PANAYOTISL. VOCOTOPOULOSRemarksontheIconographyofSt. Cyril of Alexandriaandof St. JohnDamasceneinCretanPainting1St. Cyril, patriarchofAlexandriainthefirst halfofthefourthcentury, isusuallyrepresentedinByzantineandPost-Byzantineart wearingthephelonion,withapointedbonnetonhishead2(Pl.1).ThistypewassupersededintheearlyseventeenthcenturyinpaintingsoftheCretanschool byanotherone, wherehewearsthesakkos, derivedfromtheimperial vestments, whichwasfirst adoptedbythepatriarchsof Constantinople, andgraduallybyall theorthodoxbishops.3Theearliest examplesofthisnewtypeknowntomearetwoiconsbythepain-tersJeremiasPalladasandIakovosDaronas.Palladas, amonkof themonasteryof Sinai mentionedbetween1608and1645,wasactiveinhisnativeHeraklion,wherehismonasteryhadametochion.4Accordingtothepatriarchof JerusalemNektariostheCretan(16611669), hewas considered as one of the best painters of the period,whoseartisadmiredbyeverybodyandmaybecomparedtothepaintings of theworthyancient icono-graphers, whomhe imitated better than anybody else.5Ona recentlycleanediconof the Patriarchate of Alexandria, Palladas depictedtogether three of themost famouspatriarchofAlexandriaCyril, AthanasiusandJohntheAlmsgi-verinthecompositioncomparabletothatestablishedfortheThreeHierarchsBasil, GregoryofNazianzusandJohnChrysostom(Pl. 2),6but alsoused311The followingtext is essentiallythe one readat the Belgrade conference; onlyfootnoteswereadded.2LCI, 6, 1921(U. Knoben). Onthesaint'sheaddressseeS. der NersessianinP. Under-wood(ed.), TheKariyeDjami,4,(Princeton,1975),318,no.80;C.Walter, ThePortraitofJakovofSerresinLondin, Additional 39626, ItsplaceinPaleologuemanuscript illumination, Zograf, 7(Bel-grade1977), 67.3T. Papas,GeschichtederMessgewnderimbyzantinischenRitus, Mnchen 1965, 105117.4Onthis painter, cf. M. Kazanaki-Lappa, O zwgrcoi to Xandkakat2t 170 awna,Thesaurismata, 18(1981), 234236;M. Chatzidakis, Iconsof Patmos, Athens1985, 119;P. L. Vo-cotopoulos, EknejtjKerkraj, Athens1990, 82, withthepreviousbibliography.5Nektariosof Jerusalem, 'Epitomtjeroksmikjstoraj, Venice1677, 158.6N. B. Drandakis, 'Eikonogracat%nTri%n'Ierarx%n, Ioannina1969.forothergroupsofrelatedfigures, suchasthreeArchibishopsofCreteorPatri-archsofJerusaleminaniconofthelatesixteenthcenturybyMichaelDamaski-nos, nowintheByzantineMuseuminAthens.7Theywearthesakkos, twoepi-trachilia, asiscustomaryforthepatriarchsofAlexandria, andapeculiarkindoforthodox mitre, whose nearest parallel may be found in a seventeenth-century de-pictionof thekatholikosof Georgia.8Onemaysurmisethat thistypeof mitresoonbecameobsolete, becausetheCretanpainterJohnKornaros, whooverpain-tedtheiconinthelateeighteenthcentury,replacedthemitreswithusualones.Itmaybenotedthat PalladashasalsoportrayedSt. Cyril onanother iconaccor-dingtotheolder establishestype, withaphelonionandapointedcap(Pl. 1).IakovosDaronas,acontemporaryofPalladas,alsoestablishedintheCretancapital, whereheismentionedbetween1614and1623,9paintedaniconostasisdoorwithSt. Cyril wearingagainthesakkosbut withatripletiarainsteadofamitrethetiaraisaprerogativenotonlyofthepopesofRomebutalsoofthepatriarchsof Alexandria(Pl. 3).Theintroductionof thisnewtypeof St. Cyril, aswell asthedepictionofthe three principal patriarchs of Alexandria together, may perhaps be attributed tothe initiative of another famous bearer of that name: Cyril Loukaris, also a nativeof Crete, a staunch defender of orthodoxy against Latin propaganda, who was pa-triarchof Alexandriainthefirst twodecadesof theseventeenthcenturybeforebecomingPatriarchofConstantinoplein1620andbeingstrangledbytheTurkson27thof June1638.10ThetypeosSt.CyrilofAlexandriawearingthesakkoswasfurtherelabora-tedafewdecadeslaterbyEmmanuelTzanes,theforemostCretanpainterofthesecondhalf of theseventeenthcentury.11Whencommissionedin1654topaintthedoorsoftheiconostasisofthechurchofSts. JasonandSosipatrosinCorfu,hedepictedSt.Cyrilwithasakkos,abaroquemitre,andholdingascrollwithatext referringtotheprocessionoftheHolySpirit fromtheFatheraloneandnotalso from the Son, as is admitted by the Latin Church12(Pl. 4). Corfu was at thattimeaVenetianpossession, andtheOrthodoxarchbishopichadlongagobeenabolishedandsubstitutedbyaCatholicone, towhichweresubjectedtheortho-32PANAYOTISL. VOCOTOPOULOS*7M. Achimastou-Potamianou, Paintingof