vn april 04final

IZA EUROPE, SERVING THE ZINC INDUSTRY

ZINC - THE ESSENTIAL METAL

INTERVIEW OF PATRICK PICHANT, ARCELOR AUTO

ZINC - LIFE’S INVISIBLE PARTNER

SURPRISING ZINC

The International Zinc Association - Europe, conducts collective activities for its members that promote new markets for zinc and maintain its current applications.Working together through the association significantly increases the cost effective-ness of these activities for the benefit of all.

Aser SpainXstrata Zinc Spain & GermanyPasminco Budel Zink The NetherlandsBUS GermanyChelyabinsk Zinc Federation of RussiaEspanola SpainGrillo GermanyKCM BulgariaL Z Complex BulgariaMetaleurop FranceSudamin MHD GermanNew Boliden Finland & NorwayRheinzink GermanyUmicore Belgium & France

Creating partnership between zincproducers and users is a primary func-tion of the association and marketintelligence is a vital component of itsactivities.

Encouraging our target audiences to "think zinc" is fundamental to ourcommitment to support our mem-bers and associate organisations.

This review highlights the key benefitsof zinc in a wide range of automotiveapplications and gives an insight intoother aspects of zinc's use.

Modern life is inconceivable withoutzinc. Naturally present in rocks, earth, airand water, zinc is essential to human,animal and plant nutrition. Today, zincis accepted as one of life's essential elements. It's a part of nature.

But zinc is also essential in our daily life.It provides indeed the most cost-effective and environmentally efficientmethod of protecting steel from corrosion. Zinc is also used to manufac-ture a wide range of automotive equipment and household, electric andelectronic appliances, fittings, tools… It is commonly used in all transportation vehicles, in building and construction, in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, inrubber, in fertilisers and animal feed.

The broad range of end-uses resultsfrom zinc's corrosion resistance, galvanicprotection, alloying characteristics withcopper, aluminium and magnesium, lowmelting point, formability, essentiality asa nutrient, healing properties…

The economic significance of each first-use and the broad range of end-usemarkets served by them is illustrated inFigure 1.

Close to 25 % of the overall zinc productionis consumed in transport, mainly by theautomotive industry.

Million tons of steel sheets aregalvanised each year to protect car's'body-in-white' against corrosion andallow the manufacturers to offer over 12year guarantees. But zinc is also exten-sively used in its alloyed form for a widerange of equipment such as door locksand handles, seat belts and airbag systems, steering column and starterhousings, engine and electronic devicesand many other components. In otherforms such as zinc oxide or other compounds, it is used in the manufactureof tyres, batteries, textiles…

IZA EUROPE, SERVING THE ZINC INDUSTRY

GALVANIZING 47 %

OTHER 4 %

ZINC CHEMICALS 7 %

ZINC ALLOYS 16 %

BRASS 19 %

SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS 7 %

TRANSPORT 23 %

CONSUMER DURABLES 10 %

INFRASTRUCTURE 9 %

MACHINERY EQUIPMENT 10 %

CONSTRUCTION 48 %EN

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ZINC - THE ESSENTIAL METAL

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PA I N T E D G A LVA N I Z E D S T E E L

G A LVA N I Z E D S T E E L

GALVANIZED+ PAINT

PAINT

Top coatPrimerZincSteelZincBacking

ZincSteelZinc

V E H I C L E N E W S • I Z A E U R O P E • A P R I L 2 0 0 4

Corrosion is estimated to cost an indus-trialised country's economy up to 4% ofGDP each year. Recognising this, toge-ther with the known strength, eco-nomy and durability of zinc-coatedsteel, manufacturers and consumersare today demanding a higher contentof zinc-protected steel in durablegoods.

For over a century, zinc has enhancedthe longevity and performance of steel.Zinc coatings provide the most effec-tive and economical way of protectingsteel against corrosion. Zinc-coated orgalvanized steel offers a unique combi-nation of

• High strength • Formability • Light weight • Corrosion resistance • Aesthetics • Recyclables • Low cost

… that is unmatched by any othermaterial.

For this reason, galvanized steel sheet isan ideal material for a multitude ofapplications - from automobiles tohousehold appliances to residential,commercial and industrial construc-tion.

