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Virginia Tech shooting

The candlelight vigil the night of April 17,taken in front of Burruss Hall.

Location Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.

Coordinates 37.2231°N 80.4211°W

(Ambler Johnston Hall)[1]

37.2294°N 80.4231°W

(Norris Hall)[2]

Date April 16, 2007

c. 7:15 a.m. – 9:51 a.m.[3]:25 (EDT)

Attack type School shooting, mass murder,murder–suicide

Weapons Glock 19

Walther P22[4]

Deaths 33 (including the perpetrator)[5]:127

Non­fatalinjuries

23 (17 by gunfire)[6]:92[7]

Perpetrator Seung­Hui Cho

Defenders Liviu Librescu, Kevin Granata, DerekO'Dell, and Zach Petkewicz

Virginia Tech shootingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Virginia shooting" redirects here. For the 2015 shooting, see Murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward.

The Virginia Tech shooting (also known as the VirginiaTech massacre) was a school shooting that took place onApril 16, 2007, on the campus of Virginia PolytechnicInstitute and State University in Blacksburg, Virginia,United States. Seung­Hui Cho, a senior at Virginia Tech,shot and killed 32 people and wounded 17 others in twoseparate attacks (another six people were injured escapingfrom classroom windows), approximately two hours apart,before committing suicide.[6]:92[7][8]:78 The attack is thedeadliest shooting incident by a single gunman in U.S.history and one of the deadliest by a single gunmanworldwide.[9]

The attacks received international media coverage and drewwidespread criticism of U.S. gun culture.[10] It sparkedintense debate about gun violence, gun laws, gaps in theU.S. system for treating mental health issues, theperpetrator's state of mind, the responsibility of collegeadministrations,[11] privacy laws, journalism ethics, andother issues. Television news organizations that airedportions of the killer's multimedia manifesto were criticizedby victims' families, Virginia law enforcement officials, andthe American Psychiatric Association.[12][13]

Cho had previously been diagnosed with a severe anxietydisorder. During much of his middle school and high schoolyears, he received therapy and special education support.After graduating from high school, Cho enrolled at VirginiaTech. Because of federal privacy laws, Virginia Tech wasunaware of Cho's previous diagnosis or theaccommodations he had been granted at school. In 2005,Cho was accused of stalking two female students.[14] Afteran investigation, a Virginia special justice declared Chomentally ill and ordered him to attend treatment; however,because he was not institutionalized, he was still allowed topurchase guns.[15] The shooting prompted the state ofVirginia to close legal loopholes that had previouslyallowed individuals adjudicated as mentally unsound topurchase handguns without detection by the NationalInstant Criminal Background Check System (NICS). It alsoled to passage of the first major federal gun control measurein more than 13 years. The law strengthening the NICS was signed by President George W. Bush on January5, 2008.[16]

Coordinates: 37.227°N 80.422°W

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The Virginia Tech Review Panel, a state­appointed body assigned to review the incident, criticized VirginiaTech administrators for failing to take action that might have reduced the number of casualties. The panel'sreport also reviewed gun laws and pointed out gaps in mental health care as well as privacy laws that leftCho's deteriorating condition in college untreated.[8]:78[17]:2

Contents

1 Attacks1.1 West Ambler Johnston shootings1.2 Norris Hall shootings

2 Perpetrator3 Responses to the incidents

3.1 Emergency services response3.2 University response3.3 Campus response3.4 Government response3.5 South Korean response3.6 Academic/industry response3.7 Other responses3.8 Controversial responses3.9 Continuing response

3.9.1 Anniversary activities4 Criticism of university response5 Effects on gun politics

5.1 Virginia context5.2 Campus firearms ban5.3 Impact on state and local law5.4 Political response

6 Legal aftermath7 See also8 Sources9 References10 Further reading11 External links

Attacks

See also: Timeline of the Virginia Tech shooting § Event

The shootings occurred in separate incidents, with the first at West Ambler Johnston Hall, during whichSeung­Hui Cho killed two pupils, and the second at Norris Hall, where the other 31 deaths, including that ofCho himself, as well as all the nonlethal injuries, occurred. Cho used two firearms during the attacks: a .22­caliber Walther P22 semi­automatic handgun and a 9 mm semi­automatic Glock 19 handgun.[4]

West Ambler Johnston shootings

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Aerial photo showing location ofHarper Hall (Cho's dorm), NorrisHall, West Ambler Johnston Hall, andthe Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S. PostOffice.

