vode_srbije.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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: a : : 24. 2014.
( ), : 27. 2015.
: , 2015, CD-ROM : 200 ISBN 978-86-87159-13-6
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- .............................................. 35
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(WEI) ............................................................................................ 40
................................................ 43
....................... 46
.................................................... 48
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................................................................................... 55
.................................................................... 56
Serbian Water Quality Index .......................................................................................................... 62
POPs ................................................................... 72
........................................................ 80
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.............................................................................................................................................. 84
2014: ..................... 84
........................... 85
........................................................................ 91
..................................................................................................................................... 92
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98
..................................................................................................................107
..........................................................................................108
Serbian Water Quality Index .....................................................................................................114
.................................................................................................................................................. 128
: , ....................................................................................................................128
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1 Slobodan P. Simonovic, Ph.D., P.Eng, Member of CAE, Fellow of CSCE, ASCE and IWRA Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, Canada. Honorary member Milutin Milankovic Society, Belgrade, Serbia. http://www.slobodansimonovic.com/
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European Virtual Climate Change Centre
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. 12
12 : [1] Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index, Shweta Tyagi et al, American Journal of Water Resources, 2013, Vol. 1, No. 3, 34-38, http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajwr/1/3/3/ ( 06.04.2015); [2] Primjena indeksa kvalitete vode u ocjeni kakvoe vode krkih jezera, Damir Tomas et al, Hrvatske vode, 21(2013), 86, p. 303-310. http://www.voda.hr/hr/primjena-indeksa-kvalitete-vode-u-ocjeni-kakvoce-vode-jezera ( 06.04.2015); [3] Water Quality Index Assessment under Climate Change, Nassir El-Jabi, Daniel Caissie, Noyan Turkkan. http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=45422#.VVbbufmqqko
-
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40. SWQI
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68
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1998-2007 (75)
1999-2008 (71)
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44. SWQI (2010-2013)
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45. SWQI 2013.
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. 75
SWQI ()
.
SWQI ,
(SWQI 66 ) (SWQI 53 ).
POPs
,
,
,
, . ,
,
. 17
16
Directive 76/464/EEC ,
. [35]
(POPs , eng: Persistent Organic Pollutants)
(2010). [36] ,
, , , ,
.
. [37]
-
- -
73
POPs
POPs
(),
.
.
.
5. POPs
()
>LOQ/
POP-s CAS No
(g/l) LOQ
()
1 1 Dieldrin 60-57-1 0,002
-
- -
74
,
. POPs
(LOQ)
(),
,
, , , .
46. POPs
(LOQ)
POPs
(PCBsum) :
( ), ( )
( ),
. ( 47), ( 6)
-
- -
75
47. PCB
2013.
6. POPs
" "
17.09.2013. 10.09.2013. 11.09.2013.
PCB sum (mg/kg)
0,4020 0,1800 1,2460
PCB sum (mg/kg)
0,0371 0,0124 0,0189
PCB sum (mg/kg) 15
0,3706 0,1240 0,1890
PCB sum (mg/kg)
1,8530 0,6200 0,9450
PCB .
PCB,
PCB.
POPs
POPs
15 , , . 50/2012, .
-
- -
76
, ,
POPs
( ).
(2013) " ",
Serbian water Quality Index,
( )
().
(Hg) ( )
0,1 mg/l ( 0,07 mg/l). ( 48)
48. (2013.) Serbian Water Quality Index
SWQI
,
.
-
- -
77
(2013)
( )
. ( 7.)
,
( ).16
>
7. -
(
As)
(
Cd
)
(C
r)
(
Cu
)
(H
g)
(
Pb
)
(N
i)
(Z
n)
16 , , . 50/2012. (( 3. , I. )
-
- -
78
(A
s)
(Cd
)
(C
r)
(
Cu
)
(H
g)
(
Pb
)
(N
i)
(Z
n)
,
,
. ( 8)
8. [38]-
Cd , , , , .
= 10-40 . , , , , .
, .
Cu
, , , , , , , ,
, () .
Zn
, ,
. .
-
- -
79
Cr
, , , , ,
, , , . .
