Marla Solares, a Chumash from the Santa Ynez region, 1916.

Unidentified informant, pos­sibly Pacifico Archuleta, a speaker of Obispefio, 1912­1915. (This and all following photographs from The Papers oJ}ohn P. Harrington, National View of Santa Agada at conOuencc of Santa Anthropological Archives, Smith­ Ines mOllntains and river. Harrington made a sonian Institution.) trip to this site with Marla Solares on July 19,

1916.

Harrington (center) with woman tentatively identified as his Obispeno/Pur­isimeno informant, Rosario Cooper; man standing on left is unidentified. 1914-1916.

III / xxvi

Three generations of Barbareno Lucrecia Ignacio Garcia (as she speakers who worked intermittently appeared around 1907) ... with Harrington from 1914 until his death in 1961: Luisa Ignacio (at time of 1914 fieldwork) . . .

. and Mary Garcia Yee (pictured at her home in Santa Barbara in 1954). The photograph of Mrs. Yee is rcproJuced courtesy of Madison Beeler, who also worked with her in the 1950s.

III / xxvii

Jose Pelegrino Romero (Winai) supervising the construction of a ChUlll<lS!J house, possibly at the Ventura County Fair, 1923.

III/xxviii

v ... . ;~, '-.

--" Man tentatively identified asJuan de Jesus J usro, another Barbareno in­formant, 1913-1919.

Fernando Librado phorographed at Hueneme Point during a horse and buggy trip with Harrington, August 1913.

Scene captioned by Harringron "Dedication of tablet to the Last San Nicolas woman, February 1928."

, ~

Jose Juan Olivas, a Ventureno speaker from the inland region, who provided data in 1917­1918 and again in 1933-1934.

.~--~---~~ ....~.., ':~'.. " .. ,,-~" ..-' ._~ .,.~. . ,~ ...

Estevan Miranda, Tubatulabal informant, on horseback by old adobe house on upper Salt Creek, September 1934.

III/xxix

,

---..

~ - ..

';': ..': '-' -

-.

--.;

-..

\_J, I

J ~~ \"••

Magdalella Olivas demonstrating- Kiranellluk melhod of measuring bead monc\' Oil Ihe hallc!. )91 6-) q 17.

-;~{~;.~~?~~:~~~~:~.::{~:"'l;.~~" .·.-c·.,._',:).:=•. ~"-.:". ;...~'

JI• ...

La Liebra Ranch (kwi't ahovea) ill Antelope Valley, part of the Tejo'l Ranch, 1916 -1917.

Portrait of Kitanemuk speaker Eugenia Mendez, 1916-1917.

HI/xxx

Felicilas Serrano, a second major informant for Gabrielino, 1922.

Adan Castillo, multilingual presi­dent of the Mission Indian Feder­ation, who served as an informant for Cahuilla, Luiseno, and Serrano during lhe 1940s. He also assisted HarringlOn in making sound recordings of vari­ous southern California languages.

... .

JOS(' Zalvidea, e1derlv Gabri­, dinoinforll1am, 1914-1917.

~

III I xxxi

:F

George Laird, Chemehuevi in­formant to John and Carobeth Harrington, 1919. The photo­graph (taken in Poway, Cali­fornia around 1924) was pro­vided by Carobcth Harrington Laird.

~:

.­Juan Sotelo CaJac, hereditary chief of the Luiseiio, dressed in a ceremoniaJ costume described by Geronimo Boscana as the "Tobet, " 1933. Photograph credited to Henriquez Cervantes.

Page of Mohave linguistic data, the first Harrington recorded in the field, June 1907.

III / xxxiii

Don Ramon Yorba at spring near San Juan Capistrano High School, July 1933.

III / xxxii

Mohave man playing flute to girls; The village site of Sikutip, one of a several tunes were obtained by Har­ number of archeological sites visited rington, 1907-1911. by Harrington in an expedition to

Canada de las Uvas, October 1925.

Diegueno informant Angel Quilpe (center) with two unidentified 1lll'II

excavating one of the wigwam pits at village site of Milyahu, Octo!Jer I Cl~'i.

III/xxxiv

"-. - -­~~.'.~ " ,,­

..",~~ ~ ,~, ­

;~I. '*"". . \..~..~ ( ,

Isidro Nejo, linguistic and ethno­ Hasaramp, the oldest memberofthe graphic informant for Diegueno, Paiute tribe, September 1946. 1925-1927.

.". 1<1

l. '~

....M_~i.

One of numerous scenic views photo­ Petrocina, a native of Baja, de­graphed by Harrington during his monstrating use of string bag, travels through Baja California, 1925­ 1925-1927. 1927.

III/xxxv

..... A· ...

.. : .# lo "

~~ ~

...""".~<....

~

"1, ~

Harrington (right) and assistant David Banks Rogers with skeletal remains discovered while excavating at Burton Mound site on grounds of old Ambassador Hotel in Santa Barbara, October 1923. Photograph taken by Earl F. Rolfes, staff photographer for L. A. Examiner.

----_.. L-,_.- ~'! l..L-------..- ~I" 'oj"....... ,• I •.

W.o ;j{,

r r

j'

.. • , I". ;'lf l

j f!

I•j rrt

:1

One ofanum ber ofold prints ofCalifornia missions made while Harring-lOll was studying records at Mission San Juan Capistrano, February 1933.

III/xxxvi

Series Descriptions And Reel Contents

Chumash

The Chumash Indians of southern California were studied more thoroughly by Harrington than any other group, both linguisti­cally and culturally. He first expressed interest in the Chumash culture as early as 1902 during summer school studies with A. L. Kroeber and P. E. Goddard. His linguistic study of the Chumash family began during his association with the School of American Archaeology and the Pan­ama-California Exposition and continued periodically up until his death in 1961. His voluminous records on the group-totaling several hundred thousand pages-contain data on each of the six distinct dialect groups which constitute Chumash.

Material on the Obispeflo, classified as Northern Chumash, consists primarily of vocabulary and contains a mixture of linguistic, ethnographic, and personal data. These elicitations from the last known native speaker, Rosario Cooper, represent the fullest and phonetically most reliable attestation of the language.

The Purisimeflo notes consist mainly ofwords and "corrected vocabularies." Unlike the materials for the other Central Chumash

111/1

Ill/3III/2 John Peabody Hanington Southern California / Basin

dialects-Ineseno, Barbareno, and Ventureno- these records con­tain little grammatical information. Occasional Purisirnefio forms are to be found in the Obispeno notes. In addition, much of the Purisimeflo data is intermixed with that for Ineseno, as Harrington's informants were generally speakers of both.'

Records relating to Ineseno are extensive and varied. They include raw field notes, texts, semantic and grammatical slipfiles, and a dictionary. The bulk of the data are from a single informant, Maria Solares.

The Barbarerio dialect of Central Chumash provided a con­stant source of interest for Harrington. He became fluent enough that he omitted glosses and translations from his later notes and was able to exchange letters with native speakers. During the course of his field­work, he had the unique opportunity to work with three generations of women in one family: Luisa Ignacio (around 1914); her daughter, Lu­crecia Garcia (1926-1928); and her granddaughter, Mary Yee (from the 1920s to the early 1960s). Harrington also worked with Juan de Jesus Justo, a speaker of a different subdialect.

While the notes Harrington recorded on Barbareno are among his most extensive, they are not as clearly organized as those for other groups. Thousands of pages of linguistic notes are totally without organization. Harrington rarely obtained paradigms. Instead, he ob­tained information by rechecking other sources, such as his own Ine­seno dictionary, or by eliciting sentences in a random fashion. While textual material is plentiful, complete interlinear and free translations are often lacking.

Surprisingly, the only sizable monograph which Harrington produced on the Chumash of the Santa Barbara area deals with the archeological site at Burton Mound. Despite his amassing of linguistic and textual data and attempting to start several manuscripts on Chu­mash history and culture, he never published a major work on the native group he knew so well.

Harrington's ethnographic notes on the Ventureno are among the most complete for any California Indian tribe he studied. Detailed accounts of Chumash life were obtained from the elderly Fer-

I. Chumash scholar Kathryn Klar urges researchers to use care in extracting PurisimefJo data from the InesefJo notes. As the two dialects are quite similar, it is often impossible to distinguish them. Harrington did not always provide dialect markers and identifications of informants.

nando Librado. Their interviews touched upon religion, perceptions of astronomy, such technologies as boat building and basket making, social

structure, medical practices, and natural resources. A number .of subdialects are represented in the Venturefio

notes. Harrington recorded the "commonized" Ventura Mission dia­lect (sarnala) from Librado, Simplicio Pico, and Cecilio Tumamait. Inte­rior Chumash (Cayetano and Castequeno) was obtained fromJoseJuan Olivas. Other dialects mentioned include Mugu, Malibu, Ojai, and Ma­

tilija. In comparison with the records for the other Chumash dia­

lects, documentation for Island Chumash (Ysleno) is extremely limited. Scattered throughout the material are references to the two dialects of Santa Cruz (Cruzeno), swaxil and kaxas. The speech of Santa Rosa and

San Miguel is also mentioned. Harrington's first work on the Chumash languages of south-

central California was done between June 19 I 2 and December 1914 under the auspices of the School of American Archaeology and the Panama-California Exposition in San Diego. In June 1912, Harrington undertook a dialect survey, visiting speakers at Santa Ynez, Las Cruces, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Conejo, Piru, and Sespe. By mid-month he reported to F. W. Hodge, chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, that he had "obtained vocabularies in three dialects already, one from a woman 125 years of age."2 The identity of the elderly woman is not revealed, but it is clear from Harrington's expense accounts and field notes that he contacted several Venturefio speakers-Cecilio Tuma­mait, "Winai," and Fernando Librado-in the vicinity of Ventura, Gaviota, and Las Cruces onJune 10 through 15. On the 16th and 18th he spoke with Ignacio Cordova, Juan Solano, Pacifico Archuleta, and

others in the San Luis Obispo and Arroyo Grande areas. From June 26 through August 23, Harrington continued in­

tensive work with Fernando Librado who had been brought from Santa Susana to Ventura, where the two men worked with the assistance ofan interpreter, Luis Ortega. For the most part, the data which Librado gave were in Ventureno; Harrington also had plans to review Hen­shaw's Cruzeno dialect material with this "last survivor of the Santa

Cruz Indians."

2. Records of the B.A.E., Correspondence, Letters Received and Sent

(1909-1950), Harrington to Hodge,June 13,1912.

j

~\ jlI ~

I£ 1\

_________---J....---­

111/4 111/5

r John Peabody Harrington Southern California IBasin

During this period, Harrington also requested many copies of Chumash manuscripts housed at the B.A.E. He was primarily interested in the vocabularies recorded by H. W. Henshaw, Horatio Hale, G. H. Gould, and Alphonse Pinart. After fair copies of these documents were sent to him, a stenographer, Miss L. W. Wood, copied each word or piece of information onto a separate slip. She also aided Harrington in the process of sorting and classifying the data.

Throughout the spring of 1913, Harrington renewed his ac­quaintance with Indians whom he had met in 1912 and broadened the scope of his dialect survey. In March he interviewed Candelaria Leva (Valenzuela), Simplicio Pico,].]. Fustero, and Cecilio Tumamait of the Ventura area regarding aspects of material culture. On the 13th through the 15th he contacted the Barbarefio speakers "Lucia" (Luisa) Ignacio and Juan Justo. Financial reports suggest that Justo accompa­nied Harrington from Santa Barbara to San Francisco, where Harring­ton was occupied copying manuscripts at The Bancroft Library for several weeks (March 16 to April 4). They evidently worked for several days with Alfred Kroeber, making kymograph tracings and filming motion-picture footage of Justo while he recited a brief Barbarefio vocabulary.

From San Francisco, Harrington went to San Luis Obispo, where he met again with Juan Solano and contacted William Toujour ("Old Bill") and Nativia Buton ("Ignacio's mother"). He recorded brief word lists that were dated June 16.

In July 1913, Harrington brought the elderly Fernando Li­brado to Ventura for a second time. He actually recorded some data on placenames from Fernando during their train trip. From August 9 to 21 they took a buggy trip, assisted by M. Lopez, for the purpose of record­ing placenames of the region. During the remainder of their time to­gether (into January 1914), Harrington had Fernando comment on a number ofearly vocabularies and recorded voluminous notes from him on material culture, customs, and beliefs of the Chumash.

In September 1913 (around the 10th to the 17th), Harrington made a side trip to Arroyo Grande and San Luis Obispo to record additional data on the Obispefio language, the "most archaic of all the Chumashan dialects."!J He visited Juan Solano at the hospital and

3. Records of the B.A.E., Correspondence, Letters Received and Selll

(1909 - 1950), Harrington to Hodge, July 25, 1915.

roomed for six days with Mauro Soto, while working with Soto's wife,

Rosario Cooper, who was about sixty-eight years old. In the early part of 1914, Harrington's attention turned to the

other Chumash languages. In January (the 23rd and 30th are men­tioned) he recorded preliminary notes from Maria Solares in a mix of Ineseno and Purisimeno. The Barbareno speaker Juan de Jesus Justo was also present. In March (around the 5th to the 24th) he continued his study ofBarbareno with Luisa andJuliana Ignacio. Pedro Quintana was interviewed briefly during the evening of September 16, 1914.

In February 1915, Harrington was notified of his appoint­

ment to the position of ethnologist of the Bureau of American Eth­nology. The bureau's chief, F. W. Hodge, authorized him at that time to pursue his studies of Chumash and Mohave. Harrington spent the first months of his new post in Los Angeles at the Southwest Museum. He worked over the lneseno and Obispefio notes which he had compiled to date, preparatory to a return to the field. He also copied records at

Santa Ines Mission. Harrington employed Fernando Cardenas as an informant

for several days' work on Ineseno. He then proceeded to Arroyo Grande to work for a second time (June 8 to 17) with Rosario Cooper, the Obispeno speaker, and to meet again briefly with Pacifico Archu­leta. The dates June 19 to 25 are mentioned in his expense account.

In the new fiscal year beginningJuly 1, Harrington was autho­

rized to continue research on Chumash. He returned to his study of Ventureno by taking Simplicio Pico with him to San Diego, where he planned to lecture and to review collections of artifacts. They evidently stayed at the Panama-California Exposition throughout July and Au­

gust. Much of the period from February 1916 through September

1917 was devoted to intensive study ofat least four Chumash languages. Beginning in the spring, Harrington worked at Santa Ynez with Maria Solares on Inesefio and Purisimefio. A letter from Harrington to Hodge, dated May 17, 1916, indicates that he also brought Simplicio Pico to the area to pursue his study ofVenturefio.

4 InJuly and August

(the dates July 19, August 3, and August 17 are mentioned), Harring­ton made placename trips with Solares and with a secondary informant,

4. Records of the B.A.E., Correspondence, Letters Received and Sent

(1909 _ 1950), Harrington to Hodge, May 17, 1916.

111/6 John Peabody Harrington

Feliz Carillo. Harrington's wife, Carobeth, also accompanied him on these trips, probably acting as the chauffeur. From mid-September to early November, Harrington spent over three weeks with his Obispeiio informant Rosario Cooper, despite her ill health, more than doubling the amount of material obtained in the previous years.

Harrington's presence in the Tejon area in late 1916 and through much of 191 7 afforded him the opportunity to record not only Yokuts but also "inland Chumash." The principal speaker with whom he worked was Jose Juan Olivas, husband of one of his Kitanemuk informants, Magdalena Olivas.

In several letters to the B.A.E., Harrington indicated his in­tention to work again with the Barbareiio woman, Luisa Ignacio,s but it is unclear whether or not he did so.

lt was not until the summer of 1918 that Harrington resumed his work on Chumash. In the fortieth annual report of the B.A.E., he reports working on Ventureiio from August to December, making additions to his grammar, ethnological questionnaire, and notes on material culture. Some Ineseiio texts among his field notes are also labeled "Sum. 1918."

FromJanuary through May 1919, Harrington worked succes­sively with Juan de Jesus Justo, Jose P. Romero (Winai), and Maria Solares in the wake of reorganizing his Barbarefio, Venturefio, and Ineseiio slipfiles. He conducted placename trips with Justo from Jan­uary 13 to 23. Approximately eleven days (February 26 to March 9) were spent with Winai, while the better part of three months6 was spent with Maria Solares. Harrington and Solares evidently reheard some of her earlier data, discussed linguistic material for an Ineseiio dictionary, and recorded numerous native texts.

Harrington spent the entire year of 1920 in Washington, D.C., ostensibly preparing a bulletin on Kiowa and working on his Taos material. Some time may also have been spent in further analyzing and organizing his Chumash data. He returned briefly to the Tejon area in February to March 1922, although his purpose was not so much to

5. Correspondence, Letters Sent, Harrington to Hodge, December 2,1915, March 1, 1917.

6. An expense account lists many days of work with her from March 16 through May 24. Seven days in February are listed but crossed out. Several texts with dates in February and early March have been located in the field notes.

111/7Southern California JBasin

gather supplemental linguistic data as to obtain depositions from the

residents as evidence in the Tejon Ranch Case. In 1923 the focus of his Chumash studies switched from pri­

marily linguistic to cultural and historical as he proceeded to Santa Barbara to take charge of the excavation of the Burton Mound, a major Chumash archeological site. This work was undertaken by the B.A.E. in cooperation with the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Founda­tion. Harrington was assisted in the work by David Banks Rogers, who also furnished him with reports on other archeological sites in Chumash

territory. Harrington's records on the dig mention work with some

fifteen informants, among them Jose Rios (Venturefio), Juan de Jesus Justo, and Juliana Ignacio. The contact probably consisted of brief interviews to obtain information relevant to the history of the Burton

Mound site and the use of various artifacts. In October 1923, Harrington coordinated construction of a

native Chumash house at the Ventura County Fair. Much of his time in 1924 -1925 was spent in the preparation of a report on Santa Barbara County along historical and archeological lines and in studying artifacts from the Burton Mound site which had been transported to the Heye

Foundation in New York City.In October 1927, Harrington was authorized to continue his

studies of the "Mission Indians ofCalifornia." Although Santa Barbara was to be his headquarters, it appears that he made a number oflengthy side trips to Karok and Chimariko territory in November 1927 and January 1928 and to the Mesa Grande area in December 1927. He was granted about a month's extension to remain in the field. He utilized this time (February 7 to 27) to work with his third major Barbarefio informant, Lucrecia Garda, and her husband, Florentino. He may also have worked briefly with Juan deJesusJusto; a text labeled "mikiw" is

annotated with the heading "finished 1928." Harrington's financial records and correspondence for 1928

and 1929 indicate that blocks of his time were allotted to the study of Chumash culture, although his field notes reveal that many weeks were devoted to work on Karok. He worked with Lucrecia Garda perhaps intermittently during this period and certainly inJuly 1929. His major interest at this time was in retracing the route of the Anza expeditions in California and in translating into Barbarefio the Spanish diary of Father

111/8 John Peabody Harrington

Pedro Font, which he felt contained invaluable information on the geographic distribution and culture of the Chumash.

In mid-April 1930, Harrington drove back to Washington, D.C., bringing Lucrecia Garcia with him. They spent approximately the next nine months in the capital. Among the projects which they under­took were the rehearing ofHarrington's extensive Inesefio slipfiles and the translating of the Font diaries.

Some twenty years later Harrington returned to Chumash territory to work with Mary Yee, the daughter of Lucrecia Garcia and granddaughter of his early informant, Luisa Ignacio. From December 20, 1952, to April 19, 1953, he was based in Santa Barbara, California, following the route of the CabriIlo expedition. In july and August Harrington continued his study of the placenames recorded by the diarists of the Cabrillo, Portola, and Anza expeditions.

After his retirement from the Bureau of American Ethnology in April 1954, Harrington made his home in Santa Barbara. As a re­search associate of the Smithsonian Institution, he continued to pursue his linguistic studies of Barbarefio, amassing thousands of pages of vo­cabulary, grammatical notes, and texts.

OBISPENO FIELD NOTES

The first opportunity Harrington had to record Obispeno data was on june 17, 1912, when he visitedjuan Solano at the county hospital in San Luis Obispo. Solano, who was also a speaker of Migueleno (Salinan), gave him a short vocabulary and discussed several placenames of the region. In addition, Solano provided the names and addresses of var­ious California Indians who might serve as informants (for example, Pacifico Archuleta and Ignacio Cordova), as well as some biographical and historical information on them. The notes also contain references to Harrington's Ventureno and Cruzefio informant, Fernando Li­brado. In fact, many of the pages have high numbers, indicating that they were once part of a larger set of notes recorded principally from Librado. The notes were hastily written in light pencil, making them difficult to read.

Probably during the same period, Harrington interviewed Francisco Veleni. The four pages of notes from him contain historical information on San Luis Obispo.

On a return visit to "S.L.O." in May 1913, Harrington spoke

111/9Southern California / Basin

with William Toujour, who had come to the area in 1856. The son ofa Swiss French father and an Italian and French mother, he evidently spoke a little ofseveral native California languages. He provided a brief word list (language unidentified) and some biographical and historical data. Page fifteen of his notes contains a few words from Ignacio Cor­dova's mother, Nativia Buton, and several unnumbered sheets contain

miscellaneous placename notes from Henry Peterson. From "Bill" Toujour, Harrington learned of the last speaker

of Obispeno, Rosario Cooper. She was born on "el dia del Rosario," October 17, 1845. Her father, Valentin Cooper, was an English doctor and surgeon. Her mother, Ana Maria 0livera,7 was a fluent speaker of Obispefio from La Purisima Mission. One of the men Rosario married

also spoke Obispeno. When Harrington first met Cooper in September 1913, she

was married to Mauro Soto and living in the Canada del Trigo, above the Arroyo Grande depot. He recorded from her approximately one hundred pages of field notes which contained a mix of vocabulary, sentences, and miscellaneous biographical data. She provided Purisi­meno equivalents for some of the Obispeno terms, as well as informa­tion on the Tularefio and Tachi Yokuts. Harrington employed the abbreviation "R." for Rosario in this set of notes. He copied the data onto file slips in September 1915, labeling them "rc4." (See "Obispefio

Semantic Slipfile.") Another file contains miscellaneous extracts of Obispefio data

from the field notes of several secondary informants. The original notes from which these data were taken date from 1912 to 1914. Included are vocabulary items from Pacifico Archuleta, Nativia Buton,juan deJesus

justo, and Fernando Librado. Harrington's file of field notes continues chronologically with

a second set of notes from Rosario Cooper (here abbreviated "R. C. "). The notes which were recorded onJune 19 to 25, 1915, contain addi­tional vocabulary and many phrases and sentences. Some nonlinguistic information is interspersed. A line was drawn by Harrington through the middle of each page to indicate that he had copied it onto slips. This process took place in September 1915; the resulting slips were labeled

"rc5" and were filed semantically. Additional field notes from 1915 were recorded on small

7. Her surname is given by Harrington as both Olivera and Higuera.

111/10 .fohn Peabody Harrington

cards. They contain a mixture ofIinguistic, biographical, ethnographic, and historical data. Many of these original notes have a slash drawn through them to indicate that they were copied. Actually, Harrington made several copy slips for each word or p!ece of information. One set of slips was filed immediately behind the relevant original notes. Some of these copies were handwritten and others were typed; they are la­beled "rc5." Not all of the copies have been located. An identical set of slips was prepared to be filed semantically.

A final set of Obispeno field notes was recorded from Rosario Cooper in September 1916; the dates September 10, 24, and 29 are specifically mentioned. The majority of the notes are in the hand of Harrington, although a few were prepared by his wife, Carobeth.

The uncategorized 4" X 8" slips contain data relative to na­ture, material culture, relationship terms, and placenames, as well as to the ethnography and history of the tribe. There are also miscellaneous grammatical notes and many illustrations of the use of verbs.

Some of the data were elicited during rehearing of the vo­cabularies of Fages, Arroya de la Cuesta, and Hale. Other information consists of comments by Cooper on lexical items she had given in the previous year. There are references to the Purisimefio, Ineseno, and Venturefio dialects ofChumash, as well as to equivalent terms in Yaqui, Tularefio, and Migueleno. Researchers should also refer to the cate­gory "Songs" in the semantic slipfile for additional original field notes recorded during 1916.

COPIES OF SECONDARY SOURCES ON OBISPENO

This file contains Harrington's handwritten copies of a number of sec­ondary sources for data on Obispefio. In September 1915 he made fair copies of the vocabularies of DuRot de Mofras, Fages, Hale, and Yates and Gould. Harrington also copied an article by Paul Schumacher on the archeology of the Chumash area and extracted information from Hodge's "Handbook ofAmerican Indians." InJanuary 19 I 6, Harring­ton made a second copy ofthe Fages word list as it appeared in Chapman (1915), and in June 1918 he examined a vocabulary by Henshaw, housed at the B.A.E. The various annotations which he made in copying these documents are important contributions to the interpretation of the handwriting of the early recorders. (See also his later comments on a number of these vocabularies recorded during work with the Barbar­efio speaker Mary Yee.)

Southern California / Basin III I 11

OBISPENO SEMANTIC SLIPFILE

In September 1915, Harrington began to copy his field data onto slips, one entry per slip. At this time he also copied lexical entries from a number of secondary sources mentioned above, as well as the records at San Luis Obispo Mission. He then filed both types ofslips behind tabbed guide cards. Some cards divided groups of slips into major semantic categories (nature, material culture, religion, etc.), while others subdi­vided them by specific key words (sun, moon, rain, etc.). Terms written between parentheses are in Spanish or English, as opposed to Obispefio. Terms given within quotation marks are in the orthography of one of the early linguists.

The majority of data were extracted from Harrington's field­work with Rosario Cooper. As mentioned above, slips labeled "rc4" contain her data from 1913. Those marked "rc5" were copied in the same year during which the information was recorded. Evidently her data from 1916 were not transferred to copy slips. There are also extracts ofdata from Pacifico Archuleta and perhaps a dozen slips from Don Pedro Quintana, a sheep rancher originally from New Mexico, whom Harrington had interviewed on September 16, 1914.

One category, "Songs," includes some original field notes recorded from Rosario Cooper in 1916, as well as copies of data from the earlier sessions. In addition to Obispefio, Purisimefio, and Barbar­efio songs, she provided song texts in Tularefio (Yokuts), Yaqui, and Spanish. The note "Phon." indicates which ones were recorded on wax cylinders.

OBISPENO GRAMMATICAL SLIPFILE

Harrington's grammatical slipfile is similar in format to the semantic file he created for that language. Slips, containing data extracted from his field notes or from secondary sources, are filed behind guide cards for such categories as phonetics, prefixes, suffixes, or tenses and modes. Some slips are carbons of slips filed in the semantic file. Other carbons, each with a different key word penned at the top, are filed in several locations within the grammatical file.

OBISPENO GRAMMATICAL SKETCH

As a preliminary step in analyzing Obispefio, Harrington prepared a grammatical sketch, labeled "San Luis Obispo Language." This docu­

111/12 John Peabody Harrington

ment, which may date from his 1918 stay in Washington, D.C., consists mainly of examples extracted from his grammatical slipfiles. Explana­tory text is extremely limited. The topics covered include phonetics, articles, prefixes, suffixes, and tenses and modes. Following this outline are semantic word lists arranged in ten categories and a list of stems. Harrington evidently intended to include copies of four early vocabu­laries if the sketch had reached publication.

COPIES OF OBISPENO FIELD NOTES

At some unspecified time in the 1950s, Harrington made additional handwritten copies on 8" X 10" sheets of some of his early Obispeno field notes, possibly for the purpose of rehearing the data with his Barbareno informant of the period. A fairly complete set of notes, totaling some 1,700 pages, has been assembled from two partial sets­one of originals and one of carbon copies. The editor has added brack­eted numbers to the unnumbered original pages and has indicated by means of notes when certain pages in the sequence are missing.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON OBISPENO

Among the file of miscellany for Obispeno are lists compiled in the 1950s titled "Sources of 0." There are also a few excerpts from Hale and DuRot de Mofras and notes on the manuscript by Fages.

PURISIMENO FIELD NOTES

The field notes which Harrington recorded on Purisimeno are ar­ranged chronologically. They begin with a page (1017) marked "< Librado," which was presumably extracted from a large file of notes recorded from the Ventureno informant in June 1912. This page con­tains sixteen vocabulary items and is followed by several other sheets with miscellaneous data.

Some twelve pages of Purisimeno notes were obtained from Maria Solares at Santa Ynez on January 23, 1914. The data include placenames, basic vocabulary, and phrases. There are a few equivalent terms in Barbareno and Ineseno; the notes were found on an envelope marked" I. 1914."

An undated set of thirteen pages, labeled "Purisimeno <

111/13Southern California IBasin

Maria," dates from the same period. The notes appear to be a rehearing of Henshaw's word list, although no extracts were actually copied from that vocabulary. Juan deJesusJusto was also present during this session

with Solares. In 1916 Harrington concentrated on "correcting" the exist­

ing Purisimeno vocabularies. In succession he reheard with Maria So­lares the vocabularies of Pinart, Henshaw, and Arroyo de la Cuesta. He did not copy out the forms used for elicitation, but simply recorded Maria's commentary on them along with any additional data which she volunteered. Interspersed with the Purisimeno forms are numerous Ineseno equivalences. The first portion of the field notes was recorded on 4" X 8" slips; the remainder was recorded on 8" X 10" sheets. (See "Purisimeno Slipfiles" for typed copies of the notes based on Pinart and

Henshaw.)Two sets of unlabeled notes also date from the 1916 field­

work with Solares; each is followed by typed copies labeled "qub." The notes contain vocabulary, phrases, a little biographical information, and

related terms in Ineseno and Tejoneno (Yokuts).

PURISIMENO SLIPFILES The major part of Harrington's Purisimeno slipfiles is devoted to typed copies ofcommentary on the vocabularies of Henshaw and Pinart. Each slip contains one entry. Unlike the original field notes, the slipfile for­

mat provides citations from the sources consulted. Another section of the slipfile consists of semantically ar­

ranged vocabulary. There are slips of data from Maria Solares, which are labeled either "qub" or "sec. 11." Interfiled for comparative pur­poses are slips marked variously "a," "quic 3," "sec. 20, 21, or 22," containing information from the Ventureno informant, Fernando Li­brado. All of the slips are carbons. The originals from Librado are filed

elsewhere; those from Solares have not been located. Following the semantic file is a section marked" Additional P.

words." This unarranged set contains typed copies (originals) ofvocab­ulary from the 1916 field notes. Virtually all of the slips are from Maria Solares ("gub," "I."); there is one slip from Simplicia Pico ("2").

A final set of slips follows the heading "P. < rc." These are handwritten extracts from the field notes of the Obispeno speaker Rosario Cooper. The data from 1913 are marked "rc4;" those from

________L~

111/14 John Peabody Harrington

1915 are labeled "rc5." Two matching groups of slips are included here. The second set, which is not complete, may have been created for eventual filing elsewhere in the Chumash material.

NOTES FOR PURISIMENO GRAMMATICAL SKETCH

Following the heading "I. grammar" are eleven pages of rough notes constituting a partial outline for a grammatical sketch of Purisimeflo. Harrington provided illustrative examples for the categories "P. de­monstrative" and "Numeral." There are also charts of subjective and objective pronouns. This preliminary attempt at grammatical analysis was probably undertaken during 1918 when Harrington spent much of the year in Washington, D.C.

COPIES OF SECONDARY SOURCES ON PURISIMENO

This file contains handwritten and typed copies of various early docu­ments on Purisimeflo which Harrington made in 1916, 1918, and the 1950s. Included are: two copies of Arroyo de la Cuesta's word list, one based on B.A.E. ms. 4592; a typed copy of Henshaw ms. 294 (probably sent by the bureau) with two handwritten versions by Harrington; and two copies of Pinart's word list. Page three of the typed copy of Pinart features annotations based on Harrington's own fieldwork with Maria Solares. Parts of this file were formerly cataloged as B.A.E. mss. 3208 and 6017. These copies of the early sources on Purisimeflo are valuable in that they indicate Harrington's interpretations of the handwritten originals. (See his review of the vocabularies of Henshaw and Pinart with Barbareflo speaker Mary Yee.)

INESENO FIELD NOTES

Harrington's Ineseflo field notes, which are rich in both linguistic and ethnographic content, are arranged chronologically. Maria Solares was his major informant throughout the work. Parts of this file were for­merly cataloged as B.A.E. ms. 6017.

The earliest field notes were obtained during a number of sessions with Solares inJanuary 1914.Juan de JesusJusto, a Barbareflo speaker, was also present and several comments from Fernando Li­brado, Harrington's Ventureflo informant of the period, were added

111/15 Southern California IBasin

later. The notes contain vocabulary - mostly on placenames and plants-and ethnohistorical and anecdotal material in English. In ad­dition, there are references to myths and discussions of ceremonies,

customs, and cosmology.The notes from 1914 are followed by slips with handwritten

extracts, labeled as to the section from which they were copied. Typed copies, marked "sec. 18," were also made on larger sheets. It was evi­dently Harrington's intention to eventually interfile the sheets in his

semantic slipfile.A second set of field notes dates from May 1916. The title of

the file, "qub & quc originals," indicates that Maria Solares was assisted by a second Ineseno speaker. In the notes the informant is identified simply as ..Fr." (Francisco). The material consists of multiple sections of numbered full-sized pages. The content is mostly linguistic, although a little ethnographic and biographical information is interspersed. In­cluded are vocabulary, phrases, and sentences, as well as some short texts with interlinear translation; much of the glossing is in Spanish. Most lexical items are in lneseno but there are some scattered Purisi­meno equivalences. There are, in addition, references to qomitwaji (Ho­metwoli), Tejoneno (Yokuts), and to the Cuyama and La Paleta dialects.

A set of notes recorded on slips apparently dates from the same period of fieldwork. The slips, which were mounted onto long sheets for rehearing, have been cut back to original size as no new data

were added.Extensive field notes were obtained from Solares in 1919.

While only some of the records are dated, Harrington's financial records indicate that he worked with her from early February through late May. The notes are grouped in several sections. The first set, labeled "1.," has scattered references to dates in March, April, and early May. This is followed by an undated set which appears similar in the type of paper and ink utilized. The file continues with a group of pages titled "Last days at S. Y." and dated May 15 and 16. This is followed by a

lengthy series of undated material in the same format. As in the case of the notes from 1916, some of the lneseno

lexical items were elicited during a rehearing ofother vocabularies. For example, one section of notes is labeled "On Pinart I." and there are references to other Chumash languages and to the neighboring Ho­metwoli and Yokuts. The linguistic portion of the notes also contains many phrases and a placename questionnaire. A significant amount of

111/16 John Peabody Harrington

information can be gleaned about life at Santa Ines Mission and its residents. There are also English and Spanish synopses of stories. Some information was contributed to these notes by Jose Solares. The mate­rial was later reviewed and annotated with comments from Francisco (not further identified).

Harrington prepared a set of typed copies based on the 1919 field notes, labeling them either "qub" or "sec. 11." It was evidently his intention to interfile them with typed slips in his semantic slipfile. A few sheets may have to do with myths. (See series on "Ineseno Texts.")

INESENO TEXTS

Texts recorded from Maria Solares are arranged first by type and then chronologically. Many were obtained during the summer of 1918. Dates and titles and some additional notes were supplied later (De­cember 1918 to May 1919) when the texts were "touched up." Portions of this series were formerly cataloged as part of B.A.E. ms. 6017.

Most texts have only a partial interlinear translation of English and Spanish and some are accompanied by a typed synopsis, labeled "qub" or "sec. 11." Several versions are provided for a number of the texts; Harrington usually indicated which of these "attempts" he pre­ferred.

The first category consists of anecdotes, historical accounts, and personal narratives. These texts describe details of life at the mis­sion, summarize significant events (such as episodes of bewitching and curing), and provide information on various Ineseno people. Also in­cluded are mentions of important places and relations with the neigh­boring' 'Tejonenos."

