vocabulary #1 latitude- lines that measure north and south on a map longitude- lines that measure...

Vocabulary #1 Latitude- lines that measure north and

south on a map Longitude- lines that measure east and

west on a map Equator- 0 degrees latitude, separates the

Earth into north and south hemisphere’s Prime Meridian- 0 degrees Longitude,

separates the Earth into east and west hemisphere’s

Hemisphere- half of the earth

Vocabulary # 2

• Migrate- to move from one place to another

• Abundant- having a lot of something, maybe more than is necessary

• Liberty- to have freedom• Significant- to be important• Conclusion- your decision based on

the information given to you

Vocabulary #3Unalienable Rights- a right that cannot be

taken awayPursuit of Happiness- the freedom to

choose your own futurePuritans- A separate religious group from

England, also known as the PilgrimsContributions- something you give of

yourself without expecting anything in return

Mercantilism- an economic theory that states the more trade a country controls, the stronger the country

Vocabulary #4Monarchy- rule by one person, either a

king or queen also known as royaltyCash Crop- a crop grown to make moneyIndentured Servant- a colonist who works

for a period of time before they are freedColony- new settlement controlled by, or

connected with, the mother nationPlantations- a gigumbous (large) farm

dedicated to growing cash crops using slave labor

Vocabulary #5

alliances- two groups that agree to help each other in time of war

militia- citizen soldiers levy- to collect Temperate- a climate with no

extreme hot or cold seasons, which makes farming easier

Arid- a hot and dry climate

Vocabulary #6Established- when something was startedProclamation- law or order announced by

the government Middle Passage- part of triangular trade

where slaves are transported to the New World

Region- a geographic areaParliament- law making body (group) in

Great Britain

Vocabulary # 7Quartering- allow soldiers to stay in your houseBoycott- a protest that refuses to use or buy

productsAmbassador- a representative of one country

living in another countrySequential- in order from 1st to lastPropaganda- information designed to influence

your opinion

Vocabulary #8Tyrant (tyranny)- A leader who treats his

people without respectWitness- a primary source because you

see itUsurpation- abusing your powerGrievance- complaintPetition- a written statement, request, or

grievance

Vocabulary # 9

Turning point- when things change

Ratified- to approve ofBlockade- to keep ships from going in or out of a port

Inflation- when money is devalued

Neutral- taking no side

Vocabulary # 10

Bicameral- two parts of a representative government

constitution- a formal plan of government

Ordinance- lawRepublic- a government ruled by

representatives, elected by the citizensConfederation- a group bound together

loosely

Vocabulary # 11Politics- the act of governing or dealing with

governmentRebellion- to disobey rules or laws that govern youDepression- when the economy is suffering and

unemployment is highCompromise- when both sides give in to reach an

agreementDistribution- to divide a product between different

groups

Vocabulary # 12Precedent- a traditionImpressments- forcing people to serve against

their will in another country’s navyImplied- to say something without really saying itAliens- immigrants living in another country who

are not citizensSedition- activities aimed at weakening

established governments

Vocabulary # 13Laissez-faire- French economic philosophy

that means let people do as they chooseJudicial review- supreme court can decide

if a law is or is not constitutionalNullify- legally overturnCaucus- meetings held by political parties

to choose the parties’ candidateLandmark- something significant

Vocabulary # 14Industrialize- to change an economic

system from agriculture to manufacturing

Embargo- to cut off trade with another country

Capitalism- people own businesses and try to make a profit

Free Enterprise- people are allowed to use their own money however they choose

Patent- the legal right to an idea or product for a set amount of time

Vocabulary # 12

Virtually- Almost, but not quiteConflicting- different viewsExpress- to explainEra- a group of years that have something in common

Proportional- the same size in relation with something else

Vocabulary #

Bankruptcy- the legal step people take when they cannot pay their bills

Majority- one more than halfSovereignty- to control your own destiny

Suffrage- the right to voteSecede- to break away from

Vocabulary #Annex- to take control of, or add toCession (Cede)- to give upVigilantes- a group of people that take the

law into their own handsEfficient- to make something work well or

betterConvention- a meeting of people with a

common goal

Vocabulary #Slave Codes- laws in the southern states

that controlled slavesTelegraph- a machine that used Morse

code to communicatePrejudice- an unfair opinion not based on

factsDiscrimination- unfair treatment of a

groupResumption- to start again

Vocabulary #Temperance- drinking little or no alcoholCivil disobedience- refusing to obey laws

in a peaceful mannerAbolitionist- people who wanted to

abolish, or do away with, slaveryFugitive- someone running from the lawAbstain- not to cast a vote