Elementary French class students takecover in Holden Hall room 212.

Cho was seen near the entrance to West Ambler Johnston Hall, a co­ed residence hall that housed 895students,[18] at about 6:47 a.m. EDT.[3]:25[4] Normally, the hall was accessible only to its residents viamagnetic key cards before 10:00 a.m.; Cho's student mailbox was in the lobby of the building, so he had a passcard allowing access after 7:30 a.m., but it is unclear how he gained earlier entrance to the building.[8]:77[19]:13

Cho shot his first victims in West Ambler Johnston Hall. At around 7:15 a.m., Cho entered the room whichfreshman Emily J. Hilscher shared with another student. Hilscher, a 19­year­old from Woodville, Virginia,was fatally wounded. After hearing the gunshots, a male resident assistant, Ryan C. Clark, attempted to aidHilscher. Cho shot and killed Clark, a 22­year­old senior from Martinez, Georgia.[20][21] Hilscher remainedalive for three hours after being shot, but no one from the school, lawenforcement, or hospital notified her family until after she haddied.[22][23]

Cho left the scene and returned to his room in Harper Hall, a dormitorywest of West Ambler Johnston Hall. While police and emergencymedical services units were responding to the shootings in the dormnext door, Cho changed out of his bloodstained clothes, logged on tohis computer to delete his e­mail, and then removed the hard drive.About an hour after the attack, Cho is believed to have been seen nearthe campus duck pond. Although authorities suspected Cho had thrownhis hard drive and mobile phone into the water, a search wasunsuccessful.[24][25]

Almost two hours after the first killings, Cho appeared at a nearby postoffice and mailed a package of writings and video recordings to NBCNews; the package was postmarked 9:01 a.m.[26] He then walked toNorris Hall. In a backpack, he carried several chains, locks, a hammer,a knife, two handguns with nineteen 10­ and 15­round magazines, andnearly 400 rounds of ammunition.[6]:88, 92

Norris Hall shootings

About two hours after the initial shootings, Cho entered Norris Hall,which houses the Engineering Science and Mechanics program amongothers, and chained the three main entrance doors shut. He placed anote on at least one of the chained doors, claiming that attempts toopen the door would cause a bomb to explode. Shortly before theshooting began, a faculty member found the note and took it to thebuilding's third floor to notify the school's administration. At about thesame time Cho had begun to shoot students and faculty on the secondfloor; the bomb threat was never called in.[6]:89[27] Within one or twominutes of the first shots, the first call to 9­1­1 was received.[28]

According to several students, before the shooting began Cho lookedinto several classrooms. Erin Sheehan, an eyewitness and survivor whohad been in room 207, told reporters that the shooter "peeked in twice" earlier in the lesson and that "it wasstrange that someone at this point in the semester would be lost, looking for a class".[29] At about 9:40 a.m,

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Victims

1. Ross Alameddine (20) Saugus, Massachusetts[33]

—sophomore in English/Business2. Jamie Bishop (35) Pine Mountain, Georgia[34]

—German instructor3. Brian Bluhm (25) Louisville, Kentucky[35]

—masters student in Civil Engineering4. Ryan Clark (22) Martinez, Georgia[36]

—senior in Psych/Biology/English5. Austin Cloyd (18) Champaign, Illinois[37]

—freshman in Int'l Studies/French6. Jocelyne Couture­Nowak (49) Montreal, Quebec[38]