A second set of texts focuses on Ineseno ethnography. There are descriptions ofchildbirth, formulas, cures and a discussion of fishing and pinoning techniques.

Two other important categories of texts deal with native myths and songs. The stories deal with a number of important mythical figures, especially Coyote. There is a lengthy version of a myth about f aK'. Also included are notes onJuan deJesusJusto's story "Coyote and Rana." The song texts, in contrast, consist of a few rough notes. The texts are untitled and only scanty translations and explanations are provided. Phonograph recordings of some of the songs were made on wax cylinders in May 1919.

111/ 17 Southern California / Basin

Solares also furnished translations of a number of religious texts. Included are Ineseno versions of the Lord's Prayer, Credo, and Ave Maria. There are also attempts at translating the commandments, a

catechism, and selections from the Bible. A miscellaneous section contains a few unmatched text frag­

ments. There are also two typed texts for which no original handwritten

versions were found.

INESENO SEMANTIC SLIPFILE The Ineseno data that Harrington acquired during fieldwork were reorganized and synthesized along semantic lines by means of the slip­file. He copied individual lexical items onto separate slips for ease in filing. As noted above, he also made typed copies oflengthier passages on 8" X 10." sheets. Although it appears to have been his intention to interfile these with the slips, he was not always systematic about doing so. The slipfile format also allowed Harrington to incorporate related information from secondary sources and comparative data from his

fieldwork on the other Chumash languages. Harrington evidently began to create the heading cards for

the file in August 1918. He noted that parts ofthe file were removed for revision and sorting in March 1919 when he was working on an Ineseno dictionary. Parts ofthis file were formerly cataloged as B.A.E. ms. 601 7.

The series begins with three small sections of slips labeled "Qu.," "Ju in Qu," and "Sec. 19." These appear to be the remnants of three separate subject files from which he pulled slips to create one integrated semantic slipfile. The section titled "Qu." contains slips with the label "qu" or "sec. 18," which represent copies of early field notes from Maria Solares. They are arranged under a variety of headings: geographical terms, plants, material culture, etc. About twenty slips are filed with the heading card "Ju in Qu." They contain data obtained in 1914 from the joint interviews with Juan de Jesus Justo and Solares. A third set of slips, labeled "Sec. 19," primarily features data on place­names and material culture from Fernando Cardenas. This section of handwritten and typed slips is important because no original field notes

from this informant have been located. In the main semantic slipfile, slips are arranged under broad

subject headings such as geographical terms, plants, kinship, and tribenames. Some sections are subdivided further; for example, animals

-

111/18 John Peabody Harrington

are divided into families and each site has a separate heading card under placenames.

Slips pulled from the three files described above formed the framework of the file. To these were added slipfile copies of additional data from Maria Solares, referred to as "qub" or "sec. 11," as well as comparative data from other Chumash informants, such as Fernando Librado (quic.) and Luisa Ignacio (la, sa). In addition, Harrington inter­filed excerpts from the vocabularies of Henshaw, Pinart, and Gould, among others.

Some of the data which were incorporated in the slipfile were elicited through questionnaires. For example, pictures were utilized for the section on animals. The section on material culture includes a small unsorted set ofslips based on notes from the Ventureno informantJuan Estevan Pico (Jep).

The kinship category was found in a disorganized state. Al­though the arrangement has been improved, researchers should use care in reviewing the data.

The subject areas on sociology, religion, and history contain much ethnographic information, although they, too, are arranged along linguistic lines. Topics covered under sociology include rank, age-sex terminology, clans, life cycles, bathing, and war. The notes on religion contain information on traditional beliefs and ceremonies, as well as on the "Christian religion." Slips filed under history refer to such figures as Padre Arroyo and describe life at Santa Ines Mission.

At the end of the file on placenames are folded sheets labeled "R.E.H. auto trip notes." These are diaries of trips which Harrington made with Maria Solares and Feliz Carillo inJuly and August 1916. He was accompanied by his wife, Carobeth (abbreviated "C."), and some­times by his brother Robert (R.E.H.). Among the placenames men­tioned are San Lucas, Santa Agada, Refugio Pass, Los Olivos, and Ballard.

A second special section of the placename file, labeled "I. plcns. quest.," appears to consist of original field notes. Another group of notes, "lIb 1915," contains rancheria names which Harrington cop­ied from the Libro de Bautismos for Santa Ines Mission.

Following the main file are supplemental notes which were recorded from Maria Solares in August 1918. Physically, this set ofslips differs somewhat from those described above in that the notes are typed on a darker paper stock. Some of the linguistic data are augmented by

111/19Southern California / Basin

what Harrington termed "textlets." From the format it appears likely that Harrington intended for them to be a part of his Ineseno dictio­

nary. The slips are again arranged under s\}bject headings. The

categories included are: grammar, animals, bodyparts, games, geo­graphical terms, kinship, material culture, persons, placenames, plants,

religion, sociology, and tribenames.

MISCELLANEOUS INESENO SLIPFILES

In addition to the semantic slipfile described above and a grammatical slipfile (see below), Harrington also created several small miscellaneous files on Inesefio. There are three files on neighboring languages: Bar­bareno (unlabeled), Cruzeno (labeled "Y."), and Yokuts (abbreviated

"Tul." and also "Tej."). A set of miscellaneous vocabulary terms follows the heading

"Quc." The data are not further identified as to informant or date. Finally, there are files based on rehearings of the "Examen de

conciencia" and the vocabularies of Gould and Arroyo de la Cuesta.

None have additional identifying data.

INESENO GRAMMATICAL SLIPFILE

While analyzing the Ineseno language, Harrington also created a gram­matical slipfile. Unlike the semantic and miscellaneous slipfiles, this file lacks tabbed guide cards. The 4" X 8" slips, which were found in a generally disorganized state, have been regrouped into four general categories. The largest group illustrates verbs and sentences; the sec­ond section focuses on nouns and other parts ofspeech. The remaining slips have partial glosses or are totally unglossed. Annotations on a number of the slips indicate that a Ventureno questionnaire was used to

elicit a portion of the data.

INESENO DICTIONARY One of the final projects evolving from Harrington's study of Inesefio was the compilation ofan extensive dictionary of the language. Drawing data from the semantic and grammatical files described above, he pre­pared entries for thousands of lexical items in their most basic form. In

111/20 John Peabod,Y Harrington

most cases, he included phrases or sentences to demonstrate uses of each word.

The dictionary is arranged alphabetically in slipfile format. Virtually all of the slips are typewritten. The printed annotations which appear on a number of cards are not in Harrington's hand. They were added by linguist Richard Applegate during the 1960s while this mate­rial was on loan to the University of California.

The last part of the dictionary was formerly cataloged as part of B.A.E. ms. 6017. A note by Harrington indicates that he found that portion of the slips intermixed with other Inesefio field notes in August 1919.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND COPIES OF SECONDARY SOURCES ON INESENO

Harrington's miscellaneous notes on Inesefio were formerly cataloged as part of B.A.E. ms. 6017. The series begins with four pages on de­monstrative pronouns. The random notes, labeled "I. Grammar," date from the 1950s. There is also one page of biographical information on Santa Ines Indians, which was obtained at Monterey in 1929 during his work on Costanoan, and a page referring to early vocabularies.

Harrington's copies of secondary sources are arranged alpha­betically by the name of the source. Portions of these notes were also part of former ms. 6017. Included are vocabularies, a list of numerals, and an "Examen de conciencia" by Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta; a trans­lation of the Lord's Prayer by Eugene DuRot de Mofras; and annotated versions of vocabularies by G. H. Gould, Henry W. Henshaw, Alfred L. Kroeber, and Alphonse Pinart.

BARBARENO FIELD NOTES

This series consists of the original field notes which Harrington re­corded in his earliest work on Barbarefio during 1913 and 1914. His first informant for the language was Luisa Ignacio, who, according to entries in his expense accounts, was "a very old Indian woman" who provided information on material culture.8

8. Financial Records, Expense Accounts, March 13 and 14, 1913. Harring­ton mistakenly identified Luisa as "Lucia" in some of the field notes. Her surname is spelled variously: Ignacio, Ignacia, Ygnacio.

111/21Southern California / Basin

Harrington recorded a limited vocabulary from Luisa. This was taken down in the form of penciled annotations to a copy he had made of Alfred L. Kroeber's vocabulary from Maria Ignacio. Harring­ton's own observations are written within double parentheses. A few pages of the Kroeber vocabulary were separated from the main body of notes and filed with field notes from Juan de Jesus Justo (described below) and with an envelope labeled "Can. Kinship" (filed elsewhere).

Most of Harrington's early linguistic and ethnographic data came from juan deJesusJusto (abbreviated "JJJ"), a resident ofCiene­guitas. The notes were recorded on a number of different occasions from late March to early April of 1913. (One page has the date March 26, 1913.) Some ofthe interviews were conducted in Santa Barbara and others in San Francisco, where Harrington took Justo to work with

A. L. Kroeber. The notes from Justo were divided by Harrington into sec­

tions numbered 1 to 34. Vocabulary, placenames, biographical and ethnographic notes, and phrases are included. Section 27 is a "correc­tion" ofa vocabulary which was recorded earlier by Henry W. Henshaw

from juan justo, Sr. Following section 34 are materials having to do with kymo­

graph tracings and motion-picture film which Harrington and Kroeber made with justo. Included are a letter from Kroeber to Harrington (dated December 24, 1913), blueprint photographs of plates, and lists of lexical items with accompanying kymograph tracings. Some of the

tracings may be difficult to read on microfilm. Early in 1914, Harrington returned to the Santa Barbara area

to work at greater length with Luisa Ignacio. Her data were recorded on file slips and some longer sheets of paper onJanuary 21 and March 4 to 21. A few undated notes, which were found intermixed, were pre­sumably recorded during the same period. Luisa's sister-in-law, Juliana Ignacio, gave data in some of the sessions and a woman named Juana

was apparently also present. The notes are arranged chronologically and include a mixture

of vocabulary-particularly the names of plants, animals, and places -ethnographic data, personal reminiscences, and stories in English. Of special interest are several long narratives on pespibata, toloache, games, and canoes. Some vocabulary was elicited by rehearing the word lists of Pinart, Henshaw, and Sparkman and by an examination ofspeci­

mens or blueprint photographs.

111/22 John Peabody Harrington

Many references are made to information passed down from such members of an earlier generation as Maria Ignacio (Luisa's mother-in-law), Martina (her second husband's aunt), Jose kamulijatset

(her first husband's father), Cecilia (Juan Justo's mother), and Jose Venadero. There is also commentary upon Ventureno words from Fernando Librado and Barbareno vocabulary fromJuanJusto, Sr., and Juan de Jesus Justo. 9

BARBARENO SLIPFILE

In this series, data on fileslips are organized semantically under Har­rington's standard categories (nature, plants, animals, material culture, placenames, etc.). Broad categories are subdivided by use of tabbed guide cards. Detailed arrangement is often based on Barbarefio terms, although sometimes English or Spanish words are utilized. Terms which appear within parentheses are in the orthography of other lin­guists. While the basis for organization is semantic, the file also contains a variety of ethnographic data. A portion of the material was formerly cataloged as part of B.A.E. ms. 6017.

There are three principal types of slips in each section of the file. First, there are extracts from Harrington's original field notes from Luisa and Juliana Ignacio. These consist of typed or handwritten slips labeled "la," "sa," "la &ja," or "sa &ja." Some of the handwritten slips are in an unidentified hand. Secondly, there are extracts from field data recorded with Juan de Jesus Justo. Typed or handwritten carbons are labeled "ju." with indications as to the corresponding section and page in the original notes. Information from Luisa Ignacio which was filed with the notes from Justo is marked "la. (ju. Sec.X, p. X)." Finally, there are excerpts from the comments which Justo gave during interviews with the Inesefio speaker, Maria Solares. These typed originals are labeled "Ju in qu."

The slipfile also includes carbon copies of slips which Har­rington prepared for other Chumash languages. Included are slips with data from Maria Solares (labeled "qu." or "Section 18") and Fernando Cardenas ("Section 19") as well as the Ventureno speakers Candelaria

9. Harrington noted thatJuanJusto of mikiw and his son. Juan deJesus. spoke a different dialect of Barbareno than Luisa and Juliana Ignacio. The elder Justo is also described as a "Matilija Indian"; his wife was a Cruzeno.

111/23Southern California / Basin

Valenzuela ("kan."), Fernando Librado ("Sections 20,21, 22," "a,"

" 1," "a-1," "h," "quic"), and Simplicio Pico ("2"). In addition, Harrington interfiled copies of entries from a

variety of secondary sources. He included extracts from the Chumash vocabularies of Henry W. Henshaw, Alphonse Pinart, Fr. Gonzales, Alexander S. Taylor, Yates and Gould, and Alfred L. Kroeber, as well as data from the Libros de Bautismos at the missions and from the

"Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." The heading cards for several semantic sections are marked

"rhd. wlIe." This indicates that Harrington reheard data from the slipfile with informant Lucrecia Garcia during a later period of field­

work on Barbarefio. (See "Barbareno Linguistic Notes.")

BARBARENO LINGUISTIC NOTES

This series represents the results of Harrington's intermittent work with Lucrecia Garcia. The notes, which are dated from 1928 through October 1930, are arranged chronologically. Garcia's daughter, then referred to as Mary Rowe (Mar.), may also have been present at some of the later sessions. The focus is linguistic, although scattered ethno­

graphic data can be gleaned from the material as well. There is little or no order to the first section of notes labeled

"Ie early." It contains general and miscellaneous vocabulary and phrases with Spanish glosses and notes on phonetics. A single lexical

item or a group of related entries is treated per page. Succeeding sections, dated February 19 to 28 and May

[1928], are organized by topic. In general, Garcia's data were elicited as commentary upon lexical items which Harrington had obtained from others, as evidenced by such section headings as "Lc on Jep pIens" (Lucrecia on Juan Estevan Pico placenames) and "Lc on la mat cult" (Lucrecia on Luisa material culture). In some cases Harrington actually pasted carbons of slips from his "Barbarefio Slipfile" onto long sheets

and appended Garcia's remarks to them. Included in the topically arranged notes are native, Spanish,

and English names of various botanical and zoological species. Limited information is provided on the growth and uses of certain plants. A few

anecdotes and sketch maps are also filed here. Notes dated July through October 1930 are randomly or­

dered. They appear to have been recorded during the course of joint

111/24 .John Peabody Harrington

work which Harrington and Garcia undertook to translate into Barbar­efio the diaries of Father Pedro Font.

Interfiled throughout this series are sheets containing linguis­tic data from Lucrecia Garcia's daughter, Mary Vee (abbreviated "ar. "). These notes, which date from the 1950s, constitute both a re­hearing of her mother's data and a second commentary on information obtained in the early work with Luisa Ignacio.

REHEARING OF INESENO LINGUISTIC NOTES IN BARBARENO

Other major sources of data which Harrington used in working with Lucrecia Garcia were his copious files on Ineseiio from Maria Solares. In the rehearing process, Inesefio forms were used as a sort ofquestion­naire. Garcia's responses were given in Barbareiio; no new Inesefio data were elicited. A few forms from Martina, described as "the madrina of Juliana," and Juan de Jesus Justo were also discussed. 10

The first set of rehearings was recorded from Garcia in Wash­ington, D.C., during March 1928. The Inesefio forms which were used for prompting were not always copied over by Harrington. When equivalences were given, he used the abbreviations "I." and "B." to distinguish between them. The Barbareiio responses were arranged roughly alphabetically - usually one to a page - on sheets numbered 1 to 1284. The texts of two letters (one to Garcia's daughter, Mary) appear on pages 977 to 979 and 1012 to 1014 and captions for photo­graphs (not located) are on pages 1252 to 1253.

A copy of the preceding notes was formerly cataloged as "Chumash Linguistic and Ethnological Notes," B.A.E. ms. 3114. This second version, totaling 1187 typed pages, is not an exact duplicate. In the copying process some errors were made. References to Lucrecia Garcia and other Chumash speakers are omitted. This set of notes also contains extracts copied from the mission' records at San Buenaventura beginning on page 1188.

A third set of rehearings was recorded from Garcia on July 1 to 5, 1930. Harrington actually added Garcia's comments directly to carbon copies of Inesefio file slips. The data used for elicitation were

10. Harrington remarked in the notes that his "inflormant] understfami 1111;'1',

la palabra de Martina que deJusto, porque aquel hablaba muy diferente."

111/25Southern California / Basin

taken from two sections of placenames in his semantic slipfile: "I[ne­sefio] region" and "Barbarefio region." Slips labeled "qub" and "see. 11" were originally recorded from Maria Solares; Fernando Cardenas

was the source of data marked "see. 19." The bulk of this series consists of a fairly systematic rehearing

by Lucrecia Garcia and Harrington of his extensive Inesefio dictionary. Certain sections of the notes are in the same alphabetical sequence as the dictionary; the original order of others has been changed. In this set, each Inesefio form excerpted from the dictionary appears within dou­ble parentheses; for example, «I. -a-, qn. [questionnaire])) or «I. a, interj[ection].)). The equivalent terms provided by Garcia were added directly to each page of the questionnaire. Alternating with these pages are sheets of data which Harrington obtained during a second rehear­

ing with Mary Vee some twenty years later.

BARBARENO GRAMMATICAL NOTES

The notes in this series are a product of Harrington's work with Mary Vee from the mid-1950s until the time of his death in 1961. Most of the material dates from 1954 to 1959. Several abbreviations were used to refer to Vee (M., Mar., ar.). There are some copies of data from Lucre­cia Garcia (labeled "Lue." or "ue.") and references to information

obtained from Luisa Ignacio. The first portion of the series consists of a rough outline

grammar of Barbarefio in which notes are divided into such discrete sections as "Phonetics," "Coordinating Conjunctions," and "Adjec­tives." Illustrative examples are provided for each category, although textual description and analysis are limited. Also included are "mouth­maps," pictorial representations ofChumash phonology. Some data are repeated due to the fact that Harrington added material to the manu­

script over a period of almost ten years. Most of the grammatical notes were left by Harrington in an

unsorted state. Packs of notes which were tied together have been arranged somewhat chronologically, although in some cases material from different periods is so intermixed that this is not entirely possible. The handwriting provides a clue to dating individual pages of notes. In general the notes from the mid-1950s are written in a larger, bolder hand. In later years Harrington's writing became small and cramped.

The material consists of a mix of stems, prefixes, suffixes,

111/26 John Peabody Harrington

paradigms, phrases, and sentences which Harrington considered illus­trative of various aspects of Barbareno grammar. Sometimes he indi­cated by heading sheets or glosses the grammatical category in which he intended to file certain notes. He undertook some morphological analy­sis and occasionally reworked grammatical data obtained on other Chu­mash dialects. For example, one folder contains commentary on Obi­speno data which he had obtained from Rosario Cooper. There is a limited amount of material of a textual or anecdotal nature scattered throughout the series. (Most complete texts are filed under "Barbareno Texts.")

Also included are semantic lists which Harrington generally appended to his grammatical summaries. This material, formerly cata­loged as part ofB.A.E. ms. 6017, covers twenty-eight categories, among them ailments, archeology, astronomy, material culture, mythology, and religion.

A final subsection consists of comparisons between the vocab­ulary and grammar of Barbarefio and other languages of the Califor­nia/Basin region. The Miwokan languages (recorded by L. S. Freeland) were the primary ones which Harrington considered, although he also excerpted data from his own field notes or published sources on Cos­tanoan, Esselen, Klamath, Maidu, Mohave, Paiute, Salinan, Wappo, Yokuts, and Yuki. Verbs, nouns, pronouns, etc., received separate treatment. The bulk of these notes, which formed another part of former B.A.E. ms. 6017, apparently date from March 1954. There is also a small folder of material dating from the late 1950s.

NOTES RELATING TO BARBARENO ETHNOBOTANY

These notes, formerly a part of B.A.E. ms. 6017, represent Harring­ton's efforts at a pseudoscientific study of plants in Barbareno territory. For the most part, data are arranged to follow the botanical families outlined by Jepson in his Manual of the Flowering Plants of California.

Harrington also extracted relevant data from Kroeber (1925), Spark­man (1908), Barrows (1900), Munz (1935), and various dictionaries. To these references he added excerpts from his own early Barbareno notes. Some are marked witha bracket and the initial "M.," presumably repre­senting Mary Vee. He reheard the material with Vee and with "George" (not further identified) in the 1950s. Complete data were not

111/27Southern California / Basin

consistently recorded for each botanical species, although at least some of the following types of information were noted: family attribution,

Spanish name, habitat, description, notes on uses.

RECORDS RELATING TO PLACENAME TRIPS IN BARBARENO TERRITORY Several files reflect Harrington's interest in recording placenames in the Barbareno region. The first set of notes, labeled "Jus. plen trips," consists of handwritten diaries of field trips which he made with infor­mant Juan de Jesus Justo from January 5 to 19, 1919. They were evidently accompanied by Harrington's brother, Robert, who is re­

ferred to in the notes as "R. E. H." The records contain detailed data on placenames, which are

supplemented by sketch maps, linguistic notes, biographical informa­tion, and stories. There are typed copies corresponding to most sections of the handwritten notes. A few related slips are at the end of the file.

A second file, titled "B. plen. quest.," consists ofa typed alpha­

betical listing of the placename data which Harrington obtained from Justo and others. The "questionnaire" is divided into several lists; sec­tions are included for placenames excerpted from early vocabularies and mission records which were not recognized by the informants. To a certain extent, this set of notes duplicates entries from the Barbarefio

semantic slipfile. Harrington utilized abbreviations to refer to his Barbareno

informants and to other Chumash speakers. Juan de Jesus Justo is re­ferred to as "Jus." The abbreviations "La" or "Sa" mark data from Luisa Ignacio while "Ja" represents Juliana Ignacio. Information from the Ineseno speaker Maria Solares is labeled "Qu." The nicknames "Quic" and "Pama" refer respectively to Fernando Librado and Sim­plicio Pico, two major Ventureno informants. Harrington also ex­tracted data from early vocabularies, mission records ("Blbp"), and the "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico" ("Hbk") for inclu­

sion in this summary. There is also a small file of nine pages, evidently obtained

from Lucrecia Garcia. It includes a list ofplacenames and several sketch

maps.

111/28 John Peabody Harrington

REHEARING OF EARLY CALIFORNIA VOCABULARIES IN BARBARENO

At the outset of his study of Barbareno, Harrington used the word lists compiled by various explorers and early anthropologists as a basis for eliciting data. During his linguistic work with Mary Vee in the 1950s (perhaps as late as February 1957), he undertook a systematic rehearing of these sources.

His renewed interest was undoubtedly sparked by Robert H. Heizer's publication in 1952 and 1955 of the vocabularies of Henry W. Henshaw and Alphonse Pinart. Much ofthe Barbareno series consists of Mary Vee's commentary on Heizer's publications, which appeared in the A nthropological Records series published by University of California Press.

The method used by Harrington was to copy each entry as printed by Heizer, one to a page, changing some spellings and place­ments of diacritics. He added Yee's version of each word or phrase below. In copying entries from Pinart, he most frequently employed Spanish rather than English glosses. In some instances Harrington misread the alignment of the columns of Heizer's publication, and copied an incorrect translation for the corresponding Chumash word; these errors have been flagged.

Many of these sheets were found in great disarray; they have been reorganized to follow the order of lexical items as they appear in the published format. ll

Rehearings are included for the published version of Hen­shaw's Santa Rosa, Purisimeno, Barbareno, Ineseno, Ventureno, and Obispeno vocabularies. Harrington also examined Henshaw's original manuscript of the Ventureno word list (B.A.E. mss. 293-a and 3075); this section of his notes was formerly cataloged as part of B.A.E. ms. 6017.

Harrington and Vee reviewed successively the following vo­cabularies of Pinart: Ineseno, Ventureno, Santa Paula, Purisimeno, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Barbareno. These were published as

11. Heizer used a chart format which allowed him to include data for each of the Chumash languages on one page. The order of words and phrases is, therefore, not the same as in the manuscript versions of the vocabularies. Harrington referred back to the originals when he disagreed with Heizer's transcription or when Heizer omitted certain material, such as the grammatical notes in Henshaw's original manuscript.

I I

I I

--.

111/29Southern California / Basin

"Chumash I" through "Chumash VII" by Heizer. There is a partial second rehearing ofthe Santa Cruz vocabulary. There are also notes on Pinart's Rumsen ("Costanoan IV") and two sets of comments on his

Esselen ("Ess I"). In addition, Harrington reheard the San Emigdio and Ser­

rano/Gabrielino vocabularies recorded by C. Hart Merriam and a word list from Gaspar de Portola's Diario Histdrico. The series continues with commentary on two vocabularies published by Alexander S. Tay­lor, "Santa Inez and Santa Barbara County Indians (Item 7)" and "Is­land of Santa Cruz Indians, Near Santa Barbara (Item 8)," the latter actually being a word list collected by Antonio Jimeno. There is also a folder dealing with the rehearing of an unidentified vocabulary.

BARBARENO TEXTS During the five decades of his study of the Barbareno language, Har­rington recorded extensive textual material. His notes are grouped by informant in a chronological sequence; the records from Lucrecia Gar­cia and Mary Vee, which are particularly voluminous, are further sub­

divided by type. Among the earliest textual materials are stories obtained from

Luisa Ignacio. The texts, formerly part of B.A.E. ms. 601 7, consist for the most part of English summaries. There is a slip dated 1914 relating to "Coyote and La Presa de la Misi6n." Handwritten and typed copies were prepared by Harrington on stories concerning Coyote, siX'usus

and sumiwowo, momoj, and tfiKnekf. His copyist, referred to as "Mrs. K.," produced additional typed versions, which were possibly intended

for publication. Harrington recorded texts from Juan de Jesus Justo in 1913

and 1914. His wife, Carobeth, obtained a text from Justo in January 1919, and Harrington gathered additional material in March 1922. The notes, which are partly labeled, contain stories on such mythical characters as Coyote, 'eljewun, and hap. The story of momoj is especially long. Some texts appear in both a handwritten and typed format. A few miscellaneous notes from Lucrecia Garcia are interfiled. A portion of this section was formerly cataloged as part of B.A.E. ms. 6017.

Lucrecia Garcia provided a wide variety of textual material to Harrington during their intermittent work from the spring of 1928 through the summer or fall of 1930. The notes have been subdivided

L

111/30 John Peabody Harrington

into seven categories. A number of the sections formed part of B.A.E. ms.6017.

The section of ethnographic accounts contains a rehearing of information obtained from Luisa Ignacio in 1914. There are also narra­tives in Spanish and a native text with a partial interlinear translation.

Texts in the category of historical accounts and personal nar­ratives include descriptions of natural disasters, murders, cures, and encounters with spirits. There are also reminiscences about daily life and historical events at Mission Santa Barbara. Some texts lack transla­tions.

Also included in this series is a file of correspondence ex­changed between Harrington and Lucrecia Garda in Washington, D.C., and Garda's family in California. Her husband was Florentino; her daughter then went by the name of Mary Ruiz. Some of the letters date from the period 1928 to 1930; others are undated. The original copies of the letters have been placed in Harrington's file of correspon­dence.

Harrington also obtained mythological texts from Garcia. In­cluded are stories about Coyote, mikiti, and tfiKnekf, some ofwhich may derive ultimately from her mother, Luisa Ignacio. There is also a ver­sion of "JJ1's mikiw story." Some of the texts were typed into final format by "Mrs. K." and marked "Finished."

Barbareflo translations of nonnative texts form the largest part of the records from Lucrecia Garcia. Included are "Tul[areno (Yokuts)] texts w/B. translation," Chumash versions of such religious texts as the Lord's Prayer, Our Father, and the Acts, and translations of the writings of a number of Spanish diarists and historians. Included in the last category are translations of Antonio de Herrera's Historio Ge­

neral, Father Crespi's diary of the Portola Expedition (1769-1770), Juan Paez's account of the Cabrillo Expedition (1542), and a report on the Garces Expedition.

The most extensive Barbareflo texts represent a translation of Father Pedro Font's diary of the Second Anza Expedition (1775­1776). Although this was not a native text, Harrington felt that it was important to have a Chumash version of this historically significant document. Harrington and Lucrecia Garda began the project in July 1929, in Santa Barbara, and continued work through the spring and summer of 1930, in Washington, D.C. In some cases several attempts were made to accurately translate a given passage in the diary. Harring­ton usually indicated which of the versions he preferred. He was not

111/31Southern California IBasin

always consistent about adding interlinear translation. There are often long stretches of Barbareflo text with little or no glossing. Glosses are in

a mix of English and Spanish. Copies were made by copyist Marta J ._Herrera of certain sec­

tions of the Font translation. Harrington's original notes for these have not been located. See also "Barbareflo Linguistic Notes" for a few additional pages oftranslations filed under the heading "Luc. Gen. Oct.

1930." Harrington recorded texts from Mary Vee throughout the

period of their work together; some date as late as 1960. The notes have been arranged into five main categories and further subdivided de­pending upon the degree to which they were reworked. Texts vary in length from one or two to dozens of pages; not all are consistently

numbered. One subdivision consists of what Harrington termed "fin­

ished texts." These are texts which have been titled and in which the Barbareflo version has been examined by him for accuracy of phonetics and grammatical construction. These texts are accompanied by either or both of the following kinds of translations: interlinear glosses and a synopsis in English and/or Spanish. None are fully analyzed by Har­

rington. The "finished texts" are distinguished from untitled texts.

Many of these are basically complete according to Harrington's stan­

dard and lack only a title page. Both types of texts were often clipped together with earlier

versions which contain numerous obliterations, reanalyses, and supplemental- sometimes extraneous - grammatical information. Harrington often used the annotations "good," "better," or "best" to

indicate which variation he preferred. Still other notes consist of text fragments, varying in length

from a few to more than one hundred pages in some cases. They are not considered complete texts because consecutively numbered pages are missing from many sequences. It should be stressed that some of these gaps may have resulted from an intermixing of Harrington's various field notes during the course of many years' work. Ultimately more complete units may be reconstructible. In other cases, however, Har­rington may not have intended to record an integral text, but rather related phrases or sentences which were volunteered by Mary Vee dur­

ing the course of their linguistic discussions. The first topical category of texts from Mary Vee consists of

III/32 John Peabody Harrington

ethnographic accounts. These describe native customs and adaption to post-European culture. Numerous aspects of daily life are covered, including food preparation, cures, pregnancy, war, and beliefs. Many varieties ofanimals are also mentioned. There are extensive discussions on the use of tobacco and the construction of the native canoe, tomol.

The file of historical accounts and personal narratives re­counts events in the lives of the informant, her family, and other inhabi­tants of the Santa Barbara region. Many ofthese tales are constructed as illustrations of the subjects' character traits. The section on stories and myths contains fictionalized accounts and traditional tales which were passed down for generations. Most of the myths deal with Coyote.

A number of the myths are not native Barbareiio texts, but rather translations into Chumash of the Salinan stories published by J. Alden Mason in "The Language of the Salinan Indians." Insofar as can be determined, these texts are designated with a title and a number that refers to the corresponding page in Mason's volume. The translated myths may not have been marked in this way in all cases; researchers should compare any myth text against Mason's corpus before assuming that it is of native Chumash origin.

As with Lucrecia Garcia, Harrington asked Mary Vee to translate into Barbareiio certain religious and historical texts. Among these are Chumash versions of the Our Father, the Act of Faith, and several Bible stories, and translations of various historical narratives, including those of Longinos. The most extensive text in this category relates to the story of "The Last Woman of San Nicolas Island." This is most likely a translation of Carl Dittman's "Narrative of a Seafaring Life on the Coast of California."

The series concludes with the following miscellaneous and unsorted materials: partial texts lacking translations, unmatched syn­opses and translations, misfiled heading sheets, and checklists of texts. There are also several folders of extraneous grammatical notes which were found scattered throughout the textual material.

BARBARENO BIOGRAPHICAL, ETHNOGRAPHIC, AND HISTORICAL NOTES

This series contains notes of a nonlinguistic nature which Harrington recorded during the last years of his work on Chumash with Mary Vee. The notes are arranged in roughly chronological order, with biographi-

Southern California / Basin III / 33

cal notes appearing at the beginning of each new dated section. Also included are comments on historical events, sayings, beliefs, ethnogra­phic descriptions, sketch maps, and anecdotes. There are several refer­ences to Vee's contact with two other linguists, Madison Beeler alld William Bright. Some notes from' 'George" (not further identified) and two pages of notes (dated July 1933) from Henry Vee on Chinese sea lettuce have been placed at the end of the file.

COPIES OF SECONDARY SOURCES ON BARBARENO

Harrington compiled a reference file ofsources on Barbarei'io as he did for the other Chumash languages. The material (former B.A.E. ms. 60I7pt.), which dates from June 1918 through the 1950s, was filed under the heading "B. Vocs." or "Can. Misc." Included are vocabu­laries from Hale, Henshaw, Loew, and Pinart; a catechism from Tapis; and a translation of the Lord's Prayer. Some are handwritten copies by Harrington; others are typed transcripts prepared by copyist Mrs. Ni­cholsand by the B.A.E. staff. Most have annotations. One of Henshaw's

word lists was reviewed with Luisa Ignacio.

REHEARING OF EARLY CRUZENO AND SANTA ROSA VOCABULARIES Harrington's notes on Island Chumash are the result of a series of rehearings of several early vocabularies in Cruzeiio and the related Santa Rosa. The work was undertaken intermittently from June 1912 through the fall of 1914 with Fernando Librado, whom he referred to as "the last survivor of the Santa Cruz Indians."12

A major source which they considered was Father Antonio Jimeno's13 vocabulary of "The Island ofSanta Cruz Indians," recorded in 1856. Following a handwritten copy of the vocabulary are notes on Jimeno and some lexical items obtained from Librado and an inter­preter, L. A. M. Ortega, on July 4, 1913. In August they began a systematic review of the vocabulary from pages 3 to 14. Notes labeled .,A" and" B" clearly correspond to pages 3 through 1O. Those labeled "C" to "E" relate to pages 11 to 14 (in reverse order). Cruzei'io forms,

12. See Correspondence, Harrington to Hodge, September 6,1912. 13. Harrington misspelled the name as "Timeno."

111/34 John Peabod)' Harrington

marked "C," appear with Spanish glosses and many Ventureflo equiva­lents.

Another important vocabulary which Harrington and Li­brado examined was Alphonse Pinart's _"Vocabulario del dialecto Cumas 0 de la Isla de Limne 0 Santa Cruz," recorded in 1878. A handwritten copy by Harrington has been annotated with his interpre­tation of Pinart's orthography. It was evidently reheard with Librado in August 1913.

Also filed here are typed copies of two Santa Rosa word lists by Henshaw and Pinart. They were annotated by Harrington but Pinart's forms were not reviewed with Librado. (See "Cruzeiio Slipfile" for rehearings of Henshaw.)

Several files ofslips also form a part of this series. First are slips marked "C. Gould Voc. correction." These rehearings (formerly B.A.E. ms. 6017pt.) were reheard with Librado on August 6,1913.

A second set of slips corresponds to the rehearing ofJimeno described above. Each linguistic entry recorded on the letter-size sheets was copied onto small slips. Unlike the notes from the initial rehearing, the slips give full citations with page and entry references to Jimeno's manuscript. The interspersed biographical and ethnographic data of the original field notes were not extracted onto slips.

Data from a partial second rehearing (pages II to 16) of the Jimeno vocabulary were recorded directly onto slips labeled "H. Aug. 4, 1913." Two identical copies were made ofeach slip; one was labeled with the same date; the second "Sec[tion] 29."

Also in slipfile format are copies of the data based on Pinart's vocabulary, as well as original notes from a rehearing of Henshaw's Santa Rosa vocabulary (old B.A.E. ms. 6017pt.).