theThreeHierarchsbyMichael Damaskinos, At-hensAnnalsof Archeology, XIX(Athens, 1986), 8397.8ThedrawingwasmadebytheSicilianOrientalistCristoforodeCastelli,whovisitedthere-gion between 1627 and 1654: Don C. de Castelli,RelazioneeAlbumdeischizzisullaGeorgiadelse-coloXVII,Tbilissi1976,373,fig.369.CrownsoftherulersofGeorgiafromthesameperiodarede-pictedonfigs.3and5.Cf.aseventeenth-centurymitreintheMuseumofTbilissi(T.Sanikidze, ArtMuseumof Georgia, TbilissiLeningrad1985, fig. 55). TodaythemitresofthepatriarchsofGeor-gia are surrounded in their lower part by a continious vertical border (I. Reissner,Georgien,Geschic-hteKunstKultur, FreiburgBasleVienna1989, fig. p. 93, 95.9M. Chatzidakis,'Ellgejzwgrcoimet2tn'Al3sh (14501830), 1, Athens 1987, 257.10On Cyril Loukaris, see G. Hering, kumenisches Patriarchat und europische Politik16201638, Wiesbaden1968; onhis Alexandrianperiod, see Ch. Papadopoulos, Krilloj Loy-kpij, Athens19392, 1536.11OnEmmanuel Tzanes, seeP. L. Vocotopoulos, EkojtjKerkraj, 104108.12Ibidem, 116117, fig. 221.doxpriestandfaithful.13ThequotationfromthewritingsofSt. CyrilagainsttheFilioquewasmeant toshowthat theOrthodoxChurchhaspreservedunalteredthe teachings of the EarlyFathers, as opposedtothe LatinChurch. Since St.Cyrilisrecognizedbybothchurches,therulingLatinshadtotoleratethisactofdefiance. It maybenotedthat TzaneshadalredypaintedSt. Cyril inthesamestance, wearing a sakkos and holding a winding scroll, but with the usual bonnet,inasmall iconnowintheByzantineMuseuminAthens, dated1648(Pl. 5).14Sincehestartedpaintingicons for thechurchof Sts. JasonandSosipatros asearlyas1649, wemaysurmisethat thiswasaproject forthedoorhepaintedafewyearslater.The other two doors of the iconostasis of the same church in Corfu were al-sodecoratedbyEmmanuel Tzanesin1654withrepresentationsofSts. JohnofDamascus (Pl. 6) andGregoryPalamas, holdingagainscrols about theproce-ssionoftheHolySpirit fromtheFatheralone.15St. JohnDamascene, whoheldanimportant post intheUmmayadcourt beforeretiringtothemonasteryofSt.Sabbas near Jerusalem, was usuallydepictedwearingmonasticgarments andaturban.16Tzanes departedhereagainfromthetraditional iconographicscheme,andpaintedhiminchurchvestmentswearingaphelonion, epigonation, epitrac-helionandhood.BoththenewtypesofSt.CyrilwithabaroquemitreandofSt.JohnofDamascuswithchurchvestmentsappeartohavebeeninventedbyTza-nes, sincenoearlierdatedexamplesareknown. Theywererepeatedinthelateseventeenth and in the eighteenth century in many iconostasis doors on the islandof Corfu.17PanajotisL. VokotopulosZAPAAWAOIKONOGRAFIJISV. KIRILAALEKSANDRIJSKOGISV. JOVANADAMASKINAUKRITSKOMSLIKARSTVURezimeAutorrazmatraikonografskenovinedokojihdolaziukritskomslikarstvuHiHvekaupredstavqawusvetihcrkvenihotaca,KirilaAleksandrijskogiJovanaDamaskina.NaprimerimaikonopisaJeremijePaladasa,JakovaDaronasaiEmanuilaCanea,pokazanojekakoseuovomperiodusvetiKiril,umestosami-trom,prikazujesabaroknomtijarom,doksetradicionalnamonakaodorasatur-banomsvetogJovana,zamewujeliturgijskomodedomsakapuqaom. Likovioboji-cesvetiteqa, naovaj nain, postepenopoprimajusavremeniizgledpravoslavniharhijereja(arhi)episkopa.33*REMARKSONTHEICONOGRAPHY13A. Tsitsas,=HkklhsatjKerkrajkat2t0nLatinokratan 12671797, Corfu 1969.14G. Sotiriou, 'Od0gojtoByzantnoyMoyseoy, Athens1956, 23, No. 420, Pl. XXXb.15P. L. Vocotopoulos, op. cit., 117120, fig. 5657.16LCI, 7, 102104(G. Kaster); G. Babi, Les moines-potes dans l'glise de laMre deDieuStudenica, inStudenicaetl'artbyzantinautourdel'anne1200, Belgrade 1988, 206210.17P. L. Vocotopoulos, op. cit., 117118; Idem, 'Idiomorcej stndiakosm0sht%nker-kyaik%ntmpwn, KecallhnakaXronik2, 5(1986), 152156, fig. 1017, 19.JeremiasPalladas, Saint Cyril of Alexandria, OldCairo, SanteGeorgeJeremiasPalladas, Saint Cyril, AthanasiusandJohntheAlmsgiver,Patriarchsof Alexandria, Alexandria, PatriarchateIakovosDaronas, Saint Cyril of Alexandria, Alexandria, PatriarchateEmmanuel Tzanes, Saint Cyril of Alexandria, PanaghiaAntivouniotissa(formerlyinthechurchof Sts. JasonandSosipatros)Emmanuel Tzanes, Saint Cyril of Alexandria, Athens, ByzantineMuseum(Photocourtesyof theByzantineMuseum, Athens)Emmanuel Tzanes, Saint Johnof Damascus, Corfu,Sts. JasonandSosipatros