Hg
, , , , , , .
, , , , , .
.
Ni ,
, . , , , , .
Pb
, , , , . , , .
: , . , , , .
As
, , , , , , .
, , , , ,
, , ,
SWQI
,
.
.
.
-
- -
80
(environmental
mutagens) .
, .
. (Squalius cephalus)
( ),
(
, ),
.
(Sinanodonta woodiana, Unio sp.),
,
,
, .17
,
,
(100 000).
. ,
,
.
,
.
.18
.
17 : - , : (1) . 173045; (2) ( , 7/2007-2013. 265264).
18 2013. .
-
- -
81
, ,
. ,
6-15m,
7-44m.
2005 -
2013. , , ,
.
,
.
2013. >50 mg/l,
.
( 49)
49. (2005-2013)
200 mg/l
( , .
42/98 44/99)( 50) .
,
.
-
- -
82
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2005 (68)
2006 (68)
2007 (65)
2008 (63)
2009 (65)
2010 (61)
2011 (64)
2012 (55)
2013 (63)
Hloridi (mg/l)
200
50. (2005-2013)
,
.19
0,1 mg/l NH4 >1,5 mg/l NH4 2013.
2012. 51.
. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2005 (68)
2006 (68)
2007 (65)
2008 (64)
2009 (65)
2010 (63)
2011 (63)
2012 (55)
2013 (63)
NH4 (mg/l)
1.5
51. (2005-2013)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2005 (68)
2006 (68)
2007 (65)
2008 (64)
2009 (65)
2010 (63)
2011 (64)
2012 (55)
2013 (63)
NO2 (mg/l)
0.03
52. (2005-2013)
19 0,1 mg/l NH3, 5000 1 mg/l NH3 (. 42/98). - 0,5 mg/l NH4 (Directive 98/83/EC). 1,5 mg/l NH4, (Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, WHO, 2008)
-
- -
83
.20
0,03 mg/l N2
2009. 52. 2013.
-
. 0,23 mg/l
.21
20 (. 42/98) 0,03 mg/l N2, III (mg/l). 21 , 0,1 mg/l ( , , .50/12, 2. , 1).
-
- - 2014:
84
2014:
-
- - 2014:
85
,
2014.
. 13. 2014.
,
100 300mm
72 .
.
, .
,
. [39]
53. 325 , 1219.05.2014. ( et al. 2014)
-
- - 2014:
86
150mm.
100mm,
, ,
.
12. 19. 2014. 53 .
.
(188,3mm), (179,1mm), (179,0mm),
(133,8mm), (130,8mm), .
( )
320mm, 280mm.
200mm
. [40]
,
,
.
11. ,
60% 100%, (DHMZ,
2014).
( 54)
( 55).
-
- - 2014:
87
54. (SPI) (: , 2014)
55. 14. 2014. (: TU Wien, 2014, et al. 2014)
, .
. (
-
- - 2014:
88
15. ),
17. 20. (ISRBC, 2014). .
6m 24 , 7m
( , 2014).
2.6m 24 4m
(, 2014).
, , . 15. 16.
.
,
8m
( 56).
56. 2014. ( et al. 2014)
, , ,
,
, .
,
.
, 42,
, , . [41]
-
- - 2014:
89
57. 2014. (, 2014) 22
2014. .
, ,
.
( ),
.
22 14. 20. . 30, 50 , 200 . , 20 , 10 . 200 , , . , - . 31.879 . 136 , . 24 1,525 , 885 (57% ) , 640 (43% ) . , 1,7 .
-
- - 2014:
90
58. [43]
,
( )
.
. ( 59)
59. , 15. 2014
2014.
,
.
-
- - 2014:
91
,
.
, , , , , ,
.
15. 2014.
,
. 23 ( 60)
60. 24
''
(
). 80m - 200m (
23 15. . 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsBc8X0eFOg#t=37 24 : ( - ) - I , , 2004.
-
- - 2014:
92
).
. ,
, .
-.
. ,
. 17.
20. 05. 2014. , ,
,
.
.
25 ,
.
- .
190
, 25
. 26 ,
. [42]
.
,
.