CRUZENO LINGUISTIC NOTES

Also included in the files on Cruzeflo are the following additional types of material. Harrington recorded a brief (three-page) "Cr. dialogue" in October 1913. The conversation between speakers "A" and "B" ap­parently represents Harrington's attempt to get sentence material from Librado, who did not remember the language well enough to dictate a text. Mixed English and Spanish translations were added in an interlin­ear fashion. There are nine pages of miscellaneous vocabulary and phrases (pages numbered I through 8 and 12), each copied onto slips.

III / 35Southern California / Basin

Other slips with page number markings were evidently extracted from Harrington's Ventureflo notes and there are some unmatched slips as

well.

CRUZENO SEMANTIC SLIPFILE The slipfile which exists for Cruzeflo is either partial- that is, a portion may be missing-or was left incomplete by Harrington. Several slips are filed under the categories "Y. meteorological" and "S. R. plants" but most are designated as "Y. animals." There are none for Harring­

ton's other standard semantic categories. Most of the data are extracted from the notes obtained from

Fernando Librado, although several slips from Barbareiio ("sa.") and Ineselio ("sec. I I ") informants are interfiled. Fernando's data are la­beled variously "Sec. 20," "Sec. 21," "a," "aa," "n.3," "h," and "quic." Cruzeiio forms are marked "Y." There are equivalent forms in Ventureiio, Barbareiio, and, to a lesser extent, Ineseiio and Purisi­meiio; there is one San Miguel word. Rehearings are included of ex­tracts from Taylor, Jimeno, Pinart, Henshaw, and Gould.

VENTURENO FIELD NOTES This series contains numerous small files of field data obtained during brief interviews which Harrington had conducted intermittently in 1913 and 1914 with the residents of the Ventura and Camulos areas. The earliest dated notes were recorded on March 12, 1913, fromJuan

Pacifico ("Chocolate"), a nephew of Fernando Librado. He provided a little biographical information, especially on his father, Saturino, and on possible informants. The information on material culture includes

sketches of a canoe and basket. Cecilio Tumamait and Mr. and Mrs. del Campo of Ventura

were interviewed on the following two days, March 13 and 14. Tuma­rnait gave vocabulary and simple sentences as well as some biographical data. The notes from the del Campos (some labeled "Mr. C.") contain information on an idol in a tree and two sketches. Also included in the records of that interview is a little ethnographic and geographic infor­mation from Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Charles Willoughby, and Candelaria

Valenzuela. More extensive field notes were obtained during several ses­

III / 36 John Peabody Harrington

sions with Candelaria Valenzuela (also called "Candelaria Vera"), a native ofSespe. The dates March 17 and 19 are specifically mentioned. One folder contains one page ofnotes on basketry. Another file consists of sixty-six numbered pages containing detailed ethnographic notes on baskets as well as dress, home construction, and hairdressing. Some of the commentary was based on examination of the Bard Collection as indicated by the abbreviation "B. C." with item numbers. There is scattered vocabulary on plants, seasons, and shells. There are refer­ences to possible informants and Ventureflo speakers J. J. Fustero and Simplicio Pico. Also part of the interviews with Valenzuela are data from a number ofnon linguistic informants: Mr. del Valle, Mrs. Cassidy,

I. Mrs. Greenville, and Mrs. Hardacre, who was knowledgeable in local history, especially the account of the "Last Woman of San Nicolas Island." There is one page of notes from Miguel Iginio (Higinio) dated March 12, 1913.

Records from an interview with Juventino del Valle dated from approximately the same period. They include an account of the lone woman of San Nicolas Island, a limited vocabulary, notes on possi­ble informants, and information on geography. Simplicio Pico and Candelaria Valenzuela also appear.

The field notes in the next five subsections were accumulated I from Harrington's major early informant for Venturei'lo, Fernando I i Librado. Librado, a man of Cruzei'lo descent, was baptized at Mission

Santa Ventura. The first section, labeled" I 3 12" is a placename ques­tionnaire. A second undated file from Librado is marked "Sec. 21 Animal Names 1412." The vocabulary items match data on slips labeled "quic 14," "sec. 20," and "sec. 21." (See "Venturei'lo Slipfile" below.)

Some information was obtained from Librado in July and August 1913 without the aid of an interpreter. It includes Venturei'lo vocabulary with Spanish glosses and some Cruzeiio equivalents. Inter­spersed with the lexical items are biographical and ethnographic notes. Some of the notes in this set are in pencil and are difficult to read.

Also included here is the diary of a placename trip which Harrington made with Librado from August 9 to 3 I, 1913. The places visited or mentioned include Hueneme, Point Mugu, Russell Valley, Point Dune, San Fernando, Piru, Santa Paula, and Punta de la Loma. Included are sketch maps, notes on photographs taken, information from Felipe Neri Valenzuela, and a two-page nonlinguistic interview with Mr. Charles T. Wason.

III / 37Southern California/ Basin

The most extensive notes recorded from Fernando Librado are dated July to November 1913. Most of the notes are labeled with a stamped heading such as "F. July 1913" or "H. Nov. 1913." Some actually date as late as December 21. The notes, written on both letter­size sheets and some slips, include a mix of vocabulary, ethnographic notes, and texts with interlinear translations in Spanish and English. Song texts are especially prevalent; some were "obtained on the phono­graph" (on wax cylinders). There is an electrostatic copy of one Ven­turei'lo text from Fernando Librado (November 1913) which was origi­nally filed with "Coyote and Road Runner" under Barbareflo myth

texts. The subjects covered include history, medicine, doctoring,

cures, animals, hairdressing, bathing, food, games, clothing, dances, songs, anecdotes, placenames, use of toloache, and synopses of stories. The notes include rehearings of Henshaw's Ventureiio vocabulary and comments on "Kr. Cah. Ethnogr." (Kroeber (1908), plates showing baskets). There are references to Martina and "Winai" and contribu­tions from Mr. Webster, Martinez, Morales, Mr. Nichols of Las Cruces, and L.A.M. Ortega. (See also the following series for additional field

notes from Fernando Librado.) The series concludes with an "Interview with Simplicio and

Winay, Feb. 26 (?), Thurs, 19 I 4." It consists oftwo pages ofplacenames

from Simplicio Pico and Jose Pelegrino Romero.

SEMANTICALLY ARRANGED VENTURENO VOCABULARY AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

Many of the field notes which Harrington obtained from Fernando Librado were pulled from the chronological sequence described above and filed in a semantic arrangement. The earliest notes are dated June 25, 19 I 2; others were recorded throughout 1913. Circled numbers in the upper right-hand corner of many pages indicate that the material

originally had a numerical sequence. Some sections of notes are labeled "Ch." for Chumash.

Others were marked "Can." for Canaleiio. The categories devised in­clude animals, archeology, astronomy, geographical terms, kinship, ma­terial culture, meteorological terms, minerals, placenames, plants, reli­

gion, grammar, and miscellaneous. The notes filed under material culture are particularly exten­

III 138 John Peabody Harrington

sive and have been subdivided. (See list at head of the corresponding section ofthe film.) The kinship category includes pages extracted from Harrington's rehearingofa Kroeber vocabulary with Luisa Ignacio and charts based on a rehearing with Fernando Librado of Henshaw's B.A.E. ms. 293-a, Schedule 17.

A variety of secondary sources were used as a means of elicit­ing lexical information. They include vocabularies by Arroyo de la Cuesta, Fages, Gould, Henshaw, Kroeber, Pinart, and Taylor. Included for comparative purposes are extracts from Harrington's own field notes from Candelaria Valenzuela, Luisa Ignacio, Juan de JesusJusto, "Winai," and Cecilio Tumamait. He made the citations from these individuals as cryptic as possible by using abbreviations and Greek sym­bols for their names.

Portions of this material were formerly cataloged as B.A.E. ms. 6017. (See also related "Ventureno Semantic Slipfile.")

VENTURENO SEMANTIC SLIPFILE

Early Ventureno field data were developed into a slipfile format, which Harrington arranged semantically (former B.A.£. ms. 6017pt.). The major headings are astronomy (including months, seasons, and years), meteorological terms (including winds, earthquakes, time, and weather), geographical terms (including directions), minerals, plants, and animals. Lexical items are filed variously by English, Spanish, or Ventureno key terms. The section on geographical terms is not subdi­vided. There are also miscellaneous terms on colors and meals and a section of typed duplicates and slips made relative to the"Aug. 1913 camping trip."

Ventureno data from Fernando Librado (abbreviated "a," "aa," "1 ") and Candelaria Valenzuela (kan.) and Cecilio Tumamait (C. T.) are supplemented by Barbareno data from Juan de Justo (ju.) and from such secondary sources as Henshaw, Pinart, Jimeno, Yates, and Gould.

VENTURENO ENCYCLOPEDIA

Some of the ethnographic data obtained from Ventureno informant Fernando Librado were copied by Harrington onto yellow foolscap sheets. These typed pages (part of former B.A.£. ms. 6017) were then

III/39Southern California / Basin

labeled by him with handwritten keywords at the top, indicating the subject categories under which he intended to file them. Carbons were retained and labeled in different ways for cross-referencing and filing

under multiple headings. The notes were found in random order and this lack of ar­

rangement was retained. The scope of topics covered is indicative of Harrington's intention to compile a truly encyclopedic work on Chu­mash life. Some of the subjects covered include flora and fauna, natural phenomena. geography, social organization, material culture, religion, oral traditions, cosmology, subsistence, magic, and history.

VENTURENO LINGUISTIC NOTES

The files comprising this series were recorded during the second phase of Harrington's work on Ventureno from July 1915 to May 1918. The principal informants were Simplicio Pico and his first cousin Jose Juan

Olivas. 14

In 1915 Harrington recorded field notes from Pico (abbre­viated "Sp.") directly onto small file slips. Each slip was labeled "2" in the upper right-hand COTner. Some of the data appeaT to have been elicited through a reheaTing of Ineseno, BaTbarefio, and Ventureno vocabularies. A wide variety oflexical items were obtained, the majority relating to mateTial culture and placenames. A few miscellaneous slips were found at the end of the file. The headings on these-"Sim.," "Huin.," and "Alej Lopez"-presumably refeT to Simplicio Pico, "Winai" (Jose Pelegrino Romero), and Alejandro Lopez.

Fieldwork which Harrington resumed with Pico in May 1916 resulted in the creation of additional linguistic slipfiles. In these, infor­mation was handwTitten on 4" X 8" slips. The files contain unsorted vocabulary as well as phrases and 10ngeT sentences, some ofwhich weTe obtained as commentary on lexical items from "quic" (Fernando Li­

bTado). Miscellaneous ethnographic and biographical data are scat­

tered throughout. A portion of the handwritten slips have correspond­ing typed copies which have been arranged in paTallel oTder. Following

14. It should be noted that much of this material (some ofwhich was formerly cataloged as B.A.E. ms. 6017pt.) was previously presumed to be from Fernando Librado. Many scholarly references may have to be changed as a result.

111/40 John Peabody Harrington

these are files marked "to be sorted." They consist of typed slips from Pico labeled "2." SOl11e have been given a tentative semantic arrange­ment; they were evidently left over frOI11 Harrington's work on a Ven­tureno dictionary (see next series).

There is a small tile of labeled slips; the informant may beJose Juan Olivas. Notes which are more clearly attributed to Olivas comprise a second category. These are handwritten slips recorded early in his work with Harrington in 1917. Other slips were recorded in 1918 with both Olivas and his wife, Magdalena, present.

The notes consist largely of phrases and short sentences. There is also a little vocabulary which was evidently elicited as a rehear­ing of Simplicio Pico and Henshaw. Most of the terms are Ventureno; some are marked "Cv." (Castequeno) or "Hum." (humaliwo, Malibu), indicating other dialects, and there are a few comparisons with Barbar­eno, Ineseno, and Kitanemuk Uam.). Interspersed with the linguistic data are ethnographic and biographical notes containing references to other residents of the Tejon reservation: Ramon Gomez and Angela and Juan Lozada.

Some linguistic notes from Simplicio PicoandJoseJuan Olivas were recorded by Harrington on letter-sized sheets. The section for Pico is relatively small while a larger section from Olivas included re­hearings of Juan Estevan Pico, placename data, and song texts. Evi­dently some data from "Winai" are also interfiled. A final typed section of linguistic notes is not identified as to informant.

VENTURENO DICTIONARY

Some linguistic data were reworked by Harrington into a dictionary in slipfile format (former ms. 60 17pt.). A manuscript copy was filed with the B.A.E. in 1928 as ms. 3039, possibly at the request of the bureau chief.

Neither version is complete. In the slipfile dictionary there are gaps in the sections for "A" and "K," and sections "L" and "M" are totally missing, presumably lost. The manuscript version, consisting of approximately 3,000 pages, contains these missing entries but lacks some entries for" A," "E," "T," and "S" and all of those for ":l," "H," and "I." It is unclear whether these missing entries were lost or were simply not duplicated from the slipfile. It thus becomes necessary to

III /41Southern California / Basin

refer to both versions to accurately reconstruct Harrington's complete

Ventureno dictionary. The slipfile dictionary contains both handwritten and typed

slips labeled "2" (Simplicio Pico); a keyword usually appears in the upper left-hand corner of each slip. The correct alphabetical order was reestablished in sections which had been disturbed. Most slips give examples ofeach lexical item in sentences. The manuscript dictionary is

typed with one entry per page.

VENTURENO GRAMMAR Harrington also reworked Ventureno linguistic data from a grammati­cal approach. The files dealing with grammar consist of both slips and letter-size manuscript pages. The slipfile (former ms. 6017pt.) repre­sents data which were extracted from field notes and organized under a wide range ofcategories. Among the headings he utilized are phonetics, numerals, adverbs, pronouns, tenses and modes, and syntax. There is an alphabetical list of verb prepounds. Data derive from Harrington's twO primary informants, Fernando Librado (abbreviated "sec. 21") and Simplicio Pico ("2"); those from the latter are more numerous.

A manuscript titled "V. grammar" (formerly cataloged as B.A.E. ms. 2966) consists of approximately 300 handwritten pages. It does not represent a thorough examination of the subject; rather, one or two pages of sketchy analysis are presented on each topic, along with examples. Harrington provided a long list of verb suffixes.

A forty-page document (former ms. 3045) contains Ventur­eno verb paradigms. The data were obtained from Simplicio Pico at Ventura in 1921. This file, similar in format to the preceding one, was apparently created after examining the grammatical notebooks ofJuan

Estevan Pico. A paper titled "Sibilants in Ventureno" (former ms. 3057) is

also based on data from Simplicio Pico. Among the variant drafts is a

forty-nine-page version dated 1916.15

The series of grammatical notes also contains a twenty-five­page typed list of words and phrases labeled "Gen. Verb Question­naire." In addition, there are miscellaneous notes from the 1950s.

15. This article was edited by Mary Haas and Madison Beeler and published

posthumously in 1974.

A i ~ i• !

III/42 John Peabody Harrington

VENTURENO TEXTS

Textual material in Ventureno (partly cataloged as ms. 6017) is not extensive and many of the records consist of translations as opposed to dictated native texts. The longest section ofnotes relates to a translation of a Gabrielino story published by Hugo Reid in the Los Angeles Star.

I There are two handwritten sets of notes which contain the Ventureno retelling by Fernando Librado with partial interlinear translation in English and Spanish. A ten-page typed version labeled ''The Glut­tonous Woman" has a running translation in English at the bottom of each page.

Other translations include Ventureno interpretations by Sim­plicio Pico of such religious texts as a catechism, the Ave Maria, Our Father, Credo, Commandments, and Misericorda. Handwritten rough drafts in Harrington's hand are followed by neatly typed versions with Spanish translations.

The series incl udes sixteen pages of typed notes on the build­ing of canoes. Sentences in Ventureno are accompanied by English translations. The informant is not indicated. There are also a few mis­cellaneous pages of textual material from Librado and Pico.

RECORDS RELATING TO VENTURENO PLACENAME TRIPS

This series consists offour separate groups ofrecords. The first, labeled "Notes made on the trip w/Josej, Aug. 1933," contains a mixture of historical, biographical, ethnographic, and linguistic notes from the Inland Chumash speaker Jose Juan Olivas, who also knew the Yokuts and Kitanemuk territories. During the course of their travels, Harring­ton recorded discussions with Mr. W. W. Lechler at a hotel in Piru, Everett A. Pyle of Fillmore, Mrs. Parks, and Mr. Henley. The file contains pages of mixed sizes, some written quickly in pencil. There are a few sketches in an unidentified hand.

A second file consists of a small undated field notebook con­taining a mixture of Chumash and Uto-Aztecan data. The hastily writ­ten notes include sketch maps and descriptions and lists of placenames. There are references to Jose Juan Lopez and Magdalena Olivas. These notes may also have been recorded during the 1933 trips; they are followed by miscellaneous notes on minerals from September inter­views with Jose Juan Olivas and "Angelita" (not further identified).

Southern California / Basin III 143

The third set ofnotes contains data recorded during trips with a Mr. Dumble. The final set comprises an alphabetical list of Chumash placenames in mixed dialects. A good portion ofthe data were obtained from Fernando Librado. Other Ventureno informants cited include Simplicio Pico, Jose Juan Olivas, Jose P. Romero, and Candelaria Va­lenzuela. Additional contributors were Eugenia Mendes, Sebastiana Higinio,Juan Lozada, Luisa Ignacio, and].]. Fustero. Harrington also included placename information extracted from the vocabularies of Henshaw as well as the Ventureno mission records.

COPIES OF SECONDARY SOURCES ON VENTURENO

Harrington used a number of works by others to facilitate his study of Ventureno. Among these was a "Mish-khon-a-kft" vocabulary recorded by G. H. Gould in 1887. He made several copies oflists elicited by H. W. Henshaw. A typed copy of Henshaw's "Miskanakan" vocabulary con­tains a few of his own annotations and a typed copy of a placename list has added commentary for almost every entry. Harrington also made use of Alfred L. Kroeber's "Valerro Voc.," which was recorded at the Tule Reservation and contains Yokuts terms as well as Ventureno forms.

Copies by Harrington ofvocabularies which he did not rehear include Kroeber's Ventureno-Gabrielino vocabulary from Jose P. Ro­mero, dated 1912, and the San Buenaventura and Santa Paula-Camulos word lists of Pinart.

Harrington also made reference copies of nonlinguistic sec­ondary sources. These include "Indians Were Many in the Sespe" and "Sespe Indian History" by Virginia Parks. The partial typescript copy of the latter (former ms. 4714) was made from a photostat of the manu­script which was loaned to Harrington by Mrs. Parks of Fillmore in 1914. It includes a photograph of archeological objects "found near Sespe." The informant for the paper was evidently Candelaria Valen­zuela, the last of the Sespe Indians.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON VENTURENO

Among the miscellaneous notes relating to Ventureno are a three-page comparative vocabulary of Ventureno and Uto-Aztecan (possibly Ga­brielino) terms and a file containing a variety of information on infor­

III / 44 John Peabody Harrington

mants and possible informants: names, addresses, sketch maps, and biographical data.

There is also a plan of San Buenaventura Mission as it ap­peared in 1820 (former ms. 3121). It consists of a pencil sketch with notes in Harrington's hand.

Probably of greatest interest among the miscellaneous files are two volumes in the hand of Henry W. Henshaw's informant, juan Estevan Pico. The manuscripts, dated 1884 and 1888, comprise over one hundred pages of vocabulary and grammar of the "Mizkanakan" language, written by Pico himself.

MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS RELATING TO CHUMASH

During his many years ofwork on Chumash, Harrington accumulated a number of miscellaneous files. The largest consists of notes on canoes. These were probably recorded to supplement the ethnographic notes obtained from Fernando Librado and the lengthy texts on construction elicited from Mary Vee. The notes, which describe the three primary types of canoes-dugout, board canoe, and balsa-contain vocabu­lary, botanical information, ethnographic accounts, and historical ref­erences from Cabrillo, Paez, Anza, and Vancouver.

For comparative purposes there are excerpts from Harring­ton's Karok and Cahuilla informants, Phoebe Maddux and Adan Cas­tillo. Data were also recorded from Luisefio speakersjose Albafias,juan Sotelo Calac, Micaela, and Willie. In addition, there are sketches, mea­surements, and descriptions of boats located at the U.S. National Mu­seum in May 1934. Specimens of fiber are included from Samoan, Hawaiian, and Seri boats.

Another miscellaneous section includes a handful of anno­tated entries from Barbarefio and Venturefio mission records. The handwritten transcripts of the Libros de Bautismos, which date from the 1780s, were formerly cataloged as B.A.E. mss. 3055 and 3056. Files marked "Cal. Kinship" and "Items of Gen. Interest" complete the series.

WRITINGS RELATING TO CHUMASH

This series contains drafts of different lengths and in various stages of completion which relate specifically to Barbarefio or to Chumash in

III / 45Southern California I Basin

general. Only the first, "Tentative List of Hispanized Chumashan

Place-Names," reached publication (1911). There are two documents relating to Barbarefio linguistics.

The first, "Phonetics of the Barbarefio Language," consists of a fifty­page handwritten draft and is accompanied by a newspaper article, probably dating from around 1914. The second is a precis ofa proposed article on "Barbarenyo Texts," which Harrington hoped to have pub­lished in the International.!ournal ofAmerican Linguistics.

The remaining papers reflect Harrington's cultural study of the Chumash. There are two variant versions ofa draft titled "Life and Manufactures of the Santa Barbara Mission Indians." A twenty-one­page typed carbon has related rough notes; a second version consists of a twenty-seven-page typed manuscript. An accompanying letter, dated 1927, requests permission for publication in a pamphlet by A. P.

Ousdal. There is also a nine-page summary of life of the Santa Barbara

Indians containing references to juanjusto, which was prepared at the request of Dr. Ousdal. The final file in the series contains an outline, rough introduction, and bibliography for an overview of Chumash

history and culture dating from the 1950s.

CROSS-REFERENCES See related material under the heading "General and Miscellaneous Materials." See also the forthcoming volumes on "Miscellaneous Notes and Writings" and "Photographs." There are numerous related sound recordings (aluminum discs) and botanical specimens at N.A.A., with additional recordings (wax cylinders) at the Library of Congress.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

BARBARENO Lucrecia Garcia (Lue., Le., Ie, ue.) juliana Ignacio (ja, ja) Luisa Ignacio (la, La, sa, Sa, Lucia, Ignacia,

Ygnacio, A)

111/46 John Peabody Harrington

Juan de Jesus Justo UJJ,Ju,ju,Juan,Justo,Jus.,j., Dzon) Mary Yee (Mar., M., ar., de Soto, Rowe, Ruiz)

CRUZENO

Fernando Librado INESENo

Fernando Cardenas (sec. 19) Fr. [Francisco Flores?] quc [a man; possibly Fr.] qud [a woman; possibly Clara] Maria Solares (qub, qu, Qu., sec. I I, sec. 18, M., Mar., M)

OBISPENO

Pacifico Archuleta (Pac.) Nativia Buton ("Ignacio Cordova's mother") Rosario Cooper (R., R. C., rc)

PURISIMENO

Rosario Cooper Juan Solano Maria Solares

VENTURENO

Fernando Librado (kitsepwat, quic, Quic, 12, Lib., F., H., a, aa, I-a, I, h, n, sec. 20, sec. 21, sec. 22)

Jose Juan Olivas (J. J. 0., Josej, silinahtiwit, Sil.) Juan Pacifico (Chocolate) Simplicio Pico (pamaskimait, Pama, S. P., 2 Sim.) Jose Pelegrino Romero (wilajnatset, Winai, Winay, Huinay,

Huin.) Cecilio Tumamait (C. T.) Candelaria Valenzuela (kan., Leva)

CAHUILLA

Adan Castillo KAROK

Phoebe Maddux KITANEMUK

Eugenia Mendez (Eug.) Magdalena Olivas (Magd.)

LUlS~:NO

Juan Sotelo Calac Micaela Willie

III I 47Southern California / Basin

YOKUTS

Sebastiana Higinio (Seb.) Juan Lozada

Nonlinguistic Informants Angelita Feliz Carillo (F. C.) Mr. and Mrs. del Campo Mr. del Valle Mr. Dumble Juan Jose Fustero Florentino Garcia (Flor.)

George Mr. Henley W. W. Lechler Martinez Manuel Morales Mr. Nichols Mrs. Parks Everett A. Pyle Pedro Quintana William Toujour (Bill) Mr. Webster

Assistants and Collaborators Carobeth Tucker Harrington (C.) Robert E. Harrington (R. E. H., Reh.) Luis Antonio Maria Ortega (L. A. M. 0., 0.)

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Arroyo de la Cuesta, Felipe 1821ms Idiomas Californias (Obispeiw and Purisimeiio Vocabulary). Ms.

C-C 63A, The Bancroft Library, Berkeley, California. [Copy by E. T. Murray filed as ms. 385 in N.A.A.]

Barrett, Samuel A., and E. W. Gifford 1933 "Miwok Material Culture." Bulletin ofthe Public Museum ofthe

City ofMilwaukee 22:4: 115- 376.

Barrows, David Prescott 1900 The Ethno-Botany ofthe CoahuillaIndians ofSouthern California.

University of Chicago.

Ill/48 John Peabody Harrington

Chapman, Charles E.

1915 Importance ofthe Military in the Early Spanish Settlements ofCali­

fornia. (Copy of Fages vocabulary, pp. 1- 2.) Grizzly Bear. Costanso, Mig'uel

19 J() "The Narrative of the Portola Expedition." Publications ofthe

Academy ofPacific Coast History. Vol. 1 (Vocabulary of Barbar­efJo Language, p. 51.)

Coulter, John

1841 [Vocabularies of the State of California, incl. San Luis Obispo Vocabulary.] In John Scouler, "Observations on the Indige­nous Tribes of the N. W. Coast of America." Journal of the Royal Geographic Society 2:246-251.

Dittman, Carl

1878 "Narrative of a Seafaring Life on the Coast of California." (No publication data.] (Photostat and partial handwritten copy in N.A.A.]

Dufiot de MOfras, Eugene

1844 L'Exploration du Territoire de l'Oregon, des Californies et de la

Mer Vermeille. Tome Second. Paris: Arthus Bertrand Editeur. Fages, D. Pedro

1844 Nouvelles Annales des Voyages et des Sciences Geographi­

ques ... Tome premier. (Voyage en Californie.) Paris. Frachtenberg, Leo j.

1918 "Comparative Studies in Takelman, Kalapuyan and Chi­nookan Lexicography." InternationalJournal ofAmerican Lin­guistics 1:2:175-182.

Freeland, L. S.

1951 "Language of the Sierra Miwok." Indiana University Publica­tions in Anthropology. Memoir 6: entire issue.

Gatschet, Albert S.

1875ms Copy ofLoew's Kasua Vocabulary. (In Comparative Vocabulary, book 3, p. 121-140.) Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 3436, National Anthropological Archives.

Hale, Horatio

1848 "Hale's Indians of North-west America, and Vocabularies of North America." Transactions of the American Ethnological Society. Vol. 2. New York: Bartlett and Welford.

Heizer, Robert F., ed.

1952 "California Indian Linguistic Records. The Mission Indian

Southern California / Basin III / 49

Vocabularies of Alphonse Pinart." Anthropological Records

15: 1. 1955 "California Indian Linguistic Records. The Mission Indian

Vocabularies of H. W. Henshaw." Anthropological Records

15:2. lJenshaw, Henry W. 1884ms Barbareiio Chumash Vocabulary. Bureau of American Eth­

nology ms. 291-a&b, National Anthropological Archives. fllandwritten and typed copies by Harrington in N.A.A.]

188·1/1/1 hll'Sl'll0 Chumash Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology illS. 292, National Anthropological Archives.

188·1 JIll' OIJl.\·!wno Chumash Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 868, National Anthropological Archives.

1884ms Vurisimeiio Chumash Vocabulary. Bureau of American Eth­nology ms. 867, National Anthropological Archives.

1884ms Santa Clara and Obispeno Chumash Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 296, National Anthropological Ar­

chives. 1884ms Vocabulary ofSanta Rosa Island Chumash. Bureau ofAmerican

Ethnology ms. 866, National Anthropological Archives. [Handwritten copy by Harrington in N.A.A.]

1884ms Soledad (Costanoan) and Obispeno Chumash Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 302, National Anthropological Archives.

1884ms Ventureiio Chumash Vocabulary. Bureau of American Eth­nology mss. 293-a and 3075, National Anthropological Ar­chives.

Hodge, Frederick W, ed. 1907 - "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau

1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. Jepson, Willis Linn

1925 A Manual ofthe Flowering Plants ofCalifornia. Berkeley: Asso­ciated Students Store, University of California.

Jimeno, Antonio See Taylor.

Kroeber, Alfred L. 1908 "Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians." University ofCalifor­

nia Publications in American Ethnology and Archaeology 8:2:29­68.

,~. .:'- .

~ ).

III / 50 .John Peabody Harrington

1925 "Handbook of the Indians of California." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulli'tin 78.

Loew, O.

See Gatschet. lHason,.J. Alden

1918 "The Language of the Salinan Indians." University ofCalifor­nia Publications in Ami'rican A rrhaeology and Ethnology 14: I: 1­154.

Alunz, Philip Alexander

1935 A Manual of Southern California Botany. Claremont, Calif.: ]. W. Stacey, distributor.

Pinart, Alphonse

1878ms Vocabulary of the Alapamus or La Purisima Language. Ms. C-C 62: 15 (old Ms. 34989), The Bancroft Library, Berkeley. [Pho­tostat in N.A.A.]

1878ms Vocabular,'1ofthe Alaxulapu Language ofSanta Ynes Mission. Ms. C-C 62:10 (old Ms. 34981), The Bancroft Library, Berkeley.

1878ms Vocabulary ofthe Cumas ofSanta Cruz or Limue Dialect. Ms. C-C 62: 14 (old Ms. 34988), The Bancroft Library, Berkeley.

1878ms Vocabulary of the Cumas Language, Dialect of Santa Island or

Huyman. Ms. C-C 62: 13 (old Ms. 34986), The Bancroft Li­brary, Berkeley.

1878ms Vocabulary ofthe Language ofSiuxton or Mission Santa Barbara.

Ms. C-C 62: 12 (old Ms. 34984), The Bancroft Library, Berke­ley. [Handwritten copy by Harrington in N.A.A.]

1878ms Vocabulary of the Mitskaxan Language ofMission Santa Buena­

ventura. Ms. C-C 62:9 (old Ms. 34985), The Bancroft Library, Berkeley.

1878ms Vocabulary of the Mupu Language or of Santa Paula and Ca­

mulos. Ms. C-C 62: II (old Ms. 34983), The Bancroft Library, Berkeley.

1878ms Vocabulary ofthe Rumsen Language ofthe Indians ofCarmel. Ms. C-C 62:4 (old Ms. 35057), The Bancroft Library, Berkeley.

de Portow, Gaspar

See Smith, Donald E., and Frederick]. Teggart, eds. Priestly, Herbert 1.

1937 A Historical, Political, and Natural Description of California by

Pedro Fages, SoldierofSpain. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press.

III/51Southern California / Basin

Schumacher, Paul 1875 "Ancient Graves and Shell-heaps of California." Annual Re­

port of the Smithsonian Institutionfor 1874: 335- 350. Smith, Donald E., and FrederickI Teggart, eds.

19(1) .,. Diary ofGaspar de Portold During the California Expedition

of 1769-1770. Berkeley: University of California.

Sparkman, Philip Stedman 11)08 The Culture of the Luiseno Indians. Berkeley: The University

Press. Tapis, Rev. Father Estevan

n.d. Prayers and Catechism in the Language of the Mission of Santa Barbara. [Source given by Harrington as "Riggs Library, Georgetown University." A copy is filed as Bureau of Ameri­can Ethnology ms. 854. Copy made for Harrington by B.A.E.

in N.A.A.] Taylor, Alexander S. 1856ms Santa Ynez and Santa Barbara County Indians. No.7. (Collected

by Father Gonzales). The Indianology of California, The Ban­croft Library, Berkeley. Published in California Farmer, May

4, 1860. [Photostat in N.A.A.] 1856ms The Island of Santa Cruz Indians, Near Santa Barbara. No.8

(Collected by Antonio .Jimeno). The Indianology of California, The Bancroft Library, Berkeley. Published in California

Farmer, May 4, 1860. [Photostat in N.A.A.]

Yates, Lorenzo G., and G. H. Gould 1887ms Salinan and Chumash Vocabularies. Bureau of American Eth­

nology ms. 4239, National Anthropological Archives. 1887ms Spanish-Chumash(Barbareno) Vocabulary. Bureau of American

Ethnology ms. 854, National Anthropological Archives.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,John P. 1911 "A Tentative List of the Hispanized Chumashan Place-Names

of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties, California." American Anthropologist n.s. 13:4:725 -726.

1974 "Sibilants in Ventureno," edited by Mary R. Haas and Madi­son Beeler. International Journal of American Linguistics

40: I: 1- 9.

"':~',' ,.

III/52 John Peabody Harrington

CHUMASH

[Parts of many of the following series were formerly cataloged as B.A. E. ms.601i.]

Reels 001 - 096 /IFF! I'IHMES

001 0001-0837

0838-0921

002 0001 -0761

003 0001 -0958J

004 0001-08 I8

0819-0889

005 0001-0861

0862-0883

006 0001-0212

0213-0613

0614-0628

0629-0860

007 0001-1011J

008 0001-0900

009 0001 -1154

010

OOOl_""J01 I 0001-0633

012 0001 -0684

013 0001-0506

0507 -0775

014 0001-0731 J

015 0001-0492

016 000'_""]017 0001-0562

018 0001-0564

Obispeil.O Field Notes

Copies ofSecondary Sources on Obispeiio Obispeiio Semantic Slipfile

Obispeiio Grammatical Slipfile

Obispeiio Grammatical Sketch

Copies ofObispeiio Field Notes

lvliscellaneous Notes on Obispeiio Purisimeiio Field Notes

Purisimeiio Slipfiles

Notes for Purisimeiio Grammatical Sketch

Copies ofSecondary Sources on Purisimeiio

Ineseiio Field Notes

Ineseiio Texts

Ineseiio Semantic Slipfile

Miscellaneous Ineseiio Slipfile

Ineseiio Grammatical Slipfile

Ineseiio Dictionary

0565-0811 Miscellaneous Notes and Copies ofSecondary Sources on Ineseiio

019 0001-1006 Barbareiio Field Notes 020 0001-1147J

021 0001-0501 Barbareiio Slipfile

022 0001-0973 Barbareiio Linguistic Notes 023 0001 -0659]

024 0001-0952 Rehearing ofIneseii0 Linguistic Notes in Barbareiio

Southern California / Basin III/53

(continued) 025 0001-1002

026 0001 -0938

027 0001-0677

028 0001-1026

029 0001-0943

030 0001-1029

031 0001-1035

032 0001- I 108

033 0001-0179

033 0180-1188

034 0001-0702

035 0001-1015

036 0001-1009

037 0001-0675

038 0001-0697

039 0001-1151

040 0001-0787

041 0001 -1113

042 0001-1039

043 0001-1053

044 0001-0731

045 0001-1146

046 0001-1093

047 0001-1131

048 0001-0739

049 0001-0787

050 0001-0277

0278-0469

0470-0847]

051 0001-1219

052 0001-0499

0500-0671

0672-1070]

053 0001-0984

0985-1077

054 0001-0172

0173-0223

Rehearing ofIneseiio Linguistic Notes in Barbareil.O

Barbareiio Grammatical Notes

Notes Relating to Barbareiio Ethnobotany

Records Relating to Placename Trips in Barbareiio

Territory Rehearing ofEarly Vocabularies in Barbareiio

Henshaw

Merriam

Pinart

Portola Taylor Unidentified

Southern California / Basin III/55III /54 John Peabody Harrington

'\','

Barbare?lo Texts

Texts from Luisa Ignacio Texts from Juan de Jesus Justo Texts from Lucrecia Garcia

Ethnographic Accounts Historical Accounts and Personal Narratives Letters Myths Translations of Yokuts Texts Translations of Religious Texts

Translations of Spanish Diarists and Histo­nans

Texts from Mary Vee

Ethnographic Accounts

Historical Accounts and Personal Narratives Stories and Myths Translations of Historical and Religious

Texts

Miscellaneous

Barbareiio Biographical, Ethnographic, and Histori­cal Notes

Copies ofSecondary Sources on Barbareiio

Rehearing ofEarly Cruzeiio and Santa Rosa Vocabu­laries

Cruzeiio Linguistic Notes

Cruzeiio Semantic Slipfile

Ventureiio Field Notes

Semantically Arranged Ventureiio Vocabulary and Ethnographic Notes

Animals

Archeology Astronomy

Geographical Terms Kinship

Material Culture

Meteorological Terms Minerals

Placenames

Plants Religion Grammar Miscellaneous

Ventureiio Semantic Slipfile

Ventureiio Encyclopedia

Ventureiio Linguistic Notes

Ventureiio Dictionary [formerly cataloged as B.A.E. ms.3039]

Ventureiio Grammar [formerly cataloged as B.A.E. mss. 2966, 3045, and 3057.]

