visual basic csc-151

8/3/2019 Visual Basic Csc-151

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1. Windows base programming?Windows based programming is the process of selecting and applying commands, called

instructions, to accomplish work with a computer.

Instructions are actually precisely described actions that are carried out by a computer.Windows-based Programming Tools

There are many tools for programming Windows-based Programming, they range from

Assembler to Cobol and Fortran to the following:

Microsoft Visual C++, Borland C++, native UNIX C and C++ tools, and others.

Java (various commercial vendors, for Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX)

Smalltalk

Delphi

PowerBuilder

Visual Basic

Office/program application macros (e.g., Microsoft Word, Excel)

2. Graphical user interface?Incomputing, a graphical interface is a type ofuser interfacethat allowsuserstointeractwith

electronic devices with images rather than text commands.

Graphical interface can be used incomputers,hand-held devicessuch asMP3players, portable

media players or gaming devices, household appliances and office equipment. A GUIrepresents

the information and actions available to a user through graphicaliconsand visual indicators such

assecondary notation, as opposed totext-basedinterfaces, typed command labels or text

navigation.

A precursor to Graphical User Interface was invented by researchers at theStanford Research

Institute, led byDouglas Engelbart. They developed the use of text-basedhyperlinks

manipulated with amousefor theOn-Line System.

A Graphical interface uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform that

the user can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information.

Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior ofGraphical interface is an important

part ofsoftware applicationprogramming in the area ofhuman-computer interaction. Its goal is

to enhance the efficiency and ease of use for the underlying logical design of a stored program, a
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design discipline known asusability. Methods ofuser-centered designare used to ensure that the

visual language introduced in the design is well tailored to the tasks.

A major advantage of Graphical interface is make computer operation more intuitive, and thus

easier to learn and use. Graphical interface is user method part in visual basic.

3. What are properties, events & method?

PropertiesA property is a member that provides a flexible mechanism to read, write, or compute

the value of a private field. Properties can be used as if they are public data members,

but they are actually special methods called accessors. This enables data to be

accessed easily and still helps promote the safety and flexibility of methods.

In this example, the TimePeriod class stores a time period. Internally the class stores the

time in seconds, but a property named Hours enables a client to specify a time in hours. The

accessors for the Hours property perform the conversion between hours and seconds.

MethodsA method is a code block that contains a series of statements. A program causes the

statements to be executed by calling the method and specifying any required method

arguments. In C#, every executed instruction is performed in the context of a method. TheMain method is the entry point for every C# application and it is called by the common

language runtime (CLR) when the program is started.

Calling a method on an object is like accessing a field. After the object name, add a

period, the name of the method, and parentheses. Arguments are listed within the

parentheses, and are separated by commas. The methods of the Motorcycle class can

therefore be called as in the following example

Events

An event is a message sent by an object to signal the occurrence of an action. The

action could be caused by user interaction, such as a mouse click, or it could be

triggered by some other program logic. The object that raises the event is called the

event sender. The object that captures the event and responds to it is called the event

receiver.
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4. Common properties

The data flow objects in the Microsoft SQL Server Integration Services object model have

common properties and custom properties at the component, input and output, and input column

and output column levels. Many properties have read-only values that are assigned at run time by

the data flow engine.

This topic lists and describes the common properties of data flow objects.

Components Inputs Input columns Outputs Output columns

Component Properties

In the Integration Services object model, a component in the data flow implements the

IDTSComponentMetaData100interface.

The following table describes the properties of the components in a data flow. Some properties

have read-only values that are assigned at run time by the data flow engine.

PropertyData

TypeDescription

ComponentClassID String The CLSID of the component.

ContactInfo String Contact information for the developer of a component.

Description String

The description of the data flow component. The default

value of this property is the name of the data flow

component.

ID IntegerA value that uniquely identifies this instance of the

component.

IdentificationString String Identifies the component.

IsDefaultLocale BooleanIndicates whether the component uses the locale of the

Data Flow task to which it belongs.

LocaleID Integer

The locale that the data flow component uses when the

package runs. All Windows locales are available for use

in data flow components.