27
() 28
.
.
,
, 08. 2014.
25 , 17. . 2014: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_SNLZZ-Rv4 26 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tYpZc_Q2_k 27 ... , , , : 021-01-1/41/2014-08, 06.06.2014. 28 , , : 021-01-1/84/2014-08, 30.07.2014.
-
- - 2014:
93
,
.
,
29 ,
30, 31.
...
.32 ,
- ,
/
.
, ,
:
o 1,
( 1-8, 9, 61: ).
o 2,
( 9-12, 9, 61: ).
o 3, (
13-15, 9, 61: ).
,
,
.
29 .. .. 2014, , 2014. 30 2014, , . 121/2014, 22.07.2014. 31 , , : 325-01-00384/2014, 22.07.2014. 32 , , , : 325-05-0488/2014-07, 14.08.2014.
-
- - 2014:
94
61.
-
- - 2014:
95
9.
1 _1. .. - - - .. , 7441758,7 4924545,9
2 _2. .. - - - ..- , 7439873,0 4924385,5
3 _3. .. - - - ..- , 7438685,3 4926222,0
4 _1. KOL_3 2 ..
7441400,6 4923297,2
5 _2. KOL_3 2 ..
7441251,5 4924754,3
6 _3. KOL_3 2 .. -
7441066,5 4925454,5
7 _4. .. KOL_3 2 _2 _3
7441972,8 4926685,4
8 _5. KLAD_1 2 7438932,1 4928803,4
9 _6. UB_2 3 2
7430370,3 4927514,3
10 _7. TAMN_2 3 7429627,7 4929342,2
11 _8. TAMN_1 3 7435999,1 4933582,2
12 _9. KOL_1 2
7438211,9 4939053
13 _10. KOL_1 2 7438306,8 4945569,7
14 _11. SA_1 1 ,
7440050,5 4947439,0
15 _12. SA_1 1 7442277,5 4946254,1
-
- - 2014:
96
,
: ISO 5667:2008.
,
-
.
(""-) ,
0.3-0.5m .
,
06/ 16 .
2014. (". " 85/2014)
-
in situ
http://www.sepa.gov.rs/download/SertifikatIObim2013.pdf
QC/QA
.
(QC)
. (QC)
QC
.
, ,
, ,
.
QC/QA ,
:
,
,
,
,
,
.
-
- - 2014:
97
:
o
, . .24/14.
o
,
". ", . 74/2011.
o
,
, . 50/2012.
-
. [46], [47], [48], [49], [50]
,
( + + . + . ),
,
191.282.642,65 m3.33
,
.
30.11.2014. 6,88m3/s,
22.12.2014. 0,8
m3/s.
29.03.2015. 390 m3/s,
11.11.2014. 19,56 m3/s.
24. 07. 2014.
25.07.2014. .
30.07, 05.08. 07.08. 2014.
24.04.2015. , 26.04.2015. .
33 ,, - , -, 2015.
-
- - 2014:
98
,
,
, ( )
.
.
,
( I II , II III ,
III IV IV V )
.
( 1, 2 3) ,
9.
34
.
7.4-10.4 % .
.
25%.35
3, 1, .
, ,
, Serbian Water
Quality Index.
34 , , . 50/2012. 35 , , 2013.
-
- - 2014:
99
-
1 24. 25.07.2014: , ( 62 - 65).
62. - ( )
63. (TOC, mg/l)
- ( )
-
- - 2014:
100
64. (HPKMn) - ( )
65. - ( )
-
- - 2014:
101
1 04.12.2015: , ( 66 - 68).
66. - ( )
67. (HPKMn) - ( )
68. - ( )
-
- - 2014:
102
10. ( )
..
_A
.. _B
.. _C
.
/
. 25.07.2014. 24.07.2014. 24.07.2014.
(Fe) mg/kg 34675 44000 43000
mg/kg
(Mn) mg/kg 615 840 722
mg/kg
(Zn) mg/kg 75 95 100
mg/kg 140 430
(Cu) mg/kg
-
- - 2014:
103
11. ( )
..
_ ..
_E
/
.
