visvesvaraya technological university, belgaum syllabus...

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM

SYLLABUS OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION FOR

M.TECH. AEROSPACE ENGINEERING (MAS)

I SEMESTER

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Sub Code : 14MAS11 IA Marks : 50

No of Lectures Hours/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03

Total No. of Lecture Hours : 50 Exam Marks :100

Common to 14 MAE11

UNIT I Review of Fourier series and Applications, Review of Laplace Transforms and Applications. classification of second order linear partial differential equations, Canonical forms for hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic equations, Homogeneous and Non Homogeneous equations with constant coefficients. Applications 10 Hrs UNIT II Vector Functions, General rules for differentiation, Velocity and Acceleration, Gradient of a scalar field, Directional Derivative, Properties of Gradient, Divergence of vector point function, Curl of a vector point function, Properties of Divergence and Curl. Applications Integration of vector functions, Line integral, Circulation, Work done by a force, Surface integrals, Volume integrals, Divergence Theorem of Gauss, Green’s Theorem in the plane, Stoke’s Theorem, problems on all the three theorems and Applications 10 Hrs UNIT III Review of Complex analysis, Complex analysis applied to potential theory, Electrostatic fields, conformal mapping, Heat problems, Fluid flow, General properties of Harmonic functions, Complex Integration, Cauchy’s Theorem, Cauchy’s Integral Formula, Cauchy’s Integral Formula for Derivatives, Taylor’s and Laurent’s series. Applications. Singular point, Residue, Method of finding Resides, Residue Theorem, Contour Integration, Integration round the unit circle, Rectangular contour. Applications. 10 Hrs

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UNIT IV Numerical Solutions algebraic and transcendental equations: False position method, Newton –Raphson method, Iteration method, Aitken’s method, Solution of linear simultaneous equations. Gauss elimination method, Inverse of a matrix , Gauss-Seidal method, Crout’s method. Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: Taylor’s Series method, Picard’s method, Euler’s method, Euler’s Modified method, Runge-Kutta 4thorder method. Predictor and corrector method (Milen’s and Adams-Bashfourth)Applications.

10 Hrs UNIT V Finite differences, Interpolation, Newton’s Forward & Backward Interpolation formulae, Lagrange’s formula, Newton’s Divided difference, Central difference formulae (all formulae with proof). Numerical Differentiation, Numerical Integration (all rules with proof).Applications. 10 Hrs TEXT BOOKS: 1. Erwin Kreyszing: “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”- John Wiley &Sons(Asia) Pvt. Ltd. 8th edition 2. H K Dass:“Advanced Engineering Mathematics”- S Chand and Company Ltd. 12thedition. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Bali and Iyengar: “Engineering Mathematics”- Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd. 6thedition. 2. C. Ray Wylie and Louis C Barret: “Advanced Engineering”. Mathematics Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. 6th edition. 3. Michael D Greenberg: “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”- Pearsons India Ltd. 2nd edition. 4. B S Grewal: “Higher Engineering Mathematics”- 12th edition.

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LOW SPEED AERODYNAMICS




UNIT I

Review of Basic Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Motion - Continuity, momentum,

energy equations, units and dimensions, inviscid and viscous flows,

compressibility, Mach number regimes. Euler and Lagrangian descriptions,

control volume approach to continuity and momentum equations, path lines,

streamlines and streak lines, angular velocity, vorticity, circulation, stream

function, velocity potential and relationship between them. 10 Hours

UNIT II

Airfoil Characteristics & 2-D Flow. Fundamental aerodynamic variables, airfoil

section geometry and wing planform geometry, aerodynamic forces and

moments, centre of pressure, pressure coefficient, calculation of airfoil lift and

drag from measured surface pressure distributions, typical airfoil aerodynamic

characteristics at low speeds. Bernoulli’s equation, pitot-tube measurement of

airspeed, condition on velocity for incompressible flow, Eulers equations of

motion, Governing equations for irrotational, incompressible flow, Laplace

equation and boundary conditions. Two-dimensional source, sink and doublet

flows, and vortex flow. 10 Hours

UNIT III

Incompressible Flow Over Airfoils. Non-lifting flow. Lifting flow over a two-

dimensional circular cylinder, Kutta-Joukowski theorem and generation of lift,

D’Alembert’s paradox. Kelvin’s circulation theorem and the starting vortex,

vortex sheet, Kutta condition, Classical thin airfoil theory for symmetric and

cambered airfoils. 10 Hours

UNIT IV

Introduction to Viscous Flows. Navier-Stokes equations, boundary layer

concept, displacement, momentum thickness and wall skin friction, viscous flow

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over two-dimensional streamlined and bluff bodies and drag characteristics.

Aspects of boundary layer separation and airfoil stall. Turbulent boundary layer

concept. Boundary Layer equations. 10 Hours

UNIT V

Introduction to Aerodynamic Testing. Open and closed circuit wind tunnels.

Major features of low speed wind tunnels, smoke and tuft flow visualization

techniques. Oil flow visualization. Manometers & pressure transducers. Pressure

and Aerodynamic load measurements on a model, total drag determination of

two-dimensional bodies using wake survey at low speeds. Wind Tunnel Balances

- (Internal and External - Introduction). Blockage ratio. Calibration of wind tunnel

test section for subsonic flow. 10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS

1. Anderson, Jr. J.D. “Fundamentals of Aerodynamics”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2007. (Special Indian Edition).

2. Houghton E.L and Carpenter P.W. “Aerodynamics for Engineering Students, CBS

Publications and Distributors, 1993. (4th

Edition).

REFERENCES :

1. Jewel B. Barlow, William H RAE, Jr. and Alan Pope, `Low speed Wind Tunnel

Testing`, John Wiley & Sons, 1999.

2. Anderson, Jr. J.D. “Introduction to Flight”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New

Delhi, 2007. (Special Indian Edition).

3. P.Sachs,`Wind Forces in Engineering`, Pergamon Press, 1978.

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AEROSPACE STRUCTURES




UNIT I

Fundamentals of Structural Analysis including Indeterminate Structures.

Fundamentals of Airframes. Basic elasticity, two dimensional problems in elasticity,

torsion of solid sections, Loads on structural components, functions of structural

components.

Statically Determinate and Indeterminate structures as applied to Aerospace Structures.

Statically determinate Structures: Equilibrium of force systems, truss structures,

externally braced wings, general loads on aircraft, beam-shear and moments, torsion-

stress and defection. Statically indeterminate structures: bending moment in frames

and rings by elastic centre method, Continuous structure-moment distribution method.

10 Hours

UNIT II

Beams Columns and Plates. Bending of beams (open, closed and combined sections),

shear of beams (open, closed and combined sections), torsion of beams (open, closed

and combined sections).

Buckling and Stability as applied to Aircraft structures. Introduction, column and beam-

columns, crippling stress, buckling of thin plates. Thin skin-stringer panels, skin-stringer

panels. Integrally stiffened panels. 10 Hours

UNIT III

Structural Design Process. Structural Integrity, material and mechanical properties,

failure theories, Design criteria-safe life and fail safe. Designing against fatigue,

prediction of aircraft fatigue life.

Wing, Fuselage and Empennage Structure. Wing spars and box beams- Introduction,

wing box design, wing covers, spars, ribs and bulkheads, wing root joints. Fuselage detail

design, forward fuselage, wing and fuselage intersection, stabilizer and aft fuselage

intersection, fuselage opening. Empennage structure- Introduction, horizontal stabilizer,

vertical stabilizer, elevator and rudder.

10 Hours

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UNIT IV

Landing Gear Engine Mounts and Bulk Heads. Landing gear- Introduction,

developments and arrangements, stowage and retraction, detail design. Engine mounts-

Introduction, propeller driven engine mounts, inlet of jet engines, wing-pod (pylon)

mounts, rear fuselage mounts and tail mounts, fuselage mounts (fighters) , Bulkhead

analysis for loads. 10 Hours

UNIT V

Introduction to Experimental Testing Techniques. Strain gauge & strain gauge analysis,

measuring shear center of open section beam. Measurement of structural flexibility,

natural frequencies and mode shapes, structural damping coefficient from vibration of

beam data, Polar plots of structural damping. Moiré fringe - concept & fringe analysis,

vibration sensor accelerometer FFT , anlysing frequency component of accelerometer,

measuring aeroservoelasticity –strain measurement around piezoelectric actuator. Test

model similarities-Dimensional concepts.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Megson, T.M.G., “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”, fourth edition,

Butterworth-Heinemann, USA,2007.

2. E.F. BRUHN, Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures. Jacobs Publishing,Inc,

USA, 1973.

REFERENCE:

1. F.R. Shenley, Strength of Materials.

2. S. Timoshenko and J.N. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity,3rd

edition, MC.Graw-

Hill.book company,1970.