Corrosion Resistance

Zinc coatings protect steel by providinga physical barrier as well as cathodicprotection for the underlying steel. It isimportant that the correct zinc coatingis specified to provide optimal perform-ance under the exposure conditions towhich the coating will be subjected.Coating life is determined by the coat-ing corrosion rate, itself a function ofmany factors such as time, composi-tion of the atmosphere and the type ofcoating.

Barrier Protection

Zinc coatings provide a continuous,impervious metallic barrier that doesnot allow moisture or air to contact thesteel. Without moisture or air, there isno corrosion of steel. Corrosion resist-ance of coatings can also be furtherimproved by using a zinc alloy coatingor by applying paint top coats (figure 2).

CathodicProtection

Another outstanding protectionmechanism is zinc's remark-able ability to galvanicallyprotect steel. When steel isexposed, such as at a cutedge, scratch or stone chip,the steel is cathodically protected by the sacrificialaction of the zinc coating adjacent to the steel (figure 3).The extent of this cathodic protectionis determined by the type of coating, itsthickness and that of the underlyingsteel, as well as by the area of damage.

ZINC PROTECTS

Figure 2 : Barrier protection

Figure 3 : Cathodic protection

GALVANIZED

PAINTED ZINC-COATEDSTEEL SHEET

PAINTED STEEL SHEETUNPROTECTED BY

ZINC COATING

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Vehicle News •• How has the use ofzinc-based coatings developed in

automobile construction?

Patrick Pichant •• Coated steelfirst appeared in 1975. Thefirst car in 100% coated steelappeared ten years later.

It was an Audi 100. However, the average penetration of the

product in Europe is about 15%. In 1997, manufacturers such as

Volkswagen and Opel introduced vehicles consisting entirely of coatedsteel. These were the VW Golf and theOpel Astra. This enabled them to offer a12-year guarantee on the bodies. At thepresent time we are on a plateau atabout 85% coated steel on vehicles.

VN. •• What are the particular advan-tages that zinc-based coatings havebrought to manufacturers and endusers?

PP. •• Without doubt their anti-corro-sion and anti-perforation properties. In1975, resistance to perforation was a realproblem, but now vehicles have an aver-age life of 12 years.

The other advantage is cosmetic protec-tion of the bodywork. In the event of an

impact, a galvanised body will not rust.Cosmetic protection was the secondrequirement of manufacturers. The useof steel coated on both sides has providedan answer to that.

The first coated steels for exterior partswere in fact single sided with the coatingon the inside since it was from there thatcorrosion started in places where mudand salt accumulated.

The first body panels coated on bothsides date from 1985 and are found onVolvo, Audi, and BMW cars.

VN. •• What are the most importantcriteria for materials used by a manufac-turer for car body panels?

PP. •• The most important thing for themanufacturer is to have a material that iscompatible with its industrial processand that meets its performance targetsat the lowest cost relating to protectionagainst corrosion of body panels andcoated steel has met these targets perfectly.However, it should be noted that whilethe introduction of coated steels in corrosion protection was determinant,their use was part of an overall solutionthat embraced design, (in this case,it was a question of designing a car

correctly to prevent the accumulation ofmud) painting by cataphoresis, the application of mastic to sections and theaddition of waxes in some hollow parts.

VN. •• How do you see the ultimatedevelopment of galvanised steel com-pared with present day materials, such asaluminium or plastics?

PP. •• The average body shell in Europe consists of over 97% steel by weight.Aluminium and plastics only represent2.5% of the equivalent steel weight. Steelhas a dominant position since it is thematerial that offers the best cost/performance ratio with an average priceof 0.50 euros/kg. We are currently developing new steel solutions offeringsignificant weight reductions of 15 to20% and even up to 30% at equal cost,while the weight reduction solutionsoffered by other materials result inincreased costs of several euros per kilogram gained. Steel still has somemargin before suffering significant competition from other materials.

INTERVIEW OF PATRICK PICHANT Marketing managerArcelor Auto

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VN. •• Steel makers have conductedconsiderable research in the last fewyears in order to maintain the competi-tiveness of steel for automobiles. Whatare the main results?

PP. •• Arcelor has developed 30 new products in the last three years and thereare more to come. We are now workingon new steels, which could lead to abreakthrough in the performance/weight ratio.