Name String The name of the data flow component.

PipelineVersion IntegerThe version of the data flow task within which a

component is designed to execute.
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UsesDispositions Boolean Indicates whether a component has an error output.

ValidateExternalMetadataBooleanIndicates whether the metadata of external columns is

validated. The default value of this property is True.

Version Integer The version of a component.

Input Properties

In the Integration Services object model, transformations and destinations have inputs. An input

of a component in the data flow implements theIDTSInput100interface.

The following table describes the properties of the inputs of components in a data flow. Some

properties have read-only values that are assigned at run time by the data flow engine.

Property Data Type Description

Description String The description of the input.

ErrorOrTruncationOperationString

An optional string that specifies the types

of errors or truncations that can occur

when processing a row.

ErrorRowDisposition DTSRowDisposition

A value that specifies the handling of

errors. The values are Fail component,

Ignore failure, and Redirect row.

HasSideEffects Boolean

Indicates whether a component can be

removed from the execution plan of the

data flow when it is not attached to a

downstream component and when

RunInOptimizedMode is true.

ID Integer A value that uniquely identifies the input.

IdentificationString String A string that identifies the input.

IsSorted BooleanIndicates whether the data in the input is

sorted.

Name String The name of the input.

SourceLocale Integer The locale ID (LCID) of the input data.

TruncationRowDisposition DTSRowDisposition

A value that determines how the

component handles truncations that occur

when processing rows. . The values are

Fail component, Ignore failure, and

Redirect row.

Destinations and some transformations do not support error outputs, and the

ErrorRowDisposition and TruncationRowDisposition properties of these components are

read-only.
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Input Column Properties

In the Integration Services object model, an input contains a collection of input columns. An

input column of a component in the data flow implements theIDTSInputColumn100interface.

The following table describes the properties of the input columns of components in a data flow.Some properties have read-only values that are assigned at run time by the data flow engine.


ComparisonFlags Integer

A set of flags that specify

the comparison of columns

that have a character data

type. For more information,

seeComparing String Data.

Description String Describes the input column.

ErrorOrTruncationOperationString

An optional string that

specifies the types of errors

or truncations that can occur



A value that specifies the

handling of errors. The

values are Fail component,

Ignore failure, and Redirect

row.

ExternalMetadataColumnID IDTSExternalMetadataColumn100

The ID of the external

metadata column assigned

to an input column.

ID IntegerA value that uniquely

identifies the input column.

IdentificationString StringA string that identifies the

input column.

LineageID IntegerThe ID of the upstream

column.

Name StringThe name of the input

column.

SortKeyPosition Integer

A value that indicates

whether a column is sorted,its sort order, and the

sequence in which multiple

columns are sorted. The

value 0 indicates the column

is not sorted. For more

information, seeHow to:

Sort Data for the Merge and
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Merge Join

Transformations.


A value that determines how

the component handles

truncations that occur when

processing rows. The valuesare Fail component, Ignore

failure, and Redirect row.

UpstreamComponentName StringThe name of the upstream

component.

UsageType DTSUsageType

A value that determines how

an input column is used by

the component.

Input columns also have the data type properties described under "Data Type Properties."

Output Properties

In the Integration Services object model, sources and transformations have outputs. An output of

a component in the data flow implements theIDTSOutput100interface.

The following table describes the properties of the outputs of components in a data flow. Some

properties have read-only values that are assigned at run time by the data flow engine.


DeleteOutputOnPathDetachedBoolean

A value that determines whether the data

flow engine deletes the output when it is

detached from a path.

Description String Describes the output.

ErrorOrTruncationOperation String

An optional string that specifies the types






Ignore failure, and Redirect row.

ExclusionGroup IntegerA value that identifies a group of

mutually exclusive outputs.

HasSideEffects Boolean

A value that indicates whether a

component can be removed from the

execution plan of the data flow when it is

not attached to an upstream component

and when RunInOptimizedMode is true.
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ID IntegerA value that uniquely identifies the

output.

IdentificationString String A string that identifies the output.

IsErrorOut BooleanIndicates whether the output is an error

output.