—professor of French7. Daniel Perez Cueva (21) Woodbridge, Virginia[39]

—junior in International Studies8. Kevin Granata (45) Toledo, Ohio[40]

—professor of Engineering9. Matthew Gwaltney (24) Chesterfield County, Virginia[41]

—masters student in Environmental Engineering10. Caitlin Hammaren (19) Westtown, New York[42]

—sophomore in Int'l Studies/French11. Jeremy Herbstritt (27) Bellefonte, Pennsylvania[43]

—masters student in Civil Engineering12. Rachael Hill (18) Richmond, Virginia[44]

—freshman in Biological Sciences13. Emily Hilscher (19) Woodville, Virginia[45]

—freshman in Animal Sciences14. Matthew La Porte (20) Dumont, New Jersey[46]

—sophomore in Political Science15. Jarrett Lane (22) Narrows, Virginia[47]

—senior in Civil Engineering16. Henry Lee (20) Roanoke, Virginia/Vietnam[48]

—freshman in Computer Engineering17. Liviu Librescu (76) Ploiești, Romania[49]

—professor of Engineering18. G. V. Loganathan (53) Gobichettipalayam, Tamil Nadu,

India[50]

—professor of Engineering

Cho began shooting.[6]:90 Cho's first attack after entering Norris occurred in an advanced hydrologyengineering class taught by Professor G. V. Loganathan in room 206. Cho first shot and killed the professor,then continued firing, killing nine of the thirteen students in the room and injuring two others.[6]:90 Next, Chowent across the hall to room 207, in which instructor Jamie Bishop was teaching German. Cho killed Bishopand four students; six students were wounded.[6]:90 Cho then moved on to Norris 211 and 204.[28] In both ofthese classrooms, Cho was initially prevented from entering due to barricades erected by instructors andstudents. In room 204, Professor Liviu Librescu, an Israeli Holocaust survivor, forcibly prevented Cho fromentering the room. Librescu was able to hold the door closed until most of his students escaped through thewindows, but he died after being shot multiple times through the door. One student in his classroom waskilled.[30] Instructor Jocelyne Couture­Nowak and student Henry Lee were killed in room 211 as theyattempted to barricade the door.[31] According to the Virginia Tech Review Panel's report, eleven studentsdied in room 211 and the six students who survived all suffered gunshot wounds.[6]:91 However, one of thesurvivors, Clay Violand, has stated that he played dead and escaped without injury.[32]

Cho reloaded and revisited several of theclassrooms.[28] After Cho's first visit to room207, several students had barricaded the doorand had begun tending the wounded. When Choreturned minutes later, Katelyn Carney andDerek O'Dell were injured while holding thedoor closed.[65][66][67] Cho also returned to room206. According to a student eyewitness, themovements of a wounded Waleed Shaalandistracted Cho from a nearby student after theshooter had returned to the room. Shaalan wasshot a second time and died.[68] Also in room206, Partahi Mamora Halomoan Lumbantoruanmay have protected fellow student GuillermoColman by diving on top of him.[69] Colman'svarious accounts make it unclear whether this actwas intentional or the involuntary result of beingshot. Multiple gunshots killed Lumbantoruan,but Colman was protected by Lumbantoruan'sbody.[70][71]

Students, including Zach Petkewicz, barricadedthe door of room 205 with a large table aftersubstitute professor Haiyan Cheng (Chinese: 程海燕; pinyin: Chéng Hǎiyàn[72]) and a studentsaw Cho heading toward them. Cho shot throughthe door several times but failed to force his wayin. No one in that classroom was wounded orkilled.[73][74][75]

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19. Partahi Lumbantoruan (34) Medan, Indonesia[51]

—PhD student in Civil Engineering20. Lauren McCain (20) Hampton, Virginia[52]

—freshman in International Studies21. Daniel O'Neil (22) Lincoln, Rhode Island[53]