Ventureiio Texts Records Relating to Ventureiio Placename Trips

Copies ofSecondary Sources on Ventureiio

Miscellaneous Notes on Ventureno

Miscellaneous Records Relating to Chumash

Writings Relating to Chumash

055

056

057

058

or,9 060

061

062

063

064

065

066

067

068

069

070

071

072

0224-034"

0346-0816

0001 -0049

00,,0-0143

0144 -0192

0193-0,,59

0001-0061

0062-0101

0102-07,,1]

0001-0750

0001-0746

0001_0708J 0001-0914

0001-0728

0001-0728

0001-1100

0001-1003

0001-1043

1044-1173]

0001-0242

0243-0769

0001 -0466

0001 -0454

045,,-0536

0537-0712

0001-1107

0001-0721J

0001-0947

0001-0146

0147-0167

073

074

075

076

077

078

079

080

081

082

083

084

085

086

087

088

089

090

091

092

093

094

09"

096

0168-0206

0207-0316

0317-1168]

0001-0883

0884 -0971

0972-1024

0001-0666J

0001 -0163

0164-0507

0,,08-0588

0,,89-0620

0621 -0639

087110001_0001-0639

0001'-0596

0001 -0744]

0001 -0737

0001 -0651

0001-0908

0001-0673

0001-107"

0001-0995

0001-0362

0001-0781

0001-0,,77

0001_0741:]0001-0766

0001-0716

0001-0933

0001 -0460

0001-0923

0001-008"

0086-0289

0290-0434

0435-0610

0611-0807J

0001 -0432

0433-0672

III/56 John Peabody Harrington

Tubatulabal

Harrington's first Tubatulabal vocabulary was elicited from Angela Lozada-in December 1916. Lozada and her husband,juan, were Kitanemuk Indians working with Harrington in the Kitanemuk language as well as Tubatulabal. She came from a Kitanemuk, Serrano, and Tubatulabal background, but claimed to be least fluent in Tubatu­labal.

In 1933 and again in the latter half of 1934, Harrington was based mainly in Santa Ana, but also worked out of Los Angeles and the Bakersfield area. At that time and along with fieldwork among many other southern California tribes, Harrington accumulated linguistic and ethnographic information from his principal Tubatulabal infor­mant, Estevan Miranda (Est., Est. M., Esteban). Another informant, Luciana Bel)k6wa, described Miranda's dialect as "Tulareno" rather than Tubatulabal. He was a "regular Poso Creek Indian." Harrington also noted that'omo' mi, I (Om.) was the language of Miranda's anteced­ents who, he wrote, lived around Rio Chiquito and Rio Grande. I Mi­randa was in his eighties in 1933.

Two elderly women, Petra Canada (Kennedy) and Petra Nicolas (Nikolds, Petra Mi., Petra Mir.), accompanied Harrington and Miranda on several placename trips covering an area generally between Mojave and the Sequoia National Forest. Isabelle Meadows, a Costa­noan associate of Harrington's, was frequently present. A note in Har­rington's hand introducing a vocabulary of animal terms mentioned Miranda and Martin Feliz as informants. Feliz was an eighty-five-year­old Fernandeno speaker, but none of the animal terms was credited to him.

In most cases, Harrington introduced Tubatulabal terms as "Rio Chiquito" (R. C.). There are some Kitanemuk (Jam.) equivalences and rare comparisons with Cahuilla, Chumash, Gabrielino, Luiseno (R.), Serrano, and "Tejoneno."

VOCABULARY

A December 1916 vocabulary elicited from Angela Lozada is preceded by biographical information. Her husband, juan Lozada, confirmed an

I. These geographical designations may have been extremely local as they do not appear in current atlases or road maps.

Southern California / Basin III/57

occasional term. There are a few Kitanemuk and "TejoneflO" (Yokuts)

equivalences. In 1934, Estevan Miranda provided animal terms, some baserl

on William L. Dawson's The Birds of California. .The bird and anilll;d categories contain the most extensive material, with lesser amounts 011

"low forms," crustacea, fishes, and mythic beings. Some Kita.lellltlk and "Tulareno" (Tul.) equivalences are included.

GRAMMAR Harrington made reading notes on C. F. Voegelin's "Tlibatulabal Grammar," although he organized them according to his own gram­matical outline. Most of the notes indicate the page in Voegelin from

which they were copied.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

The notes indicate that some of this information from Estevan Miranda was taken at Rio Chiquito near San Fernando (possibly another local geographic or rancheria name), probably in 1933, although Harring­ton was also in this general area between june and October 1934. The material ranges over such subjects as myths, tribenames, names and relationships of persons, and reminiscences. There is reference to a painted cave in Painted Rock Canyon. Equivalences occur in Kitane­muk and" 'omo·mi·l." Nonlinguistic information came from Pedro Villareal (Old Pedro), Bernabe, and Isabelle Meadows.

RECORDS OF PLACENAME TRIPS

The method ofelicitation, references to informants in other languages, and the physical appearance of the notes indicate that these trips took place in 1933. Miranda was again the principal informant, accompanied by Petra Canada and Petra Nicolas. Harrington kept a mileage log and recorded a running account of placenames with linguistic and ethno­graphic elaborations, names of persons, and sketch maps of some loca­tions. He interviewed Luciana Bel)k6wa who spoke Tubatulabal and "Tulareno" (Yokuts). There were occasional Kitanemuk expressions. The town of Isabella (called Isabel in the field notes) and Isabelle Meadows both share the abbreviation "Iz." Nonlinguistic informants

III/58 John Peabody Harrington

included Pedro Villareal and Bernabe and there are references to the deceased Costanoan woman Omesia. Their itinerary took them through Cameron, Tehachapi, Caliente, Bakersfield, Maricopa, Poso, California Hot Springs, Isabella, Kernville, Fairview, and Weldon.

RECORDS OF INTERVIEWS

This section contains Harrington's notes on three conversations in his Washington office, loosely touching on the subject ofcomparative pho­netics. T. T. Waterman visited in the spring of 1934. Two people described by Harrington as "the man and his wife" spoke with him on April 25, 1934. There are enough clues to identify them with reason­able assurance as Charles F. and Erminie W. Voegelin. C. F. Voegelin came again in April 1938.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

TUBATULABAL

Luciana Beuk6wa Petra Canada (Kennedy) Angela Lozada Juan Lozada Estevan Miranda (Est., Est. M., Esteban) Petra Nicolas (Nikolds, Petra Mi., Petra Mir.)

COSTANOAN (RuMsEN)

Isabelle Meadows (Iz.) YOKUTS ("TEJoNENO," "TULARENO")

Luciana Beuk6wa

Nonlinguistic Informants Hugh S. Allen Bernabe W. R. Dumble Mr. Harris Steven (Steve - for Estevan?) Pedro Villareal

Southern California / Basin III/59

Interviewees Truman Michelson, ethnologist, B.A.E. Paul Radin C. F. Voegelin Erminie W. Voegelin T. T. Waterman

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Dawson, William L. 1923 The Birds of California . .. 4 vols. San Diego, Los Angeles,

etc.: South Moulton Company. K roeber, Alfred L.

1925 "Handbook of the Indians of California." Bureau ofAmerican

Ethnology Bulletin 78: entire issue. Voegelin, C. F.

1935 "Tubatulabal Grammar." University ofCalifornia Publications

in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:2:55 - 189.

CROSS·REFERENCES See the forthcoming volume of "Photographs." There are related

sound recordings in N.A.A.

TUBATULABAL

Reel 097 REEL FRAMES

097 0001-0118 Vocabulary

0119-0267 Grammar

0268-0307 Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes

0308-0352 Records ofPlacename Trips

0353-0376 Records ofInterviews

III / 60 John Peabody Harrington

Kitanemuk

Following three weeks in Los Angeles in October 1916, Har­rington (accompanied by his wife, Carobeth) continued field work in an area which encompassed Kitanemuk, Tataviam, Yokuts, and some in­land Chumash groups. Due to intermarriage, removal, containment, and trade, many of these people knew terms in several dialects, and the Kitanemuk field notes gathered between November 1916 and about April 1917 reflect this diversity. Harrington identified various equiva­lent terms which he recorded as Chumash (sometimes specifically as Ventureno), "Tejoneno" (Yokuts), Castac (Castec), qomi'ta (abbre­viated "Qo'm," evidently Hometwoli), Tubatulabal (Rio Chiquito), and Tataviam (Tat.). In the notes, the Kitanemuk language is labelled var­iously as "Jam.," "Jaminot," "Jaminate," and "Haminat."

Among the principal informants were Eugenia Mendez, born at T~jon in 1845; her niece, Magdalena Olivas; and Magdalena's hus­band, JoseJuan Olivas, who was born at Saticoy, came to T~jon at age twelve, and, according to Harrington's reports, was an "inland Chu­mash speaker." Angela Montes, Juan and Angela Lozada, Sebastiana Higinio,Jim Monte, andJosefa Cordero also contributed data. Monte and Cordero were of Yokuts parentage. Magdalena Olivas was Angela Lozada's aunt and, according to Lozada, both women also spoke Tuba­tulabal.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD NOTES

This section contains Harrington's original notes stemming from work­ing sessions with Eugenia Mendez,JoseJuan and Magdalena Olivas, and Angela Montes. November 20, 1916, is the only specific date found among more than 500 pages elicited from Mendez. It is possible that Harrington's interviews with her began around November 17, 1916, and extended into 1917. One of the Lozadas is mentioned as inter­preter and it is presumed th<lt his function was to clear up misunder­standings arising from Mendez's English and Harrington's Mexican Spanish.

Although most of the slipfile data were extracted from these field notes (see the semantic slipfile, dictionary and grammar described below), not all of the available material was reorganized in this manner. There are over 100 pages where informants were not mentioned, but

Southern California / Basin III / 61

undoubtedly Mendez was the main contributor; some comments wel'e added by Magdalena Olivas and Angela Montes. Magdalena,JoseJuan, and Angela provided some equivalences in Ventureno, "Castec Chu­mash" (Harrington's identification), Fernandeno, "Rio Chiquito" (Tu­batulabal), and Tataviam. Some of the Olivas and Montes material was elicited by Carobeth Tucker Harrington.

Miscellaneous material includes field notes taken on sever,,1 placename trips during which a variety ofdata was recorded. There are also lists of placenames organized by local geographic region and placenames in Kitanemuk, Serrano, Fernandeno, Spanish, and English, not all of which were transferred to slips. Also filed here are a small section of Kitanemuk, Serrano, Chemehuevi, Fernandeno, Tubatula­bal, and Gabrielino tribenames; a description of a wake; and some brief notes on pronouns. A portion of this material was formerly cataloged as B.A.E. mss. 6040 and 6064pt.

SEMANTIC SLIPFILE Eugenia Mendez was the principal informant for a semantically ar­ranged vocabulary in slipfile form (former B.A.E. ms. 6039). Consider­able input was added by Magdalena andJoseJuan Olivas and by Angela

Montes. Some of the placename information resulted from a tour of

the area with Sebastiana Higinio. Other placenames were copied from nineteenth-century maps and checked for location rather than for Ki­tanemuk names. Magdalena Olivas commented on placenames given by an informant identified only as "Mar." (possibly Marcelino Rivera), although she apparently recognized few of them. They were "all poco

Jam." but "not Tataviam." Among numerous categories, the plant names and material

culture sections contain the most extensive information. Harrington collected a number of botanical specimens ("Tej. ra. spns.") which are

now in N.A.A. Ethnographic information is freely inserted and includes such

topics as myths, history, persons, and reminiscences. There are occa­sional Ventureno, Serrano, Mohave. and Gabrielino equivalences. Mr. de Billier, Archie Davis, and Mrs. Kirby related some nonlinguistic local

incidents.

' ..

III / 62 John Peabody Harrington

DICTIONARY

Linguistic data were copied onto slips and reorganized into lexical form from Harrington's field notes from Eugenia Mendez and Angela Montes and later from his grammatical slipfile. A note written by him indicates that this section was completed by May 1917.

GRAMMAR

Also recorded in slipfile form, most of the grammatical section repre­sents Harrington's selected editing and subdividing of the original field notes of Eugenia Mendez, Magdalena and JoseJuan Olivas, and Angela Montes. The emphasis is on morphology, with phonetics only rarely considered.

There is a very small section separated by language and dia­lect. Equivalences in "Tejoneno," Castec, Ventureno, and "Qo'm" were provided by the Olivases, Mendez, Sebastiana Higinio, andJosefa Cordero. Magdalena, Jose Juan, and Eugenia commented on Fernan­deno terms, probably those ofthe Fernandeno informant Setimo Lopez with whom Harrington had worked in October 1916.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

KITANEMUK

Pedro Cuhueye (Old Pedro) Graves Angela Lozada Juan Lozada Marcelino (Mar.) [Rivera?] Eugenia Mendez (Eug.) Jim Monte Angela Montes (A. Montes, Angela M.) Jose Juan Olivas OJO) Magdalena Olivas (Magd.) Susana

CHUMASH (CASTEC)

Jose Juan Olivas CHUMASH (VENTURENO)

Sebastiana Higinio (Seb.)

III /63Southern California / Basin

Eugenia Mendez Jose Juan Olivas Magdalena Olivas

FERNANDENO

Setimo Lopez Eugenia Mendez Jose Juan Olivas Magdalena Olivas

GABRIELINO

Magdalena Olivas MOHAVE

Juan Lozada Eugenia Mendez

SERRANO

Juan Lozada Eugenia Mendez

TATAVIAM

Magdalena Olivas TUBATULABAL (RIO CHIQUITO)

Angela Lozada Magdalena Olivas

YOKUTS ("TEJONENO," "Q'OM")

Josefa Cordero (Josie) Sebastiana Higinio Jim Monte Magdalena Olivas

Nonlinguistic Informants Mr. Atwell Mr. de Billier Mrs. Copeland Maria Cuddy Archie Davis Juana Encinos Mr. Ferrier T. W. Frew Ramon Gamez (Serrano parents) Ramon Higinio Mrs. Kirby David Sesena Luis Villareal

! ...,., .,.., --- ._­

i"'­j

Ill/64 Juhn Peabody Harrington

CROSS-REFERENCES

See also related files under "TlIbatlilabal" and "Chumash." There are additional data under "Yokuts" (Northern and Central California). See the forthcoming volume of" Photographs." There are related botani­cal specimens in N.A.A. and sound "ecordings at the Library of Con­gress.

KITANEMUK

Reels 098 - 100

RI·."EL. FR.UIF.S

098 0001 - 0707

099 0001-0680]

100 000 I - 0320

0321-0713

0714-0914

Serrano

Linguistic and Ethnographic Field Notes [former B.A.E. mss. 6040 and 6064pt.]

Semantic Slipfile [former B.A.E. ms. 6039]

Dictionary

Grammar

Field notes and reports date Harrington's original Serrano material between August 28 and November 25, 1918. It was accumu­lated on a series of placename trips in the San Bernardino Mountains between Victorville and the Marongo Reservation with informants Manuel Santos (Ms, MS) and Tomas Manuel (Tom). For comparison purposes Harrington occasionally used source material from his own Gabrielino notes and from Edward Winslow Gifford's "Clans and Moieties in Southern California." Some of the terms from A. L. Kroeber's "Shoshonean Dialects ofCalifornia," which Harrington used as a source for Gabrielino, were also compared with Serrano. Other informants include ErnestJuan, AlbertJuan, Tomas Manuel's son, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Marango, Jose Zalvidea's son (Zalvidea Sr. was a Ga­brielino), and "Mac.," possibly Macario Marcos, who had given Serrano equivalences to Harrington for his Cahuilla notes.

Between January and June 1934, Harrington and his assist-

Southern California / Basin 111/65

ant, Martaj. Herrera, reorganized his field notes in Washington. Some were typed and mounted on large sheets, and others were listed and then recopied on individual small slips. Among the latter were attempts to etymologize Gabrielino placenames.

Abbreviations such as "Muh," "At," "Mar," "Kai," "Pav," "Tat," "Pa," and "Kuts" refer to different dialects of the widely dis­persed Serranos. Harrington also used the identification "SS," possibly meaning the main branch of the Serrano language.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD NOTES

The original field notes deal mostly with names of places visited or viewed during the car and walking trips which Harrington took with Manuel Santos and Tomas Manuel. Liberally interspersed is ethno­graphic material on such subjects as tribenames, plants, animals, games, myths, and folklore. Sketch maps often accompany the descriptions of an area. Some of the material is difficult to read and the pagination is erratic. There are Gabrielino and occasional Cahuilla terms taken from

Harrington's own notes. Following the field notes are typed or handwritten lists of

place and tribe names distilled from both the Serrano and Gabrielino notes and from Gifford's 1918 article. Some are organized by region. Most were later copied on slips. Whether these lists were organized in

1918 or 1934 is uncertain. There are brief notes of an interview with sixty-five-year-old

Ernest Juan, who described Manuel Santos as the oldest man of the

tribe. Harrington made brief reading notes from Ruth Fulton Ben­

edict's "A Brief Sketch of Serrano Culture," but there are no annota­tions nor does the Benedict article enter into the 1934 reorganization.

SEMANTIC SLIPFILE

The slipfile basically represents a 1934 reorganization by Harrington of his 1918 field notes, many of which Marta j. Herrera typed and mounted on large sheets of paper, evidently preparatory to rehearings or corrections. Since no new data were obtained, the large sheets were cut to slipfile size to make the material less bulky. The first group ofslips generally follows the order of the field notes, although not all notes

• 'r." ,". : ~ •

III / 66 John Peabody Harrington

were copied and some new information was interspersed. The language was sometimes edited for clarification.

Another group was organized by region. It includes some GabrieJino equivalences and a few tribenames.

The last two groups of placename slips mark a further reorga­nization rather than an addition of new information. Manuel Santos and Tomas Manuel were the principal informants. Inserted for compar­ison purposes were some of the Serrano terms that Eugenia Mendez contributed to Harrington's Kitanemuk notes.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Linguistic Informants

SERRANO

AlbertJuan Ernest Juan Mac (Macario Marcos?] Tomas Manuel Henry Marango Mrs. Henry Marango Eugenia Mendez (Eug.) Msc, nephew ofJim Pine Manuel Santos (Ms, MS) Son of Tomas Manuel Son of Zalvidea (Jose?]

Nonlinguistic Informants

"A good American informant" "Auto man" Sam Perry

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Benedict, Ruth Fulton

1924 "A Brief Sketch of Serrano Culture." American Anthropologist n.s.26:3:366-392.

Gifford, Edward Winslow

1918 "Clans and Moieties in Sou thern California. " University ofCal­

ifornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14:2:155-219.

Southern California / Basin III / 67

K roeber, Alfred L. 1907 "Shoshonean Dialects of California." University of California

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:3:6:'­

165.

CROSS-REFERENCES

See the forthcoming volume of "Photographs."

SERRANO

Reel 10 I REEL FRilMES

101 0001-0301 Linguistic and Ethnographic Field Notes

0302-0862 Semantic Slipfile

Gabrielino

Harrington's work on Gabrielino falls generally into two time frames, one between 1914 and 1922 and a second in 1933. The first specifically documented date is March 1914 when he copied entries from the records at Mission San Gabriel. At the same time he was in touch with jose Maria Zalvidea from whom he elicited data on March 29,1914, and again between April 14and 19 of the same year. Zalvidea became one of Harrington's principal informants, working with him in 1915,1916, and 1917. He supplied original material and reheard the names of places and persons from various sources. These include the San Gabriel Mission records, A. L. Kroeber's two articles on the Sho­shonean dialects (1907 and 1909), The Old San Gabriel Mission . .. by Eugene j. Sugranes, and "Hugo Ried's [i.e., Reid's] Account of the Indians of Los Angeles Co., California." The last work, edited by W.j. Hoffman, was invariably referred to only as "Reid." Zalvidea was iden­tified by Harrington in many ways-Z., Sal., Sa.,jose, Guorojos, Gua.

I I i:... ....l

III /68 John Peabody Harrington

-and a note in the linguist's Serrano field notes indicates that he was also known as Jose Verrujas.

Another prolific informant was Jose de los Santos Juncos. Because he was reputed to be exceptionally bright, de los SantosJuncos had been dubbed "Kewen," the name of a local attorney. The nick­name was apparently universally used; it was taken up by Harrington and it is the one adopted for this description. Harrington worked with Kewen between 1914 and 1916 and again in December 1918.

The third principal informant of the earlier phase was Feli­cita[s] Serrano Montano. She provided a vocabulary dated February 24, 1915, and continued to supply information in 1916 and 1918. In 1922, Montano reheard some of her original 1915 data as well as terms from Hoffman (1885), the B.A.E. manuscripts ofJohn R. Bartlett (ms. 772) and H. W. Henshaw (ms. 787), and from Kroeber's two publications (1907 and 1909). She also reheard a Kroeber manuscript identified as #103. 1

Thomas Cooper was a non linguistic informant during the early phase.

ByJuly 1932, Harrington had located Jesus Jauro (jes.), one of the few remaining Gabrielino speakers. In January 1933 he worked assiduously with the ninety-year-old Jauro, rehearing the material ob­tained from Zalvidea, Kewen, and particularly Montano. Jauro added substantial original linguistic and ethnographic information and com­mented on the vocabularies of Reid and Kroeber, on Horatio Hale's t;thnology and Philology. United States Exploring Expedition . . . ,and on Alexander S. Taylor's vocabulary in The California Farmer, May 11, 1860. Taylor's terms were possibly copied for Harrington by a Henry Patterson in May 1913 from the records at The Bancroft Library. Luiseno information was added by Victor Meza and some Serrano was attributed to a vocabulary of informant Manuel Santos. Some input from the multi-lingual Adan Castillo was interfiled. Nonlinguistic in­formants include B. A. Lugo, Adolfo, and Alvino Benites.

In general, Harrington was disappointed in his inability to spend more time in the field with the few Gabrielinos still living in the 1930s. Jesus Jauro died in 1934.

1. The Bancroft Library has a Kroeber manuscript # 104 ofsimilar methodol­ogy, but #103 is neither there nor in N.A.A.lndications are, however, that it was at The Bancroft at one time and was copied there by Harrington. I

/

I

,.... _1

III / 64Southern California/ Basin

SLIPFILE The largest section of slips is devoted to placenames and ethnic names based on such published sources as Kroeber (1907), Sugranes (1909), and Reid (1885). Harrington reheard the nam~s with informants Fe1i­cita Serrano Montano, Jose Zalvidea, Kewen, and Manuel Santos (a Serrano informant) and later arranged them according to geographic area. There are typed copies of some of the handwritten notes.

In another semantically arranged section there is one group of slips (labeled "Fel. ") containing information given by Montano on Feb­ruary 24,1915, and a second group gathered in 1915 and 1916 with more terms from Montano, Kewen (abbreviated "K. "), and Zalvidea (abbreviated "Z."). Both groups include a small grammatical category and some miscellaneous ethnographic contributions.

In addition, there are slips that stem from a visit which Har­rington and Kewen made to the Southwest Museum in Los Angeles, where Kewen supplied a linguistic and ethnographic treatment to arti­facts encountered among the exhibits and to people and places men­tioned therein. Some Juaneno terms are included.

With the slipfile is a field notebook apparently written be­tween March 22 and April 7, 1915. Kewen and Zalvidea supplied the information. Kewen's entries were typed over onto slips but Zalvidea's were not re-recorded. The material touches briefly upon placenames, local history, biographical data, and reminiscences. There are several

sketch maps. Nonlinguistic information throughout the slipfile came from

Petra Verdugo, W. P. Temple, "Mrs. Hunter's sister," Mr. Poggi, and

Mrs. Walter Fish.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD NOTES

This linguistic and ethnographic material ranges in time from 1914 to 1933. It is divided into three main sections based on the informant from whom Harrington elicited the original data between 1914 and 1922. With each section is a 1933 rehearing of the earlier material.

Between 1914 and 1917, Harrington filled well over 100 pages of field notes with information provided by Jose Zalvidea. The data were reheard in no particular order in January 1933 with Jesus Jauro as principal informant. Harrington worked on an almost daily basis with the aged Jauro from January 15 to 27. Along with the Zalvi­dea rehearings, Jauro commented also on the vocabularies of Hugo

;.:'. ';~ I

......\.

III / 70 .fohn Peabody Harrington

Reid (1885), Alex Taylor (1860), Horatio Hale (1846), and A. L. Kroeber (unidentified manuscript). Luiseno terms given by jauro and Victor Meza were liberally interspersed. jauro supplied some Serrano equivalences and one small section represents Harrington's attempt to re-elicit Serrano terms based on a vocabulary which he had acquired in 1918 from Manuel Santos.

Harrington also collected various sets of notes from Kewen between 1914 and 1918. Except for one notebook, most of the infor­mation was recorded on separate numbered sheets during regular work sessions or short placename trips. The material contains general vocab­ulary, placenames, personal names, local history, and some grammatical paradigms. Much of the information was later typed one item to a page for rehearings. The largest set of Kewen's notes covers seventy-two pages, thirteen of which were reheard by jesus jauro in 1933, with VictoF Meza occasionally present. Adan Castillo was informant for the balance of the rehearings, bu t little of the data was treated. He provided some Luiseno, juaneno, and Cahuilla equivalences. Nonlinguistic in­formants were Thomas Cooper (ca. 1916 - 1917) and B. A. Lugo, Adolfo, and Alvino Benites (1933).

In 1922 in San Bernardino, Harrington again sought out Feli­cita Serrano Montano. Between March 19 and 26 he logged 105 pages oflinguistic material from her. At this time she reheard some ofher own 1915 notes, vocabulary terms from Bartlett's B.A.E. ms. 772 and Hen­shaw's B.A.E. ms. 787, and items from Hugo Reid (1885)as well as from Kroeber's publications and manuscripts. In 1933, pages 12-105 of these field notes were reheard with jesus jauro as principal informant. Marta]. Herrera, Harrington's copyist, had typed or written one Mon­tano expression to a page, to which Harrington added jauro's com­ments and sometimes those ofVictor Meza and Adan Castillo. Castillo's may have been interfiled during a later reorganization process in Wash­ington. Placenames form an important part of this section with addi­tional data on plants, animals, and relationship terms. Ethnographic statements are interspersed, some from Adolfo and B. A. Lugo as well as jauro and Meza.

Other groups ofnotes apparently stem from a random rehear­ing by jauro of Montano's 1915 and 1922 elicitations, and fromjauro's original Gabrielino offerings. Adan Castillo later contributed further data with Cahuilla and Luiseno equivalences. Only two ofhis notes were dated, one in 1944 and the other in 1945.

III/7lSouthern California I Basin

SONG TEXTS No informant is named for texts ofsongs recorded in the earlier period. However, Harrington's financial records list December 1918 payments to Kewen and Manuel Chura (born 1820) for Gabrielino songs.

Over fifty songs were contributed by jesus jauro in 1933, including two Serrano songs with Gabrielino translation. Apparently this group was recorded on numbered aluminum discs, but the discs

have not been located. An additional series of miscellaneousjauro songs (Gabrielino,

Serrano, and one Cahuilla) contains comments by Victor Meza, Eusta­

quio Lugo, and Adan Castillo.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Numerous small sections of notes include stories, folklore, anecdotes, and mentions of local events in English from Kewen in February 1915 and from an unnamed informant, possibly Kewen, about 1916 -1917.

A set of short interviews with seven nonlinguistic informants took place injune 1932. The resulting notes consist mainly ofbiograph­

ical data. There are also preliminary lists and questionnaires, primarily

self-reminders of relevant secondary sources; a typescript of the Mon­tano 1915 semantic vocabulary; a text for a Gabrielino museum exhibit (former B.A.E. ms. 6017pt.); and various scattered rough notes, lin­guistic and nonlinguistic. A final section touches briefly on mor­

phology.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

GABRIELlNO

Manuel Chura jesus jauro (jes.) Kewen (see de los Santos juncos) Felicita[s] Serrano Montano (Fe!., F., rarely Montano) jose de los Santos juncos (Kewen, Kuhn, Cewen, K., Santos)

Soledad jose Maria Zalvidea (Z., Sal., Sa., jose, Guorojos, Gua., jose

Verrujas)

I

I 1'~

1~

._-_.-:!

Ill/72 john Peabody Harrington

CAHUILLA

Adan Castillo JUANENO

Kewen LUISENO

Juan Sotelo Calac (Sot.) Adan Castillo Eustaquio Lugo (Eus.) JesusJauro Victor Meza (Vic.) Micaela (Mic.) Victoriano (a Soboba Indian) Jose Maria Zalvidea

SERRANO

Jesus Jauro El Mudo Manuel Santos

Nonlinguistic Informants

Adolfo Mr. Alvaredo Soyla Hope Alvaredo Alvino Benites (Albino) Thomas Cooper Daughter of Mrs. Presentia Mendibles Mrs. Walter Fish Luisa Heniger Mr. Hunter Mrs. Hunter (nee Miller) Mrs. Hunter's sister Mr. Konig B. A. Lugo Mr. McCormack P. J. McGough Francisco Perez Herminia Perez Mr. Poggi W. F. Temple Mr. Tillman Petra Verdugo

Southern California / Basin III/73

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Bartlett, john R. n.d. "Kechi" (Luiseiw) Vocabulary and San Luis Obispo (Chumash)

Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 772, National Anthropological Archives.

Boscana, Father Geronimo See Harrington, John P.

Caballeria y Collell, Father juan 1902 History ofSan Bernardino Valleyfrom the Padres to the Pioneers,

1810-1851 ... San Bernardino: Times-index Press.

Curtis, Edward S. 1926 The North American Indian. Vol. 15. Seattle: Published by Ed­

ward S. Curtis. Gatschet, Albert S.

1879 "Linguistics." in Report Upon United States Geographical Sur­veys West ofthe One HundredthMeridian ... Vol. 7. Appendix.

Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

de Grijalva, juan 1924 ... Cronica de la Orden de N.P.S. AUgustIn en las Provincias de

la Nueua {sic} Espana . .. Mexico: Imprenta Victoria.

Guinn, james M. 1907 A History of California and an Extended History of Its Southern

Coast Counties . .. Los Angeles: Historic Record Company.

Hale, Horatio 1846 Ethnography and Philology. United States Exploring Expedi­

tion ... Vol. 6. Philadelphia: Printed by C. Sherman.

Harrington,john P. 1933 Chinigchinich (Chi-nich-nich): A Revised and Annotated Version of

Alfred Robinson's Translation ofFather Geronimo Boscana's His­torical Account of the Belief, Usages, Customs and Extravagencies

{sic} ofthe Indians ofthis Mission ofSan juan Capistrano, Called

the Acagchemem Tribe. Santa Ana: Fine Arts Press.

Henshaw, H. W. 1884 Gabrielino and Serrano Vocabulary. Bureau of American Eth­

nology ms. 787, National Anthropological Archives.

Hoffman, Walter I 1885 "J. Hugo Ried's [sic] Account of the Indians of Los Angeles

Co., California . . ." Bulletin of the Essex Institute 17: 1 - 3: 1 ­

35.

'"t

I lk .~

· :

11

III / 74 John Peabody Harrington

Ingersoll, Luther A.

1908 Ingersoll's Century History, Santa Monica Bay Cities . . . Los Angeles: L. A. Ingersoll.

de Lucy-Fossarieu, Pierre

1882 "Ethnographie de )'Amerique ..." Societe d'Ethnographie de Paris. Memoires 1:4: 101 - 179.

Reid, Hugo

See Hoffman, Walter J. Sanchez, Nellie van de Grift

1914 Spanish and Indian Placenames of California ... San Fran­cisco: A. M. Robertson.

Scouler, John

1841 "Observations on the Indigenous Tribes of the N. W. Coast of America." The.lournal ofthe Royal Geographic Society ofLondon 11:215-251. (Article XVII.)

Sugranes, Eugene j. 19/7 Glory ofSan Gabriel ... with Mention ofOther California Fran­

ciscan Missions and Their Founders. San Gabriel. 1921 The Old San Gabriel Mission . . . with Mention ofOther Califor­

nia Franciscan Missions . ... San Gabriel. [No further publi­cation data given for either work]

Taylor, Alexander S. I856ms Indians ofthe Mission ofSan Gabriel, etc. No.9. The Indianology

of California, The Bancroft Library, Berkeley. Published in California Farmer, May 11,1860. [Photostat in N.A.A.]

Voegelin, C. F.

1935 "Tiibatulabal Grammar." University ofCalifornia Publications

in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:2:55 -189.

CROSS-REFERENCES

See the forthcoming volume of "Photographs." There are related sound recordings at the Library of Congress.

GABRIELINO

Reels 102- 105

REEL FRAMES

102 0001-0877 Slipj1le

III / 75Southern California/ Basin

103

104

0001-0765J

0001-0577 Linguistic and Ethnographic Field Notes

105 0001 -0476

0477 -0555

0556-0715

Song Texts Miscellaneous Notes [former B.A.E. ms. 60 17pt.]

Fernandeiio

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD NOTES

The FernandeflO series is sparse. It consists mainly of field notes given by Setimo Lopez. Sporadic dating and other records indicate October 1916 as the probable time ofelicitation. Data include vocabulary, notes on local placename trips with Lopez around the San Fernando Valley, and tribenames. There are also comments on placenames, some based on names in the baptismal records at Mission San Fernando (identified by the abbreviation "FIb"), which Harrington had copied in 1915. Most of the field notes were later typed on slips or on 8" X 10" pages. A few were rewritten by hand. Charles Bell, A. C. Caldwell, and Mrs. William

Brannon provided nonlinguistic information. Carobeth Tucker Harrington, who was with her husband in

California in 1916, recorded several texts from Juana and Juan Melen­drez. She wrote them in a mixture of English and Spanish, and there are no Fernandeno annotations. Mr. and Mrs. Melendrez accompanied Harrington on a trip through the San Fernando and Chatsworth areas and gave additional ethnographic information, with a sprinkling of

Fernandeno terms. There are linguistic and ethnographic notes resulting from an

interview on June 4, 1933, with seventy-year-old Martin Feliz of San Fernando. Roger Dalton introduced Feliz to Harrington and some of

his colleagues. A copy of the Lord's Prayer was copied from Duftot de Mofras

(1844). It was not annotated.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

FERNANDENO

Casimiro I I I

d" 1

~

III / 76 John Peabody Harrington

Setimo Lopez (Satemo, Sat.) Juan Melendrez Juana Melendrez

Nonlinguistic Informants

Charles Bell Mrs. William Brannon A. C. Caldwell Roger Dalton Juan Melendrez Juana Melendrez

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Dufiot de MOfras, Eugene

I844 Exploration du Territoire de ['Oregon, des Californies et de La mer

Vermeille. Tome Second. Paris: Arthus Bertrand Editeur.