IsSorted Boolean

Indicates whether the output is sorted.

The default value is False.

Important

Setting the value of the IsSorted property to

True does not sort the data. This property

only provides a hint to downstream

components that the data has been

previously sorted. For more information, see

How to: Sort Data for the Merge and MergeJoin Transformations.

Name String The name of the output.

SynchronousInputID IntegerThe ID of an input that is synchronous to

the output.




when processing rows. The values are

Fail component, Ignore failure, and

Redirect row.

Output Column Properties

In the Integration Services object model, an output contains a collection of output columns. An

output column of a component in the data flow implements theIDTSOutputColumn100

interface.

The following table describes the properties of the output columns of components in a data flow.

Some properties have read-only values that are assigned at run time by the data flow engine.


ComparisonFlags Integer

A set of flags that specify the comparison

of columns that have a character data type.

For more information, seeComparing

String Data.

Description String Describes the output column.

ErrorOrTruncationOperationStringAn optional string that specifies the types

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Ignore failure, and Redirect row. The

default value is Fail component.

ExternalMetadataColumnID IntegerThe ID of the external metadata columnassigned to an input column.

ID IntegerA value that uniquely identifies the output

column.

IdentificationString String A string that identifies the output column.

LineageID Integer

The ID of the output column. Downstream

components refer to the column by using

this value.

Name String The name of the output column.

SortKeyPosition Integer

A value that indicates whether a column is

sorted, its sort order, and the sequence inwhich multiple columns are sorted. The

value 0 indicates the column is not sorted.

For more information, seeHow to: Sort

Data for the Merge and Merge Join

Transformations.

SpecialFlags IntegerA value that contains the special flags of

the output column.




when processing rows. The values are Failcomponent, Ignore failure, and Redirect

row. The default value is Fail component.

Output columns also include a set of data type properties.

External Metadata Column Properties

In the Integration Services object model, inputs and outputs can contain a collection of external

metadata columns. An external metadata column of a component in the data flow implements theIDTSExternalMetadataColumn100interface.

The following table describes the properties of the external metadata columns of components in a

data flow. Some properties have read-only values that are assigned at run time by the data flow

engine.

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Description String Describes the external column.

ID Integer A value that uniquely identifies the column.

IdentificationStringString A string that identifies the column.

Name String The name of the external column.

External metadata columns also include a set of data type properties.

Data Type Properties

Output columns and external metadata columns include a set of data type properties. Depending

on the data type of the column, properties can be read/write or read-only.

The following table describes the data type properties of output columns and external metadata

columns.


CodePageInteger Specifies the code page for string data that is not Unicode.

DataTypeInteger

(enumeration)

The Integration Services data type of the column. For more

information, seeIntegration Services Data Types.

Length Integer The length, measured in characters, of a column.

Precision Integer The precision of a numeric column.

Scale Integer The scale of a numeric column.

5. Difference between combo & list, picture & image, Text & level, option &

check

Difference between combo and list box

Combo Box: List Box :

1. Occupies less space but shows only one value

for visibility

1. Occupies more space but shows more than one

value.

2. Multiple select is not possible 2. We can select multiple items.

3. can't use checkboxes within combo boxes 3. We can use checkboxes within the list box.
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4.We have only drop down facility. 4.We have both drop up & drop down facility.

Difference between picture box and image box

picture box image box

it act as container control it is not act as container control

use of memory to store the picture not use of memory to store the picture

editing of picture is possible in picture box editing of picture is not possible in picture box

having auto size property Not having auto size property

Difference between Check Box and Option Button

CheckBox: Option Button:

A box which can be checked or not checked. Every Option Button is part of a group. Only

one option button in a group can be checked.

In Check box, you can select multiple options In Option Button you can select only oneoption at a time

Check boxes are not mutually exclusive Option Button are mutually exclusive
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Text

Words, sentences, paragraphs. This book, for example, consists of text. Text processing refers to the

ability to manipulate words, lines, andpages. Typically, the term textrefers to textstoredasASCIIcodes

(that is, without anyformatting).Objectsthat are nottext includegraphics, numbers (if they're not

stored as ASCIIcharacters), andprogramcode.