TAKS Fact #1 pg.44

The 3 main reasons for exploration and

colonization were ________________,

_____________, and _____________.

TAKS Fact Question #1In the 1600’s Puritans migrated to North

America because they-A. had been recruited by colonial

proprietorB. wanted to escape debtors’ prisonC. hoped to educate Native AmericansD. wanted religious freedom

TAKS Fact #2

Jamestown was the 1st ________English _______

in the New World established in _____. The

colonists created the town to make a _______.

TAKS Fact Question #2The first migration in 1607 to a

permanent English colony in North America was-

A. RoanokeB. JamestownC. WilliamsburgD. Plymouth

TAKS Fact #3 pg. 73

The House of Burgesses was formed

in the colony of ________. It was the 1st

example of _____________________.

TAKS Fact Question #3The Virginia Company established the

House of Burgesses in 1619, which-A. was the 1st government to have a

presidentB. established the doctrine of separation

of powersC. had the power to veto acts of

ParliamentD. was the 1st representative legislature in

the English colonies

TAKS Fact #4 pg. 77

The Mayflower Compact was written

by the ________ at _____________. It was

the 1st example of ________________.

TAKS Fact Question #4Both the Mayflower Compact and the

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were early colonial-

A. plans for self-governmentB. treaties with Native AmericansC. complaints against the British

monarchyD. arguments for a free-market

TAKS Fact #5 pg 110

The ______________, an English document, was

written in 1215. It established the

principle (idea) of _____________.

TAKS Fact Question #5

What was the main purpose of the Magna Carta?

To limit the monarch’s powerTo establish an English constitutionTo create a peace treaty with FranceTo promote rights for the lower class

TAKS Fact #6 pg 119, 172

_________________ was responsible for the

Albany Plan of Union. He was also ambassador

to ______ during the American Revolution.

TAKS Fact Question #6When Ben Franklin tells the American

colonists to “Join or die,” what is he making reference to?

A. The only way to win the war against France is to fight together

B. Only New England colonies will succeed in the war against the French

C. The Only way for the colonies to survive is to surrender to the French

The South is the key to defending the colonies from France

TAKS Fact #7 pg. 125

The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King ________ of

____________ after the French & Indian war. It established the ____________ mountains as the

western boundary of the colonies. It was issued to prevent a conflict

with the __________________.

TAKS Fact Question #7The Proclamation of 1763 stated that

colonists could not settle beyond which of the following geographical features?

A. Mississippi RiverB. Great PlainsC. Appalachian MountainsD. Rocky Mountains


One major cause of the American

Revolutionary war was _________ without

______________.

The roots of the plants in this cartoon represent —

A people living in Great Britain

B opponents of the American Revolution

C factors leading to the American Revolution

D laws passed by colonial assemblies



___________ was the leader of the colonists

group the Sons of Liberty, which was responsible for the

____________________.

TAKS Fact Question #13Samuel Adams Thomas Paine Thomas Jefferson

? Author of Common Sense

Author of the Declaration of Independence

Which of the following best completes this table?A. Governor of MassachusettsB. Minister to FranceC. Commander in chiefD. Leader of the Sons of Liberty

TAKS Fact #10 pg 134

The Stamp Act was a tax on ______________

that effected newspapers, pamphlets, wills, and playing cards.

TAKS Fact Question #10Which of the following would have been a

product taxed under the Stamp Act?A. shipment of tobacco bound for Great

BritainB. A wardrobe of new dresses from FranceC. A keg of tea from the OrientD. A book by Thomas Paine


___________ was the author of the

pamphlet, Common Sense, that

______________________.

TAKS Fact Question #11My motive and object in all my political works,

beginning with Common Sense, the 1st work I ever published, have been to rescue man from tyranny and false systems…of government, and

enable him to be free…-Thomas Paine, 1806An important effect of Common Sense was that it

persuaded many-A. ordinary people to support independence from

BritainB. rich merchants to leave the coloniesC. loyalists to support the kingD. loyalists and patriots to unite against Britain


_____________ was the leader of

American troops during the

Revolutionary War.