FERNANDENO

Heel 106

REEL FRAMES

106 0001-0251 Linguistic and Ethnographic Field Notes

Cahuilla

The earliest dated note in the Cahuilla section is March 21, 1922, although in one ofhis grammatical drafts, Harrington mentioned working with Macario Lugo in 1911. His last reorganization ofCahuilla material was underway in the late 1950s when he was living in California and working as a research associate for the B.A.E.

Harrington relied heavily on Adan Castillo for the original linguistic material which comprises the largest share of this section. Castillo, a president of the Mission Indian Federation, visited Washing­ton, D.C. every year but one between 1930 and 1952 and apparently made himself available to Harrington during many of these visits. In addition to Cahuilla, Castillo also knew Luiseflo, Cupeflo, and Gabrie­lino. Parenthetically, he was responsible for an extensive rehearing of

I

Southern California / Basin III/77

the LuiseiJo terms from Harrington's (1933) annotation of Chinigchin­ich (Chin.) by Father Geronimo Boscana. Most Luiseflo terms are marked "R" meaning Reyano. Harrington sometimes used "Kaw." as an abbreviation for Cahuilla.

In general, Harrington used secondary sources sparingly ill his work on Cahuilla. Mentioned most frequently are David Scott Bar­rows' (1900) The Ethno-Botanyofthe Coahuilla Indians ofSouthern Califor­nia, Alfred L. Kroeber's (1907) "Shoshonean Dialects of California" (Kr., Sho.), and Lucille Hooper's (1920) "The Cahuilla Indians." For LuisefJo data he consulted his own Chinigchinichand P. S. Sparkman's (1905) "Sketch of the Grammar of the LuisefJo Language of Califor­nia." Anza's California Expeditions, a five-volume work by Herbert E. Bolton, provided much historical information as well as the English translations of the diaries which were kept during the expeditions.

Since large portions of Harrington's Cahuilla field notes un­derwent frequent rehearings and reorganizations in Washington, new data often alternate with material collected several years earlier. Scat­tered gaps in pagination can probably be attributed to this method of collection.

", :::::'~

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY

An undated semantic arrangement of terms was excerpted from "Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen," edited by Elsie Clews Parsons. Ben­jamin L. Whorfhad reviewed the glossary compiled by Parsons while it was still in manuscript form and had appended to it Hopi terms from his own fieldwork. Harrington's excerpts marked "Whorf" refer to this glossary. A few original vocabulary items which Harrington recorded are those of Stephen (Steven). He also elicited equivalent terms in Ca­huilla and LuiseiJo from Adan Castillo and made notes relative to a November 1926 interview with Whorf.

In addition, Harrington apparently planned to rehear some grammatical expressions from Parsons, but there are only three pages on phonetics, and the morphological section is little more than an out­line. Since the grammatical material is so meager, it remains part of a discrete "Whorf" section.

A later semantic vocabulary, variously dated between Febru­ary 1944 and 1947, also contains Cahuilla and LuisefJo equivalences. There are occasional CupefJo and Gabrielino terms and, rarely, a word or expression in Paiute, Yuma, Hopi, Pima, and Papago. Some gram­

--------------_!,~ 1

III / 78 John Peabody Harrington

matical elaborations are interspersed, with Castillo again the principal informant. The sources mentioned most frequently are Barrows. Kroeber (1907), and Harrington (1933).

GRAMMAR

The grammatical section is the most substantial part of the Cahuilla material. A 1948 draft of a proposed grammar was sent to C. F. Voege­lin for his comments. On hand are preliminary draft pages with notes interspersed, some in English and some in Spanish. The introductory material touches on history, ethnology, other dialects, and foreign in­fluences on the Cahuilla language. The phonetic material is less well developed than the morphological, and the latter deals mainly with adverbs. Luiseflo notes form a large part of a group of notes marked "Rejects" or "Rejects and Pending."

Harrington mentioned Macario Lugo, his 1911 informant: Luisa Serrano, who helped at an unspecified date; and Frank Lubo. Their data were reheard with Adan Castillo between 1936 and 1948. Notes identified only by month and date (e.g., May 23,June 30) were probably taken in 1945 in Washington with Castillo as informant. Ran­dom terms are expressed in Luiseflo, Cupeflo, and Tubatulabal. (This section was formerly cataloged as B.A.E. mss. 6051pt., 6052pt., and 6061.)

By 1952, Castillo had reheard much of the above material and, thanks to his frequent presence in Washington, had provided an almost yearly input of new or corrected material. Harrington reorga­nized this larger version of the grammar from time to time and inter­filed some of his earlier notes. Again, the general introductory notes contain historical and ethnographic information. There are also pre­liminary notes on phonetics, morphology, and loanwords from Spanish. These are followed by more specific phonetic and morphological data and a section labeled "Syntax and Morphology." There are Luiseflo terms and random equivalences in Gabrielino, Pima, Papago, and Tewa (David Dozier, informant), probably excerpted from Harrington's own field notes.

Throughout the grammar section, Harrington inserted head­ing pages marked "Rejects." There was no indication of where the rejected material ended, nor the reason for its rejection. For the present arrangement, it was therefore necessary to leave these headings in l'X­

actly the order in which they were found.

111/79Southern California / Basin

Many of the comparative Luiseno terms were taken from Harrington's Chinigchinich (1933). Others reheard by Castillo came primarily from Barrows, Hooper, and Kroeber (1907). For Tubatula­bal data, Harrington consulted Voegelin's (1935) "Tiibatulabal Gram­mar." (This portion of the grammar was formerly cataloged as B.A. E.

mss. 6040 and 6064.) Miscellaneous grammatical notes include further rejects of a

general nature. There is also an incomplete bibliography.

TEXTS Among his notes, Harrington mentioned the accumulation of nineteen texts from eleven informants. A linguistic analysis of more than nine­teen texts (former B.A.E. mss. 6050 and 6051 pt.), a few without titles, begins with Adan Castillo's biography and ends with the Lord's Prayer. All the others are native myths and stories, some of which were used in Harrington's version of Chinigchinich. Rehearings and interfiled notes are dated 1942 and 1952. Notes from Castillo span the entire interval. Clem Segundo was a 1935 informant but there is no indication ofwhen he provided his two texts. Another informant was referred to only as "Joe." One small section contains several song texts. There are Luiseno equivalences and an occasional Gabrielino term. Cahuilla, English, and Spanish are intermixed in a general interlinear format.

There are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. One is an anno­tated version in Cahuilla and Spanish with related notes and was appar­ently intended for publication in 1945 in the International Journal of American Linguistics. The second version is dated 1952. Castillo was

informant for both texts. A final section is labeled "Rejects."

WRITINGS With Adan Castillo as informant, Harrington hoped to publish a trans­lation in Cahuilla of the diaries of theJuan Bautista de Anza expeditions of 1774-1776. According to his field notes and annual reports to the B.A.E., he was interested in the Spanish voyages in America as early as 1927. FromJuly9 to 24,1929, he embarked on a trip designed to follow de Anza's 1776 route through New Mexico, collecting information on various tribes and languages. Although he also made similar trips in the 1930s, most of the Cahuilla linguistic work was done between 1948 and

-----_.....'.. .-l

III /80 John Peabody Harrington SoutIU'1"n California / Basin 111/81

1952. Harrington relied principally on Bolton's translations ofthe diar­ists, although he did send to the Bancroft and john Carter Brown libraries for photocopies of some of the original Pedro Font diaries. Portions of the photocopies are in Harrington's file of photostats in N.A.A., as are selections from other diarists.

According to preliminary drafts and notes, Harrington planned to append to the translated diaries a section on grammar and a semantically arranged vocabulary. Except for some pronoun sets, the grammatical notes were later interfiled with others for the proposed, more extensive, grammatical article. He did not remove the semantic series, which had direct reference to the vocabulary of the diaries. Luiseflo terms are interspersed, as are sketch maps of the de Anza routes.

The diarists involved here are de Anza,juan Diaz, and Pedro Font. The material is arranged in chronological order from March 10, 1774, to May 7,1776.

There are miscellaneous reading notes and some linguistic and ethnographic comments from Castillo. A final small section of the de Anza set contains suggested titles for the proposed publication from Harrington, Harry [Bachrach], and Evelyn and joelle Danner, most dated 1948. (The de Anza material was formerly cataloged as B.A.E. mss. 6052pt. and 6065.)

Also filed in the category of writings are the notes for Har­rington's article "Chuckwalla, a Cahuilla Indian Word," published in 1947 in El Palacio. Undated material for another proposed paper titled "The Non-denotive Framework of the Cahuilla Language" consists mainly of headings with sparsely scattered linguistic notes.

Late in the 1950s during his retirement years in California, Harrington began to extract information from his earlier notes for possible use in a paper tentatively titled "Solutions of the Origin of the Tribal Name Cahuilla."! These notes comprise the final group in the series on writings. The draft pages are somewhat repetitious and alter­nate with related note~. Additional nonlinguistic information came from Juan Bernal, a California resident whose father had worked with Harrington as early as 1918. He found additional new information in Congressional documents and government geological surveys.

1. Harringlon's findings have since been published under the aUlhorship of William Bright as "The Origin of the Name Cahuilla," Journal ofCalifornia Anthropology 4:116-118,1977.

MISCELLANEOUS LINGUISTIC NOTES

There are five pages ofvocabulary provided by Luisa Barelas on March 21, 1922. Carbon copies of the june 1922 census ofthe Mission Indians include some information on farm production, 'stock counts, and car ownership, but lack linguistic annotations.

A sequentially numbered section consists of placenames ex­tracted from eighteen unratified treaties of 1851. Placenames include northern, central, and southern California (pages 171-177). A linguis­tic and ethnographic discussion of the above with Adan Castillo, Clem Segundo, and Lee Arenas took place in May and june, 1935 (pages 172 - 220). A 1952 document on Indian rights signed by Castillo and Purl Willis completes this section.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

CAIIUILLA

Lee Arenas Luisa Barelas Adan Castillo (Adan) Billy Eddy Eugenia joe Figtree John (John, Juan Raz6n) Frank Lubo Macario Lugo Macario Marcos Maria Norte Mr. Paul Clem Segundo (Clem) Ignacio Segundo Luisa Serrano

COSTANOAN (RUMSEN)

Isabelle Meadows (Iz.) CUPENO

Adan Castillo Ignacio Segundo (Weatse)

GABRIELINO

Adan Castillo

__________......1...

III / 82 John Peabody Harrington

LUISENO

Adan Castillo SERRANO

Macario Marcos TEWA

David Dozier UNIDENTIFIF.D

Alf. Purl Willis

Nonlinguistic Informants

Juan Bernal "Young Lady" (Y. Lady)

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management Glen L. Emmons L. S. Freeland William Gates ("My friend Gates") Homer B. Jenkins Mr. Ladd (probably at Library of Congress) Librarian of Congress Dr. Pablo Martinez del Rio C. F. Voegelin

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Barrows, David Prescott 1900 The Ethno-Botanyofthe Coahuilla Indians ofSouthern California.

Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Bolton, Herbert E.

1930 Anw'sCaliforniaExpedition. 5 vols. Berkeley, California: Uni­versity of California Press.

Coues, Elliott

1900 On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: the Diary and Itinerary of

Francisco Gareis . .. 1775-1776 ... New York: F. P. Harper.

Fages, Pedro

1911 "... Expedition to San Francisco Bay in 1770, Diary of Pedro Fages; ed. by Herbert Eugene Bolton ..." Publica­

tions of the Academy ofPacific Coast History 2:3: 143 - 159.

Southern California I Basin 111/83

Harrington, John P., annot. 1933 Chinigchinich: A Revised and Annotated Version ofAlfred Robin­

son's Translation ofFather GeronimoBoscana 'sHistoricalAccuunt

of the Belief, Usages, Customs and Extravagencies [sic] of the In­

dians ofThis Mission ofSan Juan Capistrano called the Acagchl'­

mem Tribe. Santa Ana, California: Fine Arts Press. Hoffman, W. j., ed.

1885 "Hugo Ried's [sic] Account of the Indians of Los Angeles Co., California." Bulletin of the Essex Institute 17: 1- 3: 1- 35.

Hooper, Lucille I 920 "The Cahuilla Indians." University ofCalifornia Publications in

American Archaeology and Ethnology 16:6:315 - 350. Jones, Daniel

1917 "Experimental Phonetics and Its Utility to the Linguist." Royal Institution of Great Britain. Wednesday Evening Meeting,

Feb. 9. [No further publication data given.] K roeber, Alfred L.

1907 "Shoshonean Dialects of California." University of California

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4: 3:65­165.

1908 "Ethnogeography of the Cahuilla Indians." University ofCali­

fornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology

8:2:29-68. 1925 "Handbook of the Indians of California." Bureau ofAmerican

Ethnology Bulletin 78: entire issue. North, Arthur W.

1908 The Mother ofCalifornia ... San Francisco and New York: P. Elder and Company.

Parsons, Elsie Clews, ed. 1936 "HopiJournal of Alexander M. Stephen." Columbia Contribu­

tions to Anthropology 23, 2 parts. [Photostat of Glossary in N.A.A.]

Reid, Hugo See Hoffman, W. J.

Santamaria, Francisco 1942 Diccionario General de Americanismos. Mexico: Editorial P. Ro­

bredo. Sapir, Edward

1930 "Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language." Proceedings of

the American Academy ofArts and Sciences 65: 1: 1- 296.

-~-- ----------- ­

III I 84 John Peabody Harrington Southern California / Basin 111/85

1931 "Southern Paiute Dictionary." Proceedings of the American Academy ofArts and Sciences 65:3:537 -730.

Sparkman, Philip S.

1899- The Luiseiio Language, Being the LQ,nguageSpoken by the San Luis 1906ms Rey, San Luiseiio, or Luiseno Indians of Southern Califor­

nia ... The Bancroft Library, Berkeley, California. 1905 "Sketch of the Grammar of the Luiseii.o Language of Califor­

nia." American Anthropologistn.s. 7:4:656-662. Strong, William Duncan

1929 "Aboriginal Society in Southern California." University ofCal­ifornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 26: 1- 358 (entire volume).

Voegelin, C. F.

1935 "Tiibatulabal Grammar." University ofCalifornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:2:55 -190.

It\.'aterman, T. T. 1911 "The Phonetic Elements of the Northern Paiute Language."

University ofCalifornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 10:2:13-44.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,John P.

1947 "Chuckwalla, a Cahuilla Indian Word." El Palacio 54:5: 119­120.

CROSS-REFERENCES

See the forthcoming volume of"Photographs. " See also additional data from Adan Castillo under "Luiseii.o/Juaneii.o." There are related sound recordings in N.A.A.

CAHUILLA

Reels 107 -114

REEL fRAM/:.S

10i 0001-0825 Comparative Vocabulary

108 0001_0914J 109 0001-0i55 Grammar [former B.A.E. mss. 6040, 6051 pt., 110 0001 -0834 6052pt., 6061,6064] III 0001 -0864

112 0001 -0528 Texts [former B.A.E. mss. 6050, 6051pt.] 113

114

0001-Oi60]

0001-0226 Writings [former B.A.E. mss. 6052pt., 6065]

022i -0420 Miscellaneous Linguistic Notes

Luiseno /Juaneno

The earliest dated notes for Luiseflo and Juaneii.o were elic­ited in 1919 in southern California. The last, dated 1947, were pre­pared in Washington. Harrington accumulated the bulk ofthe material in the field between 1932 and 1934 and reorganized it several times in Washington in 1935 and 1936.

Aside from a continuing effort to record the languages of the "Mission Indians of California," Harrington's study of Luiseii.o and J uaneii.o sprang from two main roots. The first was his interest in pro­viding a linguistic treatment of Alfred Robinson's 1846 translation of Father Geronimo Boscana's account of the Indians of San Juan Capis­trano Mission. The second involved plans for extensive rehearings of Philip Stedman Sparkman's Luiseii.o vocabulary collected between .':"}~~/'

1899 and 1906. The Bancroft Library in Berkeley, California, holds this manuscript, the title page of which reads as follows: "The Luiseii.o Language, Being the language spoken by the San Luis Rey, San Luis, or Luiseii.o Indians ofSouthern California. A Shoshonean dialect. Written by P. S. Sparkman, at the Rincon, San Diego County, California, 1899 to 1906." It consists of 713 leaves of typescript, with annotations and revisions by Alfred L. Kroeber. 1

Harrington began serious and thorough work on the annota­tions for Boscana's historical account in March of 1932. His interest

I. The Sparkman GrammarojLuisf1io, edited by Kroeberand George William Grace. was published in 1960 as Volume 16 of the University ojCalifornia Publications in Linguistics. The Bancroft Library also has Kroeber's manuscript for this publication.

III / 86 John Peabody Harrington

continued until at least, and probably past, April 1936 and resulted in two publicat.ions and extensive notes on a proposed third publication. Harrington was convinced that Boscana's account, probably written between 1820 and 1822, stood alone asan early ethnological document on the Spanish Missionary period in California and was therefore an ideal subject for major ethnographic and linguistic amplifications. The work proceeded in three general phases.

The first phase culminated in the publication early in 1933 of Harrington's book titled Chinigchinich: A Revised and Annotated Version of Alfred Robinson's Translation of Father Geronimo Boscana's Historical A.ccount ofthe Belief, Usages, Customs and Extravagencies [sic} ofthe Indians of This Mission ofSan Juan Capistrano called the Acagchemem Tribe. The linguistic material is chiefly LuiseflO.

In 1933 while Chinigchinich ... was still in the printing pro­cess, Harrington began a second round of rehearings, this time focusing mainly on the Juaneflo language. These notes form a second cohesive phase.

Meanwhile a search initiated in 1932 for Boscana's original manuscript was completed. Correspondence indicates that Harrington had checked many libraries and archives in the United States and abroad, but it was not until November 8, 1932, that Abel Doysie wrote from Paris that he had discovered the original document in the Bib­liotheque Nationale. M. Doysie photographed the sixty-page manu­script and sent it to Harrington on January 3, 1933. His translation, A New Original Version ofBoscana'sHistoricalAccount ofthe San Juan Capis­tranoIndiansofSouthern California, appeared inJune 1934.1n the intro­duction, Harrington stated that "it is an 1822 variant of the Historical Account that Robinson translated, each version containing certain im­portant data that the other omits. "2 The new manuscript contained fifteen chapters; the Robinson translation had sixteen.

On page 3, Harrington mentioned "exhaustive notes" for a later volume of annotations to the translation and although in 1936 he received a $500 gr<tnt from the Social Research Council to carry through this plan, the annotations were not published. Phase three, however, centers around this endeavor. In 1935 and 1936 in Washing­ton, Harrington copied and reorganized hundreds ofpages of notes and added new data preparatory to the proposed third publication.

2. From page I of lhe work cited above.

Southern California / Basin 111/87

Terms from the Sparkman dictionary appear among all the field notes of the 1930s. In addition, further reorganization and re­copying took place in Washington in 1935 and 1936 and certain new elicitations were interfiled.

Other frequently cited sources include three of Kroeber's works: "Handbook of the Indians ofCalifornia," "Shoshonean Dialects of California," and "Notes on the Shoshonean Dialects of California"; more than a dozen articles of Constance Goddard DuBois, written between 1899 and 1908; and "Hugo Ried's [i.e. Reid's] Account of the Indians of Los Angeles Co., California," by Walter J. Hoffman. Har­rington also utilized material copied earlier from the records at Mission SanJuan Capistrano and they constitute, for example, a substantiafpart of the annotations for chapter 15 in Chinigchinich. . . .

Correspondence and notes reveal an additional interesting source. Some time before July 1, 1932, Father S1.. John O'Sullivan of the Mission San Juan Capistrano gave Harrington the use of a mission office to copy notebooks which he had kept since his installation at the mission in 1910. Evidently Harrington had been aware of their exis­tence as early as December 1927.s Most of the information is of an ethnographic nature from a number of informants, although some original linguistic data was supplied to O'Sullivan by Jose de la Gracia Cruz, known as Acu. Acu's reliability, unfortunately, was questionable.4

(See "Juaneflo Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes" below.) Marta J. Herrera, granddaughter of Harrington's Costanoan informant Ascen­cion Solorsano, assisted him in copying the notebooks. She often worked in a similar capacity for Harrington, having copied thousands of entries from the California mission record books. Correspondence in­dicates that by June 8, 1933, Harrington had left Santa Ana for San Juan Capistrano to proofread notes previously copied.

Jose Olivas Albaflez was the principal Luiseflo informant and, in Harrington's words, "official interpreter and field assistant of the Bureau of American Ethnology."5 Other primary Luiseflo informants were Juan Sotelo Calac, chief of the Rincon Indians, and his nephew

3. Records of lhe B.A.E., Correspondence, Lellers Received and Sem (1909-1950), Harringlon to J. W. Fewkes, December 27, 1927.

4. To dale, the O'Sullivan notebooks have nOl been localed either at SanJuan Capistrano or in the Franciscan Archives at Mission Santa Barbara. (Correspondence, Norman Neuerburg lO N.A.A., April 22, 1984.) Father O'Sullivan died in 19-33.

5. Chinigchinich ... ,p. 92.

""­

.J....­

.. '.'..~.~

~

III / 88 John Peabody Harrington

Victor Meza. Maria Jesusa Omish of Rincon, born at Vista in 1856, worked with Harrington in August 1933 and again during an eleven­day period in September of the same year. She then put him in touch with Maria Jesusa Soto, a seventy-year-old woman who was a coast

II Indian born at Mission San Luis Rey, and assisted him during interviews with Soto in Colton in September 1933. Harrington located an elderly informant named Bernardo Cuevas in a hospital in Soboba. He was the

I I

son of Salvador Cuevas, a DuBois informant. In June andJuly of 1934, Harrington spent seventeen days with him rehearing terms from

!

I DuBois and Chinigchinich ... before Cuevas died on July 15, 1934.

I Included among more than twenty Luisefio informants were

I three other members of the Calac family; Micaela; Maria Jesusa's hus­

,j i band,Joe Omish; five members of the Lugo family; and FelizandJosefa

Verdugo. Anastacia de Majel contributed the bulk of the Juanefio infor­

mation. Due to intermarriage and geographical proximity, some Lui­sefio informants such as Micaela and Eustaquio Lugo were also capable of providingJuanefio terms. (Micaela may have been Lugo's wife.) The multilingual Adan Castillo frequently could be counted upon to com­ment on both Juanefio and Luisefio.

Among those who supplied only nonlinguistic information were Jose Doran; Marcos Forster; Sebastian Lechuza; William Mat­tinger; William McGee and his mother, Magdalena Murillo; Edward Ray; Ramona Scott; Terry Stephenson; Jose Dolores Wata; and Rai­mundo Yorba.

Among the notes are occasional equivalences in Cahuilla, Cu­pefio, Diegut>fio, Gabrielino, Serrano, and, rarely, in one of the Chu­mash languages. It should be noted that among the notes for Chinig­chinich ... both Anastacia de Majel and the Juanefio language (Ajachme) share the same abbreviation of "Aj."

In 1933, Harrington was based in Santa Ana for a time and lived with T. E. Williams, the Director of Printing at Santa Ana College and pUblisher of Chinigchinich ... He worked also in Sanjuan Capis­trano, San Luis Rey, Pala, Santa Barbara, at Berkeley, and at Mount Palomar.

LUISENO LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

Although some interfiled notes are dated 1932, this section consists mainly of notes elicited from MariaJesusa Omish and MariaJesusa Soto

Southern California / Basin III / 89

in 1933 and from Bernardo Cuevas in 1934 (former B.A.E. ms. 6O:>H

pt.). The material is a random rehearing of the information wllich Harrington assembled for Chinigchinich ... with continued rdinc­ments of terms from DuBois and Kroeber. Substantial amounts of ethnographic information were recorded. Jose Olivas AlbaflCi'. was usually present during the sessions with Omish. A Gabrielino Indian, Jose Juan Jauro, was credited with an occasional J uanefio and Vent ur­efio term. Apparently Albafiez, Vicente Lugo, and Dolores Koolo ac­companied Harrington when he interviewed the hospitalized Cuevas.

A group of Sparkman terms, evidently organized in June 1932 at Micaela's house, was reheard in 1934 with her and with Juan S. Calac, Willie [Calac), and Victor Meza. Jesus Jauro provided a few Gabrielino and Serrano terms.

Ofthe several thousand extracts that Harrington and Marta]. Herrera copied from the California mission records, only a few con­tained linguistic annotations. These few were given by Albafiez. They have been photocopied and placed with a small group of miscellaneous notes and sketches relative to this section.

LUISENO VOCABULARY

The largest section of vocabulary is arranged semantically; the notes were accumulated between 1932 and 1934 with elicitations from more than fifteen informants. The principal contributors were Jose Olivas Albafiez, Juan Sotelo Calac, Encarnaciona Calac, and Micaela. There wereJuanefio terms from Anastacia de Majel and Diegueno from Isidro Nejo. Most of the Juanefio equivalences are found in the categories dealing with animals, ceremonies, and placenames. The Dieguefio data are confined mainly to the sections on calendar and cardinal directions. There are occasional Cahuilla and Gabrielino terms. Animals, ceremo­nies, placenames, and plant names contain the largest amounts of mate­rial. Included among the notes are first-hand recollections of events which the informants witnessed or participated in, bits of local biogra­phy, and ethnographic miscellany. Sparkman's manuscript was the main basis for contemporary comparisons, with frequent references to his "Culture of the Luisefio Indians." Also reheard were terms from the DuBois publications, from Kroeber's "Handbook," and from two arti­cles which he published on Shoshonean dialects. (Interfiled are portions offormer B.A.£. mss. 6053, 6054, 6055, 6056, 6057,6058, and 6059.)

An earlier vocabulary was dated May 17, 1919. Harrington's

~.L~

III /90 John Peabody Harrington

field expense accounts indicate that on that date he paid Cecilia Tortes for linguistic information. She may have been responsible for this vo­cabulary (former B.A.E. ms. 6017pt.).

RECORDS OF LUISENO PLACENAME TRIPS AND INTERVIEWS

These notes cover information recorded in 1925, 1932, 1933, and 1934 (former B.A.E. ms. 6055pt.). Harrington's procedure was to drive from one location to another with linguistic and nonlinguistic infor­mants who knew the region. He interviewed local residents along the way, noted the mileage between sites, and often sketched rough maps of the area. The result is a journal of linguistic, ethnographic, and geo­graphic material, which is unfortunately somewhat difficult to read.

Between August 2 and 7,1925, he traveled with Marcelino Cahuish (Marc.), William Mattinger, Ramon Lugo, Rosario Olivares, Escalac (probably a mishearing ofJuan S. Calac), Bruno Sabanes, Celes­tin Ahuayo, Francisco Gonzalez Qachaqach, and Edward Ray. Some Cupeno and Diegueno terms were recorded.

In June andJuly 1932,Juan Calac and Willie were his infor­mants. He recorded at least six trips betweenJuly and September 1933, accompanied at times by Albanez, Maria Omish, Jose Juan Jauro, and Josefa and Feliz Verdugo. Apparently Richard Van Valkenburgh was present on one occasion, as well as two persons identified only asJim and Sue. A July 1934 trip included informants Luisa and Vicente Lugo, Miguel Calac, and Albanez. This ride was apparently taken in connec­tion with visits to Bernardo Cuevas in the Soboba hospital, as he pro­vided some of the information.

Destinations mentioned are Corona, Elsinore, Hemet, Mesa Grande, Murietta rancheria, San Jacinto, San Juan Capistrano, Santa Ana, Soboba, Warner Springs, and many smaller sites between these points.

LUISENO TEXTS

Song texts in this series are principally those of Jose Olivas Albaflez (former B.A.E. ms. 6059). Following a list of first lines, the material is arranged generally with a typed text first, then the text with some interlinear or parallel English, and finally a set oflinguistic annotations.

Southern California IBasin 111/91

Many of the songs "belonged" to Jose Luis Albaflez who, according to the field notes, composed them in the 1870s and 1880s. They are basically Chinigchinich songs. Some have specific titles, some are classi­fied by type (peon songs, songs with names ofislands, etc.), and a few are unclassified. Dated notes indicate a 1933 recording.

A small group of songs sung by Encarnaciona and Juan Calac were recorded for Harrington by Josephine Porter Cook in 1934 and 1935.6 Although they are identified according to disc number, no cor­responding discs have been located in N.A.A. The related notes com­prise linguistic annotations and often an English precis of the song text.

A typescript is titled "Notes for the Use of Miss Roberts." This refers to the ethnomusicologist Helen H. Roberts who worked with Harrington on the analysis of other California Indian music and was the coauthor of "Picuris Children's Stories with Texts and Songs." The document covers topics ofan instructive nature such as the linguis­tics of song, the ethnography of song, musical accompaniment, dances, etc. The typescript is followed by general handwritten notes also desig­nated for Miss Roberts.

The series includes other texts of a miscellaneous nature. Three Luiseno texts from Adan Castillo contain interlinear English or Spanish translations. One is dated July 11, 1935. A short text which "Vic heard from Sot" contains linguistic and ethnographic data.

The beginning of a possible paper is titled "Southern Califor­nia Indian Legends for Children" and dated 1947 (former B.A.E. ms. 6053pt.). Some of the stories are in English only.

LUISENO MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

This file is a list of names of people to contact for Luiseiio information. Extracts from Sparkman's "Culture of the Luiseflo Indians" and Kroeber's "Handbook of the Indians ofCalifornia," without comments of any kind, were not filmed but are shelved with the Luiseno material.

JUANENO VOCABULARY

This very small section is limited to plant names elicited from Anastacia de Majel, with a few Luiseno equivalences fromJose Albaflez. There are

6. Cook (nicknamed "Moyvanim" by Juan Calac) and Harrington corre­sponded throughout the period 1934 to 1936.

----_....' ..... L

:-~ --- - -. - ._,.. ---.-­ ! 1

111/92 John Peabody Harrington

some incidental ethnographic observations and the field notes indicate that the work took place after July of 1933.

JUANENO LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

The first section of notes in this series was copied by Harrington and Marta J. Herrera from the notebooks of Father O'Sullivan. Not all the notes were dated nor were they all identified as to O'Sullivan's infor­mant. In addition, they show evidence ofseveral rearrangements which discourage attempts to impose a more systematic grouping. Sections of the notebook material were typed and others were handwritten by either Harrington or Herrera.

The linguistic content was reheard with Anastacia de Majel (former B.A.E. ms. 6058pt.). Eustaquio Lugo added someJuaneno and Luiseno terms.

A file of fieldwork with de Majel, which probably took place in 1933, resulted in substantial amounts of both linguistic and ethnogra­phic information, with some Luiseno input from Albanez.

The second major section of notes consists of a collection of data excerpted randomly from the O'Sullivan notebooks and Sanjuan Capistrano Mission records, recorded in English or Spanish only. The original material was dated from 1907 to 1932, but again dates and names of informants are frequently missing. The material is a mixture ofanecdotes, reminiscences, stories, folklore, hymns, ethnohistory, and related miscellany. An Indian woman, whose grandson is now con­nected with the mission and who knew O'Sullivan's informant Acu, believes that many of the stories are Luiseno rather than Juaneno. 7

Also included here are brief records of two trips made in the Sanjuan Capistrano area, both with Marcos Forster, Magdalena Mur­illo, and Father O'Sullivan. Harrington followed his usual procedure of naming sites, recording mileage, and making rough sketches. There are no linguistic annotations.

LUISENO AND JUANENO REHEARINGS OF SPARKMAN

Harrington and Herrera had copied the Sparkman data in 1932 at The Bancroft Library. Later, over 2,000 entries were typed or handwritten,

7. Correspondence, Norman Neuerburg to N.A.A., April 22, 1984. It was this woman who indicated that Acu had a reputation for making up stories.

Southern California / Basin 111/93

one to a large page, and filed in Sparkman's alphabetic order with each page numbered by Harrington. Most pages contain rehearings, but only two sections are dated, one in 1933 and another in 1936. The physical appearance of the material suggests that the "reheard" infor­mation actually represents excerpts and recopies from Harrington's earlier field work, especially that work related to Chinigchinich.

The papers have been arranged according to Harrington's numbers. Some large gaps exist in his pagination, particularly between pages 1 and 845. The first group is mainlyJuaneno data from Anastacia de Majel with only small amounts of Luiseno (numbers 1-845).

In early 1936, Harrington sent Sparkman material to his nephew, Arthur E. Harrington, who had renewed contact with de Majel in California for the purpose of making sound recordings with her. With encouragement and instructions from Harrington, Arthur tran­scribed her rehearings of Sparkman terms and returned the notes to Washington, where Harrington corrected and intefiled this new infor­mation (numbers 846 - 982). The material recorded by Arthur E. Har­rington is dated March 31, 1936 (former B.A.E. ms. 6055).

The next group of notes is a mixture of Luiseno from Jose Olivas Albanez, Victor Meza, Vicente Lugo, and Dolores Koolol (num­bers 1272 - 2153). There are no Juaneno terms recorded after the

letter "0." The final group may be the only one filed as originally re­

corded in the field. It is dated January 20, 1933, and is numbered 1590 - 1661. It contains rehearings of terms from Sparkman by Meza with Gabrielino and Serrano equivalences from Jesus Jauro.

DRAFTS AND NOTES FOR CHINIGCHINICH

This section contains an early, frequently revised typed draft and work­ing notes for Chinigchinich . . . arranged according to chapter num­bers in that publication. However, to identify and separate each group of notes, Harrington used the page numbers and excerpts from Robin­son's 1846 translation of Boscana's account (photostat in N.A.A.). These excerpts are the same as those used to introduce each numbered annotation on pages 101 - 228 in Chinigchinich (notes 1-255).

Although the legend of Chinigchinich is of Juaneno origin, Harrington's notes contain more Luiseno linguistic annotations than they do Juaneno. This might be explained by the preponderance of

i

' .... ~

Ii I I III / 94 John Peabody Harrington

Luisefio speakers in the San Juan Capistrano-San Luis Rey area. Jose Olivas Albafiez provided the bulk of the Luisefio translations, with input from at least another nineteen linguistic informants. Anastacia de Majel gave Juanefio equivalences.

All notes on one page were not necessarily written at the same

il time, as Harrington expanded and synthesized the vocabulary and

I ! orthography during innumerable working sessions. From them

emer~ed a potpourri of vocabulary, placenames, legends, and bio­1 I graphical, geographical, and archeological information.

Also among the papers are incomplete, initial drafts of trans­ii it II

lations of Boscana's account into Catalonian and literary Spanish by E. Vigo Mestres and into Luisefio by Albafiez. It was Harrington's unful­filled wish to include these in his book.8

Miscellaneous folders contain lists of informants and other

" pers,?ns, some placenames, copies of correspondence regarding the original manuscript, and other nonlinguistic and nonethnographic mis­cellany. Galleys and page proofs contain Harrington's corrections.

REHEARING OF NOTES USED FOR CHINIGCHINICH

The 1933 rehearings that Harrington initiated with Juanefio speaker Anastacia de Majel are arranged according to chapter numbers in Chin­igchinich. The new material includes information on material culture, names of persons, placenames, and more stories and anecdotes. Vocab­ulary and especially orthography were accorded detailed attention. Re­hearings of terms from DuBois are included. Some Luisefio equiva­lences from Jose Olivas Albanez, Victor Meza, and Bernardo Cuevas were interfiled.

Other rehearings not interfiled with the above took place with "Aa" (not further identified) and with Jose Juan Jauro (josej) in the "Castec dialect." There is a list of questions to be asked of the Gabrie­lino JesusJauro, who also spoke Luisefio and Serrano, and aJune 1934 rehearing with Cuevas.

A group of miscellaneous notes is labeled by Harrington as "not usable for Boscana," "Reject notes," or "Reask notes."