Level

A level control is similar to a text box control in that both display text. The main difference is that a level

displays read only text as far as the user is concerned.

6. If structure

Syntax

IFBoolean_expression

{sql_statement| statement_block}

[ELSE

{sql_statement| statement_block}]

Arguments

Boolean_expression

Is an expression that returns TRUEor FALSE. If the Boolean

expression contains a SELECT statement, the SELECT statement must be enclosed in

parentheses.

{sql_statement| statement_block}

Is any Transact-SQL statement or statement grouping as defined with a

statement block. Unless a statement block is used, the IF or ELSE condition can

affect the performance of only one Transact-SQL statement. To define a statement

block, use the control-of-flow keywords BEGIN and END. CREATE TABLE or SELECT

INTO statements must refer to the same table name if the CREATE TABLE or SELECT

INTO statements are used in both the IF and ELSE areas of the IF...ELSE block.

Remarks
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IF...ELSE constructs can be used in batches, in stored procedures (in which

these constructs are often used to test for the existence of some parameter),

and in ad hoc queries.

IF tests can be nested, either after another IF or following an ELSE. There

is no limit to the number of nested levels.

7. Loop structure

Visual Basic loop structures allow you to run one or more lines of code repetitively. You can repeat the

statements in a loop structure until a condition is True, until a condition is False, a specified number oftimes, or once for each element in a collection.

The Do...Loop

construction allows you to test a condition at either the beginning or the end of a loop structure. You

can also specify whether to repeat the loop while the condition remains True or until it becomes True.

For more information, seeDo...Loop Statement (Visual Basic).

Use a Do...Loop structure when you want to repeat a set of statements an indefinite number of

times, until a condition is satisfied. If you want to repeat the statements a set number of times,

theFor...Next Statementis usually a better choice.

You can use either While or Until to specify condition, but not both.

You can test condition only one time, at either the start or the end of the loop. If you test

condition at the start of the loop (in the Do statement), the loop might not run even one time. If

you test at the end of the loop (in the Loop statement), the loop always runs at least one time.

The condition usually results from a comparison of two values, but it can be any expression that

evaluates to aBoolean Data Type (Visual Basic)value (True or False). This includes values of

other data types, such as numeric types, that have been converted to Boolean.

Structure
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Do { While | Until } condition

[ statements ]

[ Exit Do ]

[ statements ]

Loop

-or-

Do

[statements ]

[Exit Do ]

[statements ]

Loop {While | Until } condition

The Do...Loop structure gives you more flexibility than theWhile...End While Statement (Visual Basic)

because it enables you to decide whether to end the loop when condition stops being True or when it

first becomes True. It also enables you to test condition at either the start or the end of the loop.

While Loops

The While...End While construction runs a set of statements as long as the condition specified in the

While statement is True. For more information, seeWhile...End While Statement (Visual Basic).

Runs a series of statements as long as a given condition is True.

While condition

[ statements ]

[ Exit While ]

[ statements ]End While

Term

Definition

conditionRequired. Boolean expression. If condition is Nothing, Visual Basic treats it as

False.

statements

Optional. One or more statements following While, which run every time condition

is True.
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Exit While Optional. Transfers control out of the While block.

End While Required. Terminates the definition of the While block.

The For Loop

Next construction performs the loop a set number of times. It uses a loop control variable, also called a

counter, to keep track of the repetitions. You specify the starting and ending values for this counter, and

you can optionally specify the amount by which it increases from one repetition to the next.

Repeats a group of statements a specified number of times.

For counter [ As datatype ] = start To end [ Step step ]

[ statements ]

[ Continue For ]

[ statements ]

[ Exit For ]

[ statements ]

Next [ counter ]]

Part Description

counter Required in the For statement. Numeric variable. The control variable for theloop.

datatype Required if counter is not already declared. Data type of counter.

start Required. Numeric expression. The initial value of counter.

end Required. Numeric expression. The final value of counter.

stepOptional. Numeric expression. The amount by which counter is incremented

each time through the loop.

statementsOptional. One or more statements between For and Next that run the specified

number of times.