—masters student in Environmental Engineering22. Juan Ortiz (26) Bayamón, Puerto Rico[54]

—masters student in Civil Engineering23. Minal Panchal (26) Mumbai, India[55]

—masters student in Architecture24. Erin Peterson (18) Centreville, Virginia[56]

—freshman in International Studies25. Michael Pohle Jr. (23) Flemington, New Jersey[57]

—senior in Biological Sciences26. Julia Pryde (23) Middletown Township, New Jersey[58]

—masters student in Biological Systems Engineering27. Mary Karen Read (19) Annandale, Virginia[59]

—freshman in Interdisciplinary Studies28. Reema Samaha (18) Centreville, Virginia[60]

—freshman in Urban Planning29. Waleed Shaalan (32) Zagazig, Egypt[61]

—PhD student in Civil Engineering30. Leslie Sherman (20) Springfield, Virginia[62]

—junior in History/Int'l Studies31. Maxine Turner (22) Vienna, Virginia[63]

—senior in Chemical Engineering32. Nicole White (20) Smithfield, Virginia[64]

—junior in International Studies

Perpetrator (suicide)

1. Seung­Hui Cho (23) Centreville, Virginia—senior in English

Hearing the commotion on the floor below,Professor Kevin Granata took twenty studentsfrom a third­floor classroom into his officewhere the door could be locked. He then wentdownstairs to investigate and was shot and killedby Cho. None of the students locked in Granata'soffice were injured or killed.[76]

Approximately ten to twelve minutes after thesecond attack began, Cho shot himself in hisright temple with the Glock 19. He died inJocelyne Couture­Nowak's Intermediate Frenchclass, room 211. During this second assault, hehad fired at least 174 rounds,[28][77] killing thirtypeople and wounding seventeen more.[6]:92 Allof the victims were shot at least three times each;of the thirty killed, twenty­eight were shot in thehead.[78][79] During the investigation, StatePolice Superintendent William Flaherty told astate panel that police found 203 live rounds inNorris Hall. "He was well prepared to continueon," Flaherty testified.[80]

During the two attacks, Cho killed five facultymembers and twenty­seven students beforecommitting suicide by shooting himself.[81] TheVirginia Tech Review Panel reported that Cho'sgunshots wounded seventeen other people; sixmore were injured when they jumped fromsecond­story windows to escape.[6]:92 Sydney J.Vail, the director of the trauma center at Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital, said that Cho's choice of 9 mmhollow­point ammunition increased the severity of the injuries.[82]

Perpetrator

Main article: Seung­Hui Cho

The shooter was identified as a senior at Virginia Tech, 23­year­old Seung­Hui Cho, a South Korean citizenwith U.S. permanent resident status majoring in English.

The Virginia Tech Review Panel's August 2007 report (Massengill Report) devoted more than 20 pages toCho's troubled history.[3]:21[83]:31–53 At three years of age, Cho was described as shy, frail, and wary ofphysical contact.[84] In eighth grade, Cho was diagnosed with severe depression as well as selective mutism,an anxiety disorder that inhibited him from speaking.[85][86] While early media reports carried reports by SouthKorean relatives that Cho had autism,[87][88] the Massengill Report stated that the relationship betweenselective mutism and autism was "unclear".[83]:34–35 Cho's family sought therapy for him, and he received help

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One of the photographs of Seung­HuiCho that he sent to NBC News on theday of the shooting.

periodically throughout middle school and high school.[83]:34–39 Early reports also indicated Cho was bulliedfor speech difficulties in middle school, but the Virginia Tech Review Panel was unable to confirm this, orother reports that he was ostracized and mercilessly bullied for class­, height­, and race­related reasons in highschool, causing some anti­bullying advocates to feel that the Review Panel was engaging in an authority­absolving whitewash.[89][90] Supposedly, high school officials had worked with his parents and mental healthcounselors to support Cho throughout his sophomore and junior years. Cho eventually chose to discontinuetherapy. When he applied and was admitted to Virginia Tech, school officials did not report his speech andanxiety­related problems or special education status because of federal privacy laws that prohibit suchdisclosure unless a student requests special accommodation.[86]