8. Chinigchinich ... , p. 98.

_________L

Southern California / Basin III/95

NOTES AND DRAFTS FOR A NEW ORIGINAL VERSION OF BOSCANA'S HISTORICAL ACCOUNT

In accordance with his plan to publish annotations to his translation of the newly discovered Boscana manuscript, Harrington continued his fieldwork among the Luisefio and Juanefio speakers into the fall of 1934. Many of the same informants contributed their expertise, partic­ularly Anastacia de Majel andJose Olivas Albafiez. Adan Castillo gave a number of Luisei'Jo and Cahuilla terms for the phonetic section. Har­rington worked from a numbered typescript of the original Spanish manuscript. This triple-spaced material is interfiled with related ethno­graphic and linguistic handwritten notes. A second complete typed copy of the Spanish manuscript is filed separately. There are various other numbering systems employed by Harrington, their continuity now broken and obscure, which probably represent different stages of his organizational procedure. The notes are arranged according to the fifteen chapter numbers in the 1934 published translation. In addition, there are typed first and second drafts of Harrington's English transla­tion, also arranged by chapter numbers. Harrington considered the work finished by March 1936, but even then he was uncertain whether

it would or could be published.9

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

LUlSENO

Aa. Jose Olivas Albanez (joez, Capt. Joe, Jose Orivas Albafias)

Albert Encarnaciona Calac (Sot. W.) Juan Sotelo Calac (SOlo, Escalac) Miguel Calac Bernardo Cuevas (Bern.) Francisco Cuevas (F., Fr., Frank) Salvador Cuevas Dolores Koolol (nephew of Bernardo Cuevas)

9. Correspondence, Letters Sent, Harrington to Arthur E. Harrington,

March 20, 1936.

\.;

;: ._._.­ - -'1 !

111/96 John Peabody Harrington

Lucario Eustaquio Lugo Joaquina Lugo Luisa Lugo Raymond Lugo Vicente Lugo Victor Meza (Vic., nephew ofJuan S. Calac) Micaela (Mic., Mike?, may be wife of Eustaquio Lugo) Ascenciona Mojado Vidal Mojado Rosario Olivares (Oliveras, Ros.) Joe Omish (joe, 0.) Maria Jesusa Omish (Mj., Mrs. 0.) Francisco Gonzales Qachaqach Bruno Sabanes Sco Maria Jesusa Sota (Mjs., Msoto) Cecilia Tortes (?) Wi. W. (Wife of Willie) Willie (Wi., Juan Beniito [sic] Calac?) Willie's aunt Feliz Verdugo (Feliz V.) Josefa Verdugo (jv.)

JUANENO

Anita (daughter of A. de Majel) Jose de la Gracia Cruz (Acu) Eustaquio Lugo Anastacia de Majel (Aj.) Micaela

CAHUILLA

Adan Castillo Pete Seuval

CHUMASH (BARp.ARENo)

Maria Vee Mary Vee's son (M. Y.'s son)

COSTANOAN (RuMsEN)

Isabelle Meadows (Iz.) CUPENO

Marcelino Cahuish (Marc.)

Southern California / Basin 111/97

Adan Castillo Francisco Laws (Laus) Marcelino (Marc.)

DIEGUENO

Celestin Ahuayo (Filistin) Santiago Cuero Rosendo Curo (Couro) Lorenza Espalete (Nejo's daughter) Angel Kwilp (Quilp, Cuilp, Kwirp) Isidro Nejo (Richard) Refugia Nejo (wife of Isidro) Jose Juan Paipa

GABRIELINO

Adan Castillo Jesus Jauro (Jes.) Jose Juan Jauro (josej) Felicita[s] Serrano Montano (Fe!.) Jose Maria Zalvidea (Z., Sa!., Sa., Jose, Guorojos, Gua., Jose

Verrujas) YOKUTS

Antonia Sanchez UNIDENTIFIED

Luz

Nonlinguistic Informants Tom Arviso Frank Bouchard Henry Cervantes (driver for Harrington) R. A. Dallugge Edward H. Davis (Ed) Juan de Dios Jose Doran (Duran, Dorem) Rafael Estrada Marcos Forster Mr. Grant Marta J. Herrera Carrie Higuera "Jim and Sue" Miss Kelly

,..

-------l.. .J..­

111/98 John Peabody Harrington

Sebastian Lechuza William Mattinger Mrs. McGee's mother William McGee Magdalena Murillo Juan Ramirez Edward Ray Sargemo Rodriguez Juan Romero Ramona Scott Terry E. Stephenson Sam Taylor Jose Dolores Wata Raymond Yorba (Raimundo)

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Walter S. Adams Mr. Aldrich M. C. Allyn EI Arzobispo-Obispo de Mallorca Mrs. Barnett Fred Bixby Lindley Bynum, Huntington Library George G. Cantwell, Los Angeles Museum C. F. Chaffee John A. Comstock Josephine Porter Cook (Moyvanim) Abel Doysie Samuel C. Evans Willis E. Everette Jessica L. Farnum Richard Gottleib R. Guerrero Fredolin Haass Mr. and Mrs. Hare Philip M. Hayden Mrs. J. W. Healey W. B. Herms Marta J. Herrera Howard R. Hill

Southern California / Basin 111/99

C. Leo Hitchcock James Hovey W. L.Jepson A. Johnson. Office of Indian Affairs Alfred H. Joy Lamus (George M. Lamsa?) Glenn Marr William R. Maxon, Smithsonian W. McFadden E. Vigo Mestres Dr. L. J. Muchmore. entomologist Mr. Murray J. H. Oldham Father St. John O'Sullivan. Mission San Juan Capistrano Everette Perry Mr. Polley Ch. de la Roncieny Oscar Rosenbaum Mrs. Thomas Russell S. F. Saunders (Sau.) R. Schevill Horace A. Scott M. R. Smith Edgerton Sprague Weston Sprague (son of Edgerton) Bonnie Templeton (Miss B. T.), Los Angeles Museum R. H. Tuttle Charles Van Fleet Richard Van Valkenburgh H. R. Wagner Arthur Woodward Lawrence Wroth

(See also pp. 92 - 93 of Harrington's Chinigchinich ... for additional names of persons whom he contacted.)

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

de Angulo, Jaime 1933 "The Chichimeko Language." InternationalJournal ofAmeri­

can Linguistics 7:3-4:152-194.

--------_...'.... ~

III / 100 John Peabody Harrington

Bailey, Florence A.

1921 Handbook of the Birds of the Western United States. (Rev. ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Bolton, Herbert Eugene

1930 Anz:a's California Expedition. 5 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Boscana, Father Geronimo

ca 1822ms Original manuscript R7473. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Britton, Nathaniel L., and I N. Rose

1919- The Cactaceae, Descriptions and Illustrations ofPlants of the 1923 Cactus Family. Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution

of Washington. Dawson, William L.

1923 The Birds of California . . . 4 vols. San Diego, Los Angeles, etc.: South Moulton Company.

DuBois, Constance Goddard

190 J "The Mythology of the Dieguefios."Journal ofAmerican Folk­Lore 14:54:181-185.

1906 "Mythology of the Mission Indians, I. San Luisefio Creation Myth." Journal ofAmerican Folk-Lore 19:73: 145 -164.

1908 "The Religion of the Luisefio Indians of Southern Califor­nia. " University ofCalifornia Publications in American Archaeol­ogy and Ethnology 8:3:69 - 108.

Essig, Edward O. 1931 A HistoryofEntymology. New York: The Macmillan Company.

Hoffman, Walter I, ed.

1885 "J. Hugo Ried's [sic] Account of the Indians of Los Angeles, Co., California . . ." Bulletin ofthe Essex Institute 17: 1- 3: 1 ­35.

James, George Wharton

1902 "A Soboba Origin-Myth." Journal of American Folk-Lore 15:56:36-39.

1903 "The Legend ofTauquitch and Algoot." Journal ofAmerican Folk-Lore 16:62:153-159.

Jepson, Willis

1923 A Manual ofthe Flowering Plants ofCalifornia. Berkeley: Asso­ciated Students Store.

K roeber, Alfred L.

1907 "Shoshonean Dialects of California." University of California

Southern California/ Basin Ill/IOI

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:3:65­165.

1909 .. Notes on the Shoshonean Dialects of California." University ofCalifornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:5:235-269.

1925 "Handbook of the Indians of California." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 78: entire issue.

O'Sullivan, St. John [?msJ [Unpublished notebooks. Repository unknown.]

Reid, Hugo See Hoffman, Walter J.

Robinson, Alfred 1846 Life in California . .. New York: Wiley & Putnam.

Sparkman, Philip Stedman 1899- ... The Luiseiw Language . .. The Bancroft Library,

1906ms Berkeley, California. 1908 "Culture of the Luisefio Indians." University of California

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:4: 187­234.

Strong, William Duncan 1927 "An Analysis of Southwestern Society." American Anthropolo­

gist n.s. 29: 1:1- 61. 1929 "Aboriginal Society in Southern California." University ofCal­

ifornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 26:1:1-358.

Tagliavini, Carlo 1930 "Frammento d'un Dizionarietto Luisefio-Spagnuolo Scritto

da un Indigeno." Proceedings ofthe Twenty-second International Congress ofAmericanists, 1928: 905-917.

Taylor, Alexander S. 1856ms San Luis Rey Indians. No. 10. The Indianology of California,

The Bancroft Library, Berkeley. Published in California Farmer, May 11, 1860. [Photostat in N.A.A.]

Teggart, FrederickI, ed. 1911 The Portoiti Expedition of1769-1770. Diary ofMiguel Costansd.

Berkeley: University of California Press. 1913 "The Anza Expedition ofl775-1776. Diary of Pedro FonL"

Publications of the Academy of Pacific Coast History 3: 1: 1­131.

----------'... ~

111/102 john Peabody Harrington

Van Denburgh, john

1922 The Reptiles oj Western North America " 2 vols. San Fran­cisco: California Academy of Sciences.

Waterman, T. T. 1910 "The Religious Practices of the Diegueflo Indians." University

ojCalifornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:6:271-358.

[See Chinigchinich ... Bibliography, pp. 230-244, for additional books, monographs, diaries, and dictionaries cited by Harrington in 1930.]

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,john P., annot. 1933 Chinigchinich: A Revised and Annotated Version ojAlfred Robin­

son's Translation oJFather Geronimo Boscana'sHistoricalAccount

oj the Belief, Usages, Customs and Extravagencies [sicJoj the In­dians oj This Mission ojSan Juan Capistrano called the Acagche­mem Tribe. Santa Ana: Fine Arts Press.

Harrington,John P., trans. 1934 "A New Original Version of Boscana's Historical Account of

the San juan Capistrano Indians of Southern California." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 92:4: 1-62, Publication 3255.

CROSS-REFERENCES

See forthcoming volume of "Photographs." There are related sound recordings in N .A.A. and at the Library of Congress and the National Archives. There are botanical specimens in N.A.A.

LUISENO/JUANENO

Reels 115 - 129 REEl. FRAMES

115 0001-0322 Luiseiio Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes [former B.A.E. ms. 6058pt.]

116 0001-0529 Luiseiio Vocabulary [former B.A.E. mss. 6017pt., 117

118

0001-0758j0001-0358

parts of 6053, 6058,6059]

6054, 6055, 6056, 6057,

111/103Southern California / Basin

Records oj Luiseiio Placename Trips and Interviews119 0001-0435

[former B.A.E. ms. 6055pt.]

0001-0671]120 Luiseiio Texts [former B.A. E. mss. 6053pt., 6059pt.] 121 0001-0336

Luiseiio Miscellaneous Notes

0452-0496 Juaneno Vocabulary 0:H7-0451

0497 -0792] Juaneiio Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes [former 122 0001-0755 B.A.E. ms. 6058pt.] 123 0001-0235

Luiseiio and juaneiio Rehearings ojSparkman [former0236-0647]

124 0001-0754 B.A.E. ms. 6055pt.]

125 0001-0950] 0001-1051 Drafts and NotesJor Chinigchinich 126

127 0001-0304

0305-0607] Rehearings ojNotes Used Jor Chinigchinich 128 0001-0293

Notes and DraJtsJor a new Original VersionoJBoscana's 0294 -0704]

129 0001-0824 Account

Cupeiio

One group of Harrington's field notes for Cupeflo consists of information elicited from Martin J. Blacktooth in Los Angeles, March

1915. Between August 1925 and February 1926, Harrington con­

ducted a number of field trips accompanied by speakers of various "Mission Indian" languages. The Cupeflo information was apparently obtained between October 5 and 15, 1925, contributed mainly by Fran­cisco Laws, Manuel Chuparosa, and Marcelino Cahuish. Other Cupeflo informants were Chuparosa's wife, juan Chutnikat, Bernardo Se­gundo, Victoria, joe Cales, Manuel Tortes, and Jack Mack. Harrington also recorded Diegueflo, Luiseflo, and Cahuilla linguistic and ethno­graphic information which was supplied by other members of his en­

tourage.

.,-':. ,.;, :",:,~, "f ,:'i,

_________......1... J.,...

111/104 John Peabody Harrington

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

The Martin Blacktooth vocabulary was arranged on slips in semantic order in Cupei'lo and English. One section lists names of objects of material culture in English only. A small number of slips contain infor­mation on phonetics and morphology.

Vocabulary from the 1925 placename trips in the Aguanga, Hemet, and Pala areas are found in notebooks and on loose pages. Other placenames identified were Coyote Canyon, Palm Canyon, and Torres. The four notebooks are in difficult-to-read rough form; three contain both Cupeno and Diegueno notes. (Those with Diegueno terms have been filmed again with other notes of that language.) The data recorded on loose pages consist of sketches and small amounts of local biography and ethnography conversation. (These materials contain former B.A.E. ms. 6062pt.)

TEXT

This series consists of a two-page typescript of the Migration Legend. The text is in English only.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

CUPENO

Martin]. Blacktooth (Mb) Marcelino Cahuish (Marc.) Joe Cales Manuel Chuparosa (Mc) Mrs. Manuel Chuparosa Juan Chutnikat (lc., Jt.) Teofilo Helm Francisco Laws (Laus) Johnny Mack [Mike?] Bernardo Segundo Manuel Tortes Victoria

CAHUILLA

Southern California I Basin 111/105

DIEGUENO (BAJA)

Feliciano Manteca Bartolo Prieto Juan Silva Teofilo Silva Luis Tambo

DIEGUENO (CAMPO)

Mrs. Coleman Manuel Cuevo Maria Nieves Julio Ortega Angel Kwilp (An., Quilp)

LUISENO

Teofilo Helm Juan Raz6n

Non linguistic Informants Mr. De Soto Marcos Forster Huelmas Miss Mason Edward Ray W. Y. Rowland William Taylor Mrs. Woodward

CUPENO

Reel I30 REEL FRAMES

130 0001-0710 Vocabulary and Grammar [former B.A.E. ms. 6062pt.]

0711-0712 Text

Chemehuevi

Juan Raz6n (Fig Tree John) Harrington's Chemehuevi notes fall into three general time Juanito Segundo spans. The earliest ones are dated 1910- 1911 and represent original~

------I .. J,....

... II

I I

Ii II IiI:

________i...

'·I~"";,,,',7" 'C_·; ,·····i"'?=·; ,,., .., ./". ""-"~'~i-: \~...,.-._

Ill/106 John Peabody Harrington

information from Jack Jones ("JJ," who also served as interpreter), George Johnson, and Ohue. Later information indicates that Johnson was known by anyone of three given names - George, Chemehuevi, or Indian, and with a stepson named Ben Paddock, he was occasionally called Johnson Paddock. Alfred L. Kroeber's "Shoshonean Dialects of California" and T. T. Waterman's "Religious Practices of the Die­guefio Indians" were frequently cited during this period as sources for Mohave and Dieguefio equivalences.

Work accomplished in 1919 and 1920 resulted in the most extensive section of Chemehuevi material. Harrington had been in California from August 1918 until the end of May 1919. He spentJune in Washington, D.C., and returned for fieldwork in southern California in July, August, and September. For most of that period Carobeth Tucker Harrington (referred to as "C." and probably "K." in the notes), who married Harrington in I 916, was accumulating original Chemehuevi data, principally from George Laird, Annie Laird, and Ben Paddock.

These original notes are the backbone of Harrington's Che­mehuevi material, which was copied, organized, and often reheard in Washington in 1920. At this time George Laird, who had accompanied the Harringtons to Washington, was living in their home. By September 1921, Carobeth had instituted divorce proceedings and she subse­quently married Laird.

The material described in the series on slipfile, grammar, and texts is based mainly on Carobeth Harrington's notes. The grammatical organization follows loosely the structure of Edward Sapir'S manuscript titled "Southern Paiute, an Illustrative Sketch" (B.A.E. ms. 1751).

In 1946, according to correspondence, Harrington initiated a search for surviving Chemehuevi speakers. Available replies indicate little success, although he apparently made contact with a number of them, possibly through informants who spoke other southern Califor­nia languages.

The notes are not extensive but were given by more than twenty linguistic and nonlinguistic informants. With these informants, Harrington apparently embarked on placename trips from Barstow to Needles, Searchlight, Nelson, and Las Vegas.

Other sources cited include Kroeber's "Handbook of the In­dians of California." Among a number of Sapir's publications were

~

J..­

-_.~~ ".,:i:';.."',".r.tJ(. ·I .. "e'j' ·.u, ...,~ "".,.

Southern California / Basin Ill/107

"Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, A Study in Uto-Aztekan, Parts I and II," "The Problem of Noun Incorporation in American Languages," and Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language. Harrington also drew upon his own store of notes, from which came occasional equivalences in Mohave, DiegueIio, Kitanemuk, and Serrano.

EARLY VOCABULARY

Vocabulary terms taken down in 1910 and 1911 were written on both slips and letter size pages. Several dated notes show sporadic work in March, April, MayandJune 1911. The tribenames category, assembled on slips, is the largest. Other categories are geographic terms, place­names, plants (mainly cacti), and shells as adornment. Among the tribe­names are a number of Mohave and Diegueno equivalences, as well as a good bit of Mohave ethnohistory, based on Kroeber (1907) and Water­man (1910). Certain notes indicate the availability and use of the records of Barbara Freire-Marreco, with whom Harrington later col­laborated on "Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians." Ohue,Johnson, and Jack Jones were the principal informants; others were identified only by the initials "k," "ka," and "l." "k" wasa male, "ka" may be Kate Fisher,

and "t" may be tuJiaka •

During this time span, Harrington accumulated notes for a proposed review of Waterman's "The Phonetic Elements ofthe North­ern Paiute Language," into which he put some of his recently acquired Chemehuevi phonetics.

FIELD NOTES OF CAROBETH TUCKER HARRINGTON

According to time records and financial reports, Carobeth Harrington worked with Ben Paddock between May 4 and 26, 1919, accumulating about 300 pages of notes. On certain days during that same time span, Ruby Eddy ,Jim Howell, and Hazel Fisher provided additional linguistic and ethnographic material. After a few days' work with Annie Laird that began on May 21 , Carobeth Harrington worked almost exclusively with George Laird until July 23, 1919, amassing over 1500 pages of linguistic and ethnographic data. Among these pages will also be found preliminary versions of some of the Chemehuevi texts described below. All of the notes are handwritten.

-:";'­

III/l08 John Peabody Harrington

SLIPFILE

This section is essentially John Harrington's rearrangement of Caro­beth Harrington's original field notes. In the first part are numbered copies, the numbers corresponding to the.page numbers of her original notes. Some copies were later removed to a semantically arranged slip­file. Occasionally other related linguistic information was interfiled with the numbered slips.

A further group of unnumbered slips represents random ex­cerpts from the field notes, typed excerpts from Ben Paddock's notes (marked "B" or "Ba"), a few additional notes in Carobeth Harrington's hand, and a few miscellaneous items.

The second part of the slipfile is semantically arranged. It commences with a grammatical section that is little more than an out­line. The topical vocabulary includes terms for cosmography, geogra­phy, age/sex, kinship, material culture, plants, animals, animal parts, and tribenames. There are smaller sections for minerals, names of places and persons, colors, religion, and history.

Cosmographical and geographic terms from Harrington's "Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians" were used as a basis for com­parison while he was in Santa Fe between July and September 1919. Some Ute tribenames, which had been reheard by Manuel Mondragon for Taos equivalences, were interfiled, as were occasional tribenames which had been given by Johnson in 19 I 0-191 I.

Most of the slips were assembled in Washington, D.C. in 1920. The attributions of interfiled information to "e" and "K" seem to refer to Carobeth Harrington.

GRAMMAR

Most of the grammatical notes were stored by Harrington in large, labelled envelopes which are in such deteriorating condition that the editors have transferred Harrington's labels to reel notes. The headings appear in quotation marks and they follow Harrington's designated order. The data are recorded on both slips and letter size sheets and include related excerpts from Carobeth Harrington's field notes, Ed­ward Sapir's "Illustrative Sketch," and from other secondary sources such as Kroeber (1907) and Waterman (19 II).

Most of the original information which is interfiled was pro­vided by George Laird in Santa Fe and in Washington. There are also

'..

~

~-

Southern California / Basin 111/109

excerpts from Ben Paddock, Ruby Eddy, and Harrington's Kitanemuk and Serrano informants.

The organizational pattern is loosely based on Sapir's manu­script, "Southern Paiute, An Illustrative Sketch." Excerpts from the manuscript were compared with information from Carobeth Harring­ton's field notes, notes on texts, and her unpublished Taos grammatical paper. Harrington made passing references to several sources dealing with the phonetics of non-Indian languages.

The material is divided into phonology and morphology sec­tions. The vowel and verb suffix categories also contain notes that may represent a brief, somewhat disjointed start on a grammatical paper. One section on nouns is in alphabetical order and contains insertions of related notes and equivalences. A "noun list" is credited to George Laird. Sections headed "Questionnaire" usually indicate lists of terms to be reheard.

Two sets of verb notes were also received in alphabetical order. The second set includes insertions of synonomous verbs.

Other morphological forms treated were postpositions, pro­nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. A miscellaneous section has lesser amounts of information on negation, reduplication, numerals, interjec­tions, and idioms. A final section of comparative secondary material includes bits of Ute and Paiute.

Notes and correspondence indicate that the Harringtons ac­cumulated, organized, and reorganized this material between March 1919 and November 1920.

SEMANTIC VOCABULARY

This brief, semantically arranged vocabulary in Harrington's hand contains only four categories-age/sex, kinship, material culture, and calendar. Much of the same material is contained in the slipfile.

TEXTS

According to introductory notes, this material was intended for publi­cation, possibly in the form of a primer. There were thirty-six texts (of which number thirty is missing) each with related notes. In most cases there are typed versions, interlinear translations, handwritten notes, and free English translations. Various texts were rewritten several times

"'~". ';.~'.~." ­

IIIIII0 John Peabody Harrington

and there is evidence of frequent orthographical and typographical experimentation aimed at achieving a correct and visually pleasing copy.

In addition to the thirty-six native texts, the material includes the Lord's Prayer, notes on songs, textIets, and folklore.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

This small section includes Chemehuevi names extracted from a June 30, 1918 census of the Mohave Indians of the Colorado River Agency; quotations for the proposed Chemehuevi publication from little-used secondary sources and interviews with colleagues; texts related to sketches; notes and questions to be reheard or clarified; and general linguistic and ethnographic miscellany. The notes are dated between 1920 and 1923.

A February 22, 1941 letter from Harrington's daughter, Awonawilona (Wonny), enclosed the first ofa proposed series ofarticles ofthe Chemehuevi Indians. The article mentions fieldwork undertaken in ] 934, a year Harrington spent in Washington. It probably repre­sents, therefore, work accomplished by Awona Harrington, possibly with the aid of her mother, Carobeth Harrington Laird. Notes in an unidentified handwriting list as informants Satania Lopez (Susie), Jer­ome Booth, George Snyder, and Mukewine.

LATER FIELD NOTES

The first part of the field notes recorded in 1946 consists ofa compara­tive vocabulary based on Harrington's Serrano information from Juan Lozada and on Edward Sapir's Paiute terms in "Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language." Lucy Mike (referred to as Mrs. Lucy and who also knew Walapai) and Luisa gave Chemehuevi equivalences.

Placenames were discussed with Murl Emery and other non­linguistic informants in the summer of 1946. Harrington may have started a placename trip by bus from Victorville to Needles, Search­light, and Nelson. Emery apparently lived on the Colorado River in the Nelson area. He and Harrington drove to Las Vegas and returned by boat. Places named were Lake Mead, Vegas Rancheria, the Black, El­dorado, and Painted canyons, Eldorado Range, Parker, Monolith, Te­hachapi, Catherine, Hardyville, Fort Mohave. Goffs. Piute. Essex, and the Providence Mountains.

------l ..

Southern California / Basin III I III

Tribenames taken from Kroeber (1925) and Sapir (1930) and from Harrington's own earlier Chemehuevi notes from Johnson. Ohue, and Patty Smith were reheard with Lucy Mike, Marie Chapula of Vic­torville, Luisa. William Mike. Louis Snyder. Stella of Vegas Rancheria (the niece of George Laird). and Marcelina Leon.

Short sections on personal names, agriculture. history, mate­rial culture, minerals, and mythology are more ethnographic and anec­

dotal than linguistic.

PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

CHEMEHEUVI

Asapasakam (Aspasukam) Jerome Booth Maria Chapule (Marie) Daisy Ruby Eddy Mr. Ferd Annie Fisher (Anna) (wife of George Snyder) Billy Fisher Dick Fisher Hazel Fisher Kate Fisher (Ka?) Henry Hall Paul Howell ItfierKuhomar (itf) (Mohave?) George Johnson (Chemehuevi Johnson, Indian Johnson,

Johnson Paddock) Jack Jones (JJ) Annie Laird George Laird (GI, G. L.) George Leon Marcelina Leon Harry Lewis Satania Lopez (Susie) Luisa Lucy Mike (Mrs. Lucy) William Mike (Mr. Mike)

tt

:':"'T.(' \' ,,;~.\

~

______

~

Ill/112 John Peabody Harrington

Mukewine nfortf (Tusk's wife) Ohue (William Osler) Ben Paddock (Ben, B., Ba.) Charley Pete John Pete Patty Smith Stella Smith George Snyder Louis M. Snyder Mrs. Sule tufiaka (Tusk?) Tusk (Toskido) (also Mohave)

GABRIELINO

Kewen KITANEMUK

I !: Angela Lozada

Juan Lozada Eugenia Mendez (Eug.) Angela Montes Magdalena Olivas (Magd.)

MOHAVE

George Johnson Harry Lewis William Mike

SERRANO

Willie Celaya (?) Manuel Santos

TAOS

Manuel Mondragon UTE

"Southern Ute at Ignacio"

Nonlinguistic Informants

Mr. and Mrs. Drake (Arthur H.) Mr. A. F. Duclos, Indian Agency superintendent Eliphalet M. Emery (Mr. Murl, Sr.) Mr. and Mrs. Murl Emery "The Older Mr. Howell" "Lady at the Tehachapi Studio"

.d ..

III /113Southern California / Basin

Langworthy Mr. Smith Mrs. Clarence Stay Miss Stewart Frank Wait Mrs. White

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Edward Brown Mrs. Chase F. V. Colville Mr. Milo Doud Awonawilona Harrington (Wonny) Carobeth Tucker Harrington (C., K. [?]) Junius Henderson

J. Truman Michelson Mrs. N. Mr. Searles Mr. Standly Tidestrom T. T. Waterman

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Boas, Franz 1911 "Handbook of American Indian Languages." BureauofAmer­

ican Ethnology Bulletin 40: entire issue.

Chamberlin, Ralph V. 1908 "Animal Names and Anatomical Terms of the Goshute In­

dians." Proceedings ofthe Academy ofNatural SciencesofPhiladel­

phia April:74-103. 1909 "Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians." American Anthropolo­

gist n.s. 11:1:27 -40. 1911 "The Ethnology of the Gosiute Indians of Utah." Memoirs of

the American Anthropological Association 2:5:329-405.

Chapman, Frank M., and Chester A. Reed 1903 Color Key to North American Birds. New York: Doubleday, Page

& Company.

..

;:--­

J..­

III /114 john Peabody Harrington

Coues, Elliott

1900 On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer . .. New York: Francis P. Harper.

Curtis, Edward S.

1908 The North American Indian, Vol. 2. Seattle: Published by Ed­ward S. Curtis.

DuBois, Constance Goddard

1908 "The Religion of the Luisefio Indians of Southern Califor­! ~ nia." University ofCalifornia Publications in American Archaeol­

ogy and Ethnology 8:3:69 - 186. Gifford, Edward Winslow

1917 "Tubatulabal and Kawaiisu Kinship Terms." University ofCal­

ifornia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 12:6:219 - 248.

Hodge, Frederick Webb

1907- "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau 19/0 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30.

james, George Wharton

1906 - The Wonders of the Colorado Desert (Southern California) 1907 '" Boston: Little. Brown, and Company.

K roeber, Alfred L.

1907 "Shoshonean Dialects of California." University of California

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:3:65­165.

1908a Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:2:29 - 68.

1908b "Notes on the Ute Language." American Anthropologist n.s. 10:1:74-87.

1908c "Origin Tradition of the Chemehuevi Indians." journal of American Folk-Lore 21 :81- 82:240 - 242.

1925 "Handbook ofthe Indians of California." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 78: entire issue.

Mason,). Alden

1917 "Tepecano. a Piman Language of Western Mexico." Annals of the New York Academy ofScience 25:309-416.

1920 "The Papago Harvest Festival." American Anthropologist n.s.22:1:13-25.

Michelson, Truman

1921 "Sacred Owl Pack." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 72: entire issue.

III/115Southern California / Basin

Powell, }ohn Wesley 1873ms Las Vegas Vocabulary, Salt Lake City . .. and Las Vegas Valley.

Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 1493, National Anthro­

pological Ar.chives. Record ofAmerican Folk-lore

1904 "Guaikuran." }ournal ofAmerican Folk-Lore 17:67:292.

Sapir, Edward n.d.ms. Southern Paiute, An Illustrative Sketch. Bureau of American

Ethnology ms. 1751, National Anthropological Archives. 19/0 "Song Recitative in Paiute Mythology." }ournal ofAmerican

Folk-Lore 23:90:455 - 472. 1911 "The Problem of Noun Incorporation in American Lan­

guages." American Anthropologist n.s. 13:2:250 - 282. 1913a "A Note on Reciprocal Terms of Relationship in America."

American Anthropologist n.s. 15: I: 135. 1913b "Southern Paiute and Nahuatl: A Study in Uto-Aztekan, Part

I." }ournal de la Sociite des Amiricanistesde Paris 10:379-425. 1915a "... Noun Reduplication in Comox, a Salish Language of

Vancouver Island." Canada. Geological Survey. Memoi;' 63, An­

thropological Series 6: I - 53. 1915b "... A Sketch of the Social Organization of the Nass River

Indians." Canada. Geological Survey. Museum Bulletin No. 19.

Anthropological Series No.7: entire issue. 1919 "Southern Paiute and Nahuatl: A Study in Uto-Aztekan, Part

II."}ournal de la Sociitedes Amiricanistesde Paris II :443 - 488. (Part II was also published in 1915 in two installments in American Anthropologist n.s. 17:1:98-120 and 17:2:306­

328.) 1930 "Southern Paiute, A Shoshonean Language." Proceedings of

the American Academy ofArts and Sciences 65: I: 1-730.

Waterman, T. T. 1910 "The Religious Practices of the Dieguefio Indians." University

of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnol­

ogy 8:6:271 - 358. 19 I 1 "The Phonetic Elements of the Northern Paiute Language."

University of California Publications in American Archaeology

and Ethnology 10:2: 13 - 44.

Whipple, A. E. 1854 Report Upon the Indian Tribes . .. Explorations and Surveys

for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River to the ft

---------_.....'... ~

III 1116 John Peabody Harrington

Ocean . .. ("Vocabularies of the North American Lan­guages, pp. 54 - 103.") [No further publication data.]

CROSS-REFERENCES

See forthcoming volume of "Photographs." There are related botani­cal specimens in N.A.A.

CHEMEHUEVI

Reels 131 - 147

.. III,I;L FR:\.HH

13J 0001-0649 Early Vocabulary J32 0001-1006 Field Notes ofCarobeth Tucker Harrington 133 0001-0959 ] 134 000J-0714 Slipj1le 135 0001-0571

136 0001-0798

137 0001-1005

138 0001-0785

139 0001-0674

140 0001-1228 I G rammar

141 0001- 1092

142 0001-0986

143 0001-0929

144 0001-0926

145 0001-0516

146 0001-0116 Semantic Vocabulary

147

0117 - 1006]

0001-0378 Texts

0379-0518 Miscellaneous Notes 0519-0963 Later Field Notes

Mohave

"This is the first Indian language I ever recorded-June (?), 1907. Informant a young Mohave woman at Needles." So wrote twenty-three-year old John Harrington in the Corner of a page from a

~

Southern California / Basin III/117

Mohave field notebook. While teaching modern languages at Santa Ana High School in California between 1906 and 1909, he spent vaca­tions studying Mohave and Yuma in Needles and Yuma, California. In 1908, he published "A Yuma Account of Origins" in the Journal of

American Folk-Lore. From 1909 until 1915, when he joined the Bureau of Ameri­

can Ethnology, Harrington held various positions with the Museulll of the University of New Mexico and the School of American Archacol­ogy, based mainly in Santa Fe. Along with work in other indigcl\ous languages and cultures, he pursued his Mohave studies in Lincolnia. Cottonia, Needles, and Fort Mohave. The focus was on Mohave with ethnographic references to Yuma, Maricopa, Cocopa, Havasupai, and Walapai. During the spring and fall semesters of 1910 and again in the fall of 1911, Harrington presented courses on the Indians of the South­west, including southern California, at the University of Colorado in

Boulder. Under the auspices ofthe Bureau of American Ethnology, the

School of American Archaeology, and the University of Colorado, he was ethnologist for a Mohave Valley expedition undertaken in March and April 1911, in conjunction with Junius Henderson and W. W. Robbins. Henderson identified the botanical life of the Mohave Valley

and Robbins the zoological. According to field notes and reports, the years 1910 and 1911

were the most productive ones for this first period of accumulation of Mohave data. "Phonetic Elements of the Diegueno Language," pub­lished in 1914 in conjunction with A. L. Kroeber, treated the subject of comparative Diegueno and Mohave terms. In 1915, Harrington read a paper on "Cultural Destruction Among the Mohave" before the Ar­

chaeological Institute in San Diego. Harrington contacted a host of local informants. Many of

them spoke both Mohave and Chemehuevi, resulting in numerous com­parative references. Among the many Mohave speakers, Lee Irving (abbreviated L. I.), Mr. Edgar (Rev. Edgar), Ferd Wagner (Mr. Ferd), and Peter Dean (Peter) contributed substantially. Harrington identified Wagner as his chief informant in 1907. Edward H. Davis accompanied him on various placename trips and apparently advised him on the collection ofartifacts. Financial records indicate that he spent about six weeks in Needles in late spring, 1914, collecting objects for the Pan­

ama-California Exposition.

___.......ll ..

~

;;

III/118 John Peabody Harrington

Although most of the material stems from original fieldwork, Harrington consulted, mainly for comparative purposes, the works of Alfred L. Kroeber, Frederick Webb Hodge, A. S. Gatschet, Edward Curtis, Elliott Coues, and T. T. Waterman.

A second period of endeavor commenced in 1946 with new recordings from informants Hal Davidson (Hal), Mr. and Mrs. Henry Lewis, George Turner, and Russell. Returning from the field to Wash­ington, D.C., in 1947, Harrington compiled a variety ofnotes on histor­ical events and interfiled some of his earlier material. The physical arrangement indicates an interest in drafting a paper on Mohave cul­ture, more ethnographic than linguistic.