ContinueFor

Optional. Transfers control to the next loop iteration.

Exit For Optional. Transfers control out of the For loop.

Next Required. Terminates the definition of the For loop.


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When a For...Next loop starts, Visual Basic evaluates start, end, and step. This is the only time it

evaluates these values. It then assigns start to counter. Before it runs the statement block, it

compares counter to end. If counter is already larger than the end value (or smaller if step is

negative), the For loop ends and control passes to the statement following the Next statement.

Otherwise the statement block runs.

Each time Visual Basic encounters the Next statement, it increments counter by step and returns

to the For statement. Again it compares counter to end, and again it either runs the block or exits

the loop, depending on the result. This process continues until counter passes end or an Exit For

statement is encountered.

The loop does not stop until counter has passed end. If counter is equal to end, the loop

continues. The comparison that determines whether to run the block is counter = end if step is negative.

Changing the value of counter while inside a loop can make it more difficult to read and debug

your code. Changing the value of start, end, or step does not affect the iteration valuesdetermined when the loop was first entered.

8. Use of Properties

Properties are one of the fundamental things any object oriented language must support.

Properties are not new for the VB6 programmer, but I feel that properties have not really been

given the importance they deserve. Properties abstract the data from being manipulated directlyby the client. Furthermore, properties also facilitate the defining of actions and data of the

interface. VB.NET properties are very simple to understand and define. For example:

Option Strict Off

Imports System

Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic

Class MyServer

Dim vfname As String

Public Property

A property should have at least one accessor, either set or get. The set accessor has a freevariable available in it called value, which gets created automatically by the compiler. We

can't declare any variable with the name value inside the set accessor.


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We can do very complicated calculations inside the set or get accessor. Even they can throwexceptions.

Since normal data fields and properties are stored in the same memory space, in VB.NET, itis not possible to declare a field and property with the same name.

Static PropertiesVB.NET also supports static properties, which belongs to the class rather than to the objects

of the class. All the rules applicable to a static member are applicable to static propertiesalso.

Properties & InheritanceThe properties of a Base class can be inherited to a Derived class.

Properties & PolymorphismA Base class property can be polymorphicaly overridden in a Derived class. But rememberthat the modifiers like virtual, override etc are using at property level, not at accessor level.

Abstract PropertiesA property inside a class can be declared as abstract by using the keyword abstract.

Remember that an abstract property in a class carries no code at all. The get/set accessorsare simply represented with a semicolon. In the derived class we must implement both setand get assessors

9. Variable declaration

The declaration statement for variables is the Dim statement. Its location and contents determine the

variable's characteristics.

Declaring Data Type

The As clause in the declaration statement allows you to define the data type or object type of the

variable you are declaring. You can specify any of the following types for a variable:

An elementary data type, such as Boolean, Long, or Decimal A composite data type, such as an array or structure An object type, or class, from Visual Basic or another application, such as Label or

TextBox


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You can declare several variables in one statement without having to repeat the data type. In the

following statements, the variables I, J, and K are declared as type Integer, L and M as Long, and

X and Y as Single:

Dim I, J, K As Integer ' All three are Integer variables.

Dim L, M As Long, X, Y As Single ' L and M are Long, X and Y are Single.

The lifetime of a variable is the period of time during which it is available for use. A local variable

declared with a Dim statement exists only as long as its procedure is executing. A variable's accessibility

is determined by which keyword or keywords Dim, Public, Protected, Friend, Protected Friend, or

Private you use in the declaration statement. You can declare a module, structure, class, or instance

variable with any of these keywords. Within a procedure, only the Dim keyword is allowed, and the

accessibility is always private.

A variable's accessibility is determined by which keyword or keywords Dim, Public,

Protected, Friend, Protected Friend, or Private

you use in the declaration statement. Youcan declare a module, structure, class, or instance variable with any of these keywords. Within a

procedure, only the Dim keyword is allowed, and the accessibility is always private.

10. Operation expression in Visual basic

An operatoris a code element that performs an operation on one or more code elements that

hold values. Value elements include variables, constants, literals, properties, returns from

Function and Operator procedures, and expressions.