Our R&D work is not limited to the development of materials but includesthe development of finished parts. Wehave teams working on the developmentof prototype doors and tailgates, complete solutions that combine the

choice of efficient materials, design andtransformation procedures, always

with the objective of savingweight. We have developed

solutions for doors, tailgatesand even roofs, which canreduce weight by 15 to 20%.

VN. •• What will be theeffect on the choice of materi-

als and on galvanised steel of the environmental constraints

that the automobile industry will haveto meet?

PP. •• The target for emissions of 140grams of CO2/km mitigates against theambition of manufacturers to obtain fivestars in the EuroNCAP tests and therequirement to improve the perceivedcomfort and quality, which involves mak-ing vehicles heavier.

OEMs will seek the best solution, that isto say the one that costs least per gram ofCO2 saved.

Aluminium and plastic have advantages,notably in lightening the front of vehicles. Manufacturers such as PSA orRenault have already chosen aluminiumroofs and plastic wings for several models.

In this regard, steel making has alreadydeveloped lighter solutions. They areusing high strength and very highstrength steels. Today the latter represent 30% of the steel in body shellsgiving increased performance while lowering the weight.

By using steels with increased mechanicalperformance, manufacturers can reducetheir thickness and thus their weight.

VN. •• How do you see the medium-term development of galvanised steel forautomobiles?

PP. •• We believe that it will be predomi-nant for many years.

But there is still progress to be made inthis area. Primarily, we must work on thereduction of costs: we must producecheaper parts. We must therefore lower

our production costs, for example bylowering the thickness of zinc.

We must also reduce the handling costsfor manufacturers. We must, for example,improve weldability, permitting manu-facturers to reduce their investment inthis area.

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1975 77 79 81 83 1985 1987 89 91 93 95 1997 99 2001

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INTRODUCTION OF COATED STEEL

INTRODUCTION OF 2 SIDES COATED STEEL ON OUTER BODY PANELS

(VOLVO, AUDI, BMW)

FIRST APPLICATION OF EXTRAGAL ON OUTER BODY PANELS OF A MASS

PRODUCED MODEL (PSA 405)

12 YEARS PERFORATION GUARANTEE OFFERED

(VW GOLF - OPEL ASTRA )

ALL COATED STEEL ARE 2 SIDES SINCE

DC RECENT DECISION

Evo l u t i o n o f c o a t e d s t e e l u s e i n E u r o p e% of coated steel in weight in an average BIW

INTERVIEW OF PATRICK PICHANT

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Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings for AutomotiveUnderbody Components - innovations and

latest developments

In February 2004, Vehicle News reportedon the Galvauto initiative, a programthat helps automotive designers andengineers in the specification of hot-dip-ped zinc coated steels used in underbodyapplication, such as engine cradles, sus-pension arms, sway bars, steering sys-tem components, spring mountings andrear axle beams. Audi, BMW,DaimlerChrysler, Renault, PSA, NissanGM and Volvo are just some of the carcompanies which are using this well-known technology. The reasons are pre-dictable and extended corrosion perfor-mance; excellent resistance to stonechipping and a coating that is readilyrecyclable at end of life along with thesteel. These hot dip coatings also elimi-nate use of hazardous hexavalent chro-mium associated with some alternativecoatings.

In recent tests it has also been found thatapplication of a hot dip coating can resultin up to a 40% increase in stiffness forcomponents comprising discontinuouslywelded sub-assemblies. It is suggestedthat these increases in stiffness, arisingfrom the flow of molten zinc into thecomponent's weld seams, can reducecost and weight by removing the need

for additional reinforcing or byreductions in steel thicknessused. This increase in stiffnesshas, for example, been mostnotably reported for increa-ses in torsional rigidity achie-ved for the space frames ofthe Renault Espace (to 2003model) galvanized at Matra,France.

Hot dip galvanized coatings have, ofcourse, been used in the automotive sec-tor for many decades. But they are mostcommonly used in a wide range of buil-ding and construction applicationswhere long-term, low-maintenance cor-rosion protection for steel are required.Perhaps the best-known example is thehighway guard rail or street lightingcolumn. These coatings have now evol-ved to meet the needs of the automotivesector. Additions of small quantities ofother metals, such as aluminum andnickel, to the molten zinc bath have crea-ted a new generation of alloy coatings.These alloy coatings and other develop-ments, involving e.g., higher bath opera-ting temperatures, have allowed greatercontrol over coating thickness and struc-ture.