3. Srinath L S , Experimental Stress Analysis, Tata McGraw Hill.

4. Arora J S., Introduction to Optimal Design, McGraw Hill,1989

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AEROSPACE PROPULSION




UNIT-I

Fundamentals. Isentropic Equations. Polytrophic Process. Isentropic principles in engine

components :-ducts, turbo machinery, combustor, nozzles. Characteristics of turboprop,

turbofan and turbojet Engines– Altitude and speed vrs performance.

Jet Propulsion Engines. Jet propulsion thrust, propulsion efficiency, thermal efficiency,

overall efficiency, specific fuel consumption, component level performance,

introductory: - inlet duct, compressor, combustor, turbine, exhaust nozzle. Reheat and

thrust reversal. Variable area nozzle -requirement.

10 Hours

UNIT-II

Rockets. Selection of rocket propulsion system. Performance of ideal rocket. Rocket

thrust equation, characteristics velocity, thrust coefficient. Rocket efficiencies.

Solid Propellant Rocket. Colloidal & composite propellants, composite modified double

based propellants. Grain configuration, grain stress & strain. Combustion of solid

propellants.

Liquid Propellant Rocket. Fuel injection and feed system, combustion of liquid

propellants, liquid rocket ignition system, hybrid rockets. Thrust vector control-

integration with vehicle.

10 Hours

UNIT III

Ram Jet & Scramjet Engines. Operating principle – sub critical, critical and supercritical

operation. Combustion in ramjet engine, Ramjet performance. Turbo-ramjet engines.

Introduction to scramjet , preliminary concepts in supersonic combustion , various

types of supersonic combustors, integral ram rocket. Pulse jet engines- Construction

details. Principles & operation.

10 Hours

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UNIT-IV. Combustion in Rocket Engines: Combustion of carbon particle, boundary layer

combustion, basic principles of combustion solid propellants, extension of droplet

combustion to liquid propellant rockets. Combustion instabilities.

Emissions: Flame radiation, pollutants - unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and

carbon monoxide, methods of reducing pollutants. 10 Hours

UNIT-V

Testing of Rocket Engines. Types of tests, test facilities , test system capability & safe

guards. Measurement & Instrumentation. Data acquisition, data management & control

system. System accuracy. Flight testing, Telemetry. Input-output channels. Post accident

procedures.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS

1. Thomas A Ward, `Aerospace Propulsion Systems`, Wiley, 2010.

2. M.J.L. Turner, ` Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion-Principles, Practice and New

Developments`, 3rd

edition, Springer, 2009.

REFERENCES

1. Cohen, H. Rogers, G.F.C. and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H. “Gas Turbine Theory”,

Longman,

2. Mathur, M.L. and Sharma, R.P., “Gas Turbine, Jet and Rocket Propulsion”,

Standard Publishers & Distributors, Delhi, 1999.

3. George P Sutton & Oscar Biblarz,` Rocket Propulsion Elements`, John Wiley

& sons,Inc.,2001

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INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE VEHICLES & SYSTEMS




Common to 14 MAE 13

UNIT I General introduction to aeronautics: Fixed wing & Rotary wing aircraft: Light aircraft, Fighter aircraft,Passenger aircraft, and Cargo aircraft; Light helicopter, Large passenger and cargohelicopters Exploded views of various types of aircraft, identification of various structuralparts and their functions and materials used. Aircraft Systems: System design and development processes; Mechanical systems: Components and functions of Hydraulics & Landing Gear systems.

10 Hours UNIT II Aircraft Electrical Systems: Generation, distribution and typical aircraft electrical systems and recent trends; Avionic systems: Flight control systems; Navigation system, Communication and radar systems their components and functions; Emergency systems and advanced systems.

Satellites & orbital dynamics: Satellite missions, Different types of satellites and their applications, Spacecraft configurations.

10 Hours UNIT III Spacecraft Launch Vehicles: Rocket propulsion principles and types and propellants; Sounding Rockets, Staging of rockets; major subsystems of launch vehicles and their functions; Different types of satellite launch vehicles, General description about Launch Vehicles of Indian origin.

10 Hours UNIT IV Standards & Specifications and Testing & Certification Aspects: Introduction to aircraftinternational and standards specifications for Military and Civil aircraft, Company standards;Airworthiness certification aspects aircraft; Ground testing and qualification testing. Flight testing: Purpose and scope, Test plans and procedures; flight test instrumentation;to general flying and handling characteristics of aircraft; Preparation, andconduct of tests, fault reporting.

10 Hours

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UNIT V Introduction to aerospace industries and institutions and their roles: Aircraft design and production industries; Components and systems manufactures, Service industries, Research and Development organizations and Academic institutions. Introduction to Airport Engineering: Development of air transportation, ICAO, IAAI,AAI, Aircraft characteristics which affect airport planning; Airport planning: Airport MasterPlan, Regional Plan, Site selection; Terminal area and airport layout, Visual aids and ATC.

10 Hours Text Books: 1. ChennaKeshu S and Ganapathy K K: Aircraft Production Technology and Management, Interline Publishing, Bangalore 1993 2. Ian Moir and Allan Seabridge: Aircraft Systems, mechanical, electrical and avionics subsystems integration, Professional Engineering Publishing Limited, UK, 2001 Reference: 1. Ralph D Kimberlin: Flight Testing of Fixed wing Aircraft, AIAA Education Series, 2003 2. J. Gordon Leishman: Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, Cambridge Aerospace series, 2000 3. Jane’s All The World Aircraft 4. Current literature of relevance from website 5. ISRO Course Material on Satellite Architecture 6. S K Khanna, M G Arora and S S Jain, Airport Planning and Design

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FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

Subject Sub Code : 14MAS152 IA Marks : 50



Common to 14 MAE 12

UNIT I Introduction to Finite Element Method, One-Dimensional Elements-Analysis of Bars : Engineering Analysis, History, Advantages, Classification, Basic steps, Convergence criteria, Role of finite element analysis in computer-aided design., Mathematical Preliminaries, Differential equations formulations, Variational formulations, weighted residual methods. Basic Equations and Potential Energy Functional, 1-0 Bar Element, Strain matrix, Element equations, Stiffness matrix, Consistent nodal force vector: Body force, Initial strain, Assembly Procedure, Boundary and Constraint Conditions, Single point constraint, Multi-point constraint, 2-D Bar Element.

10 Hours UNIT II Two-Dimensional Elements-Analysis, Three-Dimensional Elements-Applications and Problems: Three-Noded Triangular Element (TRIA 3), Four-Noded Quadrilateral Element (QUAD 4), Shape functions for Higher Order Elements (TRIA 6, QUAD 8) . Basic Equations and Potential Energy Functional, Four-Noded Tetrahedral Element (TET 4), Eight-Noded Hexahedral Element (HEXA 8), Tetrahedral elements, Hexahedral elements: Serendipity family, Hexahedral elements: Lagrange family. Shape functions for Higher Order Elements.

10Hours UNIT III Aero Structural analysis through FEM for Beams and Trusses: 1–D Beam Element, 2–D Beam Element, shape functions and stiffness matrixes, Problems, trusses with one, two, three and four bar elements.

10 Hours UNIT IV FEM analysis of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow: Steady state heat transfer, 1 D heat conduction governing equation, boundary conditions, One dimensional element, Functional approach for heat conduction, Galerkin approach for heat conduction, heat flux boundary condition, 1 D heat transfer in thin fins. Basic differential equation for fluid flow in pipes, around solid bodies, porous media.

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10 Hours UNIT V FEM for Dynamic : Formulation for point mass and distributed masses, Consistent element mass matrix of one dimensional bar element, truss element, axisymmetric triangular element, quadrilatateral element, beam element. Lumped mass matrix, Evaluation of eigen values and eigen vectors, Applications to bars, stepped bars, and beams.