04.12.2014 04.12.2014
(Fe) mg/kg 6860 1630
mg/kg
(Mn) mg/kg 420 125
mg/kg
(Zn) mg/kg 36,8 35,5
mg/kg 140 430 720
(Cu) mg/kg 43,7 22,8
mg/kg 36 110 190
(Cr)-
mg/kg 28,1 26,5
mg/kg 100 240 380
(Pb) mg/kg 19,2 11,6
mg/kg 85 310 530
(Cd)
mg/kg 0,2 0,24
mg/kg 0,8 6,4 12
(Hg) mg/kg 0,4 0,4
mg/kg 0,3 1,6 10
(Ni) mg/kg 80 72
mg/kg 35 44 210
(As) mg/kg 9,4 6,1
mg/kg 29 42 55
-
- - 2014:
104
,
.. ( 1,5km)
( 16,6km)
2002-2013. . ( 69 - 76)
69.
( ) (..)
70. (5)
( ) (..)
-
- - 2014:
105
71. (Total rganic Carbon, TOC) ( )
(..)
72. (NH4-N)
( ) (..)
73. (NO3-N)
( ) (..)
-
- - 2014:
106
74. (Ptot)
( ) (..)
75. (Pb)
( ) (..)
76. (Ni)
( ) (..)
-
- - 2014:
107
12.
2014.- 2015.
(ug/l)
(ug/l)
(ug/l)
_1. .. - 3 0,760 1,007 0,022
_2. .. - 3 0,412 0,614 0,012
_3. .. - 3 0,263 0,487 0,007
_4. .. - 2 0,522 2,600 0,020
_1. 23 0,062 0,107 0,005
_2. 3 0,159 0,249 0,005
_3. 6 0,330 1,218 0,014
_4. .. 23 0,257 1,008 0,011
_5. 22 0,197 0,276 0,008
_6. 3 0,097 0,040 0,003
_7. 3 0,252 0,083 0,003
_8. 23 0,055 0,086 0,004
_9. 23 0,224 0,848 0,010
_10. 23 0,208 0,767 0,010
_11. 24 0,016 0,027 0,012
_12. 24 0,033 0,106 0,013
-
- - 2014:
108
(,
) , (. 12) 36
.37
EQS ( ).
.
,
21.10.2014. .
, 05.09.2014. ,
.
,
.
:
_10.
_11.
_12.
(. . 74/2011).
( )
, , 7 ,
IV . Zelinka-
Marvan Shannon-Weaver II
( 77 78).
36 EPA 8270D:2007 - SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/ MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC/MS). : , , (2012.): / (Determination of herbicide residues by gass-chromatogrohy/mass spectrometry in water of river ava), "MEDITERRANEAN GROUP OF PETICIDE REEARCH, Meeting 2012, International Conference on Food and Health afety : Mooving Towards a sustainable Agriculture, . 37 (. . . 24/2014); Directive 2013/39/EU
-
- - 2014:
109
77. ( Zelinka-Marvan) ,
78. ( Shannon-Weaver) ,
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera Trichoptera
(V ). BMWP (Biological Monitoring
Working Party Score)
(Oligochaeta) IV ( 79 80),
Oligochaeta (57,14%).
,
-
- - 2014:
110
(IV
).
79. BMWP ,
80. Oligochaeta-Tubificidae ,
-
- - 2014:
111
ASPT (Average Score Per Taxon)
( 81).
81. ASPT ,
, ,
7 , IV .
Zelinka-Marvan, Shannon-Weaver
(Oligochaeta) II ( 77, 78 80).
BMWP IV (
79). (Gastropoda) Lithoglyphus naticoides
(C.Pfeiffer,1828), (Bivalvia) : Corbicula fluminea (O.F.Mller,
1774) Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea,1834), III
.
,
(IV ).
, ,
10 , (III
). Zelinka-Marvan Shannon-Weaver
II ( 77 78).
BMWP
(Oligochaeta) ( 91 92),
Oligochaeta (41,67%). (Gastropoda)
e: Pseudosuccinea columella (Say,1817), Microcolpia daubedartii acicularis
(A.Frussac,1823) Lithoglyphus naticoides (C.Pfeiffer,1828), (Bivalvia)
: Corbicula fluminea (O.F.Mller,1774) Unio tumidus Philipson,1788,
III ( ). ,
-
- - 2014:
112
,
(IV ).