GALVANIZED COATINGS AND AUTOMOTIVE

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Whilst the suppliers of these coatingshave developed their own variants on the

traditional hot dip galvanizing process,they all comprise three key steps:

(i) cleaning of the component, (ii)immersion in a bath of molten

zinc (or zinc alloy) and (iii) cooling and/or post treatment. Variations inthese process steps can lead

to optimization of coatingthickness, coating structure,

appearance and coating life.However, the generic features of a

hot dip metal coating that is electro-chemically anodic to steel and formshighly stable surface films on exposureto air, are common to all coating variants.

The Galvanizers within Galvauto are: theVista Group, Siegener VerzinkereiHolding, Galva45 and the Wedge Group.

The Vista Group, based in Belgium, hasdeveloped "MICROZINQ D4" a coatingusing an alloy comprising zinc and 5%aluminium. The coating has an averagecoating thickness of 15 microns and iscurrently being used to protect thespring arm on BMW's new X3 model.

Siegener Verzinkerei Holding GmbH(SVH), based in Germany, uses higherbath temperatures to optimize coatingcharacteristics. This process results in a

uniform coatingdown to 25 micronsthat is suited tointricately-shapedautomotive com-ponents. SVH is anestablished supplierof these coatingsfor componentsused by BMWGroup, Audi andDaimler Chryslerand others.

In France, Galva 45has been workingwith a leading

European zinc producer to optimizemulti-element zinc alloys. The control ofcoating thickness and structure throughadvanced alloy developments within thegalvanizing bath has allowed the coatingto find applications in automotive under-body parts. During 2003 Galva 45 coatednearly 5 millions parts for Renault andPSA.

In the UK, West Midlands-based WedgeGroup Galvanizing have supplied coatings for earlier Saab engine cradlesand are presently using their zinc-nickel

technology for components for a leadingspecialist sports car manufacturer. Alloyadditions using nickel are one of the oldest and best understood adaptationsof the traditional hot dip galvanizingprocess.

All emphasize a need to be consulted atthe component design stage. A majoradvantage of the process is that the coat-ing will reach all internal and externalsurfaces. This requires unhinderedaccess for molten zinc and componentdesigns that avoid air traps and allowfree drainage of zinc on removal fromthe bath. All the Galvauto galvanizingcompanies provide specialist designguidance and encourage "design for galvanizing" as early as possible in thedesign process.

Galvauto is the initiative by theInternational Zinc Association that bringszinc metal producers together with companies that are presently supplyingspecialist hot dip galvanized coatings tothe automotive sector. Together they arepromoting the use of hot dip galvanizedcoatings as the preferred corrosion protection system for automotive underbody parts.

GALVANIZED COATINGS AND AUTOMOTIVE

To receive regular information on the Galvauto program and for details of Galvautocompanies that can supply these coating solutions go to www.galvauto.org, or contact Johan Van Wesemael, Market Development Coordinator, International Zinc Association ([email protected] • Tel 00 32 2 776 0084).

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Even if not obvious, zinc is certainly present in most products of our daily life.In its alloyed form, it can be cast with finedetail into complicated shapes and withvery thin walls (0.5 mm). Designers canchoose from a family of zinc alloys and a range of casting processes that are tailored to their products. Zinc alloy castings are unique, particularly whenproduced by the pressure die-castingprocess. They can be made to extremelyclose tolerance, with excellent surfacefinish, have a range of useful physical andmechanical properties and can receive awide range of applied finishes.

Of all zinc's applications, automotiveuses probably those that gather and usethe best of all the benefits that zinc canbring to the manufacturer and to theend-user.

But let's enter your carand discover where zincreally is…!

Entering your car, yourfirst gesture will ofcourse be to open thedoor. This will be yourfirst contact with zinc !

Zinc alloy's strength, density and decorative finishing makes it an idealmaterial for door lock components, providing the precise dimensions that

allow a lock to perform dependably andpredictably over the vehicle's lifetime.

When sitting down,your first reflex will beto adjust your seat

Power seats are easy to take for grantedbut they constitute an intricate system ofmotors and flexible drives. Housing thissystem is a precision zinc die casting.Typically there are three motor drives, upand down, back and forth, and tilt. Theone-piece housing contains the motorsand incorporates an outer gear housingfor each, and the attachment for thethree flexible drives.