10 Hours Text Books: 1. Chandrupatla T. R.,“Finite Elements in engineering”- 2nd Edition, PHI, 2007. 2. Lakshminarayana H. V.,“Finite Elements Analysis”– Procedures in Engineering, Universities Press, 2004 Reference Books: 1. Rao S. S. “Finite Elements Method in Engineering”- 4th Edition, Elsevier, 2006. 2. P.Seshu, “Textbook of Finite Element Analysis” -PHI, 2004. 3. J.N.Reddy, “Finite Element Method”- McGraw -Hill International Edition. 4. Bathe K. J. “Finite Elements Procedures”- PHI. 5. Cook R. D., et al., “Concepts and Application

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INTRODUCTION TO AVIONICS

Sub Sub Code :14 MAS153 IA Marks : 50

No. of Lecture Hrs/week : 04 Exam Hours : 03

Total Lecture Hrs : 50 Exam Marks : 100

Common to 14 MAE152

UNIT I Introduction: Importance and role of avionics, avionic environment, Regulatory and advisory agencies. Displays and man-machine interaction: Head up displays, helmet mount displays, discussion of HUDs vs. HMDs, Head down displays, data fusion, intelligent displays management, Displays technology, control and data entry, instrument placement. 10 Hours UNIT II Aircraft sensor systems and indicators: Aircraft state sensors, Air data information and its use, Air data sensors and air data systems, air stream direction detection; Inertial reference systems: Gyros and accelerometers, attitude derivation. RMI, HIS, ADI; Outside world sensor systems: Radar systems, Infrared systems. Navigation systems: Principles of navigation, terrestrial en route navigation and lading aids, Inertial Navigation, Aided Inertial Navigation systems and Kalman filters, GPS global positioning system, terrain reference navigation. 10 Hours UNIT III Surveillance systems: Air traffic control, Primary radar, Secondary radar, Replies, Various system modes, error checking, Transponders of ATCCRB & Mode S, Collision avoidance, Lightning detection, Weather radar. Airborne communications systems: VHF AM Communications, VHF Communications hardware, High frequency communications, ACARS, SELCAL, Digital Communications and Networking, VHF Digital communications, Data link Modes 10 Hours UNIT IV Onboard communications: Microphones, Digital communications, Transmission lines, Digital data bus systems ARINC 426, MIL STD 1553, ARINC 629, Commercial standard digital bus, Fiber optic communication. 10 Hours

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UNIT V Avionic systems integration: Data bus systems, integrated modular avionics, commercial off-the shelf (COTS). Unmanned air vehicles: Importance of Unmanned air vehicles, UAV avionics . 10 Hours Text Books: 1. Collinson RPG, Introduction to Avionics, Second Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Chapman & Hall, 2003. 2. Albert Helfrick , Principals of Avionics 2nd Edition, Avionics Communication Inc. Reference: 1. Middleton, D.H., Ed., “Avionics Systems, Longman Scientific and Technical”,

Longman Group UK Ltd., England, 1989.

2. 2Brain Kendal, “Manual of Avionics”, The English Book House, 3rd Edition, New

Delhi, 1993.

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NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING


No. of Lecture

Hrs/week : 04 Exam Hours : 03


______________________________________________________________

UNIT I

Introduction & Fabrication Techniques . Comparison with conventional fabrication &

mechanical engineering. Scaling of classical mechanical systems, electromagnetic

system & thermal systems. Micro fabrication.

Photolithography, e-beam lithography. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) cutting and milling.

10 Hours

UNIT II

Nanoscale Structural Components Moving Parts & Molecular mechanism: Materials

and models for nanoscale components, surface effects, and shape control in irregular

structures. Examples of symmetrical sleeves, bearings, etc. Similarities & differences

between nanomachines & macromachines.

Molecular mechanism. Statistical & non-statistical mechanism.

10 Hours

UNIT III

Nanomaterials in Aerospace & Chracterisation Techniques: Characterisation (optical,

electrical and mechanical, etc.), Introduction to nanoparticles, nanorods and

nanostructures, quantum dots and quantum confinement. Special properties of

nanomaterials (optical, electrical and mechanical, etc.), methods of synthesis.

Scanning Electron Microscopy, Scanning Probe Microscopy (STM- Scanning Tunneling

Microscope and AFM- Atomic Force Microscope), Transmission Electron Microscopy,

10 Hours

UNIT IV

Application in Aeronautics. Airframes & components: - Main drivers, fibre reinforced

polymers. Nano-structured metals, ceramics, composites. Self healing materials,

coatings. Engines: - Main drivers, Nanoscale materials, Nano-phase ceramics, nano size

particles for propulsion enhancements & combustion performance. Particle size analysis

and Raman Spectrometry.

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10 Hours

UNIT V

Application in Spacecraft: Carbon Nanotubes, materials using nanoelements, nano

particles & nanopowders as reinforcing composites. Spacecraft specific

nanotechnologies for electronics. Carbon nanotubes for transistors. Satellites/Science

payloads.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

1 K Eric Drexler,` Nano Systems`, John Wlley & Sons,Inc, © 1992

2 Pelin Berik, `Nanotechnologies Application in Aerospace `,VDM Verlag © 2008

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1 Nanoforum.Org European Nanotechnologies Gateway, Ninth Nanoforum Report-

Nano Tech in Aerospace , Feb 2007.

2 Introduction to Nanoscale Science and Technology [Series:Nanostructure Science

and Technology], Di Ventra, et al (Ed);Springer (2004).

3 Nanotechnology: Richard Booker & Earl Boysen; Wiley (2005).

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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

Subject Sub Code : 14MAS155 IA Marks : 50



Common to 14 MAE151

UNIT I Introduction: CFD ideas to understand, CFD Application, Governing Equations (no derivation) of flow; continuity, momentum, energy. Conservative & Non-conservative forms of equations, Integral vrs Differential Forms of Equations. Form of Equations particularly suitable for CFD work. Shock capturing, Shock fitting, Physical Boundary conditions. Mathematical Behavior of Partial Differential Equations and Discretization: Classification of partial differential equations and its Impact on computational fluid dynamics; case studies. Essence of discritization, order of accuracy and consistency of numerical schemes, Lax’s Theorem, convergence, Reflection Boundary condition. 10 Hours UNIT II Mathematical Behavior of Partial Differential Equations and Discretization:Higher order Difference quotients. Explicit & Implicit Schemes. Error and analysis of stability, Error Propagation. Stability properties of Explicit & Implicit schemes.Solution Methods of Finite Difference Equations: Time & Space Marching. Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) Schemes. Relaxation scheme, Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel techniques, SLOR technique. Lax-Wendroff first order scheme, Lax-Wendroff with artificial viscosity, upwind scheme, midpoint leap frog method. 10 Hours UNIT III Grid Generation: Structured Grid Generation: Algebraic Methods, PDE mapping methods, use of grid control functions, Surface grid generation, Multi Block Structured grid generation, overlapping and Chimera grids. Unstructured Grid Generation: Delaunay-Vuronoi Method, advancing front methods (AFM Modified for Quadrilaterals, iterative paving method, Quadtree &Octree method). 10 Hours

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UNIT IV Adaptive Grid Methods: Multi Block Adaptive Structured Grid Generation, Unstructured adaptive Methods. Mesh refinement methods, and Mesh enrichment method. Unstructured Finite Difference mesh refinement. Approximate Transformation & Computing Techniques: Matrices & Jacobian. Generic form of governing Flow Equations with strong conservative form in transformed space.Transformation of Equation from physical plane into computational Plane -examples. Control function methods. Variation Methods.Domain decomposition.Parallel Processing. 10 Hours UNIT V Finite Volume Techniques: Finite volume Discritisation-Cell Centered Formulation. High resolution finite volume upwind scheme Runge-Kutta stepping, Multi-Step Integration scheme. Cell vertex Formulation. Numerical Dispersion.CFD Application to Some Problems: Aspects of numerical dissipation & dispersion. Approximate factorization, Flux Vector splitting.Application to Turbulence-Models.Large eddy simulation, Direct Numerical Solution. Post-processing and visualization, contour plots, vector plots etc.

10 Hours TEXT BOOKS: 1. John D Anderson Jr. - Computational Fluid Dynamics, The Basics with Applications, McGraw Hill International Edn;1995. 2. T J Chung - Computational Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 2008. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. F. Wendt (Editor), Computational Fluid Dynamics - An Introduction, Springer – Verlag, Berlin; 1992. 2 Charles Hirsch, Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, Vols. I and II. John Wiley & Sons, New York; 1988. 3. JiyuanTu, Guan HengYeoh, and Chaoqun Liu, Computational Fluid Dynamics- A Practical Approach, Elsevier Inc; 2008

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LOW SPEED AERODYNAMIC LAB

Sub Code : 14MASL16 IA Marks : 25


Total No. of Lab Hours : 50 Exam Marks :50

List of Experiments

1. Calibration of test section of a subsonic wind tunnel.

2. Smoke flow visualization on a wing model at different angles of incidence at low

speeds.

3. Tuft flow visualisation on a wing model at different angles of incidences at low

speeds: Identify zones of attached and separated flows

4. Surface pressure distribution around building models in multiple model

arrangement

5. Surface pressure distribution on a cambered wing at different angles of

incidence and calculation of lift and pressure drag.

6. Calculation of total drag of a cambered airfoil at a low incidence using pitot-

static probe wake survey

7. Measurement of typical boundary layer velocity profile on the wind tunnel wall

(at low speeds) using a pitot probe and calculation of boundary layer

displacement and momentum thickness in the presence of a circular cylinder

model.

8. Study the effect of Blockage ratio on drag & pressure distribution of a circular

cylinder

9. Measurement of turbulence level in a low speed wind tunnel.

10. Measurement of loads using wind tunnel balance.

11. To calibrate a cylindrical Yaw probe.

12. Boundary Layer on a flat plate to estimate the location of transition.

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II SEMESTER

HIGH SPEED AERODYMANICS

Subject Code : 14MAS21 IA Marks : 50



UNIT I

Introduction. Definition of compressible flow. Flow regimes. Review of Fundamentals of

thermodynamics concepts. One dimensional flow equations. Speed of sound and Mach

number. Mach Waves and shock waves. Hugoniot Equation. Fanno flow. Rayleigh Flow.

