virtual instrumentation presentation for seminar project

7/30/2019 Virtual Instrumentation presentation for seminar project

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The Virtual Instrumentation

Rohit Gurjar (112012)

M.TechIV semester (ECE)

Seminar Presentation : P1


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Contents :

Introduction.

Brief History of Virtual Instrumentation.

What is Virtual Instrumentation.

Virtual Instrument Architecture .

Tools and Platform .

Conclusion. Proposed work for P-2.

References.

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Introduction

Virtual instrumentation is an interdisciplinary field thatmerges sensing, hardware and software technologiesin order to create flexible and sophisticated instruments forcontrol and monitoring applications.

Definitions of a virtual instruments

"an instrument whose general function and capabilities aredetermined in software

a virtual instrument is composed of some specializedsubunits, some general-purpose computers, some software,and a little know-how"



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A Brief History of VirtualInstrumentation

Instrumentation had the following phases:

1. Analog measurement devices: (in 1940s)

Such as oscilloscopes or EEG recording systems.

An operator had to physically copy data to a paper.

Performing complex test procedures, as everything had tobe set manually.

2. Data Acquisition and Processing devices: (in 1950s) Instruments incorporated rudiment control systems, with

relays, rate detectors, and integrators.

Instruments started to digitalize measured signals.



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Continue..

3. Digital Processing based on general purpose computingplatform :

Measuring instruments became computer based.

Begun to include interfaces that enabled communicationbetween the instrument and the computer.

4. Development of local and global networks of generalpurpose computers :

Possible infrastructure for distributed virtualinstrumentation includes the Internet, private networks andcellular networks.



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Introduction of Lab VIEW 1.0

In 1986, National Instruments introduced Lab VIEW 1.0 .

Lab VIEW introduced,

graphical user interfaces and visual programming into

computerized instrumentation, withincreased capabilities of computers.

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The technology of Virtual Instruments

Virtual Instrumentation is the use of customizable softwareand modular measurement hardware to create user-definedmeasurement systems, called virtual instruments.

ComputerSoftware

Hardware



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Components of Virtual Instrumentation


1.Software: The heart of any virtual instrument is flexible software.

With such software, we can interface with real-world

signals; analyze data for meaningful information.

Lab VIEW software , is the graphical development platformfor test, design and control applications.


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Continue

2. Modular I/O:

Modular Instrument hardware use the latest I/O and dataprocessing technologies, including ADC/ DAC, FPGAs,and buses to provide high resolution and throughput formeasurements .

3.Computing Platform:

computing platform (PC or Server) to run the software andconnect to I/O module.

Together, these components empower to create their ownsolutions with virtual instrumentation.



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Virtual Instruments versusTraditional Instruments

Traditional Instruments:o such as oscilloscopes and waveform generators are very

powerful, expensive.

o knobs and buttons on the instrument, the built-in circuitry,

and the functions available to the user, are all specific to thenature of the instrument and are not customizable.

Virtual Instruments :

o It is PC-based, take advantage of latest technology powerful

processors and operating systems.o These platforms offer easy access to Internet.

o It is portable in nature.



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Traditional versus virtualinstrumentation architectures


Both share similar hardware components; primary difference betweenarchitectures is where the software resides and whether it is user accessible.

Virtual instruments defined by user while traditionalhave fixed , vendor-defined functionality


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Advantages of Virtual Instrumentsversus Traditional Instruments

Flexibility:Add additional functions into a virtual instrument.

Storage:Computers have hard disks that can store dozens of gigabytes

which is an absolute.

Display:Have better color depth and pixel resolution than traditionalinstruments.

Costs & Size:

Smaller size with lower cost.



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Virtual Instrument Architecture



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1. Sensor module:

A sensor module principally consists of 3 main parts:1. The sensor,

2. The signal conditioning part, and

3. The A/D converter

The sensor detects physical signals from the environment.

If the parameter being measured is not electrical,

then sensor must include a transducer to convert

the information to an electrical signal,

for example, when measuring blood pressure



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2. Sensor interface

1. Wired Interfaces : General Purpose Interface Bus(GPIB),

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI),

serial buses (RS232 or USB interfaces).

2.Wireless Interfaces :

Bluetooth, or GPRS/GSM interface Wireless communicationis important where cable connection is impractical or not

possible



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3. Processing Module

1. Analytic processing :

Analytic functions define clear functional relations amonginput parameters.

Some of the common analyses as spectral analysis, filtering,transforms, peak detection etc.

2. Artificial intelligence techniques :

Artificial intelligence technologies could be used toimprove the efficiency, capability, and features of

instrumentation in application areas related tomeasurement, system identification, and Control.



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4. Database interface

Computerized instrumentation allows measured data to bestored for off-line processing, or to keep records.

There are several currently available database technologiesthat can be used for this purpose:

Database interface Description

File System Random writing and reading of files.

extensible Markup Language(XML)

Standardized markup files.

Open Database Connectivity(ODBC) SQL based interface for relation databases.

Java Database Connectivity(JDBC)

Java programs SQL based object-orientedinterface for relationdatabases.



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5. Presentation and control

According to presentation and interaction capabilities, wecan classify interfaces used in virtual instrumentation in fourgroups:

A. Terminal user interfaces,B. Graphical user interfaces,

C. Multimodal user interfaces, and

D. Virtual and augmented reality interfaces.



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A. Terminal User Interfaces

communication between a user and a computer is purelytextual.

The user sends requests to the computer by typing

commands, and receives response in a form of textualmessages.

Additional effects, such as text and background colour

or blinking , are possible.

Important in distributed virtual instrumentation.



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B. Graphical User Interfaces

Enabled more intuitive human-computer interaction.

Creation of many sophisticated graphical widgets such

as graphs, charts, tables, meters.



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C & D interfaces

C. Multimodal presentation: It improve the perceptual quality of user interfaces.

Sonification (auditory display) or haptic rendering (naturalfeel of the virtual environment ).

D. Virtual and augmented reality:

A combination of virtual presentation with real world objectscreates augment reality interfaces.

For example: Augmented reality allow computer generatedtumor image from MRI recording to be superimposed on realview of patient during surgery.



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Conclusion..

Virtual instruments are realized using industry-standardmultipurpose components.

They depend very little on dedicated hardware.

virtual instruments are more flexible and scalable asreconfigured in software.

It provide building blocks for next generation of instrumentation

and measurement.

Virtual instrumentation rapidly entering in biomedical field.



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Proposed Work for P2

Applications of Virtual Instrumentation in detail.

Basics and Working of Lab VIEW .

Future scope of Virtual Instrumentation.



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References1. National Instruments: Instrumentation Catalogue: Measurement and Automation

2. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_instrumentation".

3. National Instruments: LabVIEW Manual. www.ni.com

4. Hewlett-Packard Company, www.hp.com

5. Caristy, J.: IEEE 488 General Purpose Instrumentation Bus Manual. Academic Press, 1989.

6. Darcy Dement, Book Chap. 33 , Virtual instrumentation systems", National Instrum ,Inc.

7. Hewlett Packard: Test System and VXI Products Catalog. Hewlett-Packard Company, 1997.



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virtual instrumentation presentation for seminar project

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