George Washington played an important role during the American Revolution while serving as:

A. ambassador to FranceB. attorney general for the coloniesC. commander of the Continental

ArmyD. President of the Continental

Congress


_________________ was the 1st battle

of the Revolutionary War.

TAKS Fact Question #13 By the rude bridge that arched the flood, their flag to

April’s Breeze unfurled, here once the embattled farmers stood and fired the shot heard round the

world.--- Ralph Waldo EmersonThese lines of poetry by Ralph Waldo

Emerson refer to the-A. Native American struggle against white

settlersB. North’s battle to restore the UnionC. American fight for independence from

Great BritainD. clash over landholdings in Mexico

TAKS Fact #14 pg.173

________ was the battle referred to as the turning point in

the American Revolution because

the ______ became our allies.

TAKS Fact Question #14The Battle of Saratoga was a turning

point in the Revolution because-A. the colonists were defeated and lost

possession of New YorkB. Native Americans joined the war

against the colonies during the battleC. Great Britain was forced to form an

alliance with France against the coloniesD. the colonial victory convinced France

to support American independence


________________ was the last major battle of the American Revolution. ________, the leader of

the British troops, surrendered to the

Americans.

TAKS Fact Question #15What was the result of the Battle of

Yorktown during the Revolutionary War?A. American colonists organized state

militiasB. George Washington was named

commander of the Continental ArmyC. Delegates to a Constitutional

Convention wrote the Declaration of Independence

D. The conflict ended with the surrender of Cornwallis’s troops

TAKS Fact #16

• The Declaration of Independence was written

in _____ by _____________________. It was written to declare

independence from _________________.


The phrase “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” is found in the-

A. Monroe DoctrineB. 13th AmendmentC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Declaration of Independence


A right that cannot be taken away is called an

___________________. It is part of the Declaration of Independence that

guarantees ______, __________, and _____________________.

TAKS Fact Question #17All of the following are unalienable rights

that Thomas Jefferson named in the Declaration of Independence except-

A. LifeB. LibertyC. Private PropertyD. Pursuit of Happiness

TAKS Fact # 18 pg. 185

_________________ established the

boundaries of the U.S. after the American Revolutionary War.

TAKS Fact Question #18What was signed at the end of the

American Revolutionary War that recognized the U.S. boundaries?

A. Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoB. Treaty of Paris-1783C. Treaty of GhentD. Treaty of 1763

TAKS Fact #19 pg. 211,212

___________ were people who supported the Constitution, and

________________ were people who opposed it due to a lack

of guaranteed individual liberties.

TAKS Fact Question #19Anti-Federalists had many of their

concerns about the U.S. Constitution satisfied through the approval of the-

A. Bill of RightsB. electoral collegeC. 3/5ths compromiseD. Treaty of Paris


The ______________ was written to

persuade people to support or ratify the

Constitution

TAKS Fact Question #20In 1787 James Madison and other

Federalists supported a written plan of government. This plan-

A. made changing laws virtually impossible

B. created a parliamentary governmentC. called for a stronger national

governmentD. called for stricter interpretation of

the law


Our ________________ are guaranteed in the Bill of

Rights, these are our personal freedoms.


The Bill of Rights was added to the U.S. Constitution mainly to:

A. protect individual libertiesB. encourage increased political

participationC. clarify roles of the branches of

governmentD. establish American independence from

British rule


The Constitution can be amended by _____

vote of both houses of Congress, and by a

ratifying vote of ______ of the states

TAKS Question Fact #22

A two-thirds vote of both

houses of Congress

Approval of three-fourths of

the state legislatures

A special convention

demanded by two-thirds of

the states

Special ratifying

convention in three-fourths of the states

TAKS Fact Question #22Which of the following is the title of the

flow chart?A. Balance of PowerB. Checks and BalancesC. How a Bill Becomes a LawD. Amending the United States

Constitution

TAKS Fact #23 pg. 205, 209,203

The Constitution was written in ____and

became the _____________________.