Information from a number of published sources was appar­ently assembled for mnemonic purposes rather than as a basis for lin­guistic rehearings or equivalences.

EARLY LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

Harrington sorted this group of notes into more than eighty categories, some with several subcategories, covering a broad spectrum of Mohave culture from mundane daily practices to mythological and religious

!' beliefs. The variety of content and order of arrangement are encyclo­pedic. Most of the material is original data from numerous informantsIi among whom were Mr. Edgar, Joe Homer, Lee Irving, Ferd Wagner, Young Bird (also referred to as Youngbird or Mr. Bird), Pete Lambert, William Roberts (Washerman Bill), and Peter Dean.

Animal and plant categories are not included in the encyclo­pedic arrangement. Notes on these topics stem from the Mohave Valley Expedition made with Henderson and Robbins. A typescript of Hen­derson's report precedes the botanical notes and one by Robbins pre­cedes the zoological notes.

This material was found in envelopes on which Harrington wrote out each category, but the stage ofdeterioration was such that his designated classifications have been transferred by the editors to reel notes. The reel notes are in quotation marks and they precede each category.

There were attempts to rehear material from sketchy vocabu­laries recorded by those members of very early explorations making first contact with indigenous languages. In general, however, Harring­ton relied on Kroeber, Hodge, Gatschet, Waterman, Curtis, and Coues for secondary source information.

III/119Southern California / Basin

SEMANTIC SLIPFILE Data from the original field notes were rewritten on slips which Har­rington arranged in thirteen semantic divisions. Some new information provided by Lee Irving and Ferd Wagner was inserted. Material rela­tive to other Yuman tribes is included and almost all categories contain some inextricably interwoven Chemehuevi data which were originally provided by Chemehuevi informants Jack Jones, John Pete, William Johnson, and Patty Smith. In most instances, the Chemehuevi equiva­lences are clearly marked. Information on kinship is relatively substan­tial and has been filmed together with the original kinship notes, fol­lowed by kinship charts. The latter were drawn up by Harrington on extra-large, poor quality paper and have had to be filmed in sections.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTEBOOKS

There are two Mohave notebooks. One contains vocabulary and texts credited to "Mr. Edgar, Needles, CaL" A few local addresses are listed. The other is a packet ofloose pages evidently removed from a notebook covering random linguistic and ethnographic data. Harrington also listed expenses which he incurred between May 22 and 29, 1911.

GRAMMATICAL NOTES AND SLIPFILE A small set of notes is only a tentative start on a grammar. Harrington arranged raw information under such headings as language, phonol­ogy, and morphology. Some notes apparently were taken as early as

1907 and were transferred to slips in 1910 and 1911. Much of the slipfile is in multiple copies, presumably intended

for grammatical or lexical purposes. Some copies are in numerical order, with gaps in enumeration. Others are grouped by a capital letter plus a number and stil1 others are unnumbered. Explanatory reel notes have been inserted wherever a reason has been discovered for the

indexing system.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON YUMAN LANGUAGES

Yuma, Cocopa, and Walapai field notebooks are contained in this sec­tion. They are principally ethnographic and are difficult to reac\.

• _____h... ----------~.

III/120 John Peabody Harrington

Unrelated small groups of notes include Mohave, Yuma, Maricopa, Havasupai, and Walapai ethnographic data, probably pro­vided by Joe Homer.

There are lecture notes and students' papers probably ema­nating from one ofthe courses which Harrington gave at the University of Colorado.

Three small groups ofslips include a list ofYuman clan names and a series of excerpts from a Yuman notebook ")I{" which has not been located. The third is a copy of some Yavapai terms supplied by Barbara Freire-Marreco.

LATE LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

This set of notes, which Harrington designated "Main File" and ar­ranged topically, appears to be the first draft ofa manuscript on Mohave culture. There are thirteen sections, many with three to eight subsec­tions. Such subjects as sociology, religion and mythology, physical and mental characteristics, the Mohave universe, warfare, and design are covered. A variety of notes on historical events and on the geographic, political, and economic life of the Needles area was compiled from published sources and correspondence with the Bureau of Indian Af­fairs and with Indian Agency superintendents. The focus is on Mohave with some general Yuman references.

Tribenames, although a part of this "Main File," were treated more comprehensively in a separate section, possibly as an initial draft for still another paper. A typescript was based on these notes. (See also tribename data in the early notes and in the series' 'General and Miscel­laneous Materials.")

The material has evidently undergone several reorganiza­tions and notes from informants of the earlier period are interfiled. New linguistic and ethnographic information was supplied principally by Hal Davidson, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lewis, and Russell. Comparative terms appear in Yuma, Maricopa, Chemehuevi, and Paiute. Those notes which contained page numbers were no longer in numerical order after Harrington reworked them, and they are spread at random among the data.

Kroeber apparently lent Harrington some of his personal manuscripts, and information from this source is introduced as "Kr. notes." Correspondence with Charles Battye and excerpts from his

I" L­

III/121Southern California / Basin

scrapbooks in the possession of the Needles Public Library are also

contained among these notes.

NOTES AND DRAFTS ON MATERIAL CULTURE

This section is arranged alphabetically and is predominantly ethnogra­phic. Except in the pottery category, there is little effort toward a substantive linguistic treatment. Notes came from the earlier period and such 1946 informants as Davidson and the Lewises. George Turner contributed numerous placenames. A typescript is drawn from the

notes.

NOTES AND DRAFTS ON TRIBENAMES

These notes from both the early and late periods may have been gath­ered by Harrington into one section preparatory to writing a separate paper on ''Tribal Names." They represent an attempt to identify ethnic names applied to Yuman and some neighboring non-Yuman tribes. Some of the Mohave names may have been given by bilingual Cheme­huevi informants inJuly 1946, when Harrington and Murl Emery trav­eled the Colorado River-Mohave Valley area. A brief typescript follows

the notes.

SEMANTICALLY ARRANGED NOTES

These are apparently notes on categories not incorporated into the "Main File" and for which there is no typescript. There are small amounts of data on minerals, pigments, fire, plants, animals, hunting,

food, and medicine.

LATE GRAMMATICAL NOTES

Harrington evidently intended to incorporate a grammatical section into the main Mohave paper. The notes are minimal, originating mainly from Russell, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis, and Warren McCord. He based some hearings on Kroeber's (1911) "Phonetic Elements of the Mohave Lan­guage" and Sapir's (1930) "Southern Paiute Language." He also drew on A. M. Halpern's (1946 and 1947) six monographs on Yuma gram­mar published in the InternationalJournal ofAmerican Linguistics. In the

~.".' .. ", ~,:...~~

III/122 John Peabody Harrington

mid-1950s he again turned to Halpern and produced a small section of comparative Yuman terms.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

Contained among these notes are two drafts, one .on Mohave history and culture, which Harrington evidently attempted to organize in the early to mid-1950s, and the second a brief appraisal of the Kuchan vocabulary of George H. Thomas.

A group of discrete notes includes the following: unsorted notes which Harrington designated as "Things to follow up ... ," a Mohave poem by Harrington, random comments on Mohave written in the 1920s, information on informants contacted both in the early and later periods, bibliography for both periods, and correspondence.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Linguistic Informants

MOHAVE

Amaim Marik chu hwema HalO. Davidson (Hal) Peter Dean Mr. Edgar (Rev. Edgar) Joe Homer Lee Irving (L. I.) Simon Jackson Bert Kumpton •Pete Lam bert

Donald Lewis (brother of Harry Lewis) Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lewis Mastamho Warren McCord Nina

William Roberts (Washerman Bill) Russell Mrs. Russell Sakaraba

III/123Southern California I Basin

George Turner "Two Young Men" Ferd Wagner (Mr. Ferd) Lute Wilson Young Bird (Youngbird, Mr. Bird)

CHEMEHUEVI

Aspasakam (Aspasukam) Maria Chapule (Marie) Dick Fisher itfierkuhomar (itf) George Johnson (Johnson) Jack Jones (J.J.) George Laird Donald Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lewis Luisa Lucy Mike (Lucy) William Mike (Mike) William Osler (Ohue) Ben Paddock Charley Pete John Pete Patty Smith Stella Smith Louis Snyder Toskido Mrs. Toskido (Nfortf)

NORTHERN SHOSHONI

William Ottogary TEWA

Ignacio Aguilar MULTILINGUAL

Adan Castillo

Nonlinguistic Informants Arthur H. Drake Mrs. Drake (Mrs. Dr.) George Huth

., ~,- ;.'

L ­

111/124 John Peabody Harrington

Jim McDonald Topak Topak's wife

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Charles Battye (Batteye) C. C. Benson Troy J. Butler Cecil C. Cope Edward H. Davis Mrs. Davis

Milo Doud and brother A. F. Duclos Francis Elmore Eliphalet M. Emery Murl Emery C. H. Gensler Junius Henderson Hulda Hobbs Dr. Walter Hough Paul V. Howell Fred Kelly Mrs. Kuffer William Kurath Dr. Landes Leonard H. B. Lewis Paul Lewis Mr. E. Lincoln J. Alden Mason Hiram McCord (Warren?) Lucy Mike W. W. Robbins Geraldine Smith Edward H. Spicer Bradley R. Stuart J. S. Templin Jack Thwacke Frank Wait

W. O. Wrather (spelling uncertain)

.\'·olllh,'rn California/ Basin Ill/125

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

A111'I"Kott, .1lexander J<}J(} l~conomicHistoryofthe Valley ofthe Mohaves. Unpublished Mas­

ter's Thesis, University of Southern California. Barrows, David Prescott

Jl.)()() The Ethno-Botanyofthe Coahuilla Indians ofSouthern California.

Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Bolton, Herbert E.

1Y3U Anza's California Expedition. 5 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Brinton, Daniel G. 1890 Essays ofan Americanist. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates.

Corbusier, William C. 1885ms Mohave or Hamokaba Vocabulary, Fort Mohave. Bureau of

American Ethnology ms. 2071, National Anthropological Archives.

Coues, Elliott J900 On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer . . . Vol. 1. New York:

Francis P. Harper. Culin, Steward

1907 "Games of the North American Indians." Annual Report ofthe Bureau of American Ethnology for 1902 -1903: entire issue.

Curtis, Edward S. 1908 The North American Indian, Vol. 2. Seattle: Published by Ed­

ward S. Curtis. Drucker, Philip

1941 Yuman-Piman. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Cali­fornia Press.

Forde, C. Daryll 1931 "Ethnography of the Yuma Indians." University ofCalifornia

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 28:4:83­278.

Fremont,john C. 1845 Report on the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the

Year 1842 and to Oregon and North California in the Years 1843-44 ... Washington,D.C.:BlairandRivers,Printers.

Gatschet, Albert S. 1877- Der Yuma Sprachstamm. Rept.: Zeitscriftfiir Ethnologie. Berlin:

1886 Weigant, Hempel u. Parey.

_----__1It- • L

:.

111/126 John Peabody Herrington

Gifford, Edward Winslow

1922 "Californian Kinship Terminologies." University ofCalifornia

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 18: 1: 1­285.

1931 "The Kamia of Imperial Valley." Bureau ofAmerican Ethno­logy Bulletin 97: entire issue.

1932 "The Southwestern Yavapai." University ofCalifornia Publica­

tions in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:3: 177 - 252. 1936 "Northeastern and Western Yavapai." University ofCalifornia

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:4:247­354.

Halpern, A. M.

1946a "Yuma I." International Journal 12:1:25-33.

of American Linguistics

1946b "Yuma II." International Journal 12:3:147-151.

of American Linguistics

1946c "Yuma 111." International Journal 12:4:204-212.

of American Linguistics

1947a "Yuma IV." 13:1:18-30.

International Journal of American Linguistics

1947b "Yuma V." International Journal 13:2:92-107.

of American Linguistics

1947c "Yuma VI." International Journal of American

13:3: 147 - 166. [Handwritten extracts from premonographs in N.A.A.]

Linguistics

ceding six

Hewitt, j. N. B.

1898 "Comparative Lexicology." Seventeenth Annual Report of the

Bureau of American Ethnology for 1895-96. Part I: 299­344.

Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed.

1907 - "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau 1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue.

Hrdliika, Ales

1905 "Maricopa Weaving." American Anthropologist n.s. 7: 1:361. 1906 "Contributions to the Physical Anthropology of Califor­

nia . . ." University of California Publications in American A r­chaeologyand Ethnology 4:2:49-64.

James, George Wharton

1906- The Wonders of the Colorado Desert ... Vols. 1 and 2.lfos­1907 ton: Little, Brown, and Company.

111/127Southern California / Basin

Kroeber, Alfred L. 1902 "Preliminary Sketch of the Mohave Indians." American An­

thropologist n.s. 4:2:276 - 285. 1907 "Shoshonean Dialects of California." University of California

Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:3:65­

165. 1908 "Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians." University of Califor­

nia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:2:29 -

68. 1911 "Phonetic Elements of the Mohave Language." University of

California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology

10:1:45-96. 1917 "California Kinship Systems." University ofCalifornia Publica­

tions in American Archaeology and Ethnology 12:9:339- 396. 1920 "Yuman Tribes of the Lower Colorado." University ofCalifor­

nia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology

16:8:475-485. 1925 "Handbook of the Indians of California." Bureau ofAmerican

Ethnology Bulletin 78: entire issue. 1943 "Classification of the Yuman Language." University ofCalifor­

nia Publications in Linguistics 1:3:21-40.

Kroeber, Henriette 1908 "Pima Tales." American Anthropologist n.s. 10:2:231- 235.

MacDougal, Daniel Trembly 1908 Botanical Features of North American Deserts. Washington,

D.C.: Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Mearns, Edgar A. 1907 "Mammals of the Mexican Boundary of the United States.

Part I." Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum

Bulletin 56: entire issue.

Rose,]. N. 1899 "Notes on Useful Plants of Mexico." Contributionsfrom U. S.

National Herbarium. V. S. Department ofAgriculture, Division of

Botany, Washington 5:4:209-259.

Sapir, Edward 1930 "Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language." Proceedings of

the Academy of Arts and Sciences 65: I: 1- 296.

Spier, Leslie 1933 Yuman Tribes of the Gila River. Chicago: The University of

Chicago Press.

.••>,

III 1129

157 0001-0717] Semantic Slipfile 158 0001-0808

159 0001-0386 Linguistic and Ethnographic Notebooks

0387 -0540] Grammatical Notes and Slipfile

160 0001-0519

161 0001-0354 Miscellaneous Notes on Yuman Languages 162 000< -0807] 163 0001-0972 Late Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes

164 0001-0852

165 0001-0604] Notes and Drafts on Material Culture

166 0001-0882

167 0001-0383 Notes and Drafts on Tribenames 0384-0812 Semantically Arranged Notes

168 0001-0244 Late Grammatical Notes 0245:"0423 Miscellaneous Notes

Southern California / Basin

Dated field notes and reports indicate that Harrington col­lected Diegueno material at intervals between ] 913 and ]933. The records have been subdivided somewhat arbitrarily into U.S. and Baja groupings with a different set of informants in each area. Several dia­lects are mentioned but in general those in the Campo area refer to the U.S. Diegueno and those in the La Huerta area are Baja Diegueno.

To accumulate the data, Harrington used the placename trip method. Accompanied by several informants, he rode through the coastal areas between San Diego and the Mexican border, and from the border as far south as Guerrero Negro. Along the way he conducted "interviews" with numerous inhabitants; these were mainly conversa­tions resulting in a page or two of notes. Except for a section of slips extracted from his notes and later reheard, and an account of Angel Quilpe (also referred to as An., Quilp, Quirp, Kwirp) building a house,

Diegueiio (U.S. and Baja)

of Anthropology Harrington in

john Peabody Harrington III/128

1953 "Some Observations on Mohave Clans." Southwestern}ournal ofAnthropology 9:9:324 - 342. [Handwritten excerpts by Har­rington in N.A.A.]

Stewart, Kenneth M.

1947 "Mohave Warfare." Southwestern journal

3:3:257 - 278. [Handwritten excerpts by N.A.A.]

Waterman, T. T.

1910 "The Religious Practices of the Diegueno Indians." University ofCaliforn ia Publications in American A rchaeology and Ethnology8:6:27] ­ 358.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON Harrington,john P.

1908 "A Yuma Account of Origins." journal ofAmerican Folk-Lore 2] :82:324 - 348.

1929 "The Mojave." El Palacio 27: 1 - 7:] 6 - ]9. [Reprinted from a lecture.]

Kroeber, Alfred L., and}ohn P. Harrington

1914b "Phonetic Elements of the Diegueno Language." University of

California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 11:2:] 77 -] 88. [A comparison of Diegueno and Mohave.]

CROSS-REFERENCES

See forthcoming volume of "Photographs." There are related botani­cal specimens in N.A.A.

--;--~----.-.--::::.-

"--tf"­

MOHAVE

Reels 148-168 REEL FRAMES

148 0001-1077

149 0001-0856

150 0001 -0806

151 0001-0671

152 0001-0526

153 0001 -0840

154 0001-0623

155 0001-0709

156 0001 -0571

Early Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes

Harrington's Diegueno material remains a potpourri of linguistic and

a ethnographic data as originally recorded in the field. In collaboration with Alfred L. Kroeber, Harrington pub­

lished "Phonetic Elements ofthe Diegueno Language" in] 914. Healso

L

.'.-,..."".

Ill/130 John Peabody Harrington

recounted Angel Quilpe's house building in "Researches on the Ar­cheology of Southern California" in 1926.

SEMANTIC SLIPFILE (U.S.)

Harrington organized a brief set of slips into seven semantic categories. Some notes are dated 1913. Isidro Nejo provided both linguistic and ethnographic information and Edward H. Davis added some ethno­graphic comments. Financial records indicate that Harrington paid Nejo for information in early 1926. He also traveled from Santa Bar­bara to the Mesa Grande area on December 4, 1927, and paid Nejo and his wife for further information the next day. There are two sets of duplicate slips, only one of which has been filmed.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES (U.S.)

The largest set of original field notes is the result of work undertaken between August and September 1925, and in December 1927. Most were accumulated in the course of travels about the Mesa Grande and Santa Isabel areas and relate predominantly to placenames. Rough sketch maps accompany some of the notes.

Harrington was accompanied at various times by Angel Quilpe, Marcelino Cahuish (a Cupeno), Edward Ray, Miss Woodward, Julio Ortega, and Edward Davis. Along the way he interviewed numer­ous informants and recorded ethnographic as well as linguistic material. Other prominent informants were Maria Nieves (referred to as Nieves), Frank Wilson, Jose la Luz, Isidro Nejo, Rosendo Couro, William Cole­man, Jim Cuero, and Maria Alto. Sites mentioned include Ramona, Pauma, Palm Canyon, Warner Springs, Culp Valley, Matajuay, Escon­dido, and Campo. Miscellaneous notes include bits of information on informants and other persons, and a bibliography of Diegueno vocabu­laries.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES (BAJA)

The Baja section is organized and was recorded in much the same manner as the U.S. section. Dated material reveals that work was car­ried on in 1925, 1926, and 1932. One date (September 1928) is confus­

III/131Southern California / Basin

ing as no other records indicate Harrington's presence in Baja Califor­nia during that year. The principal informants were Feliciano Manteca, Bartelo Prieto, and Luis Tambo, Prieto's son-in-law. Prieto also re­

heard some of Manteca's terms. The content relates to placenames, with sketch maps and ran­

dom data on names of persons and tribes interspersed. General ethno­graphic material offered along the routes traveled is also included. Harrington and his informants passed through Tijuana, La Huerta, Ensenada, Tecate, and numerous small villages and ranchos. A note­book containing placenames and some vocabulary was recorded by Harrington's guide, Teofilo Guadalupe Silvas, who lived in the Ensen­

ada area.

NOTEBOOKS (U.S. and BAJA) These small notebooks in Harrington's hand contain additional Die­gueno data, which were obtained in both Baja and the U.S.; the Baja data are more extensive. The notes are sketchy, consisting mainly of references to people and places as far south as Guerrero Negro. There are some Cupeno words and phrases. Filmed along with these note­books are three others that have also been filmed with the main body of Cupeno material. They include a sufficient intermix of both languages to warrant this refilming. The notebooks are shelved in the Cupeflo

section in the N.A.A.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

DIEGUENO (u.s.) Maria Alto William Coleman Rosendo Couro (Curo) Domingo Cuero Jim Cuero (Jim) Kwilkwat Cuero Manuel Cuero and twO sons (M. C.)

Felipe Duro Maria Duro

L

k

Alfred Wilson Frank A. Wilson "Woman at Rincon Store"

DIEGUENO (BAJA)

Edward H. Davis Francisca Duartes

._-~~==4l~=

III/132

Maria Ignacia GuachefJo (My?) Hellem

Julian Jose la Luz J. J. Martinez La Posta Jim Me Isidro Nejo

Refugia Nejo (wife of Isidro) Maria Nieves (Nieves) Julio Ortega and wife (J. 0.) Capt. Larkin Osway and wife Angel QUilpe (An., QUilp, Quirp, Kwirp) Josefa Tamp

DIEGUENO (BAJA)

Jesus Marfa Acosta Capt. (at La Huerta) Carmen

Emiliano Carrizales William Coleman Mrs. Contreras Gen

Francisco Gonzales (the LuisefJo of the same name?) Guillermo

Leonard [Arsi?J (Leon) Policarpio Machado "The other Machado" Feliciano Manteca Jose Manteca Carmen Melendrez Jose de Oro Maria Jesus de Oro Teofilo Pa (Teo) Pacencio

Jose Payon (Payonera) Petra Petrocinia Bartolo Prieto

Maria Prieto (wife of Bartolo)

'h _

John Peabody Harrington Southern California / Basin

Rita Rosario Ramona Sais J. Silva Teofilo Guadalupe Silvas Luis Tambo (Priet's son-in-law) "32-year-old Mexican" Vicenta (Cocopa?)

CUPENO

Marcelino Cahuish (Marc.) Manuel Chuparosa Francisco Laus

GABRIELINO

Jesus Jauro JUANENO

Jose Dorem Victor Mesa (Meza?)

LUISENO

Francisco Gonzales Qachaqach (Frank)

Nonlinguistic Informants

DIEGUENO (u.s.) Mr. Beatty Edward H. Davis Dr. Hildreth

J. E. Mrs. J. J. Martinez William McGee Mrs. Hilario Mesa Ida May Russell S. L. Taylor Francisco Til (Francisco Mario) Mr. Whitman

111/133

III/134 john Peabody Harrington

Newt House

Jefe (also Paipai linguistic informant?) Hattie H. Hamilton Roque Lopez Tuperena Logarda Cristobel McAleer North Ricardo Roche

Mr. June (?) Smith and brother

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Mr. Beckett Mr. A. Beyer Mrs. Fred Etchererry Marta J. Herrera Edward Ray Miss Woodward Professor Wright

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Bancroft, Hubert Howe

1886 The Works . . . History of California. Vol. 1. San Francisco: The History Company, Publishers.

Hill, Joseph j.

1927 The History of Warner's Ranch and Its Environs . .. with a

Preface b)1 Herbert E. Bolton . .. Los Angeles: Priv. Print. (... Printed for John Treanor ... by Young and McCal­lister, of Los Angeles ...)

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON Harrington,john P.

1910f "Review of'The Religious Practices of the Diegueno Indians' by T. T. Waterman." American Anthropologistn.s. 12:2:329­335.

1926b "Researches on the Archeology of Southern California." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 78: I: I 06 - I I I.

Kroeber, A. L., and john P. Harrington

1914b "Phonetic Elements of the Diegueno Language." Universit)1 of

Southern California / Basin 111/135

California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology

11:2:177-188.

.CROSS-REFERENCES

See also forthcoming volume of "Photographs." There are related sound recordings in N.A.A.

DIEGUENO (U.S. AND BAJA)

Reels 169-170 RFI'L FRAMES

169 0001-0064 Semantic Slipfile (US.) 0065-0568 Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes (US.)

170 0001 -0340 Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes (Baja)

0341-0777 Notebooks (US. and Baja)

Paipai / Kiliwa

None of Harrington's material for the Paipai and Kiliwa lan­guages is dated. Harrington recorded the date of informant Petra Mar­ron's birth as 1838, however, so it is reasonable to assume that the fieldwork took place during one of the 1925 placename trips into Baja California. Kiliwa (abbreviated Kil. or K.), Paipai (Paj.), and such dia­lects as "Domingueno" (D.), "Rosareno," "Telmeno," and another introduced with the letter "Q" (possibly Quajil) are identified most frequently.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

Interviews with Kiliwa speakers Ricardo Roche, Carmen Melendrez (born 1849), Manuel Manriquez, and Pancho centered around Kiliwa data. The informants also provided comparative terms in Paipai and those dialects designated by Harrington as Rosareno, Domingueno, Borjeno, andJudilla (abbreviatedJud. orJ.), the last coming from Maria Roche. The information includes names of persons, local genealogy,

'If

III/136 John Peabody Harrington

vocabulary lists, and a few tribenames. Petra Marron, Marcial, Carmen [Melendrez?), Rito, and Dorotea provided placenames and additional genealogies.

Paipai placenames and a vocabulary came from Rita and Leonardo provided a Kiliwa-Paipai vocabulary as well as placenames and names of local inhabitants. Locations which Harrington either vis­ited or discussed include San Telmo, San Miguel, Socorro, San Regis, and £1 Rosario.

A poorly constructed verse based on Baja California folklore in an unidentified handwriting completes this section.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Linguistic Informants

KILJWA

Dorotea Jose Maria Manuel Manriquez Marcial Petra Marron Carmen Melendrez Pancho

Chito Rendona (spelling uncertain) Rito Ricardo Roche Silva Manuel Villalu

PAIPAI

Bill Dorotea

Jefe (also Diegueno (Baja) nonlinguistic informant?) Leonardo Manuel Manriquez Marcial Petra Marron Carmen Melendrez Pancho

Southern California / Basin III/137

Raglin Chito Rendona Rita Rito Ricardo Roche Silva Manuel Villalu

JUDILLA

Maria Roche

PAIPAI/KILIWA

Reel 171 REEL FRAMES

171 0001-0099 Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes

Ute / Paiute / Shoshoni

The comparatively meager series on Ute, Paiute, and Sho­shoni are filmed as a unit, although the notes are not intermixed. A 1909 Ute census marks the earliest dated note. In 1911 Harrington published "The Origin of the Names Ute and Paiute." The most recent notes are Shoshoni terms recorded in 1939 at Fort Hall, Idaho. Corre­spondence from 1952 indicates a renewed search for the origin of the name Ute. If any new information resulted from the correspondence, Harrington probably used it in connection with his monographs on State names.

UTE AND PAIUTE SLIPFILE, DRAFTS, AND NOTES

A variety of notes assembled on slips includes vocabulary terms, a few grammatical paradigms, and a July 1, 1909, census of Southern Ute Indians. The letter "a" in the upper left-hand corner of certain slips is apparently a category in Harrington's indexing system.

111/138 John Peabody Harrington

A small group ofslips containing briefdescriptions ofartifacts and marked with an "R" may have emanated from Harrington's ac­quaintance in 1923 with Isaac P. Richardson ofLong Beach, California, who owned a collection of Paiute artifacts found in a cave near Love­lock, Nevada.

There is a tentative draft with related notes which is mainly a search for the first recordings of the name Ute among accounts ofearly expeditions and explorers. To this, Harrington added from his Own notes the names which other tribes applied to Utes. The data are his­toric, linguistic, and ethnographic, with only one page each on numerals and phonetics. There is pertinent correspondence dated 1921 and 1952 and a bibliography. Except for a list of Ute tribal names and some data on songs, a few miscellaneous notes add little or no linguistic or ethnographic information.

PAIUTE SONG TEXTS AND MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

Edward Sapir sent Harrington a number ofsong texts in May 1910, but there is no record of the comments Sapir requested in his covering letter. With these notes, Harrington placed excerpts from Sapir's (I 910) "Song Recitative in Paiute Mythology," also without annota­tions.

Harrington prepared a paper on the I. P. Richardson collec­tion, which, according to his notes, had been purchased by the Museum of American History. The artifacts are mainly of Paiute origin.

A small section apparently assembled in 1944 and 1945 con­tains notes on the name Paiute, Paiute band names, and a list headed "Piute Indian Negatives. Taken by A. A. Forbes." In addition, there are excerpts from a vocabulary which Harrington thought to be Paiute and which probably originated in one of Lt. Whipple's reports. Other excerpts were taken from a review of Mary Austin's book in El Palacio, April 2, 1923. On March 11, 1924, he took notes from a source he identified as "Dr. Yarrow's Scrapbook"; the reference is possibly to Henry C. Yarrow.

An original recording of Northern Paiute linguistic and eth­nographic information consists ofnotes taken from Johnny Smith (J. S.) and F. L. Kaiser, at least some of them at Roaring Camp. The material is not dated.

111/139Southern California / Basin

SHOSHONI LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC

NOTES Most of the sparse Shoshoni notes were obtained directly from infor­mants. Harrington wor.ked with William Ottogary and Garfield Poca­tello in March 1921, in Washington, D.C., shortly before Ottogary's death. In 1939, at Fort Hall, Idaho, William Edmo and Frank Randall provided additional Shoshoni information and Edmo added some Ban­nock terms. A brief vocabulary is the result of work with Ottogary; most

of it relates to placenames. Harrington spoke with Julian H. Steward in April 1939 and

also excerpted information from the latter's (1938) publication, "Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups." He also took notes from Albert S. Gatschet's (1888) B.A.E. ms. 749, "Words of the Sho­shoni Language as Spoken at the Fort Hall Reservation," and from W. L. Marsden's (1911) article, "Some Shoshonean Etymologies." A short

bibliography completes the Shoshoni section.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON

Linguistic Informants

NORTHERN PAIUTE

F. L. Kaiser Johnny Smith (j. S.) Lawrence William (assistant interpreter)

SHOSHONI

William Edmo William Ottogary Garfield Pocatello Frank Randall

BANNOCK

William Edmo TAOS

Manuel Mondragon

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents

Mr. Acoya Ellsworth Bethel Cevero Caramillo

,.,

II.

III/140 John Peabody Harrington

Elbert J. Floyd C. W. Franklin A. W. Galbraith Clara Gonzales F. A. Gross Dr. George P. Hammond Mr. Hathaway Sven Liljeblad Mrs. Montoya Isaac P. Richardson (?) Roberts Edward Sapir Cato Sells "Sen. Murdock's Secretary" Julian H. Steward Juana S. Todea Ruth Underhill Clarence Wesley Earl Woolridge

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON

Austin, Mary

See It Is Written. Bunzel, Ruth L.

1935 "Zuni." Handbook ofAmerican Indian Languages 3:389- 515. Curtis, Edward S.

1907 The North American Indian. Vol. 1. Seattle: Published by Ed­ward S. Curtis.

Gatschet, Albert S.

I 888ms Words ofthe Shoshoni Language as Spoken at the Fort Hall Reser­

vation. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 749, National An­thropological Archives.

Halpern, A. M.

1946a "Yuma I." International Journal of American Linguisti(., 12:1:25-33.

1946b "Yuma II." International Journal of AmfTican l.in~lIis/i(1 12:3:147-151.

III/141SOIl/hau California IBasin

/IJHI( "Yuma IlL" International journal of American Linguistics

12:4:204-212. /1J47a "Yuma IV." International journal of American Linguistics

13:\;\8-30. IIJ..J7b "Yuma V." International journal of American Linguistics

13:2:92 - 107. 1917c "Yuma VL" International journal of American Linguistics

13:3:147-166.

It Is Written len3 "Review of 'The American Rhythm' by Mary Austin." El

Palacio 14:7:99-100.

Kelly, Isabel T. 1936 "Southern Paiute Bands." [Copy by Harrington in N.A.A.]

Marsden, W. L. 1911 "Some Shoshonean Etymologies." American Anthropologist

n.s. 13:4:724 -725. Parsons, Elsie Clews, ed.

1936 Hopi journal of Alexander M. Stephen. New York: Columbia University Press. [Photostat of glossary in N.A.A.]

Powell, John Wesley 1873ms Las Vegas (Paiute) Vocabulary. Bureau of American Ethnology

ms. 1493, National Anthropological Archives. [Copy by Har­

rington in N.A.A.] n.d.ms Kai-vav-wit (Paiute) Dialect ofthe Shoshoni Language. Bureau of

American Ethnology ms. 1491, National Anthropological

Archives. [Copy by Harrington in N.A.A.]

Sapir, Edward 1910 "Song Recitative in Paiute Mythology." Journal of American

Folk-Lore 23:90:455-472. 1917ms Southern Paiute, an Illustrative Sketch. Bureau of American

Ethnology ms. 1751, National Anthropological Archives.

[Copy by Harrington in N.A.A.] 1930 "Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language." Proceedings of

the American Academy ofArts and Sciences 65: 1: 1-730.

Steward, julian H. 1938 "Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups." Bureau of

American Ethnology Bulletin 120: entire issue.

Thomas, Alfred B., ed. and trans.

------_... .._-_.__.

._- ­

III/142 john Peabody Harrington

1932 Forgotten Fr'untien ... Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Voth, Henry R.

1905 "The Traditions of the Hopi." Field Columbian Museum Publi­cation 96, Anthropological Series 8: 1- 319.

lVhor], Benjamin

See Elsie Clews Parsons. Yuung, Robert, and William A-1organ

1943 The Navaho Language: The Elements ofNavaho Grammar with a

Dictionary in Two Parts ... Phoenix: Printing Department, Phoenix Indian School.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON Harrington,john P.

1911c "The Origin ofthe Names Ute and Paiute." American Anthro­pologist n.s. 13: 1: 173-174.

t: 1Y11 d "The Phonetic System of the Ute Language." University of

Colorado Studies 8:3: 199- 222. ;1!:

UTE/PAIUTE/SHOSHONI Reel 171 REtL FRAMES

171 0100-0615 Ute and Paiute Slipfile, Drafts, and Notes 0616-0715 Paiute Song Texts and Miscellaneous Notes 0716-0791 Shoshoni Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes

liii

General and Miscellaneous Materials

Notes on southern California which are culturally and linguis­tically intermixed are contained in a separate series. The largest body of material stems from Harrington's 1928 publication, "Exploration of the Burton Mound at Santa Barbara, California." Archeological exca­vations for this project, funded by the Museum of American History's Heye Foundation, began in May 1923, with Harrington in charge. His

III/143Southern California IBasin

principal assistants were Professor David Banks Rogers and George W. Bayley, whose reports are part of this section. From late January 1924 until June 1925 he prepared reports and organized artifacts in both Washington, D.C., and at the Heye Foundation in New York City.

Harrington amassed a variety of histor'ical background mate­

rial, relating to the ancient occupancy ofthe Chumash Indians. Accord­ing to dated records, his research on sixteenth, seventeenth, and eigh­teenth century voyages was underway as early asJanuary 1916, when he copied the Bancroft Library manuscript ofa Pedro Fages treatise on the Indians of California. Further studies on early voyages took place again at The Bancroft between November 1927 and February 1928 and at Tulane University in July 1928. In 1953 and 1954 he was still seeking new information and began to reorganize his older notes. AI1 this was connected with a proposed paper on the origin of the name "Califor­nia" and on California placenames. (See series on "State, Province, and Other Names" in forthcoming section on "Miscellaneous Notes and Writings.") In addition, Harrington read writings of the historians and translators of the various expeditions and interviewed local inhabitants

for family stories of early California times. The linguistic and ethnographic notes are more incidental

than integral to this section. The most informative set includes data on tribenames and brief rehearings of information relative to a cross cul­tural survey of southern California tribes, fol1owing a pattern provided by Alfred L. Kroeber. Kroeber eventually published a portion of these data in the "Cultural Element Distributions" series which he edited for the University ofCalifornia Publications in American Archaeology and Eth­

nology or for the Anthropological Records. Two short vocabularies are tentatively identified as Kosol

Panamint and Tataviam, and a third of only four words is in the San

Nicolas Island language. There are reading notes, extracts, and texts from both pub­

lished and unpublished sources. The textual material was reheard with

speakers of various southern California languages.