. ,
.
82. IPS ,
, ,
. 17 .
IPS (Indice de polluo-sensibilite) EPI-D
(Eutrophication/Pollution Index-Diatom Based) II
(e 82 83).
Gomphonema olivaceum (Hornemann) Brbisson var. olivaceum.
, CEE (Commission for Economical Community index)
.
-
- - 2014:
113
83. EPI-D ,
84.. CEE
, ,
,
,
- IPS, EPI-D CEE ( 82, 83 84). 24
. Fragilaria ulna (Nitzsch.)
Lange-Bertalot var. ulna. II
. , 19 .
IPS EPI-D II
( 82 83).
,
.
-
- - 2014:
114
Serbian Water Quality Index
Serbian Water Quality Index (SWQI)
: 29.07. 05.09. 2014.
85. SWQI 1: 29.07. 05.09. 2014
86. SWQI 2: 29.07. 05.09. 2014.
-
- - 2014:
115
87. SWQI 3; 29.07. 05.09. 2014.
: 25.09. 21.10. 2014.
88. SWQI 1: 25.09. 21.
10.2014.
-
- - 2014:
116
89. SWQI 2: 25.09. 21.
10.2014.
90. SWQI 3: 25.09. 21.
10.2014.
-
- - 2014:
117
13. : Serbian Water Quality Index
I (29.07.-
05.09.) II (25.09.-
21.10.) I II
(29.07.-21.10.)
SWQI SWQI
SWQI SWQI
_1. ( )
73 79 6 76
_2. ( )
65
_3. ( )
81
_2. ..
..
73
_2. .. .. 79
_3. .. .. 82
_4. .. 72 82 10 77
_5. 81 76 -5 78
_6. 46
_7.
55
_8. 52 68 16 60
_9. 69 79 10 74
_10. 71 77 6 74
_11. 76 79 3 77
_12. 77 80 3 78
-
- - 2014:
118
: 28.10. 30.12. 2014.
91. SWQI 1: 28.10. 30. 12. 2014.
92. SWQI 2: 28.10. 30. 12. 2014.
-
- - 2014:
119
93. SWQI 3: 28.10. 30. 12. 2014.
-
- - 2014:
120
14. : Serbian Water Quality Index 1
I (29.07 -
05.09) II (25.09 -
21.10) I II
III (28.10 -
30.12) II III
SWQI SWQI
SWQI SWQI
SWQI
_1. ( )
73 79 6 82 3
_2. ( )
65
_3. ( )
81
82
_1. ..
..
73
_2. ..
.. 79
_3. ..
.. 82
_4. ..
..
90
_4. ..
72 82 10 82 0
_5.
81 76 -5 61 -15
_6. 46
-
- - 2014:
121
15. : Serbian Water Quality Index 2 3
I (29.07 -
05.09) II (25.09 -
21.10) I II
III (28.10 -
30.12) II III
SWQI SWQI
SWQI SWQI
SWQI
_6. 46
_7.
55
_8.
52 68 16 65 -3
_9.
69 79 10 80 1
_10.
71 77 6 80 3
_11.
76 79 3 86 7
_12.
77 80 3 84 4
-
- - 2014:
122
: 12.01. 24.04. 2015.
94. SWQI 1: 12.01. 24.04.2015.
95. SWQI 2: 12.01. 24.04.2015.
-
- - 2014:
123
96. SWQI 3: 12.01. 24.04.2015.
-
- - 2014:
124
16. : Serbian Water Quality Index 1
III (28.10.2014. -30.12.2014)
IV (12.01.2015. -20.03.2015)
III IV
SWQI SWQI
SWQI
_1. ( )
82 78 -4
_3. ( )
82
_4. .. .. 90
_4. .. 82 79 -3
_5. 61 75 14
_8. 65 75 10
_9. 80 75 -5
_10. 80 74 -6
_11. 86 85 -1
_12. 84 82 -2
-
- 2014:
125
,
, (15
) 1,
,
. ()
,
II 2,
II 3,
II 1 ( 62-68)
38.