You then will tightenyour seatbelt …

In the seatbelt retractor system, there is typically a system of gears, counter-weights and pawls to lock the seatbelt inplace in one direction while allowingsimple adjustment in length in the otherdirection. The pawls, inertia disks, retrac-tor gears and pulleys in this assembly arehigh-strength zinc die-castings that provide the unique combination ofmechanical and physical properties(strength, ductility and weight) to insurethat this system performs as designed.Zinc provides the ability to create thecomplex design and geometry requiredfor the seat belt system to function. The consistency of the die casting process yields part-to-part dimensionaluniformity down to less than a tenth of amillimetre.

… and adjust yourinside and external mirrors,manually or electrically.

Mirror casings and their mechanismsallowing perfect movement and positionwill use again zinc die castings.


ZINC - LIFE'S INVISIBLE PARTNER

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Let's start !

Ignition candle head, cylinder starter, airclaps and all kind of electronical devicesare going to help you to drive safely.

Zinc die-castingsare present in most of them. Also inyour instrumenta-tion components,transmission lever,window handles orwipers, which as

many, many other components, benefitfrom the recognised properties of zincalloys: precision, sharpness or thinness,strength and robustness.

Dezign

Many more examples of die-castingapplications can be viewed from the"Dezign" website www.dezign.org or CDROM, available on request from IZAEurope or from IZA Europe's die castingpartners network.

Dezign is a comprehensive design guidefor zinc castings. It provides all the information needed to design zinc castings to optimise both the propertiesand the manufacturing process. It alsoprovides an understanding of the broaddiversity of existing applications and a global database of useful industry contacts.

ZINC - LIFE’S INVISIBLE PARTNER

ZINC DIE-CASTING Application Development Centres

INASMET BRESCIA, ITALY

ZINC FONDERIE PARIS, FRANCE

INITIATIVE ZINK DÜSSELDORF, GERMANY

CAST METAL FEDERATION BIRMINGHAM, UK

XII

For more informations :• Avenue de Tervueren 168 • B-1150 Brussels • Tel : +32 2 7760073 • Fax : +32 2 7760092• http://www.zincworld.org IZA Europe

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There is genious in your car:

ZINC die castings!Zinc die castings are everywhere in your car

• Of course, zinc protects steel against corrosion! But it is also present in most cars' mechanical components such as starters,seat belts, wipers engine housings, mirrors and many otherapplications.

• The zinc industry is a first choice partner for the automotive sector. Daily investments allow them to commit to sustainabledevelopment.

• 100 % recyclable, zinc is surely a material for the future centuries…

DASHBOARD INSTRUMENTATIONGALVANIZED STELL-CORD IN TYRESEXTERIOR MIRRORGALVANIZED ENGINE CRADLEGALVANIZED SUSPENSION ARMSBELT & SEAT COMPONENTSDOOR OPENING SYSTEM COMPONENTSSTARTER LOCKING SYSTEMGALVANIZED CLOSURESGALVANIZED OÏL FILTERSWIPER ENGINE HOUSINGELECTRONIC COMPONENTSZnO IN TYRESSTEERING COLUMNPUMP HOUSINGSFRONT WIPER SYSTEMSTEERING COLUMNLOCKING SYSTEMRADIO/CD PLAYER/GPSGALVANIZED CHASSISCOLLING GRIDINNER ACCESSORIES (ASH TRAY…)

We develop solutions where Zinc adds value !Examples of usual Zinc applications

www. umicore.com


XIII

Zinc Alloys & Chemicals

Coatings for steel and die-castings arethe major uses of zinc in the automotiveindustry.

However, there are numerous otherapplications where zinc helps manufac-turers to offer durable and quality products.

Zinc batteries

In many respects, zinc has nearly idealproperties as a material of choice forbattery cell anodes. Its high reducingpotential results in a reasonably high cellvoltage. Indeed, zinc has the highestpractical potential for aqueous systems.Various zinc battery systems are usedcommercially; they find very extensiveapplications as a source of electricity.Primary cells, which mainly have neutraland alkaline electrolytes, are particularlywidely used. The most common zinc batteries are the Leclanché dry cell(zinc/carbon), the so-called alkalinebatteries and, less well-known, the zinc-air battery.

