VISHNU DENTAL COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF PERIODONTICS AND IMPLANTOLOGY

SEMINAR ON

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY AND LIVER

GUIDED BY DR.H.D.MANASA

PRESENTED BY R uday bhaskar

Questions 1)WHAT IS ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

A) Acute kidney failure is the sudden loss of your kidneys ability to eliminate excess salts, fluids, and waste materials from the blood. When kidneys lose their filtering ability, body fluids can rise to dangerous levels. The condition will also cause electrolytes and waste material to accumulate in your body.

Acute kidney failure, also called acute kidney injury, is common in patients who are already in the hospital. It may develop rapidly over a few hours. Or it may develop more slowly over a few days. People who are critically ill and need intensive care are at the highest risk of developing acute kidney failure.

Acute kidney failure can be fatal and requires intensive treatment. However, it may be reversible

Causes of Acute Kidney Failure Acute kidney failure can occur for many reasons. Among the reasons are:

acute tubular necrosis (ATN) autoimmune kidney diseases such as acute nephritic syndrome and interstitial

nephritis urinary tract obstruction

Low blood pressure can reduce blood flow and cause damage to your kidneys. These health problems can decrease blood flow to your kidneys:

burns dehydration hemorrhage injury septic shock serious illness surgery

Certain disorders can cause clotting within your kidneys blood vessels:

hemolytic uremic syndrome idiopathic thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura (ITTP) malignant hypertension transfusion reaction scleroderma

Some infections can directly injure your kidneys, such as:

septicemia acute pyelonephritis

Pregnancy can cause complications that harm the kidneys:

placenta previa (in pregnancy) placenta abruption (in pregnancy)

Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Failure Chances of acquiring acute renal failure are greater if you are elderly or have the following long-term health problems:

kidney disease liver disease diabetes high blood pressure heart failure obesity

Symptoms of Acute Kidney Failure bloody stools breath odor slow, sluggish movements swelling - generalized (fluid retention) fatigue pain between ribs and hips hand tremor bruising easily changes in mental status or mood, especially if you are elderly decreased appetite decreased sensation, especially in your hands or feet prolonged bleeding seizures nausea vomiting hiccups that wont resolve elevated blood pressure metallic taste

Diagnosing Acute Kidney Failure If you have acute kidney failure you may have generalized swelling. The swelling is caused by fluid retention.

Using a stethoscope, may hear crackling in the lungs. These sounds can signal fluid retention.

Results of laboratory tests may also show sudden changes. Some of these tests include:

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum potassium urinalysis creatinine clearance serum creatinine

An ultrasound is the preferred method for diagnosing acute kidney failure. However, abdominal X-ray, abdominal CT scan, and abdominal MRI can determine if there is a blockage in your urinary tract.

Certain blood tests may also reveal underlying causes of acute kidney failure..

Treating Acute Kidney Failure Treatment will depend on the cause of your acute kidney failure. The goal is to restore normal kidney function. Preventing fluids and wastes from building up in your body while your kidneys recover is important.

Your doctor will restrict your diet and the amount of liquids you eat and drink. The goal is to reduce the buildup of toxins that are normally eliminated by the kidneys. A diet high in carbohydrates and low in protein, salt, and potassium is usually recommended.

Antibiotics may be prescribed to treat or prevent any infections that occur at the same time. Diuretics may be used to help your kidneys eliminate fluid. Calcium and insulin can be given to help avoid dangerous increases in your blood potassium levels.

Dialysis might be needed, but is not always necessary. Dialysis involves diverting blood out of your body into a machine that filters out waste. The clean blood is then returned to your body. If potassium levels are dangerously high, dialysis can save your life. Dialysis is used if there are changes in your mental status, or if you stop

urinating. You may also need dialysis if you develop pericarditis, inflammation of the heart. Dialysis can help eliminate nitrogen waste products from your body.

2) which drugs are contraindicted in liver disease

a) interferons used to treat hairy cell leukemia

lasix loop dieurtics ,given to help reduce the amount of water in body

paxil used to treat mentaldepression,obsessive compulsive disorder

Prozac used in treatment of obesity and bulimia nervosa

Elavil heterocyclic drug used to treat spontaneous endogenous infections

Amantadine an antiviral used to treat flu infections

Lamivudine used in the treatment of hiv infection

Causes of Acute Kidney FailureRisk Factors for Acute Kidney FailureSymptoms of Acute Kidney FailureDiagnosing Acute Kidney FailureTreating Acute Kidney Failure