The Massengill Report detailed numerous incidents of aberrantbehavior beginning in Cho's junior year of college that should haveserved as a warning to his deteriorating mental condition. Severalformer professors of Cho reported that his writing as well as hisclassroom behavior was disturbing, and he was encouraged to seekcounseling.[91][92] He was also investigated by the university forstalking and harassing two female students.[14] In 2005, Cho had beendeclared mentally ill by a Virginia special justice and ordered to seekoutpatient treatment.[93]

The Virginia Tech Review Panel Report (Massengill Report) faulted university officials for failing to shareinformation that would have shed light on the seriousness of Cho's problems, citing misinterpretations offederal privacy laws.[94][95] The report also pointed to failures by Virginia Tech's counseling center, flaws inVirginia's mental health laws, and inadequate state mental health services, but concluded that "Cho himselfwas the biggest impediment to stabilizing his mental health" in college.[83]:53 The report also stated that theclassification detail that Cho was to seek "outpatient" rather than "inpatient" treatment would generally havebeen legally interpreted at the time as not requiring that Cho be reported to Virginia's Central CriminalRecords Exchange (CCRE) and entered into the CCRE database of people prohibited from purchasing orpossessing a firearm.[83]:60

Cho's underlying psychological diagnosis at the time of the shootings remains a matter of speculation.[96]Some teachers, having seen many troubled students over the years and sensing deep problems with Cho,attempted to "manage the situation" in such a way as to not alienate him and to allow him to successfullygraduate with his reputation still intact.

Early reports suggested that the killings resulted from a romantic dispute between Cho and Emily Hilscher,one of his first two victims. However, Hilscher's friends said she had no prior relationship with Cho and thereis no evidence that he ever met or talked with her before the murders.[97] In the ensuing investigation, policefound a suicide note in Cho's dorm room that included comments about "rich kids", "debauchery", and"deceitful charlatans". On April 18, 2007, NBC News received a package from Cho time­stamped between thefirst and second shooting episodes. It contained an 1,800­word manifesto, photos, and 27 digitally­recordedvideos in which Cho likened himself to Jesus Christ and expressed his hatred of the wealthy.[26] He stated,among other things, "You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option. ... You just loved to crucifyme. You loved inducing cancer in my head, terror in my heart and ripping my soul all this time".[98] Mediaorganizations, including Newsweek, MSNBC, Reuters, and the Associated Press, even raised questions aboutand speculated on the similarity between a stance in one of Cho's videos which showed him holding andraising a hammer, and a pose from promotional posters for the South Korean movie Oldboy.[99][100][101]

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Investigators found no evidence that Cho had ever watched Oldboy, and the professor who made the initialconnection to Oldboy has since discounted his theory that Cho was influenced by the movie.[102] The VirginiaTech Review Panel concluded that because of Cho's inability to handle stress and the "frightening prospect" ofbeing "turned out into the world of work, finances, responsibilities, and a family," Cho chose to engage in afantasy in which "he would be remembered as the savior of the oppressed, the downtrodden, the poor, and therejected."[103]:N­4–N­5 The panel went further, stating that, "His thought processes were so distorted that hebegan arguing to himself that his evil plan was actually doing good. His destructive fantasy was nowbecoming an obsession."[103]:N­5

Responses to the incidents

See also: Media coverage of the Virginia Tech shooting

Emergency services response

Police arrived within three minutes of receiving an emergency call but took about five minutes to enter thebarricaded building. When they could not break the chains, an officer shot out a deadbolt lock leading into alaboratory; they then moved to a nearby stairwell.[4] As police reached the second floor, they heard Cho firehis final shot;[4][81] Cho's body was discovered in Jocelyne Couture­Nowak's classroom, room 211.[77]