An expression is a series of value elements combined with operators, which yields a new value.

The operators act on the value elements by performing calculations, comparisons, or other

operations.

Types of Operators

Visual Basic provides the following types of operators:

Arithmetic Operatorsperform familiar calculations on numeric values, including shiftingtheir bit patterns.

Comparison Operatorscompare two expressions and return a Boolean value representingthe result of the comparison.

Concatenation Operatorsjoin multiple strings into a single string.
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Logical and Bitwise Operators in Visual Basiccombine Boolean or numeric values andreturn a result of the same data type as the values.

The value elements that are combined with an operator are called operands of that operator.

Operators combined with value elements form expressions, except for the assignment operator,

which forms a statement. For more information, seeAssignment Statements.

Evaluation of Expressions

The end result of an expression represents a value, which is typically of a familiar data type such

as Boolean, String, or a numeric type.

The following are examples of expressions.

5 + 4

' The preceding expression evaluates to 9.

15 * System.Math.Sqrt(9) + x

' The preceding expression evaluates to 45 plus the value of x.

"Concat" & "ena" & "tion"

' The preceding expression evaluates to "Concatenation".

763 < 23

' The preceding expression evaluates to False.

Several operators can perform actions in a single expression or statement, as the following

example illustrates.

11. What is Database & classification of database?

A database is an organized collection ofdatafor one or more purposes, usually in digital form.

The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the

availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring this information (for

example, finding a hotel with vacancies). This definition is very general, and is independent of

the technology used.
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The term "database" may be narrowed to specify particular aspects of organized collection of

data and may refer to the logical database, to physical database as data content in computer data

storageor to many other database sub-definitions.

The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to

thedatabase management system(referred to by the acronymDBMS). The database datacollection with DBMS is called adatabase system.

Basic Characteristics of DBMS

Represents complex relationship between data

Controls data redundancy.

Enforces user defined rules.

Ensures data sharing.

It has automatic and intelligent backup and recovery procedures.

It has central dictionary to store information.

Pertaining to data and its manipulation.

It has different interfaces via which user can manipulate the data.

Enforces data access authorization.

12. DOA/ RDO / ADO

A DAO recordset, represented in MFC by a CDaoRecordset object, represents the records in a

base table or the records that result from running a query. Recordsets are the principal way in

which you work with data using the MFC DAO classes. For a description of the DAO recordset

object underlying each CDaoRecordset object, see the topic "Recordset Object" in DAO Help.

A recordset represents, simultaneously:

All of the records in a table or query a set of records. The current record in that set, whose fields fill the recordset's field data members, if any.

Scrolling to a different record in the set fills the recordset's field data members with new values.

For information about recordset features and capabilities, including searching, navigating,

updating, bookmarking, and constraining which records are selected, see class CDaoRecordset in

theMFC Reference.
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DAO Recordset Types

You can create three kinds of CDaoRecordset objects:

Table-type recordsets, representing a base table in a Microsoft Jet (.MDB) database Dynaset-type recordsets, which result from a query Snapshot-type recordsets, consisting of a static copy of a set of records

The following table summarizes the characteristics and purposes of the three recordset types.

Characteristics of Record set Types

Characteristic Table-Type Dynaset-Type Snapshot-Type

Based On A base table A query A query

Updatable Yes Yes No

Dynamic Yes Yes No

Best Uses Working with a single

table (in a non-ODBC

database).

Working with records,

possibly containing fields

from one or more tables.

Reflects changes by other

users and is updatable.

Finding data or preparing

reports. Reflects the

state of the data at the

time of the snapshot.

Limitations Can use only with .MDB

databases or ISAM tables

opened directly.

Doesn't reflect new

records that meet

selection criteria after

the recordset opens.

Not updatable. The

snapshot is not quite

instantaneous. See

below.