It replaced the _____________________.

TAKS Fact Question #23Which document was written in 1787 and

replaced the Articles of Confederation as the federal law?

A. Declaration of IndependenceB. Treaty of ParisC. U.S. ConstitutionD. Monroe Doctrine


In 1787 Congress created a plan called the

____________________ which allowed territories to

become states.

Provisions of theNorthwest Ordinance of 1787

1

•Congress will appoint a resident governor, a secretary, and three judges to rule the territory.

2

•When the territory has 5,000 free adult males, it may elect a legislature and send a nonvoting delegate to Congress.

3

•When the territory has a total free population of 60,000, it may write a constitution and submit it to Congress for approval.

4 •????


Which step best completes the process above?

A. The territory may decide to legalize slavery within its borders.

B. The territory may be admitted as a state.

C. The territory must allow women the right to vote.

D. The territory will be required to pay export tariffs.


The idea that the people are the source of the

government’s power is called

_______________________.

TAKS Fact Question #25The 1st 3 words of the U.S. Constitution,

“We the People,” express the idea of popular sovereignty. It is the belief that the people hold the:

A. final authority in governmentB. power to elect judges to the Supreme

CourtC. authority to break laws established for

the U.S.D. power to declare war


_________________ is the idea that the citizen’s vote

is represented by their elected members of

Congress.

TAKS Fact #6 pg. 283,284

In _____ the Louisiana Purchase _______ the size

of the U.S. Thomas Jefferson sent _____ and

______ to explore the new territory.

TAKS Fact Question #6In 1803 Thomas Jefferson made one of his

most important contributions as president when he-

A. wrote the Declaration of IndependenceB. became the leader of the Democratic-

Republican PartyC. Founded the University of VirginiaD. purchased the Louisiana territory from

France


The U.S. Constitution maintains a republican system of government through the:

A. president’s power to veto acts of Congress

B. appointment of federal judges to life terms

C. election of representatives who make laws

D. creation of a presidential Cabinet


By telling our government what it can

and cannot do the Constitution is an

example of _____________.

TAKS Fact Question #27“No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned…or

exiled or in anyway destroyed, nor will we go upon him nor send upon, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.” [an excerpt from the Magna Carta in 1215 that limited the power of the English government]

Which principle of U.S. government reflects the ideas in the excerpt?

A. Trial by juryB. Ex post factoC. Judicial ReviewD. Right to free speech


____________ divides power between the

state & national governments.


Which of the following principles in the U.S. Constitution best expresses the idea of Federalism?

A. Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion.

B. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any home.

C. Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed.

D. The powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states.


Each of the 3 branches of government has it own

responsibilities, this is called __________


The Legislature has the power to make laws, the Executive branch has the power to enforce laws, and the Judicial branch has the power to judge laws. This is an example of:

A. Checks and BalancesB. Limited GovernmentC. Separation of PowersD. Federalism


_________________ says that each branch of the

government has some power over the other two.


Checks and Balances A system by which each branch of

government limits the power of the othersWhich of these is an example of the system

of check and balances?A. Congress can regulate industryB. Governors can pardon federal prisonersC. The president can veto bills passed by

CongressD. Governor’s can pass laws


____________________ are a group of people that try to get their

candidate that believes the same way they do,

elected to office.

TAKS Fact Question #32The history of U.S. political parties can be

traced to the conflicted ideas of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson about-

A. slaveryB. western expansionC. governmental powersD. national defense


In the Supreme Court case __________

v. ____________, the precedent was set for

judicial review.

TAKS Fact Question #33Marbury v. Madison(1803) is considered a

landmark U.S. Supreme Court case because it-

A. demonstrated that the president had more power than Congress

B. established the Court’s power of judicial review

C. held slavery to be unconstitutionalD. expanded the size of the Court


________________ wrote a poem called the Star Spangled

Banner, that became our national anthem.