10 Hours

UNIT II

One- Dimensional Flow. Isentropic Flow- Pressure, density, temperature ratios along a

streamline in isentropic flow. Ratio of areas at different sections of the stream tube in

Isentropic flow. Variation of mass flow with pressure.

Adiabatic Flow - One dimensional flow with Plane normal shock waves, flow properties

across normal shock waves. Pitot tube equation. Concept of Convergent Divergent

Nozzle.

10 Hours

UNIT III

Two Dimensional and Three Dimensional Flows. Two Dimensional Flow- Expansion fan,

Mach waves refection, plane oblique shock wave relations. Shock polar, two

dimensional supersonic flow past a waged. Concave and convex corners.

Three Dimensional Flow. - The small perturbation theory (Prandtl-Glauert Rule).

Equation of motion of a compressible. Critical pressure coefficient. Application to swept

wings. Supersonic Linearised theory ( Ackeret` Rule). Cones and blunt bodies at angles

of attack (Introductory - no derivations).

10 Hours

UNIT IV

Transonic & Hypersonic Flows. Physical aspects, transonic small perturbation equation,

transonic similarity equation (no derivation). Transonic area rule, Supercritical aerofoil,

nature of transonic pressure distribution.

Introduction to Hypersonic flow -Thin shock layers, Entropy layer, viscous interaction.

Hypersonic similarity laws ( no derivations).

10 Hours

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UNIT V

High Speed Wind Tunnel Testing. Sonic tunnels, supersonic tunnels-continuous,

Intermediate (Indraft & blow down). Design aspects of High Speed Wind Tunnels. Test

section calibration aspects. Shock tubes. Pressure vacuum tunnels. Optimal Systems-

Schlieren photography. Laser Doppler Anemometry.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

1. E.L. Houghton, P.W. Carpenter, Steven H. Collicott, Daniel T. Valenite:

Aerodynamics for Engineering students, 6th

edition, Elsevier Ltd ,2013.

2. John D Anderson: Modern Compressible Flow, McGraw Hill 1990.

REFERENCE:

1. Anderson, Jr. J.D. “Fundamentals of Aerodynamics”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2007. (Special Indian Edition).

2. Shapiro A.H: Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow, Ronold

Press, 1982.

3. Liepamann H W and Roshko A: Elements of gas dynamics, John Wiley 1957.

4. Pope Alan and Kenneth L Goein,` High Speed Wind Tunnel Testing`.

22

PERFORMANCE & FLIGHT MECHANICS




Common to 14 MAE21

UNIT I Aircraft Performance: Aviation history. Principles of Flight.Aircraft aerodynamics; Drag and Thrust.Steady and level Flight. Variation of Thrust, Drag, Power available, and Power required with speed and altitude. Minimum drag, minimum power, Maximum and minimum level flight speeds. simples problems

10 Hours UNIT II Steady Performance: Airplane Steady Performance: General equation of motion, Steady level flight performance, Steady Climbing, Gliding Flights ; Minimum rate of sink and range in a glide. Range and Endurance of jet and piston prop airplanes. Accelerated Performance: Estimation of take-off and landing distances. Ground effect, Balanced Field Length. Turn performance; Bank angle, load factor, pull-up & pull-down maneuver; accelerated climbing, V-n diagram.

10 Hours UNIT III Static Longitudinal Stability and Control : Equilibrium conditions, Definition of static stability, Definition of longitudinal static stability, stability criteria, Contribution of airframe components: Wing contribution, Tail contribution, Fuselage contribution, Power effects- Propeller airplane and Jet airplane. Trim condition. Static margin.stick fixed neutral points. Longitudinal control, Elevator power, Elevator angle versus equilibrium lift coefficient, Elevator required for landing, Restriction on forward C.G. range, Hinge moment parameters, Stick-free Neutral point, Stick force gradient in unaccelerated flight, Restriction on aft C.G

10 Hours UNIT IV Static Directional Stability and Control: Introduction, Definition of directional stability, Static directional stability rudder fixed, Contribution of airframe components, Directional control. Rudder power, Stick-free directional stability, Requirements for directional control, Rudder lock, Dorsal fin. One engine inoperative condition, Weather cocking effect.

23

Static Lateral Stability And Control: Introduction, definition of Roll stability. Estimation of dihedral effect., Effect of wing sweep, flaps, and power, Lateral control, Estimation of lateral control power, Aileron control forces, Balancing the aileron.

10 Hours UNIT V Dynamic Longitudinal Stability: Definition of Dynamic longitudinal stability: types of modes of motion: long or phugoid motion, short period motion. Airplane Equations of longitudinal motion, Derivation of rigid body equations of motion, Orientation and position of the airplane, gravitational and thrust forces, Small disturbance theory.

Dynamic Lateral and Directional Stability: Routh’s criteria. Factors affecting period and damping of oscillations.Effect of wind shear. 10

Hours

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Anderson J.D.: Introduction to Flight, McGraw Hill, 1987 2. Perkins, C.D., and Hage, R.E.: Airplane Performance, stability and Control, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, 1988 References: 1. McCormick B.W., Aerodynamics, Aeronautics and Flight Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons New York, 1979. 2. Anderson J.D., Foundation of Aerodynamics, McGraw Hill Book Co, New York,1985 3. Ojha S.K., Flight Performance of Aircraft, AIAA Education Series. Editor in Chief, J.S. Przemieniecki 1995. 4. Bandu N. Pamadi, ̀ Performance, Stability, Dynamics and Control of Airplanes`, AIAA 2 nd Edition Series, 2004. 5. John D. Anderson, Jr.: Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Third edition, McGraw-Hill publications, 2001 6. Bernard Etkin, “ Dynamics of Flight Stability and Control”, John Wiley & Sons, Second Edition, 1982.

24

SPACE TECHNOLOGY


No of Lecture Hrs/ Week: 04 Exam Hours : 03

Total Hours : 50 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT I

The Space Environment & Orbital Motion. The atmosphere. Light and spacecraft

temperatures. Charged particle motion. Magnetic mirrors. The Van Allen belts.

Radiation effects Meteors, Meteorites, and Impact. Our local neighborhood.

Epicycle, Ptolemaic world scheme, Copernican scheme, Kepler` method of triangulation.

Two body problem in Inertial frame. Energy and angular momentum. Conic Section

Geometry, circular orbit speed, escape speed. Kepler`s Equation (no derivation). The

classical orbital elements, position and velocity. Orbit determination .

10 Hours

UNIT II

Orbital Mechanics & Satellite Dynamics . Establishment of orbits. Hohmann transfer.

Inclination change maneuvers, launch to rendezvous, decay life time. Earth oblateness

effects, sun-synchronous orbit. Low thrust Orbit Transfer. Yaw, pitch, and roll

orientation angles.

Choice of origin, angular momentum and energy. Orientation angles. General Aspects of

satellite Injections – Satellite Orbit Transfer –Various Cases.

10 Hours

UNIT III

Satellite Attitude Dynamics & Instruments . Concept, Torque-free Axi-symmetric rigid

body, Semirigid Spacecraft Attitude Control:- Spinning and Non-spinning spacecraft, Yo-

Yo Mechanism (no derivations), Gravity Gradient satellite (no derivation).

Gyroscopic Instruments:- Fully Gimballed Gyroscope, Rate Gyroscope, Integrating

Gyroscope and Laser Gyroscopes.

Spectrometers, Telescopes, Imagers, Radiometers: Microwave, IR and UV, Spectro-

photometers.

10 Hours

25

UNIT IV

Rocket Performance. Rocket performance parameters & Units. Rocket equation.

.Propulsion technology. Multistage rocket. Reusable launch vehicles. Gravity turns

trajectories determinations of range and altitude – simple approximations to burnout

velocity – staging of rockets. Aerospace plane. Reusable launch vehicles. Rocket launch

data. Launch test data. Modeling and prediction of pressure – time characteristics.

10 Hours

UNIT V

Spacecraft. Preliminary concepts of space and spacecraft, Introduction to manned and

unmanned space missions, spacecraft power generation, life support systems for

manned space missions

Materials for spacecraft: Selection of materials for spacecraft-special requirements of

materials to perform under adverse conditions, ablative materials, lifetime estimation

for a satellite. Spacecraft testing and evaluation.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

1. W. E. Wiesel, Spaceflight Dynamics, McGraw-Hill Series in Aeronautical and

Aerospace Engineering, 3rd., 2010.