In the aftermath, high winds related to the April 2007 nor'easter prevented emergency medical services fromusing helicopters for evacuation of the injured.[104] Victims injured in the shooting were treated atMontgomery Regional Hospital in Blacksburg, Carilion New River Valley Medical Center in Radford,Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital in Roanoke, Holston Valley Hospital in Kingsport, Tennessee, andLewis­Gale Medical Center in Salem.[105]

University response

The university first informed students via e­mail at 9:26 a.m., about two hours after the first shooting, whichwas thought at the time to be isolated and domestic in nature.[106] After the full extent of the shooting becameevident, Virginia Tech canceled classes for the rest of the week and held an assembly and candlelight vigil onApril 17. Norris Hall was closed for the remainder of the semester.[107] The university offered counseling forstudents and faculty,[108] and the American Red Cross dispatched several dozen crisis counselors toBlacksburg to help students.[109] University officials also allowed students, if they chose, to abbreviate theirsemester coursework and still receive a grade.[110]

Within a day after the shootings, Virginia Tech, whose supporters call themselves "Hokies",[111] formed theHokie Spirit Memorial Fund (HSMF) to help remember and honor the victims. The fund was used to coverexpenses including, but not limited to: assistance to victims and their families, grief counseling, memorials,communications expenses, and comfort expenses.[112][113] Early in June 2007, the Virginia Tech Foundationannounced that $3.2 million was moved from the HSMF into 32 separately­named endowment funds, eachcreated in honor of a victim killed in the shooting. This transfer brought each fund to the level of fullendowment, allowing them to operate in perpetuity. The naming and determination of how each fund wouldbe directed was being developed with the victims' families. By early June 2007, donations to the HSMF hadreached approximately $7 million.[114] In July 2007, Kenneth R. Feinberg, who served as Special Master of

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Before their 2007 football opener,the Hokies released 32 balloons asa part of a ceremonycommemorating the victims.

the federal September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001, wasnamed to administer the fund's distributions.[115] In October 2007, thefamilies and surviving victims received payments ranging from$11,500 to $208,000 from the fund.[116]

Also early in June 2007, the university announced it would beginreoccupying Norris Hall within a matter of weeks. The building is usedfor offices and laboratories for the Engineering Science and Mechanicsand Civil and Environmental Engineering departments, its primaryoccupants before the shootings. Plans were to completely renovate thebuilding and for it to no longer contain classrooms.[117] The southwestwing of Norris Hall, where the shootings took place, was closed in 2008and completely renovated in 2008 and 2009. The building now houses theCenter for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention, the BiomechanicsCluster Research Center, and the Global Technology Center, as well asother uses.[2]

Ambler Johnston Hall was also closed and renovated.[1] The east wingnow houses the Honors Residential College,[118] which opened in fall2011; in fall 2012, the west wing reopened as the Residential College atWest Ambler Johnston.[119]

After the release of the Massengill Report, some parents of those killed called for Virginia's governor torelieve the university president, Charles Steger, and campus police chief, Wendell Flinchum, of theirpositions. However, Governor Tim Kaine refused to do so, saying that the school officials had "sufferedenough".[120]

Virginia Tech community mourns the victims at a candlelight vigil.

Campus response

In the hours and days following the shooting, makeshift memorials to those killed or injured began appearingin several locations on the campus. Many people placed flowers and items of remembrance at the base of theDrillfield observation podium in front of Burruss Hall. Later, members of Hokies United, an alliance ofstudent organizations on campus created to respond to tragedies[121] placed 32 pieces of Hokie Stone, eachlabeled with the name of a victim, in a semicircle in front of the Drillfield viewing stand.[122] What wasoriginally termed an "intermediate memorial" was modeled after the makeshift memorial. Thirty­two uprightblocks of Hokie Stone were engraved with the names of the victims and placed in a semicircle at the base of

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Permanent memorial on VirginiaTech's Drillfield.