Who wrote “the Star-Spangled Banner” after witnessing the British attack on Ft. McHenry during the War of 1812-

A. Andrew JacksonB. John C. CalhounC. Henry ClayD. Francis Scott Key


_________________ was the hero of the Battle of

New Orleans, and president during the

Nullification Crisis and Indian Removal Act

TAKS Fact Question #35-Rise of the common man

-Vetoed the charter of the 2nd National Bank-Removed Native Americans to Oklahoma-Asserted the authority of the federal government in the Nullification Crisis

Which of the following U.S. presidents is described in the information above?

A. Martin Van BurenB. Andrew JacksonC. James K. PolkD. John Adams


After the War of 1812 there was a sense of national

unity that created the _________________.

TAKS Fact Question #36The Era of Good Feelings, which followed

the War of 1812, was characterized by-A. increased cooperation between the U.S

and Native AmericansB. the rise of the Federalist Party as a

major political forceC. increased nationalism and patriotism in

the U.S.D. an increase in the number of political

parties.

TAKS Fact #37 pg. 308, 309

____________ invented the cotton gin to

remove seeds from cotton fibers and started the use of ___________ parts.

TAKS Fact Question #37 Labor shortage in colonies

Growth of slaveryInvention of the cotton gin

Increased cotton productionWhich of these is the best title for the diagram

above?A. The Development of Triangular TradeB. The Development of the Plantation SystemC. The Development of Protective TariffsD. The Development of Steel Mills


Inventor _________________ demonstrated a

reliable steamboat in1807.

TAKS Fact Question #38Robert Fulton’s steamboat aided the

economic development of the United States by-

A. reducing traffic in the nation’s ocean

B. making transportation on rivers more efficient

C. ending American dependence on European shipping

D. increased farm production


The Era of Good Feelings was replaced by regional differences

that caused _________________.

TAKS Fact Question #39Which of the following best illustrates

the growing economic differences between the regions of the U.S. during the mid-1800’s?

A. Commerce in the West and mining in the east

B. Fishing in the South and forestry in the North

C. Banking and finance in the West and meat and grains in the East

D. Agriculture in the South and manufacturing in the North


The Industrial Revolution happened

because of ___________, _____________, and

_____________.

TAKS Fact Question #40The combination of resources, improved

transportation, and technological breakthroughs contributed to the-

A. Era of Good FeelingsB. adoption of the gold standardC. Industrial RevolutionD. formation of agricultural cooperatives


President ________ changed foreign

policy for the U.S. with the Monroe

Doctrine.

TAKS Fact Question #41Based on the cartoon, which of the

following best explains the impact of the Monroe Doctrine?

A. The U.S. would not allow foreign nations to form alliances

B. The U.S. would not allow further European colonization in the Western Hemisphere

C. The U.S. would serve as a negotiator between European nations

D. The U.S. would protect the economic interests of Europe

TAKS Fact #42 pg 339, 338

In 1833 South Carolina passed the Nullification

Act, which led to the ______________. A

___________ would protect American industries from

foreign countries.

TAKS Fact Question #42The main reason that the United States

established protective tariffs was to-A. increase political support for the

FederalistsB. end the slave tradeC. promote U.S. industryD. raise funds for the Louisiana Purchase


The Indian Removal Act of 1830 later resulted in the

Cherokee people marching on the

___________________.

TAKS Fact Question #43Many Americans supported the Indian

Removal Act of 1830 because it-A. punished Native Americans for attacks

on Washington D.C.B. opened Native American lands to

settlement by white citizensC. forced U.S. citizenship on Native

AmericansD. forced Native American leaders out of

the U.S. Congress


The belief that the United States should expand and spread from the east to the

west coast was called _____________.

TAKS Fact Question #44Which of the following would most likely

be a strong believer in Manifest Destiny?A. The owner of a textile factory in the

northwestB. a slave on a southern plantationC. A Native AmericanD. A farmer wanting to obtain new land.


___________________ helped improve communication in the United States with his

invention of the _____________________ that

used Morse code.

TAKS Fact Question #45During the mid-1800’s the expanding U.S.

economy required better methods of communication. Communications were improved significantly by Samuel Morse’s invention of the-

A. typewriterB. telephoneC. telegraphD. phonograph

TAKS Fact # 46

Transportation to the west increased because of railroads, turnpikes, and canals.


___________________ ended the War with

Mexico and the United States in

1848.