2. W. T. Thomson: Introduction to Space Dynamics, Dover Publications, 1986

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. M.H. Kaplan, Modern Spacecraft Dynamics and Control, John Wiley and Sons,

1976

2. Cornelisse, J.W., “Rocket Propulsion and Space Dynamic”, W.H. Freeman & Co.,

1984.

26

FLIGHT VEHICLE DESIGN




Common To 14MAE 22

UNIT I Overview of Design Process: Introduction, Requirements, Phases of design, Conceptual Design Process, Initial Sizing, Take-off weight build up, Empty weight estimation, Fuel fraction estimation, Take- off weight calculation, Thrust to Weight Ratio & Wing Loading: Thrust to Weight Definitions, Statistical Estimate of T/W. Thrust matching, Spread sheet in design, Wing Loading and its effect on Stall speed, Take-off Distance, Catapult take-off, and Landing Distance. Wing Loading for Cruise, Loiter, Endurance, Instantaneous Turn rate, Sustained Turn rate, Climb, & Glide, Maximum ceiling.

10 Hours UNIT II Configuration Layout & loft : Conic Lofting, Conic Fuselage Development, Conic Shape Parameter, Wing-Tail Layout & Loft. Aerofoil Linear Interpolation.Aerofoil Flat-wrap Interpolation. Wing aerofoil layout-flap wrap. Wetted area determination. Special considerations in Configuration Layout: Aerodynamic, Structural, Detectability. Crew station, Passenger, and Payload arrangements. Design of Structural Components: Fuselage, Wing, Horizontal & Vertical Tail. Spreadsheet for fuselage design.Tail arrangements, Horizontal & Vertical Tail Sizing.TailPlacement.Loads on Structure.V-n Diagram, Gust Envelope.Loads distribution, Shear and Bending Moment analysis.

10 Hours UNIT III Engine Selection & Flight Vehicle Performance: Turbojet Engine Sizing, Installed Thrust Correction, Spread Sheet for Turbojet Engine Sizing. Propeller Propulsive System.Propeller design for cruise. Take-off, Landing & Enhanced Lift Devices :- Ground Roll, Rotation, Transition, Climb, Balanced Field Length, Landing Approach, Braking. Enhanced lift design -Passive & Active.

10 Hours UNIT IV Static Stability & Control: Longitudinal Static Stability, Pitch Trim Equation. Effect of Airframe components on Static Stability. Lateral stability. Contribution of Airframe components.Directional Static stability.Contribution of Airframe components. Aileron Sizing, Rudder Sizing.Flying qualities. Cooper Harper Scale. Environmental constraints, Aerodynamic requirements.

10 Hours

27

UNIT V Design Aspects of Subsystems: Flight Control system, Landing Gear and subsystem, Propulsion and Fuel System Integration, Air Pressurisation and Air Conditioning System, Electrical & Avionic Systems,Structural loads, Safety constraints, Material selection criteria .

10 Hours TEXT BOOKS: 1. Aircraft Design - A Conceptual Approach- Daniel P. Raymer, AIAA Education Series, IVth Edition © 2006 2. Design of Aircraft-Thomas C Corke, Pearson Edition. Inc. © 2003. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Aeroplane Design -VOL 1 to 9 - J Roskam 2. Introduction to Aircraft Design - John Fielding, Cambridge University Press, 2009 3. Standard Handbook for Aeronautical &Astronautical Engineers, Editor Mark Davies , Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.

28

COMPOSITE MATERIALS & STRUCTURES


No. of Lecture



______________________________________________________________

UNIT I

Introduction to Composites & Elastic Behavior of Lamina : Definition and

Characteristics, Polymer matrix, Metal matrix and Ceramic matrix Composites,

Aerospace Applications of Composites, Processing of Composites (Filament winding,

Pultrusion, Pulforming, Thermo-forming, Injection molding).

Stress-strain relationships (for Isotropic, General Anisotropic and Orthotropic materials),

Transformation relationships, Strength of Unidirectional Lamina: micromechanics of

failure: failure mechanisms, Macromechanical strength parameters, Failure theories.

10 Hours

UNIT II

Elastic Behavior of Multidirectional Laminates and Stress and Failure Analysis

Classical Lamination theory- assumptions and stress and strain variation in laminate.

Behavior of different types of laminates based on reinforcement orientation, Design

considerations, Laminate Engineering Properties

Stress and Failure Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates

Types of failure, First Ply failure in various types of laminates, failure comparison

between laminates, hygrothermal effects on laminates, progressive and ultimate

laminate failure, fracture toughness.

10 Hours

UNITIII

Experimental Methods for Characterization and Testing

Introduction, Constituent Materials characterization, Physical characterization of

composite materials, Tensile, Compressive and Shear characterization, fracture

toughness evaluation, Bi-axial testing, Damage tolerance Testing.

10 Hours

UNIT IV

Structural Concepts

Basic Elasticity, Concept of Shear centre and Elastic axis,

Aeroelasticity: Concept, Load distribution, Flutter , Divergence, & Control reversal,

deflection of structure under static and dynamic loading (no derivations), Design

methodology for structural composite materials.

10 Hours

29

UNIT V

Composite Materials for Varied Applications

Materials for high thermal conductivity, thermal interface, thermal insulation and heat

retention, application to micro-electronics, resistance heating mechanism behind

electromagnetic application, materials for electromagnetic application, Metal-matrix

composites for magnetic application, dielectric behavior, piezoelectric behavior,

Piezoelectric/ferroelectric composite principles. Pyroelectric behavior. Smart

composites.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Deborah D.L. Chung, Composite Materials-Functional Material for Modern

Technologies, Springer-Verlag London Ltd.2004.

2. RM Chawla, Mechanics of Composite Materials, Springer Verlag,1998.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Ravi B Deo & Charles R, Composite Materials -Testing & Design, ASTM STP

Publication, 1996.

2. Nielson, Composite Materials _ properties as Influenced by Phase Geometry,

Springer_Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

3. Ronald F. Gibson, Principles of Composite Material Mechanics, McGrawHill

Series in Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering, 1994

4. Isaac M. Daniel, Ori Ishai, Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials,

Oxford University Press, NewYork, 2004.

30

THEORY OF AEROELASTICITY




Common to 14MAE252

UNIT I INTRODUCTION Aeroelasticity - Aeroelastic phenomenon: flutter, buffeting, dynamic loads problems, load distribution, divergence, control effectiveness & reversal. Deformation of airplane structures under static loads: Forces acting on aeroplane, Influence coefficients. Properties of influence coefficients. Deformation under distributed forces. Simplified elastic airplane. Bending, torsional and shear stiffness curves.

10 Hours UNIT II Static aeroelastic phenomena :Load distribution and divergence-wing torsional divergence (two-dimensional case, & finite wing case). Prevention of aeroelastic instabilities. Control effectiveness and reversal :Aileron effectiveness and reversal -2 dimensional case, and finite wing case. Strip theory. Aileron effectiveness in terms of wing -tip helix angle.Critical aileron reversal speed.Rate of change of local pitching moment coefficient with aileron angle.

10 Hours UNIT III Deformation of airplane structures under dynamic loads: Differential and Integral forms of equations of motions of vibrations. Natural modes and frequencies of complex airplane structures - introduction. Dynamic response phenomenon. Dynamic problems of Aeroelasticity: Determination of critical flutter speed. Aeroelastic modes. Wing bending and torsion flutter. Coupling of bending and torsion oscillations and destabilizing effects of geometric incidences. Flutter prevention and control.

10 Hours UNIT IV Test model similarities: Dimensional concepts. Vibration model similarity laws.Dimensionless form of equation of motion. Mode shapes and natural frequencies in dimensionless forms. Model scale factors. Flutter model similarity law. Scale factors. Structural simulation:-shape, mass and stiffness.

10 Hours

31

UNIT V Testing techniques: Measurement of structural flexibility, natural frequencies and mode shapes. Polar plot of the damped response. Identification and measurement of normal modes. Steady state and dynamic Aeroelastic model testing.

10 Hours TEXT BOOKS: 1. Dowell, E. H., Crawley, E. F., Curtiss Jr., H. C., Peters, D. A., Scanlan, R. H., and Sisto, F., A Modern Course in Aeroelasticity, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 3rd Edition, 1995. (TL574.A37.M62) 2. Bisplinghoff, R., Ashley, H., and Halfman, R. L., Aeroelasticity, Dover, 1955. (TL570.B622) REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Fung, Y. C., An Introduction to the Theory of Aeroelasticity, 1955 (Dover, 1969). 2. Megson THG,` Aircraft structures for Engineering students`, Edward Arnold. 3. Bisplinghoff, R. and Ashley, H., Principles of Aeroelasticity, Dover, 1962. (TL570.B623)

32

ADVANCED PROPULSION


No. of Lecture



____________________________________________________________

UNIT I

Advanced Cryogenic & LOX-HC Engines- Introduction to cryogenics and its applications,

Properties of Cryogenic fluids, Engine cycles, system level analysis, testing, thrust

chamber, turbo pumps, cryotanks.