RDO (Remote Data Objects)Remote Data Objects (abbreviated RDO) is the name of an obsoletedata accessapplication

programming interfaceprimarily used inMicrosoftVisual Basicapplications onWindows 95and later

operating systems.[1]This includes database connection, queries, stored procedures, result

manipulation, and change commits. It allowed developers to create interfaces that can directly interact

withOpen Database Connectivity(ODBC) data sources on remote machines, without having to deal with

the comparatively complex ODBC API.
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ADO(ActiveX Data Objects)

Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) enables your client applications to access and

manipulate data from a variety of sources through an OLE DB provider. Its primary benefits are

ease of use, high speed, low memory overhead, and a small disk footprint. ADO supports key

features for building client/server and Web-based applications.

Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) is a set ofComponent Object Model(COM)objectsfor

accessing data sources. A part ofMDAC, it provides amiddlewarelayer betweenprogramming

languagesandOLE DB(a means of accessing data stores, whether they bedatabasesor otherwise, in a

uniform manner). ADO allows adeveloperto write programs that access data without knowing how the

database is implemented. He must be aware of the database for connection only. No knowledge ofSQL

is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO to directly execute SQLcommands. The disadvantage of the latter is that it introduces a dependency upon the type of database

used.

ADO collections

Fields

This collection contains a set of Field objects. The Collection can be used in either a Recordset

object or in a Record object. In a Recordset object, each of the Field objects that make up the

Fields collection corresponds to a column in that Record set object. In a Record object, a Field

can be an absolute or relative URL that points into a tree-structurednamespace(used forsemi-

structured dataproviders like the Microsoft OLE DB Provider for Internet Publishing) or as a

reference to the default Stream object associated with that Record object.

Properties

An object can have more than one Property object, which are contained in the object's

Properties collection.

Parameters

A Command object can have several Parameter commands to change its predefined behaviour,

and each of the Parameter objects are contained in the Command object's Parameters

collection

Errors
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All provider created errors are passed to a collection of Error objects, while the Errors collection

itself is contained in a Connection object. When an ADO operation creates an error, the

collection is cleared and a new group of Error objects are created in the collection.

13. Note on Menu design

Design concepts

A good menu bar is a comprehensive catalog of all the available top-level commands, whereas a good

toolbar gives quick, convenient access to frequently used commands. A toolbar doesn't attempt to train

usersjust make them productive. Once users learn how to access a command on a toolbar, they

rarely continue to access the command from the menu bar. For these reasons, a program's menu bar

and its toolbar don't need to correspond directly.

Effective menus that promote a good user experience:

Use acommand presentationthat matches your program type, window types, command usage,and target users.

Arewell organized, usingstandard menu organizationwhen appropriate. Usemenu bars,toolbars, andcontext menuseffectively. Useiconseffectively. Useaccess keys and shortcut keyseffectively.

If you do only one thing...

Choose a command presentation that matches your program type, window types, command

usage, and target users.

For more information and examples, seeMenu Design Concepts.

Usage patterns

Toolbars have several usage patterns:

Primary

toolbars

A toolbar

designed to

work

without a

menu bar,

either

hidden or

removed.

Primary toolbars must balance the need for efficiency with comprehensiveness, so they

work best for simple programs.

A primary toolbar from Windows Explorer.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#commandPresentationhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#commandPresentationhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#commandPresentationhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarOrganizationhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarOrganizationhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarOrganizationhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#standardMenushttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#standardMenushttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#standardMenushttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#effectiveMenuBarshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#effectiveMenuBarshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#effectiveMenuBarshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarsVToolbarshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarsVToolbarshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarsVToolbarshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarsVShortcutMenushttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarsVShortcutMenushttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarsVShortcutMenushttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#usingIconshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#usingIconshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#usingIconshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#accessibilityhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#accessibilityhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#accessibilityhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspxhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspxhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspxhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspxhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#accessibilityhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#usingIconshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarsVShortcutMenushttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarsVToolbarshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#effectiveMenuBarshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#standardMenushttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#menuBarOrganizationhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511501.aspx#commandPresentation


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Supplement

al toolbars

A toolbar

designed to

work with a

menu bar.

Supplemental toolbars can focus on efficiency without compromise.

A supplemental toolbar from Windows Movie Maker.

Toolbar

menus

A menu bar

implemente

d as a

toolbar.