President George W. Bush withVirginia Tech Student GovernmentAssociation President James Tygerafter Bush's speech at the school'sconvocation.

the reviewing stand. The original pieces of Hokie Stone placed by Hokies United were offered to the familiesof the victims. The engraved markers are embedded in a semicircle of crushed gravel with a brick walkway forviewing.[122] There is ground lighting for nighttime illumination[123] and two benches, one on either side of thememorial, in honor of the survivors.[124]

Tech students of South Korean descent initially feared they would betargeted for retribution.[125][126] While no official claims of harassmentwere made, anecdotal evidence suggests that some Korean studentswere affected.[127]

The shootings occurred as prospective students were deciding whetherto accept offers of admission from colleges and universities. Despitethis timing, Virginia Tech exceeded its recruiting goal of5,000 students for the class of 2011.[128]

Government response

President George W. Bush and his wife Laura attended the convocation at Virginia Tech the day after theshootings.[129] The Internal Revenue Service and Virginia Department of Taxation granted six­monthextensions to individuals affected by the shootings.[130] Virginia Governor Tim Kaine returned early from atrade mission to Tokyo, Japan,[106] and declared a state of emergency in Virginia, enabling him to immediatelydeploy state personnel, equipment, and other resources in the aftermath of the shootings.[131]

Governor Kaine later created an eight­member panel, including formerUnited States Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge, to reviewall aspects of the Virginia Tech shooting, from Cho's medical historyto the school's widely criticized delay in warning students of dangerand locking down the campus after the bodies of Cho's first twovictims were discovered.[132] In August 2007, the panel concluded,among more than twenty major findings, that the Virginia Tech PoliceDepartment "did not take sufficient action to deal with what mighthappen if the initial lead proved erroneous".[17]:2 The panel made morethan seventy preventative recommendations, directed to colleges,universities, mental health providers, law enforcement officials,emergency service providers, law makers and other public officials inVirginia and elsewhere. While the panel did find errors in judgmentand procedure, the ultimate conclusion was that Cho himself wasresponsible for his own actions, and to imply that anyone else wasaccountable "would be wrong". The Review Panel validated public

criticisms that Virginia Tech police erred in "prematurely concluding that their initial lead in the doublehomicide was a good one," and in delaying a campus­wide notification for almost two hours.[17]:2 The reportanalyzed the feasibility of a campus lockdown and essentially agreed with police testimony that such an actionwas not feasible. The report concluded that the toll could have been reduced if the university had made animmediate decision to cancel classes and a stronger, clearer initial alert of the presence of a gunman.[8]:82, 84

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The incident also caused Virginia Commonwealth elected officials to re­examine gaps between federal andstate gun purchase laws. Within two weeks, Governor Kaine had issued an executive order designed to closethose gaps (see Effects on gun politics below). Prompted by the incident, the federal government passed themost significant gun control law in more than a decade.[133] The bill, H.R. 2640(https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th­congress/house­bill/2640), mandates improvements in state reporting tothe National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) in order to halt gun purchases by criminals,those declared mentally ill, and other people prohibited from possessing firearms, and authorizes up to$1.3 billion in federal grants for such improvements.[134] Both the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violenceand the National Rifle Association supported the legislation.[135] The measure passed the United States Houseof Representatives on a voice vote on June 13, 2007. The Senate passed the measure on December 19, 2007.President Bush signed the measure on January 5, 2008.[134] On March 24, 2008, the U.S. Department ofEducation announced proposed changes in the regulations governing education records under the FamilyEducational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Certain of the changes address issues raised by the VirginiaTech incident and are intended to clarify for schools the appropriate balance to strike between concerns ofindividual privacy and public safety.[136]