HC Engines. Engines for booster and upper stages. LOX Kerosene & LOX-Methane

engines. Liquid Oxygen and Hydrocarbon, liquid rocket engine (LRE) for application as

main engines & booster stages of Launchers- Different LRE cycles.

10 Hours

UNIT II

Green Propellants Propellant-less Propulsion. Environmental effects of space

propellants (toxicity, pollution, performance aspects). Liquid bio-propellant (H2-O2,

N2O4-, etc.) for main engines. Solid propellant (NH4ClO4) for the booster.

Momentum exchange tether, electro-dynamic tether, Solar thermal propulsion for

upper stages, solar sails, magnetic sails. Beamed energy -Earth to Orbit Propulsion.

10 Hours

UNIT III

Miniaturised Propulsion & Electrical Propulsion Systems . Classification of mission

requirement. Micro- propulsion technologies; solid micro thruster, micro bi-propellant

thruster, cold gas thruster, Integration aspects in micro-spacecraft.

Electrical Propulsion Systems. State-of-the-art in electrical propulsion system, high-

power gridded ion thruster (GIT), high – power Hall Effect thruster (HET), high- power

applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPDT), and double stage HET. Micro Ion

thruster, Micro chip laser thruster. Colloid thruster.

Fundamentals of ion propulsion.

10 Hours

UNIT IV

Nuclear Propulsion. Nuclear rocket engine design and performance, nuclear rocket

reactors, nuclear rocket nozzles, nuclear rocket engine control, radioisotope propulsion,

basic thrusters configuration, thrusters technology, heat source development, nozzle

33

development, nozzle performance of radio isotope propulsion systems. Testing of

Nuclear rocket engines.

10 Hours

UNIT V

Other Advance Propulsion Technologies. Super Conductivity-Property of material-super

conductivity state, conduction, electrons propagation. Effect of temperature on material

conductivity . Type-I and type-II materials.

Chemical propellant system - advanced propellants, high energy density matter (HEDM),

alternative design-pulse detonation rocket.

Laser Propulsion System- General Concept. Laser accelerated Plasma Propellant. Test

Techniques and safety for Advance Propulsion Technologies.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Claudio Bruno, and Antonio Accettura, ` Advance Propulsion Systems &

Technologies: Today to 2020, AIAA 2008.

2. G P Sutton,` Rocket Propulsion Elements`, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1998.

REFERENCE:

1. Martin Tajmar,` Advanced Space Propellant Systems `, Springer 2003.

2. William H. Heiser and David T. Pratt,` Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion, AIAA

Education Series, 2001

3. Fortescue and Stark, `Spacecraft Systems Engineering`,1999.

34

MECHATRONICS


No. of Lecture



_____________________________________________________________

UNIT 1

Mechatronic Systems & Sensors and Transducers: Traditional and mechatronics

designs. Modeling systems. Measurement systems. Control systems. Open and close

loop systems. Analogue and digital control systems. Sequential controllers.

Programmable logic controller. Examples of mechatronic systems. Microprocessor

based controllers.

Performance terminology. Static and dynamic characteristics. Displacement , Position

and proximity- Potentiometer sensor, strain gauged element, capacitive element, eddy

current proximity sensors , pneumatic sensors . Velocity & motion -. techogenerator,

pyroelectric sensors, strain gauge load cell. Fluid pressure - piezoelcrtic sensors

.Temperature sensors. Light sensors.

10 Hours

UNIT II

Signal Conditioning and Data Presentation Systems. Signal conditioning processes,

amplifier principles, wheat stone bridge, filtering, pulse modulation. Digital signals-

binary numbers multipliers, digital logic and gates.

Data presentation elements- Analog and digital meters, analog chart recorders,

cathodes-ray oscilloscope, visual display unit, magnetic recording, recording codes,

magnetic disks. Optical recording- displays, liquid crystal displays. Data acquisition

systems.

10 Hours

UNIT III

Actuated systems. Hydraulic systems. Directional control valves. Pressure control

valves. Cylinders. Servo and proportional control valves. Pressure control valves.

Mechanical Actuation and Electrical Actuation Systems: kinematic chains, torque speed

relationship. Mechanical switches, relays, diodes, thyristors and stepper motor, stepper

motor control. Electro mechanical systems. Dynamic response of systems- natural and

forcing function. Performance measures.

10 Hours

35

UNIT - IV

Introduction to Microprocessors. Evolution of Microprocessor, parts of the

microprocessor, memory, input-output, examples of the systems. Microcontrollers-

microchip, microcontrollers, selecting a micro controller. Applications. Typical faults in

micro processor systems and fault finding techniques. Functional level testing of

Microprocessors.

10 Hours

UNIT -V

Machatronic Designs. Timed switch, interfacing a stepper motor, integrated circuit for a

stepper motor. Case studies- a pick and place robot, digital camera. Hard disk drive.

Calibration of Machatronic systems.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Mechatronics, W.Bolton, Longman, 4thEd, Pearson Publications, 2008.

2. Mechatronics and Microprocessors, K.P.Ramchandran,G.K.Vijayraghavan,

M.S.Balasundran, Wiley, 1st Ed, 2009

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Mechatronics - Principles, Concepts and applications – Nitaigour and

Premchand Mahilik - Tata McGraw Hill- 2003.

2. Mechatronics Principles & applications, Godfrey C. Onwubolu,Elsevier. .

36

STATE SPACE METHODS




UNIT I

Introduction. Basic idea of state space and its analysis. Linear state space model, local

level model, non-Gaussian & nonlinear models. Prior knowledge, notations. Concept of

filtering, fore cast errors, error recursion, state smoothing. Disturbance smoothing

parametric estimation –log likelihood method.

10 Hours

UNIT II

Linear State Space Model. Univariate structural time series model. Introduction to

multivariate structural time series models. Regression model. Space state models in

continuous time. Spline smoothing.

Filters, Smoothing & Forecasting. State smoothing, smoothened state error, state

smoothing recursion, disturbance smoothing, weight functions, simulation smoothing

state model in matrix form.

10 Hours

UNIT III

Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Parameters. Likelihood qualification. Log likelihood

when initial conditions are known. Diffuse log likelihood. Likely hood when model

contains regression effects. Likelihood when large observation vector is collapsed.

Numerical maximisation algorithm. Goodness of fit. Diagnostic checking. Illustrations of

Use of Linear Model. Structural time series model. Bivariate structural time series

analysis.

10 Hours

UNIT IV

Non-Gaussian & Nonlinear State Space Models. Special cases of nonlinear linear and

non-Gaussian models. Models with linear Gaussian signals. Exponential family models.

Heavy tailed distribution. Stochastic Volatility model.

Filtering , and smoothing of non-Gaussian and nonlinear model.

10 Hours

UNIT V

Approximate Model Filtering & Smoothing. Multicaptive- Introduction. Trend cycle

decomposition. Nonlinear Smoothing- Extended Smoothing. Unscetented smoothing.

37

Approximate mode estimation. Improvement of sampling from smoothing. Filtering and

smoothing in Dynamic systems.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

J Durbin & SJ Koopman, Time series analysis-State Space Methods, 2nd

Edition,

Oxford 2012.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Daniel Alpay & Israel Gohberg, State Space Method:- Generalisation &

Applications, Springer

38

OPTIMISATION METHODS IN ENGINEERING




UNIT I

Introduction to Optimisation and Functions of a Single Variable. Requirements for the

Application of Optimisation Methods. Application of Optimisation in Engineering.

Structure of Optimization problems.

Properties of Single-Variable Functions. Optimality Criteria. Region Elimination Methods.

Polynomial Approximation .

10 Hours

UNIT II

Function of Several Variables. Optimality Criteria, Direct-search Methods, Gradient-

Based Methods.Formulation of liner programming models. Graphical solution of liner

programs in two variables.

10 Hours

UNIT III

Constrained Optimality Criteria. Equality- Constrained Problems. Lagrange multipliers.

Transformation Methods. Penalty concept. Algorithms. Method of multipliers.

10 Hours

UNIT IV

Constrained Direct Search. Problem definition. Adaptations of unconstrained Search

methods. Random search methods. Linearisation methods for constrained problems.

Direction generation methods based on linearization. Mesh Adaptive Direct search

algorithms for Constrained Optimisation. Quadratic Approximation Methods.

10 Hours

UNIT V

Strategies for Optimisation Studies. Model formulation. Problem implementation.

Solution evaluation. Decision Strategy Optimisation. Engineering case studies.

10 Hours

39

TEXT BOOKS:

1. A. Ravindran, K M Ragsdell, GV Reklaitis,` Engineering Optimisation Methods &

Application`, 2nd

Edition, Wiley, May 2006.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

2. Garret N Vanderplaats, `Multidiscipline Design Optimisation`, VR&D Publication

40

SPACE TECHNOLOGY & FLIGHT VEHICLE DESIGN LAB

Subject Code : 14MASL26 IA Marks : 25

No of Lab Hours/Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03


List of Experiments

1. 3-DOF Gyroscope for System Identification.