()
(). ,
(). (). ()
( = 4 mg/l) o
() 4.93 mg/l. ( 75 76)
, ,
() .
.
.
Serbian Water
Quality Index
(SWQI 79 82) (SWQI 90)
(SWQI 73).
4. .. () SWQI (SWQI 72-82). (
85, 88, 91)
.
,
(SWQI 69) (SWQI 75-80)
(SWQI 71) (SWQI 74-80)
( 86, 89, 92). 38 , . .24/14
-
- 2014:
126
(SWQI 77-84). ( 87, 90, 93)
, ,
(mg/l).
.
.
.
II 25 mg/l.39
,
, .
(TSS)
1 4
.
1. 31.
()
( 4 .: ) 28mg/l, 1. 2015. 24.
2015 () 50 mg/l 40.( 97)
97. (TSS) .
. ( 98)
39 , , . 50/2012. 40 50% 28mg/l, 50mg/l
-
- 2014:
127
98.
.
,
,
.
, .
-
- : ,
128
: ,
-
- : ,
129
. ,
,
.
.41
2014. 1,53
, .
.
,
1,4 .
20 kWh .
,
, .42
1992.
(International Conference on Water and
Environmental) ( ) .
(Dublin Principles).
, .
( ) [44]:
.
, .
,
,
.
41 . Rolling Stone ( 15-16/2014 2015) 5 1 : ? (, , ) . , . 42 (European Commission), 16. 45 2014, 663 . Regional Conference for Floods Prevention and Management in Western Balkans http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/news_corner/floods/index_en.htm
-
- : ,
130
(WH)
,
, ,
-
.
,
. [45]
:
,
, .
,
.
- .
.
,
.43
.
.
. 44
.
43 . . . . 44 2014. .
-
- : ,
131
.
.
.
.45
, ,
.
. ,
,
.
a
.46
( )
, .
:
,
. ( 1)
. ( 2)
,
,
. ( 3)
45 (1) ECOSOC, http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/o-ministarstvu/ministar/govori/13893--ecosoc?lang=lat (2) . 25. 26. ( 30. 2013. ) http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/archive/files/lat/pdf/zakoni/2013/4148-12Lat.pdf 46 - , , , 2014. http://www.sepa.gov.rs/download/Protokol_o_vodi_i_zdravlju_Analiza_stanja.pdf
-
- ,
132
,
-
- ,
133
1
47
1.
.
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
, 1997-2007.
2851 ,
.48
,
.
,
.
.
, .
,
.
,
, .
,
.
, : (1) , (2)
, (3) , (4) ,
(5) , (6) . ,
. ,
, .
,
47 - , : ( ), , , 2010, . 38-58. 48 - 1997-2007,
, 2008. . 27 28.
-
- ,
134
.
, , .
, ,
.
()
.
( ).
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
2.
2.1.
, ,
, ,
.
ISO 9001 ( ), ISO 14001
( )
(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, HACCP)
.
.49
,
HACCP, ISO 9001
:
.
49 (1) AUSTRALIAN DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES, Australian Goverment, National Health and Medical Research
Council, 2004; (2) Microbial Risk Assessment (MRA) Tool, Urban Water, CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2005, Report 2005:7.
-
- ,
135
, .
.
.
,
.
.
,
,
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.
-
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.
( 99)
, .
HACCP
.
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. HACCP
,
. HACCP
. ,
, ,
, . ,
HACCP
. , ISO 9001
.
-
- ,
136
. ISO
9001 ,
, .
-
99.
(99) HACCP
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Agricultural Engineering, USA, 2005.
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international $), http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.PP.CD
[5] 2013, 8.
: 8.2 ,
, 2014. . 155.
[6] 2009, 6.3
,
, 2010. . 163.
[7] (Eptisa & PM Group),
, , 2012. .12-14.
-
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[6] , , , , , , 2007, . 81 -123.
[7] , 2008. , http://www.hidmet.gov.rs , , 2009.
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