RECORDS RELATING TO BURTON MOUND AND GENERAL ARCHEOLOGY This section (former B.A.E. ms. 4554a) contains the manuscript and related notes which Harrington prepared for his 1928 publication on

.... --- ...

111/144 John Peabody Harrington

the Burton Mound excavations. Following a draft of the manuscript is a catalog of artifacts according to type. It includes the coordinates of the excavation grid, some measurements, and occasional artifact depths; not all of this information was included in the published report. A second catalog identifies objects according to the pit from which they were removed. A third list ofartifacts in numerical order appears to be incomplete. Miscellaneous material includes notes assembled but not used for the paper, sketches of mortars, lists of dates that Rogers and Bayley worked in the pits, and a few corrected galley proofs.

Between 1923 and 1926, Harrington interviewed almost one hundred people seeking archeological, historical, and ethnographic in­formation on Burton Mound and other Santa Barbara sites. Records of these interviews are arranged alphabetically by the name of the person with whom he spoke (former B.A.E. ms. 3209pt.) Notes on those inter­viewed in groups have been placed at the end of the alphabetic portion.

There are numerous photographs of the Burton Mound arti­facts, most with descriptive notes which are often difficult to decipher. The first series is labeled "early," which could refer either to the age of the artifacts themselves or to the sequence in which they were exca­vated. The next is a numbered series with gaps, followed by a subject series arranged in alphabetical order. Many descriptive notes contain confusing identifying symbols. Some indicate pit number and which assistant was working on it; others are evidently part of Harrington's organized plan. A group of photographs designated "unmeasured" is the only one lacking descriptions. The plates and figures for the Burton Mound publication are also part ofthis series. Some are numbered and some have suggested captions.

There are five preliminary and partial drafts that relate to the Santa Barbara area in general. They include "An Archaeological Sur­vey of Southern California" dated 1921, "Excavations at Burton Mound," and "Report on the Discovery of Two Ancient Skeletons at Burton Mound," the last two dated 1923. In 1924, Harrington wrote "Proposal for an Archeological Survey of the Santa Barbara Region" and "Archeological Survey of Burton Mound and Adjacent Sites near Santa Barbara, California." In addition, there are rough drafts describ­ing the discovery of two human skeletons and, in collaboration with Remington Kellog, the discovery of the fossil remains of a whale.

Miscellaneous archeological information touches on the work of Mrs. Thea Heye on Santa Catalina Island, the Alexander site, ceme­

•

IlI/145SOli tJU-Tn California / Basin

tery sites, artifacts from H. W. Henshaw and Horatio N. Rust at the Nat iona! Museum, a list ofJohn Hiller's negatives, and a short glossary

ot accepted animal and plant terminology. The field notes and notebooks of co-workers David Banks

Rogers and George W. Bayley are contained in this section (former B.A.E. ms. 4633pt.). Rogers wrote his own daily reports and, most frequently, those of Bayley. Between August 4 and November 20, 1923, they relate entirely to the Burton Mound excavations. Data con­cerning other Santa Barbara sites were written up between November 29,1923, and October 4,1924. In 1924, Rogers also conducted a series of interviews. These reports are interspersed with excerpts from news­papers and published sources, and with lists of artifacts and their present owners in the Santa Barbara area (former B.A.E. ms. 60 17pt.). The somewhat random assemblage precludes an alphabetic arrange­ment. Each handwritten report is followed by a typed and refined copy which is easier to read. In May andJune of 1927, after the Heye Foun­dation funding deadline, Bayley continued fieldwork in the Painted Rock/Carizzo Plains excavations. The Harrington collection contains Bayley'S lists of objects taken from these sites (former B.A.E. ms. 60 17pt.) as well as the tale of how the red paint was distilled from a

mixture of Indian and white blood.

NOTES AND DRAFTS ON HISTORY AND

EXPEDITIONS Records indicate that Harrington prepared several papers on the Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo expedition of 1542 -1543. This body of notes is mainly historical with few linguistic terms recorded. A "Proposal to Annotate and Publish the Relation of the Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo" was dated 1924. In 1953, he drew up a chronological record of the Cabrillo diary under the title of "The Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Expedition Up the Coast of California with Identification ofthe Indian Words." A 1954 draft titled "The Chumash Indians and Language of California" was written in collaboration with the elderly and ailing Mary de Soto (Maria Garcia, Maria Ruiz), a Barbarefio Chumash infor­mant most frequently known as Mary Vee, Vee being the name of her last husband. A fourth draft, also dated 1954, bore the title "The Cabrillo Expedition Discovers Indians and Coasts" (all forlller B.A.E. ms. 6017pL). Harrington used the original and printed copies of Ca­

\: ~_.'". _-._.·.•._:lIf-.-ii--.-·:E·_~

III/146 John Peabody Harrington

brillo's logs, consulted two works of Henry R. Wagner-Spanish Voyages to the NorthwestCoasto[America in the Sixteenth Century(1929)and Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (I 941)-and referred also to the multi-volume publications of Hubert Howe Bancroft. _

There are notes on such other explorers and diarists as Garces, Drake, Vizcaino, Portola, Costanzo, Crespi, Vancouver, Men­zies, de Anza, Font, Fages, Zalvidea, and Duflot de Mofras (former B.A.E. ms. 60 17pt.). One small section traces the mention of canoes in the Portola and Vancouver journals. The notes from Duflot de Mofras contain the Lord's Prayer in several Chumashan languages. Most of the historical section of the Burton Mound paper was based on this re­search.

Incidental notes concern the discovery of gold in California, the 1921 reminiscences of de Anza descendents, notes from the ar­chives of the SantaBarbara Mission, and some Spanish geographic terms in the Garces diary. A last section deals with comments on verifi­cation ofthe English translations in Herbert E. Bolton's (1930) five-vol­ume work, Anza's California Expeditions. He arranged the terms in ques­tion in alphabetical order (former B.A.E. ms. 60 17pt.). A few Chumash terms found in the Font diary were reheard in 1935 with Isabelle Meadows (abbreviated "Iz."), a Costanoan informant.

Harrington drew freely on secondary sources in accumulating information on California history. Consequently, his papers contain photostats of original manuscripts, typescripts taken verbatim from numerous published sources, government documents, and mission records. One example is a meticulously handwritten translation by E. Vigo Mestres of the Font diary into Catalan. These records have not been filmed but are filed with the "General and Miscellaneous Mate­rials" and with the separate file of photostats in the Harrington Papers in N.A.A.

LINGUISTIC AND ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES

A fairly substantial accumulation of notes on tribenames was organized in 1946 and 1947 (former B.A.E. ms. 3900pt.). It represents an attempt to identify ethnic names applied to California tribes principally by Mo­have and Chemehuevi informants. Some tribenames were given in Ca­huilla, Paiute, Cupefio, Dieguefio, juaneflo, Luisefio (abbreviated "R. "), and Washo. The information came from Harrington's own 1911

Ill/147SO/l,thl'rn (:alifornia / Basin

notes, from new informants, and from such secondary sources as Krocbcr, government surveys, and tribal census figures. •

In 1935, using the tables of the "Culture Element Distribu­tiollS" as a basis, he recorded related comments by Adan Castillo and Isabelle Meadows. He also drew on information from Kroeber's (1908) .. Ethnography ofthe Cahuilla Indians," T. T. Waterman's (1910) "Re­ligious Practices of the Dieguefio Indians," Bolton's fourth volume of the de Anza expeditions, O. M. Dalton's (1897) "Notes on an Ethno­graphical Collection from the West Coast of North America ... ," and two Richard Van Valkenburgh manuscripts (1932 and 1933) on ethnography and archaeology which are part of the Harrington collec­

tion (former mss. 6041 and 6042). A short vocabulary from Maria Emiterio in the Jikawjam lan­

guage has been tentatively identified as Koso (Panamint), with some forms in "R. C.," probably Rio Chiquito (Tubatulabal) and Tataviam. There are a few biographical notes. In view of the uncertainty sur­rounding the Tataviam and Alliklik languages, a brief comparative vocabulary has been somewhat arbitrarily classified as Tataviam. The notes were originally given by Juan Jose Fustero on March 17, 1913, at Piru and later arranged semantically. Included are some Tataviam terms from Magdalena Olivas ("Magd.") with comments from Eugenia Mendez ("Eug."), both of whom were multi-lingual Kitanemuk infor­mants. This material might be compared with some Tataviam refer­ences among Harrington's Kitanemuk notes. [See William Bright (1975) "The Alliklik Mystery." The .Journal of California Anthropology

2:2:228 - 230.]Harrington made a briefeffort to etymologize the four known

words of the San Nicolas Island language using comparative terms in Cahuilla, Luiseflo, Cupeflo, and Gabrielino, given by Adan Castillo.

Other miscellaneous linguistic and ethnographic notes are contained in a proposed draft with related notes titled "On the Indians of California" and among reading notes from a variety of secondary sources (former B.A.E. mss. 6041 and 6042pt.). These include pub­lished works by Dalton (1897) and Latta (1921) and unpublished writ­ings of Nidever (1878), Overman (1923), Stock, Van Valkenburgh (1933). (See Sources Consulted by Harrington.) Two typed reports by unidentified authors were also utilized: "The Exploration of Bowers' San Martin Mountains Cave" and "Hot Springs of Montecito."

There are anumber of typed English texts from an unidenti­

r

III /148 John Peabody Harrington

fied source given and interpreted by informants clearly named by the author (former B.A.E. mss. 6052pt. and 6053pt.). They were rold in 1910 and 1911 and most were reheard with Adan Castillo, Lee Arenas, and Clem Segundo. The rehearings probably took place in 1935. Lan­guages include Luiseflo, Cahuilla, Serrano, Gabrielino, and Diegueflo.

PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Linguistic Informants

CAHUILLA

Lee Arenas Adan Castillo (multi-lingual) Clem Segundo

CHEMEHUEVI

Maria Chapule (Marie) George Johnson Jack Jones (J. J.) Luisa Lucy Mike William Osler (Ohue) Stella Smith Louis Snyder

CHUMASH (BARBARENO)

Mary Yee (de Soto, Maria Garcia, Maria Ruiz) COSTANOAN (RUMSEN)

Isabelle Meadows (Iz.) DIEGUENO(?)

Lucerio (Luc.) (?) Mabel C. Moffet (?)

KITANEMUK

Juan Lozada KOSO/PANAMINT (fikawjam)

Maria Emiterio MOHAVE

Peter Dean (Peter) HalO. Davidson Mr. & Mrs. Harry Lewis Russell

..~---......:.._ __'_'_____

III/149Southern California / Basin

PIMA

Paul Lewis SERRANO

Willie Celaya (?)

TATAVIAM

Juan Jose Fustero Eugenia Mendez (Eug.) Magdalena Olivas (Magd.)

Non linguistic Informants Florentino Garcia Luisa Ignacio (la., Ygnacio)

Lucerio Manuel

Persons Interviewed by Harrington

Max Aman H. E. Anthony Theodore Arrellanes John C. Austin Francisco Ayala A. L. Barrows Dr. Paul Bartsch F. L. Birabent Philip Bogierri Frank Borchard Edward Borein Carl O. Borg Mr. Guadalupe Buelna Arthur Caire George T. Callis William L. Calver James M. Carter C. H. Cram H. R. Crews Professor Dall Paul Dalliclet Rose Dallidet M. C. De Brell Rebeca [sic] De la Riva

III /150 John Peabody Harrington

Francisca Dibblee Mrs. Dibblee's chauffeur Constance D. Ealand H. H. Eastwood Charles F. Eaton Mr. Ellis C. O. Evans Dwight Faulding Francis Figg-Hoblyn George K. Freeman J. C. Freeman Dr. Gehring's chauffeur Juan A. Gonzales Arthur Greenwell Princess Haider Mr. and Mrs. Charles T. Hall G. E. Haney Charles D. Henderson David R. Henderson Henry W. Henshaw Marshall Hicks Lucian P. Higgins Guido Hinchman Stella Hinchman Laura Holt (Hoit, Hoyt?)

,I Dr. Hovey H. E. Hunt

i !' Fred L. Johnston

I l' Gill Kimberley

Jane Kimberley Mrs. R. Kimberley Dr. Lemon

James Leonard Dr. William R. Livingston Manuel Ben Martinez Elizabeth Mason Capt. George M. McGuire D. Meigs

IlI/151Southern California I Basin

G. S. Miller Mr. Moody Edward Moore Miguel Morales Louis Mottener Henry Muzzall Mr. Nielson Dr. A. L. Obanian Owen O'Neill Bob Ord Arthur PeHey Juan I. Pico John Poole Milo M. Potter E. D. Reid Harry L. Roberts S. W. Robertson Mrs. E. J. Roe David Banks Rogers Harry Ross W. Y. Rowland Earl V. Shannon Jacob E. Shoup H. D. Skinner Edson Smith W. Carroll Smith Mr. June Smith's brother

Juan Solano Miss Spence C. A. Storke (T. S.?) Taylor Ramona Trussell (Trustle?) Frank S. Vandenberg Mrs. Weber Dr. H. C. Yarrow

Persons Interviewed by David Banks Rogers

B. F. Birabent R. B. Canfield

I

Ill/152 John Peabody Harrington

Mr. Carillo G. Clar "The elder Covarrubias" Alonzo Den Francisca Dibblee James Donohue Louis G. Dreyfus Fred Fotbush Mrs. J. F. Freeman C. E. George Mr. Hagen Charles Henderson Laura Holt (Hoit, Hoyt?) Mrs. Kimberley Mrs. Malo-Jansen William H. Harris Elizabeth Mason Mrs. L. M. Maxwell Mr. Middleton Mrs. F. Nardi Olivas Liui Paulding A. M. Reed W. H. Robinson Mr. Ruiz George W. Russell Stephen Rutherford Jacob G. Shoup Mrs. Trustle's daughter (Trussell?)

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Dr. C. G. Abbot Santiago Ainsa Ralph Arnold George W. Bayley Mr. Blake Professor Boggs Howell C. Brown W. E. Bruner

: _

III/153Southern California / Basin

George T. Callis Mrs. R. L. Clark Dr. W. L. Corbin Dr. L. N. Dimmick R. Drake Charles F. Eaton Mr. Ellis C. O. Evans R. G. H. Forsyth Verne French A. D. Griffin Dr. Hamblin Benjamin B. Hampton J. E. Hathaway George G. Heye Thea Heye J. J. Hill Mr. Holmes Dr. Hough Edmund Hovey Remington Kellog William Ashley Kelly William Kurath John]. Laver Paul Lewis Robert D. Marshall, Jr. J. Alden Mason Hugh McKee Mrs. E. V. Meadows E. Vigo Mestres R. C. Miller A. A. O'Leary Doris Overman Everett R. Perry 1. P. Richardson David Banks Rogers Dr. Chester Stock E. E. Soule D. D. Still

------- -~ - ... - -- . --_. -...­

-~ ~ !~;~ :t·:t~+~L.~ ~~~ I,

., ..: ..~. ~; :;;..

-".­

r" \!".,

III/154 John Peabody Harrington

Benjamin Taliaferro Thomas Workman Temple F. D. Utley Richard F. Van Valkenburgh Henry R. Wagner Lawrence C. Worth

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Bancroft, Hubert Howe

1886- The Works . .. History ofCalifornia. San Francisco: The His­1890 tory Company, Publishers.

Bolton, Herbert E.

1930 Anza's California Expedition. 5 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bolton, Herbert E., ed.

1911 "Expedition to San Francisco Bay in 1770. Diary of Pedro Fages." Publications of the Academy of Pacific Coast History 2:3:143- 159.

Dalton, O. M.

1897 "Notes on an Ethnographical Collection from the West Coast of North America ... Formed During the Voyage of Cap­tain Vancouver, 1790- 1795 ..." Internationales Archiv fur Ethnographie Band X:225-245.

Duflot de MOfras, Eugene

1844 Exploration du Territoire de l'Oregon, des Californies et de la Mer

Vermeille ... Tome Second. Paris: Arthus Bertrand, Editeur, Libraire de la Societe de Geographie.

Engelhardt, Zephryn

1908 - The Missions and Missionaries ofCalifornia. San Francisco: The 1915 James H. Barry Company.

1923 Santa Barbara Mission . .. San Francisco: The James H. Barry Company.

Kroeber, Alfred L.

1908 "Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians." University of Califor­nia Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8:2:29­68.

1925 "Handbook of the Indians of California." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 78: entire issue.

Ill/155Southern California / Basin

Kroeber, Alfred L., et al., eds. 1939 "Culture Element Distributions . . .". University ofCalifornia

Publications in American A rchaeologyand Ethnology 37: 1-4:1­254. [This is one example of Kroebe,:'s method of inquiry.]

Latta, Frank F. "Alexis Godoy in Kern County." [No publication data.]

Nidever, George 1878ms Life and Adventures of George Nidever, a Pioneer of California

since 1834. Recollections Furnished by Himself to E. E. Murray for The Bancroft Library. Ms. C-D 133, The Bancroft Library,

Berkeley.

Overman, Doris 1923ms. "A Preliminary Botanical Survey of Locality Surrounding

Site of Wihatset, Ventura Co., California." [Typescript in

N.A.A.] Priestly, Herbert I.

1937 A Historical, Political, and Natural Description of California by Pedro Fages, Soldier ofSpain. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia

Press. Radcliffe, William

1926 Fishingfrom the Earliest Times. New York: E. P. Dutton and

Company. Sapir, Edward

1930 "Southern Paiute, A Shoshonean Language." Proceedings of

the Academy ofArts and Sciences 65: 1: 1 - 296.

Spier, Leslie 1933 Yuman Tribes of the Gila River. Chicago: The University of

Chicago Press. Stock, Chester

n.d. "Report on Occurrences of Human Remains at Santa Bar­bara, California." [Typescript in N.A.A.]

Taylor, Alexander S. 1853 DiscoveryofCalifornia and NorthwestAmerica. The First Voyage to

the Coast ofCalifornia, Made in the Years 1542 and 1543 byJuan Rodriguez r.abrillo and His Pilot Bartolome Ferrelo ... San

Francisco: Le Count and Strong. 1860- "California Notes: The Indianology of California." The Cali­

1863 fornia Farmer 12- 18.

111/156 John Peabody Harrington

Teggart, Frederick]., ed.

1911 The Portold Expedition of 1769-1770, Diary of Miguel Con­stansa. Berkeley: University of California Press.

1913 "The Anza Expedition of 1775-1776, Diary ofPedro Font." Publications of the Academy ofPacific Coast History 3: 1: 1-131.

Van Valkenburgh, Richard F.

1933a ms Archaeological Excavations on Frazier Point, Santa Cruz Island, California, 1932. Unpublished manuscript (former B.A.E. ms. 6041), National Anthropological Archives.

1933b ms Notes on the Ethnography and Archaeology of the Venture1io Chu­mash Indians. Unpublished manuscript (former B.A.E. ms. 6042), National Anthropological Archives.

Wagner, Hen ry R.

1929 "Spanish Voyages to the Northwest Coast of America in the Sixteenth Century." California Historical Society. Vol. 7, Special Publication no. 4: entire issue.

Wagner, Henry R., trans. 1928 "The Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in the Sixteenth

Century." California Historical Society Quarterly 7: 1:28 -77. Waterman, T. T.

1910 "The Religious Practices ofthe Diegueito Indians." University 1;:= ofCalifornia Publications in American Archaeologyand Ethnology

8:6:271-358. Webb, F.dith Buckland

1952 Indian Life at the Old Missions. Los Angeles: Warren F. Lewis, Publisher.

PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON

Harrington,John P.

1924 "Archeological Work in California." Smithsonian Miscella­neous Collections 76: 10: 107 - 109.

1925a "Researches on the Burton Mound and on the Kiowa In­dians." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 77 :2: 128 - 130.

1928a "Exploration of the Burton Mound at Santa Barbara, Califor­nia." FortyjourthAnnual Report of the Bureau ofAmerican Eth­

nologyfor 1926-1927: 23-168. 1928b "The Mission Indians of California." Explorations and Field­

work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1927: 173 -178.

_.L..­

111/157Southern California / Basin

"Studying the Mission Indians of California and the Taos of192ge New Mexico." Field-work ofthe Smithsonian Institution in 1928:

169-178.

GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS

Reels 172-182

REJ:.L FRAMES

172 0001_09"] RecordsRelating to Burton Mound and General Archeo­173 0001-1056

logy [former B.A.E. mss. 3209pt., 4554apt.,174 0001-1020

4633pt.,6017pt.)175 0001-0500

176 0001-1143

177 Notes and Drafts on History and Expeditions [former0001-0"']178 0001-0717 B.A.E. ms. 6017pt.) 179 0001-0276

180 0001-09"] Linguistic and Ethnographic Notes [former B.A.E. mss. 181 0001-0614 3900pt., 6041, 6042,6052pt.,6053pt.] 182 0001-0261

,"_" ....~;, '~"'''.•'''''..,. ;.;,c~·, .....

.......... "'..... "-';; .\~.. "

Appendix

ABBREVIATIONS AND SPECIAL USES OF TERMS

I!~ lim

I'"!~'

1­

-----_.".-------------

Sp. Abajeiio

Ae. or A.e. or A.C.

a. cat. ace. accts. Sp. adivina

adj. / adjvl. adv. Aeh.

ag(tv). Aj. Alk. or A.L.K.

"Iowlander" [used for some Uto-Aztecan tribe(s); perhaps a cover term for Luiseno and neighbors

as opposed to "Serrano"] "Aguas Calientes" (i.e. Warner's Hot Springs in Cu­

peno territory); used for tribe and language catechism of Reverend Doroteo Ambris according (as in "ace. to . . .") or accusative

accounts guesses (as opposed to "kw." -knows)

adjective / adjectival adverb Arthur E. Harrington (nephew, worked as field as­

sistant, chauffeur, and copyist)

agentive "Ajachme" (Juaneno) Alfred L. Kroeber (often refers to his "Handbook of

the Indians of California")

III /159

IIl/160 John Peabody Harrington Ill/161

Southern California / Basin

Am.

an. an(s). ans. app(I). art.

asp. / aspd. Ath. aug.

B. B. B.A.E. bap.

bee. betw. BIb.

B. M. Bose. bot. bpI. Bull.

c. C.

ca. ca. / ca. ca. Cal. cald. Cah.

Can. c.e. cd. cf.

"American" (English as opposed to an Indian lan­guage) or modern, nonnative (as in "Am. dress")

animate (as in "an. or inan.") animal(s)

answer (frequently used with kinship terms) apparently article aspiration / aspirated Athapascan augmentative

Barbarei'lo (Chumash) Bay (when given by name) Bureau of American Ethnology baptismal records (as in "Mig. bap." -records from

the Libro de bautismos at San Miguel Mission) because between

records from the Libros de bautismos at Santa Bar­bara Mission

Burton Mound Geronimo Boscana botanical or bought biplural

Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin

Cupei'lo CruzefIo (Chumash) See Also: C. and Y. about

cited above / cited above more than once California called Cahuilla See Also: Kaw. "CanalefIo" (Chumash) carefully caught could compare (L. confer)

ch.

Che(m). Ch(um.) /

Ch(um)n. ck. clickt coIl. pI. cone. conj. cons. cpo / cps. / cpd. Coy. Cr.

cs.

cttail Cv. cwd. cyl.

d.

d. D(aw). declo def. demo derv\. diam. dict. dif. dim. dipt(s) dirctv. Dix. do. dpl.

clearly heard (as in "ch. forever" and "chpu."­clearly heard, perfectly understood)

Chemehuevi Chumash / Chumashan

creek clicked collective plural conceSSIve conjunction consonant compare / compares / compared

Coyote Cruzei'lo (Chumash) See Also: C. and Y. California Spanish See Also: Sp(an) / Sp. Cal.

cattail "Castequei'lo" (Venturefio Chumash)

coastward wax cylinder sound recording

records of deaths (as in "Sjbd." -records from the Libros de muertos at San Juan Bautista Mission)

dual (as in "d. you") Dawson (book on birds) declension definite demonstrative derivational diameter dictionary different diminutive or diminutivism

diphthong(s) directive Roland B. Dixon ditto dual plural (as in "dpl. you" or reduplication

. ~

dq(s).

dr. dsl. dstr. dup.

e. Eng. entv. equiv(ce). equv. esp. eth. d. etym. ev. exc. extnl.

F.

fam. fingersn. fingerthr. fingerwr. FIb.

fn. Fr. freg. Frw. Lag. fut.

g. G(ab.) gen. geo. Ger. gest.

r ..............._-.........~~

III/162 John Peabody Harrington

direct question(s) (as in "At least dqs. can elicit noth­ing further.")

downriver downslope downstream duplicate

east English entitative equivalence equative especially ethnobotanical dictionary etymology evidently excerpted from extensional

Fernandeno family fingersnapping fingerthrowing fingerwrestling records from the Libros de bautismos at San Fernando

Mission footnote French frequemative Freshwater Lagoon future

galley proof or going (as in "g. to") Gabrielino gender or general geographical German gesture (as in "gest. of wiping")

III/163Southern California / Basin

gew.

gl. / gld. graysq. grayh. grf.

grm.

grpl.

hbk. or Hbk.

hd. hdkf. Hen. hmgbird hort. Hrd. hspg. Hud. Hum. husb. hwriting hw(y).

1. id(s). ie. / ied. Imm. imp(era). impersl. impt. inan. inch. indo

Ger. gewissen, known See Also: ungew. glottal stop / gloualized gray squirrel grayhound [sic] grandfather (as in "mat. grf." or "pat. grf."­

maternal, paternal grandfather) grandmother (as in "mat. grm." or "pat. grm."­

maternal, paternal grandmother)

groupal

handbook (particularly refers to F. W. Hodge's "Handbook of American Indians North of Mex­ico" or A. L. Kroeber's "Handbook ofthe Indians

of California") heard handkerchief H. W. Henshaw hummingbird hortatory Ales Hrdlicka hotspring J. W. Hudson humaliwo' (Malibu dialect of Ventureno Chumash)

husband handwriting highway

Ineseno (Chumash) island(s) (especially Channel Islands) copy / copied (as in "ie. ofGatschet Chumeto VOc.")

immediately or immediative imperative (as in "imp. of verb")

impersonal important inanimate (as in "in. or inan.")

inchoative indicative

_

1II/164 John Peabody Harrington Southern California IBasin Ill/165

Ind(s). indirv. infn. inft(s). instrl. int(erj). int(erp). interrvl. inter. intr. Ital.

J. Jac. Jam. Jep. JOS

Jph. jrabbit J(ud.)

Kai. Kaw.

Ke. K(il.) K(r).

k(w).

L.

lag. Idns. lit.

k n-.. .._._..

Indian(s) Ig. indirective loc. information (sometimes mistakenly used for "inft.") informant(s) locnl. instrumental Iw(s). interjection interpreter M. interrogatival interview m. intransitive m.a. Italian

manz. Juaneno Mar. Melville Jacobs Jaminate (Kitanemuk) mat. Juan Estevan Pico mat. cult. St. John O'Sullivan (Catholic priest at San Juan Ca­ med.

pistrano) Mel. See Also: SJOS John Peabody Harrington (referring to himself) Mend. jackrabbit Mer(r). Judilla (dialect of Paipai)

Mex(s). [Kaibab Paiute? Kai-vav-wit (Shoshone)?] mg. / mgless Cahuilla mistrs. / mistrd. See Also: Cah. Mjh. knows equivalence Kiliwa modI. Alfred L. Kroeber Moh(s). See Also Alk. or A.L.K. momy. knows (as in "Ja. kw. Fiddler John" and "kw. motl.

equiv." - knows equivalence); may also mean ms. / msws. knows word

multv. Luiseno See Also: Qe. and R. n. or N. lagoon "Iandnames" (geographical terms) literally n.

. ._._.__ .

language (as in "Old Hyampom 19.") locally called (as in "hopper mortar loe. pounding

basket") or locative locational loanword(s)

C. Hart Merriam See Also: Mer(r). mile(s) or month or mouth of river mentioned after (as in "[placename] m.a. [name]

and before [name]") Sp. manzanita (botanical species) "Maringayan" (Serrano) See Also: Serr. maternal (as in "mat. grf." - maternal grandfather)

material culture medicine Melville Jacobs See Also: Jac. Mendocino (as in "Cape Mend.") C. Hart Merriam See Also: M. Mexican(s) meaning / meaningless mistranslates / mistranslated Marta J. Herrera (granddaughter of Mutsun infor­

mant, Ascenci6n Sol6rsano, hired as copyist)

modal Mohave(s) momentarily (as in "momy. forgets")

motional man speaking / man speaking, woman speaking

(usually follows kinship terms) multiplicative

does not know (L. nescit) (as in "lnft. n."­informant does not know)

See Also: nesc. and nt. or Nt. north or noun

III/166 John Peabody Harrington Southern California / Basin III/167

Nat. Museum United States National Museum pe. personic

See Also: U.S.N.M. pd. proofread

Nav. Navaho pd!. paradigmatical

neg. nese.

negative does not know (L. nescit)

See Also: n. or N.

penin. pesp. phen.

peninsula Sp. pespibata (tobacco) phenomena (natural events)

non-poss!. non-possessional phoned recorded on phonographic cylinders

nt. or Nt. do not know (L. nesiunt) (as in "lnfts. nt."­ Pi(n). Alphonse Pinart

informants do not know) pI. plural

See Also: n. or N. plcn(s) placename(s)

num. numeral pIns. plantnames

numd. numeroid poss. possessive (as in "poss. pronoun")

post. / postpsn. postposition / postpositional

O. o's

ObispefJo (Chumash) or Ojo Caliente "okays" (as in "lnft. knows this word and o's it. ")

postnl. ppp.

positional perfect passive participle

o. older (as in "0. bro." - older brother) pres. present

obs. observation(s) made (as in "Obs. on bus River's End pnv. privative

obse. to Marshfield")

obscene

prob. pron. / pronl.

probably pronoun / pronominal

Om. 'omo . mi . l [Tubatulabal?] proncn./ pronunciation / pronounces / pronounced

opp. opposite proncs. /

ord. ordinal proncd.

ong. originally prtv. prioritive

oxy. oxytone pt(s). part(s)

pte. participle

p. P.

paces (as in "23 p." on map) or page PurisimefJo (Chumash) See Also: Pu.

pu. or Pu.

Pu.

perfectly understood (as in heard, perfectly understood)

PurisimefJo (Chumash)

"chpu." -clearly

Pai. Paiute See Also: P.

Paj. pan.

See Also: Pay. Paipai panorama

pub. pts. Py.

"pubic parts" (genitals) Southern Paiute (especially as recorded by Edward

Sapir)

para. Parm. parts. passv. pat.

paragraph or paraphernalia Parmenter (book on birds) particles passive paternal (as in "pat. grm." -paternal grand­

Qe.

qom.orQom. quest.

"Qee'esh" (LuisefJo) See Also: L. and R. Hometwali (Yokuts) questionnaire

Pay. mother)

[Paiute ?] See Also: Pai.

R. "Reyano" (LuisefJo) See Also: L. and Qe.

I -.. . _ I--1 _

--

-----_._-------_._­

III /168 John Peabody Harrington

R. ra. R. C.

reed. reClp. reA. r(eg). reh.

reI. / relv\. rem. rem. / rems. /

remd. res. or Res. rhd. / r(h)g.

rhet. rsn.

s. Sap. Sch. sep. Serr.

S. I. Sim. Sjc.

SJOS

slipt Sio. or S.L.O. S. P. sp. / spp. Sp(an) / Sp. Cal.

spg. spn(s)

---------_.

River rancheria Rio Chiquito (used as name for Uto-Aztecan Lan­

guage, probably Tubatulabal) received reciprocal reAexive regIOn rehearing See Also: rhd. / r(h)g. relative / relatival remotive remember / remembers / remembered

reservation reheard / rehearing See Also: reh. rhetorical (as in "rhet. length") rattlesnake

singular (as in "s. you") or south Edward Sapir surely clearly heard separate Serrano See Also: Mar. Smithsonian Institution Remi Simeon San Juan Capistrano Mission; also refers to Juaneno

language St. John O'Sullivan See Also: JOS "slipped." made file slips of data San Luis Obispo Mission or Obispeno (Chumash) Santa Paula (Chumash) species / species (plural) Spanish / California Spanish See Also: cs. spring (source of water or season) specimen(s)

Southern California / Basin III/169

S. R. Santa Rosa (Chumash) stip. stipulative stns. statenames subord. subordination subv. subjective swh. sweathouse syl. / syld. syllable / syllabified (as in "miha'. syld. mih-ha' ")

syn. synonomous

Tat. Tataviam

Tay. Alexander S. Taylor

Tej. Tejon Ranch or "Tejoneno"

temp. temporal

tho. though tob. tobacco'

touched up proofread. diacritical marks added

tpl. triplural (more than two)

tr. translation (especially marks words which are not cognates or true native terms but are approxima­

tions)

trbn(s). tribename(s)

trib. tributary

trn. / trng. / translation / translating / translates

trs. Tu. Tule River Reservation

Tub. Tubatulabal

Tul. "Tulareno" (Yokuts)

ult. ultimate (as in "ult. syl." ­ ultimate syllable)

ungew. not known (from Ger. ungewissen)

See Also: gew.

ungld. unglottalized

univ. university

upc. upcreek

ups. upstream U.S.N.M. United States National Museum

See Also: Nat. Mus.

V. Ventureno (Chumash)

v. / vI. verb / verbal

\ --- ---- ­

111/170 John Peabody Harrington

v. / vs. / vd. val. Van.

Vigo

viI. Vlbp.

voc. Voeg. vow. vv.

\V..

W. Wat. wd. whm.

Wn. wpkr. ws.

y. y. Y.

1 yer yest.

1'0 YJ·IJ ym.

SPECIAL __d

volunteer / volunteers / volunteered valley Richard F. Van Valkenburgh (at Los Angeles Mu­

seum) E. Vigo Mestres (translator for Boscana manuscript

and Font Diary) village records from the libros de bautismos at Santa Ventura

Mission vocabulary C. F. Voegelin vowel vICe versa

west Benjamin Whorf T. T. Waterman would whiteman or English (as opposed to any Indian lan­

guage) Washington, D. C. woodpecker woman speaking (usually follows kinship terms) See Also ms. / msws.

yellow (as in "y. pine") younger (as in "y. bro." -younger brother) "Ysleno" (Cruzefio Chumash) See Also: C. and Cr. second person plural yesterday yellowjacket young man

gone over with informant(s) named (as in "Ascd. and lzd." - reheard with Ascenci6n Sol6rsano and Isabelle Meadows)

Southern California / Basin 111/171

cross-reference symboln secondary cross-reference symbol or contrastingffi

form ungrammatical, form not accurate or authentic (aso

in "But 0 p'un K'ehtIahat, one died. Have to say

p'un K'ehta.")

o similar form guess, form not verified (as in "lz. Oct. 1934 adivina*

* ri ·sim.") (See adivina above.) Fernando Librado, Cruzeno and Ventureno infor-E'

mant

# or b sharp or flat intonation contours

- ._­

The Papers ofJohn Peabody Harrington

in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957

A collection of more than 750,000 pages of documents represent­ing a half century of research in Native American history, anthro­pology and language.

The complete microform program consists of the following parts:

Alaska / Northwest Coast Northern and Central California

Southern California / Basin

Southwest

Plains

Northeast / Southeast

Mexico / Central America / South America

Notes and Writings on Special Linguistic Studies

Correspondence and Financial Records

lJMI®

DETAILED INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE FROM:

PROQUEST 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway, P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-1346 Telephone: 734-761-4700· 800-521-0600 www.proquest.com www.csa.com