2. 2- DOF Rotor System for Coupled Dynamic Analysis

3. Magnetic Levitation system for close loop Control

4. Simulation of Aero braking Maneuver of Spacecraft through Simulink.

5. Simulate a servo system response through transfer function using Matlab

6. Simulation of a given orbital mechanics.

7. Modeling a symmetric Aerofoil geometry and to generate pressure coefficient plots

for inviscid supersonic flow for a given Mach number and angle of attack.

8. Modeling of a 2-D Incompressible viscous flow over an aerofoil.

Computations and analysis for velocity vectors and pressure distribution.

9. Structural modeling of a fuselage bulkhead with frames.

10. Structural modeling of a simply supported sandwich beam of rectangular cross-

section and analysing for stresses for a given point load.

11. Determine the Structural Damping Coefficient of a Composite Material Cantilever

Beam and Draw the Polar Plots of Damping Coefficient.

12. Frequency spectrum analysis of a Cantilever Beam.

41

IV Semester

SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING


No. of Lecture



_____________________________________________________________

UNIT I

Spacecraft Environment and Mission Analysis. Introduction. Pre-operational spacecraft

environment, operational spacecraft environment.

Mission Analysis. Keplerian orbit transfers, Polar LEO/Remote sensing satellites,

satellite constellations. Geostationary earth orbits. Highly elliptic orbit. Interplanetary

missions.

10 Hours

UNIT II

Electrical Power Systems and Thermal Control of Satellite System . Power system

elements, Primary power systems, Secondary power system Batteries, Power

management.

Thermal Environment, thermal balance, thermal analysis, thermal design, thermal

technology.

10 Hours

UNIT - III

Telecommunication, Telemetry, Command & Data Handling. Communication Payloads.

Telemetry data formatting, telecommand, communication techniques, Protocols. On –

board data handling & Processing.

Ground Segment. Ground station, flight dynamics, and ground data system.

10 Hours

UNIT - IV

Spacecraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering. EMC Problems, EMC

fundamentals, EMC categories, Electrostatic discharge . Radiated emission and

susceptibility, Analysis methods for space craft EMC Engineering. EMC/EMI Ground

testing.

10 Hours

UNIT -V

Assembly Integration, Verification & Product Assurance. Test types. Ground support

equipment. Product assurance in Project. Reliability/dependability. Product assurance in

42

manufacturing. Software procedure assurance. Software verification and validation ,

and certification issues.

10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Peter Fortescne , Graham Swinerd & John Star K, `Spacecraft System

Engineering`, Aug 2011, Willey Publication.

2.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Charles D Brown, ` Element of Spacecraft Design`, AIAA © 2002

43

AERO ENGINE TESTING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION


No. of Lecture



_____________________________________________________________

Common to 14 MAE155

UNIT I Introduction: Need For Gas Turbine Engine Testing And Evaluation, Philosophy Of Testing, Rationale Of Testing. Types of tests: Proof of Concepts, Design Verification, Design Validation, and Formal Tests. Aero Thermodynamic Tests: Compressor: Compressor scaling parameter Groups, Compressor MAP. Inlet distortions. Surge margin stack up.Testing and Performance Evaluation, Test rig. 10 Hours UNIT II Combustor: Combustor MAP, Pressure loss, combustion light up test. Testing and Performance Evaluation. Aero Thermodynamic Tests: Turbines: Turbine MAP. Turbine Testing And Performance Evaluation. Component model scaling.Inlet duct & nozzles: Ram pressure recovery of inlet duct. Propelling nozzles, after burner, maximum mass flow conditions.Testing and Performance Evaluation. 10 Hours UNIT III Engine performance: Design & off-design Performance. Transient performance.Qualitative characteristics quantities. Transient working lines .Starring process & Wind milling of Engines. Thrust engine start envelope. Calculations for design and off-design performance from given test data – (case study for a Jet Engine). 10 Hours UNIT IV Qualification Tests: Tests used to evaluate a design. Environment ingestion capability. Preliminary flight rating tests, Qualification testing, acceptance tests, Reliability figure of merit. Structural integrity tests: Design Verification Tests, Durability and Life Assessment Tests, Reliability Tests, Failure Simulation Tests, Functional And Operability Tests. Types of engine tests: Normally Aspirated Testing, Ram Air Testing, Altitude Testing, Flying Test Bed, Mission Oriented Tests, Open Air Test Bed, Ground Testing of Engine Installed in Aircraft, Flight testing. 10 Hours

44

UNIT V Test cell: Air breathing engine test facility. Direct connect altitude cell, propulsion wind tunnels. Types of engine test beds. Factors for design of engine test beds. Altitude test facility. Steps in test bed cross calibration. Engine testing with simulated inlet distortions. Surge test. Cell Calibration and Correction. Performance Reduction Methodology. Instrumentation : Data Acquisition, Measurement of Thrust, Pressure, Temperature, Vibration, etc. Accuracy and Uncertainty in Measurements. Experimental Stress Analysis. 10 Hours Text Books: 1. P.P Walsh and P. Peletcher, Gas Turbine Performance, Blackwell Science, 1998, ISBN 0632047843. 2. J P Holman, Experimental methods for Engineers, Tata McGraw –Hill Publishing Co. Ltd .,2007 Reference: 1. Advance Aero-Engine Testing, AGARD-59 Publication 2. NASA CR-1875,`An inventory of Aeronautical Ground Research Facilities. 3. MIL –5007 E , `Military Specifications: Engine , Aircraft, Turbo Jet & Turbofan eneral Specification for Advance Aero Engine testing`, 15th Oct 1973.

45

FATIGUE & FRACTURE MECHANICS


No. of Lecture



______________________________________________________________

Common to 14MAE421

UNIT I Fracture Mechanics Principles: Introduction, Mechanisms of Fracture, a crack in a structure, the Graffiti’s criterion, modem design, - strength, stiffness and toughness. Stress intensity approach. Stress Analysis for Members with Cracks: Linear elastic fracture mechanics, Crack tip stress and deformations; Relation between stress intensity factor and fracture toughness, Stress intensity based solutions. Crack tip plastic zone estimation, Plane stress and plane strain concepts. The Dugdale approach, the thickness effect.

10 Hours UNIT II Elastic - Plastic Fracture Mechanics: Introduction, Elasto-plastic factor criteria, crack resistance curve, I-integral, Crack opening displacement, crack tip opening displacement. Importance of R-curve in fracture mechanics, Experimental determination of I-integral, COD and CTOD.

10 Hours UNIT III Dynamic and Crack Arrest: Introduction, the dynamic stress intensity and elastic energy release rate, crack branching, the principles of crack arrest, and the dynamic fracture toughness.

10 Hours UNIT IV Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate: Fatigue loading, Various stages of crack propagation, the load spectrum, approximation of the stress spectrum, the crack growth integration, fatigue crack growth laws. Fracture Resistance of Materials: Fracture criteria, atigue cracking criteria, effect of alloying and second phase particles, effect of processing and anisotropy, effect of temperature, closure.

10 Hours

46

UNIT V Computational Fracture Mechanics: Overview of numerical methods, traditional methods in computational fracture mechanics – stress and displacement marching, elemental crack advance, virtual crack extension, the energy domain integral, finite element implementation. Limitations of numerical fracture analysis Fracture Toughness testing of metals: Specimen size requirements, various test procedures, effects of temperature, loading rate and plate thickness on fracture toughness. Fracture testing in shear modes, fatigue testing, NDT methods.

10 Hours TEXT BOOKS : 1. Introduction to Fracture Mechanics - Karen Helen, McGraw Hill Pub 2000. 2.Fracture of Engineering Brittle Materials - Jayatilake, Applied Science, London. 2001. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1.Fracture Mechanics Application - T. L. Anderson, CRC press 1998. 2.Elementary Engineering Fracture of Mechanics - David Broek, ArtinusNijhoff, London 1999.

47

HYPERSONIC AERODYNAMICS




UNIT I

General Considerations. Characteristics General features of hypersonic flow field.

Assumptions underlying inviscid hypersonic theory. Normal shock waves, oblique &

curved shocks. Mach number independence principles. General strip theory.

Small Disturbance Theory. Introduction to basic equations. Hypersonic Similitude,

United supersonic-hypersonic similitude. Slender – body strip theory. .

10 Hours

UNIT II

Small Disturbance Theory. Slightly blunted slender bodies, large incidence & correlation

of Similitude. Unsteady flow theory. Non equilibrium effects.

Newtonian Theory. Two-dimensional axis symmetric bodies, simple shapes & free

layers. Optimum shapes, shock layer structure.

10 Hours

UNIT III

Newtonian Theory. Shock layer structure with cross flow. Conical flow, bodies of

revolution at small incidences.