Toolbar menus are toolbars consisting primarily of commands inmenu buttonsandsplit

buttons, with only a few direct commands, if any.

A toolbar menu in Windows Photo Gallery.

Customizabl

e toolbars

A toolbar

that can be

customizedby users.

Customizable toolbars allow users to add or remove toolbars, change their size and

location, and even change their contents.

A customizable toolbar from Microsoft Visual Studio.

Palette

windows

A modeless

dialog box

that presents

an array of

commands.

Palette windows are undocked toolbars.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#MenuButtonshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#MenuButtonshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#MenuButtonshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#SplitButtonshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#SplitButtonshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#SplitButtonshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#SplitButtonshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#SplitButtonshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#SplitButtonshttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa511453.aspx#MenuButtons


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Palette windows from Windows Paint.

Toolbars have these styles:

Unlabeled

icons

One or

more rows

of small

unlabeled

icon

buttons.

Use this style if there are too many buttons to label or the program is frequently used.With this style, programs with complex functionality can have multiple rows, and

therefore, this is the only style that needs to be customizable. With this style, some

command buttons can be labeled if they are frequently used.

An unlabeled icons toolbar from WordPad.

Large

unlabeled

icons

A single row

of large

unlabeled

icon

buttons.

Use this style for simple utilities that have easily recognizable icons and are usually run in

small windows.

Large unlabeled icons toolbars from Windows Live Messenger and the Windows

Snipping Tool.Labeled

icons

A single row

of small

labeled

icons.

Use this style if there are few commands or the program isn't frequently used. This style

always has a single row.

A labeled icons toolbar from Windows Explorer.

Partial

toolbars

A partialrow of small

icons used

to save

space when

a full

toolbar isn't

Use this style for windows with navigation buttons, a search box, or tabs to eliminate

unnecessary weight at the top of the window.


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necessary. Partial toolbars can be combined with navigation buttons, a search box, or tabs.

Large

partial

toolbars

A partial

row of large

icons used

to save

space when

a full

toolbar isn't

necessary.

Use this style for simple utilities that have navigation buttons or a search box to eliminate

unnecessary weight at the top of the window.

A large partial toolbar from Windows Defender.

Finally, toolbar controls have several usage patterns:

Command icon

buttons

Clicking a

command button

initiates an

immediate

action.

Examples of icon command buttons from Windows Fax and Scan.

Mode icon

buttons

Clicking a mode

button enters the

selected mode.

Examples of mode buttons from Windows Paint.


26/28

Property icon

buttons

A property

button's state

reflects the state

of the currently

selected objects,

if any. Clicking the

button applies

the change to the

selected objects.

Examples of property buttons from Microsoft Word.

Labeled icon

buttons

A command

button or

property button

labeled with an

icon and a text

label.

These buttons are used for frequently used toolbar buttons whose icon isn't

sufficiently self-explanatory. They are also used in toolbars that have so few buttons

that each button can have a text label.

A toolbar with its most frequently used buttons labeled.

Menu buttons

A command

button used to

present a small

set of related

commands.

A single downward-pointing triangle indicates that clicking the button shows a menu.

A menu button with a small set of related commands.


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Split buttons

A command

button used to

consolidate

variations of a

command,

especially when

one of the

commands is

used most of the

time.

A split button in its normal state.

Like a menu button, a single downward-pointing triangle indicates that clicking therightmost portion of the button shows a menu.

A dropped down split button.

In this example, a split button is used to consolidate all the print-related commands.

The immediate Print command is used most of the time, so users normally don't need

to see the other commands.

Unlike a menu button, clicking the left portion of the button performs the

action on the label directly. Split buttons are effective in situations where the

next command is likely to be the same as the last command. In this case, the

label is changed to the last command, as with a color picker:

In this example, the label is changed to the last command.

Drop-down lists

A drop-down list

(editable or read-

only) used toview or change a

property.

In this example, drop-down lists are used to view and set font attributes.


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A drop-down list in a toolbar reflects the state of the currently selected object, if any.

Changing the list changes the selected object's state.

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