The zinc-air battery presents an oppor-tunity to innovate and to create newmarket niches for zinc.

These batteries have generated researchinterest, stimulated by the requirementsof the developing electric vehiclemarket. The zinc-air system offers thehighest specific energy and after thelead-acid battery, the lowest cost.

Zinc-air fuel cells have made zero-emissions transportation a reality. Thesecells offer mass transit planners a cleanbreak from the problems of conventionalbus transportation. It offers speed, rangeand acceleration, all at a competitiveprice.

Zinc oxide and the rubber industry

Zinc oxide has long been an essentialingredient in rubber ever since theearly days of rubber compounding. Ithas served this industry as the mostcost-effective process activator forvulcanising sulphur-cured naturaland synthetic rubbers.

Adding zinc oxide is vital to protect rubber from thermal effectscaused by internal friction.Furthermore, its high thermalconductivity helps dissipatelocal heat concentrations. Itimproves tyre wear abrasionperformance and protectionagainst UV radiation of rub-ber products.

The combination of applicationknow-how and improvedproduction techniques hasenabled significant reduc-tion in the amount of zincoxide to produce highquality rubber.

Today's tyres are reliableand safe products. Impact-resistant bumpers, shock-

absorbing interiors, and crash resistantfuel tanks help prevent highway deathsand injuries. Many other applicationsprove to be indispensable to modernsociety.

FROM USEFUL TO ESSENTIAL

XVI

Zinc - A sustainableresource

Zinc is natural, recyclable and inherentlypart of the environment. It is the 17thmost common element in the earth'scrust and an essential element for man,animals and plants. It has been estimatedthe first mile of earth's crust contains224,000,000 million ton of zinc.

Whereas, annual world production ofzinc metal is currently around 10 milliontonnes.

Zinc - Essential to ourquality of life

Zinc's role in human health is remark-able. Adequate zinc intake is essential forhealth, growth and learning capacity ofchildren. For adults, it is also essential forgood health in general and, in particular,for reproduction, the functioning of theimmune system, the transfer of nervoussignals, the expression of genes andmany other vital functions.

Zinc supplementation is proving success-ful in the fight against major causes ofchild mortality such as diarrhoea,pneumonia and malaria. Zinc is known to be vital to the functioning of morethan 300 enzymes in the human body.

Specifying zinc, an environmentallyresponsible choice

By protecting steel from corrosion, zinchelps to save natural resources and energy by prolonging the life of steelgoods. In this respect, each year, zincand zinc containing products contributeto an estimated 40 billion Euro to globaleconomy.

As it plays an essential role in the biologicalprocesses of all living organisms, includinghumans, animals and plants, the environmental impact of zinc cannot beregulated as for man-made chemicals.The right balance of zinc levels must bemaintained: "less" is not automatically"better".

Zinc is totally recyclable

For the zinc and steel industries, recycling of zinc-coated steel provides animportant new source of raw material.

The recycling loop is endless - both zincand steel can be recycled again and againwithout any loss of their physical orchemical properties.

Zinc is a recyclable material. At present,about 30% of the world's supply comesfrom recycled zinc. In other words, over 2 million tonnes of zinc are recoveredand reused every year.

Used zinc in all its form andused products containing zinc represent, of course, a significant economic value.They are generally collected,recycled, refined and convertedinto new products by zinc producers or their industrial partners.

When cars, for example, reach their end-of-life, their bodywork will be scrappedand treated in a metallurgical process.The zinc fraction, extracted by magneticseparation, is then fully recycled into zincoxides, with an added value.

Estimates based on historical consumptionand product life cycles suggest 80% ofzinc available for recycling is actuallyrecycled. Because zinc is an elementmade by nature, it can be recycled indefinitely without any loss of its physical or chemical properties.

More information on zinc resources,essentiality and recycling

can be gathered from our websitewww.zincworld.com


ZINC…

XV

Zinc is essentialZinc is natural

Zinc protectsZinc is sustainable...

For more informations :Avenue de Tervueren 168 - B-1150 Brussels • Tel : +32 2 7760073 • Fax : +32 2 7760092

http://www.zincworld.org

“Zinc : permission for passion”

Members of International ZincAssociation-Europe produce,distribute, use and recycle zincto satisfy human needs fortransportation, constructioninfrastructure, consumer products and food production.

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vn april 04final

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