Theory of Thin Shock Layers. Basic concepts, successive approximation schemes.

Constant stream tube-area approximation. Two-dimensional axis symmetric blunt faced

bodies.

10 Hours

UNIT IV

Viscous Flows. Hypersonic Viscous effects, Boundary Layer equations . Similar laminar

boundary layer solutions. Local similarity concept. Viscous interactions - flow models

and interaction parameters. Weak pressure interaction. Strong pressure interaction.

General features of rarified gas flows.

10 Hours

UNIT V

Hypersonic Testing. Hypersonic Scaling, high enthalpy & high speed, types of hypersonic

facilities. Shock tunnels & expansion tubes. Features of Hypersonic wind tunnel design.

Instrumentation to hypersonic vehicle testing. Test model similarity laws.

10 Hours

48

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Wallace D Hayes & Ronald F Probstein,`Hypersonic Invisicd Flows`, Dover

Publication 2004.

2. Wallace Hayes,` Hypersonic Flow Theory`, Academic Press Inc., 1959.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. John D Anderson Jr. `Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics`, AIAA, 2000.

2. Frank K.Lu and Dart E. Marran,` Advanced Hypersonic Test Facilities, AIAA 2002.

3. Cherynl C.G.,` Introduction to Hypersonic Flow`, Academic Press,1961.

49

THOERY OF COMBUSTION




Common to 14MAE423

UNIT I Basics of Combustion theory: Combustion Stochiometry and Thermo chemical Calculation, Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium, Transport Phenomena-Theory of Viscosity, conductivity and diffusivity

10 Hours UNIT II Pre-Mixed Flames: Description of premixed flames, Burning velocity and parametric dependences, Experimental methods of measuring burning velocity, Simple one-dimensional thermal theory of flame, concepts of minimum ignition energy, quenching distance, stability limits and flame stabilization. Turbulent premixed flame

10 Hours UNIT III Diffusion Flame: Jet flame physical description, theoretical analysis-Burke-Schumann’s analysis, mechanism of soot formation, Difference between premixed and diffusion flames, Liquid fuel combustion, Difference between premixed and diffusion flames, Liquid fuel combustion, Difference between premixed and diffusion flames, Liquid fuel combustion- Conservation equations, calculation of mass burning rate, Droplet burning time, Droplet combustion in convective environment.

10 Hours UNIT IV Combustion in Reciprocating and Gas- Turbine Engines: Description of the combustion process in piston engines, Combustion efficiency and factors affecting it, Rankine-Hugoniot curves, Deflagration and Detonation in reciprocating engines and preventive methods. Description of different types of combustion chambers in gas-turbine engines, primary requirements of the combustor, Flow structure, recirculation and flame stabilization in main combustion chamber, afterburners.

10 Hours UNIT V Combustion in Rocket Engines and Emission: Types of Rockets based on combustion, Solid fuel combustion, combustion of carbon particle-simplified analysis, boundary layer combustion,

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combustion of carbon sphere with CO burning gas phase. Chemical Emission from combustion and its effects, Exhaust gas analysis, Emission control methods

10 Hours Text Books: 1. An Introduction to combustion Concepts and Application, Stephen R Turns, TMH Publication 2. Fundamentals and Technology of combustion, Fawzy El-Mahallawy, Saad El-Din Habik,Elsevier Reference Books 1. Industrial Combustion by Charles E. Baukal.

2. Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion by CE BaukalJr

3. Fundamentals of combustion, D P Mishra, PHI Publication

4. Combustion, Fossil Power Systems by G. Singer. 4th Ed. 1966 Ed Pub. 5. Sharma, S.P., and Chandra Mohan "Fuels and Combustion", Tata Me. Graw Hill Publishing Co.,Ltd., New Delhi, 1987 6. Mathur, M.L., and Sharma, R.P., "Gas Turbine, Jet and Rocket Propulsion",' Standard Publishers and Distributors, Delhi, 1988

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GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION

Code : 14MAS425 IA Marks : 50



UNIT I

Introduction . Concepts of navigation-ADF,VOR/DME, Doppler, LORAN & OMEGA.,

guidance and control. Introduction to basic principles. Air data information. Guidance

trajectories.

Radar Systems. Principle of working of radar. Radar Equations & Applications. MTI and

Pulse Doppler radar. Moving target detector. Limitation of MTI performance.

10 Hours

UNIT II

Tracking With Radar. Mono pulse tracking. Conical scan and sequential lobbing.

Automatic tracking with surveillance radar (ADT). CW radar. Applications.

Other Guidance Systems. Gyros and stabilised platforms. Inertial guidance and Laser

based guidance. Components of Inertial Navigation System. Imaging Infrared guidance.

Satellite navigation. GPS. Accelerometers.

10 Hours

UNIT III Inertial Navigation System. INS-Transfer function & errors. Different coordinate

system, Compensation errors, Schuler loop; cross coupling. Missile Control System. Guided missile concept. Augmented systems. Control of

aerodynamic missile. Missile parameters for dynamic analysis. Missile autopilot

schematics. Longitudinal and Lateral autopilots. 10 Hours

UNIT IV

Missile Guidance. Missile guidance laws, short & medium range missiles.

Proportional navigation guidance; command guidance. Comparison of guidance

system performance. Bank to turn missile guidance. Terminal guidance. Weapon

control Missile guidance.

10 Hours

UNIT V

Integrated Flight/Fire Control System. Director fire control system. Fire control

modes. Tracking control laws. Longitudinal flight control system. Lateral flight

control system. Rate of change of Euler angle, Auto Pilot.

Integrated Flight and Fire Control (IFFC) flight testing.

10 Hours

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TEXT BOOKS:

1. Merrilh I. Skolnik,` Introduction to Radar Systems`, 3rd

edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill ,

2001.

2. John H Blakelock,` Automatic control of Aircraft & Missiles`, Wile –Inter Science

Publication, 2nd

edition, May 1990.

REFERENCE BOOKS :

1. R.B. Underdown & Tony Palmer, `Navigation`, Black Well Publishing; 2001.

2. R P G Collinson,` Introduction to Avionics Systems,` Kulwar Academic

Publishers`, 2003.

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FLIGHT DYNAMICS AND AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL


Hrs/ Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03

Total Hours : 50 Exam Marks : 100

Common to 14MAE41

UNIT I Review of feedback system analysis and aerodynamic fundamentals : Mathematical models of linear open loop and closed loop systems, Transfer functions and Bode plot and root locus methods of analysis, analysis of multi-loop vehicular control systems; Definition of airframe parameters, coefficients and reference geometries, aerodynamic characteristics of plan forms and fuselage and effectiveness of control surfaces, 10 Hours UNIT II Vehicle equations of motion and axis systems: Newton’s Second Law and reference frames Expansion of inertial forces and moments, gravity forces and their linearization, Expansion of aerodynamic forces and moments and direct thrust forces, Complete linarized equations of motion, description of dimensional and non-dimensional stability axis derivatives.

10 Hours UNIT III Longitudinal dynamics: Review of simplifying assumptions and derivation of simplified longitudinal equations of motion, longitudinal controls and control input transfer functions, two degrees of freedom short period approximations and typical example transfer functions of conventional aircraft and their responses Lateral dynamics: Simplified lateral equations of motion, lateral controls and control input transfer functions, two degrees of freedom Dutch roll approximations, typical example transfer functions of conventional aircraft and their responses

10 Hours UNIT IV Longitudinal and lateral feedback control: Longitudinal Feedback Control: Feedback of pitch angle and pitch rate to the elevator, feedback of speed error to elevator, feedback of angle of attack and normal acceleration to elevator, feedback of altitude to the elevator Lateral Feedback Control: Feedback of bank angle and rolling velocity to ailerons, feedback of other quantities to ailerons, feedback of heading angle to rudder, feedback of yawing velocity to rudder, feedback of sideslip to rudder, feedback of lateral acceleration to rudder

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10 Hours UNIT V Longitudinal and lateral autopilots: Longitudinal Autopilots: Displacement autopilot, pitch orientational control system, acceleration control system, glide slope coupler and automatic flare control, flight path stabilization, attitude reference systems, effect of nonlinearities Lateral Autopilots: Damping of Dutch roll, discussion on coordination techniques and methods of obtaining coordination, yaw orientational control system and other lateral autopilot configurations, automatic lateral beam guidance,

10 Hours Text Books: 1. Jan Roskam: Airplane flight dynamics and automatic flight controls, Part I & II, Published by Design Analysis and Research Corporation (DAR Corporation), 2003, USA. 2. D McRuer, I Ashkenas and D Graham: Aircraft Dynamics and Automatic Control, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1973 Reference: 1. Blake lock J H: Automatic Control of Aircraft and Missiles, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1991 2. Babister, A. W: Aircraft dynamic Stability and Response, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980.

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