TAKS Fact Question #47The present-day states of California,

Nevada, and Utah were acquired in 1848 from-

A. SpainB. MexicoC. Great BritainD. Russia


An abolitionist is opposed to _______. Examples of

these people are Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, William Lloyd Garrison, and

Harriet Beecher Stowe.

TAKS Fact Question #48William Lloyd Garrison-published an

abolitionist newspaperJohn Brown- raided the federal arsenal at

Harpers FerryHarriet Tubman- worked as a “conductor” for

the Underground RailroadHarriet Beecher Stowe- wrote the novel

Uncle Tom’s Cabin The actions taken by these people were aimed at-A. protecting states’ rightsB. passing fugitive slave lawsC. stopping the south from secedingD. ending slavery


____________ and _____________ were

leaders of the Seneca Falls Convention that fought for women’s

suffrage.

TAKS Fact Question #49The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention marked

the beginning of an organized movement that-

A. led to economic and social equality for women by 1872

B. failed to support women who worked in the home

C. led to a U.S. Supreme Court decision that gave women the right to vote

D. demanded rights for women


The ________________ required all citizens

to help catch runaway slaves.

TAKS Fact Question #50Some fugitive slaves fled to Canada rather

than staying in northern states because runaway slaves-

A. had fewer economic opportunities in Canada

B. were needed to help populate rural areas in Canada

C. could travel quickly up the Mississippi River to Quebec

D. could be captured in the North and returned to the South.

TAKS Fact # 51 pg. 442

__________________ wrote Uncle Tom’s

Cabin, a book about the evils of __________.

TAKS Fact Question #51The popularity of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s

novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin increased public opposition to-

A. child laborB. political machinesC. slaveryD. monopolies


The ______________ Supreme Court

decision stated that enslaved African-Americans were

property, not citizens.

TAKS Fact Question #52 This excerpt is taken from the landmark U.S. Supreme

Court case- A. Dartmouth College v. Woodward B. Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge C. Marbury v. Madison D. Dred Scott v. Sanford

We think they [people of African ancestry] are…not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word “citizens” in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the

rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States.

TAKS Fact #53

__________ was the president of the

Confederacy during the Civil War. __________ was

the president of the United States during the Civil War.


Abraham Lincoln: ____________:: Jefferson Davis: ______________

A. United States, ConfederacyB. Confederacy, United StatesC. New York, RichmondD. Richmond, Washington


________ was the 1st battle of the American Civil

War.

TAKS Fact Question #54The Confederate capture of Ft. Sumter in

1861 was significant because it-A. inspired northern voters to elect Abe

Lincoln as presidentB. Allowed the South to form an alliance

with FranceC. marked the beginning of the Civil WarD. forced the border states to agree to

keep their slaves


The battles of __________ and

_________ were key victories for the Union

in the Civil War.

TAKS Fact Question #55Gettysburg is considered the turning point

of the Civil War because-A. Southern troops marched on

Washington D.C. B. General “Stonewall” Jackson was killed

in battleC. the North repulsed the Southern

invasionD. the South surrendered

TAKS Fact #56 pg. 246, 246, 248

The ____ amendment abolished slavery, the ____ amendment gave rights to former slaves, and the ____ amendment gave former slaves the right to vote.

TAKS Fact Question #56The primary purpose of the 14th

amendment (1868) was to-A. guarantee a minimum income for

African AmericansB. grant citizenship to African AmericansC. ensure equal congressional

representation for African AmericansD. justify the denial of liberties to African

Americans

TAKS Fact #57

______________ was the commanding general of the Union Army during the Civil War. _____________ was the commanding general of the Confederate forces during

the Civil War.

TAKS Fact Question #57These people served as public officials during

the Civil War. Which of the following matches is incorrect?

A. Jefferson Davis- secretary of state for the Confederacy

B. Ulysses S. Grant- commander of the Union Army

C. Robert E. Lee- commander of the confederate Army

D. Abraham Lincoln- president of the United states

vocabulary #1 latitude- lines that measure north and south on a map longitude- lines that measure...

Documents

country slide

earth slide

grievance slide

opinion slide

dry climate slide

slave labor slide

great britain slide

government rebellion