South Korean response

When the citizenship of the shooter became known, South Koreans expressed shock and a sense of publicshame,[137] while the government of South Korea convened an emergency meeting to consider possibleramifications. A candlelight vigil was held outside the Embassy of the United States, Seoul. South KoreanPresident Roh Moo­hyun expressed his deepest condolences.[138] Although Cho came to the U.S. as a third­grader and was a permanent resident of the U.S., many South Koreans felt guilt and mourned because theyconsidered him a South Korean by "blood". One South Korean commentator opined that South Korean fearsof xenophobic reprisals from Americans against them were from a South Korean­centric perspective notapplicable to U.S. culture.[139] South Korea's ambassador to the U.S. and several Korean American religiousleaders called on Korean Americans to participate in a 32­day fast, one day for each victim, forrepentance.[140][141] The foreign minister, Song Minsoon, announced that safety measures had beenestablished for South Korean citizens living in the U.S., in an apparent reference to fears of possible reprisalattacks.[142] A ministry official expressed hope that the shooting would not "stir up racial prejudice orconfrontation".[125]

Some Korean Americans criticized the fasting proposal, saying that it directed undue and irrelevant attentionon Cho's ethnicity and not other, more salient, reasons behind the shooting. News reports noted that SouthKoreans seemed relieved that American news coverage of Cho focused on his psychological problems.[137]The Korea Tourism Organization (KTO) pulled its "Sparkling Korea" television advertisements, saying itwould be inappropriate to air the ads featuring images of South Korea's culture and natural beauty in betweenthe news reports of the rampage.[143]

Academic/industry response

Hundreds of other colleges and universities throughout North America responded to the incident with officialcondolences and by conducting their own vigils, memorial services, and by other gestures of support.[144]Virginia Tech's traditional rival, the University of Virginia (U.Va.), held a candlelight vigil the night ofApril 17, at which U.Va. president John T. Casteen spoke. He urged the crowd of students, which overflowedthe campus's McIntire Amphitheatre, to continue to move forward to change the world.[145]

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Penn State fans pay tribute to thefallen Hokies at the Nittany Lionsspring football game.

Part of a series of articles on the

Virginia Tech shooting

Some schools went beyond this and offered or provided cash donations and other forms of expertise andsupport, such as housing for officers and additional counseling support for Virginia Tech.[146][147][148] Bothinside the U.S. and abroad, the incident caused many universities to re­examine their own campus safety andsecurity procedures as well as their mental health support services.[149][150]

The Construction Industry Institute (CII), a University of Texas­basedresearch institute promoting collaboration between industry andacademia, had a relationship with Tech before the tragedy—havingsponsored several Virginia Tech­led engineering research projects. CIIfelt the loss deeply and upon learning of the tragedy, CII membersimmediately sought to develop a positive response. In just a fewmonths, CII worked with Virginia Tech faculty to design a three­creditgraduate class teaching CII Best Practices to the future leaders of theconstruction industry. The first class was taught in Fall 2007 over threeweekends by subject matter experts from CII member companiesProcter & Gamble, KBR, Fluor Corporation, the SmithsonianInstitution, BE&K, the Department of State, and CII staff.[151]

Other responses

The International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators (IACLEA) convened a SpecialReview Task Force, which issued its report on April 18, 2008. The report, entitled, "The IACLEA Blueprintfor Safer Campuses", was "a synthesis of the reports written following the tragedy at Virginia Tech and relatedrecommendations for campus safety by the International Association of Campus Law EnforcementAdministrators" and included IACLEA's Key Recommendations, a Summary of 10 Key Findings of VirginiaGovernor's Review Panel, a listing of Fatal Shootings on U.S. Campuses, and the IACLEA Position Statementon Concealed­Carry Initiatives. The Task Force made twenty specific recommendations, representing "theAssociation's priorities for the betterment of campus safety" and reinforcing "key goals and objectives inmitigating and responding to threats at institutions of higher learning."[152] The report states, "IACLEA doesnot support the carry and concealment of weapons on a college campus, with the exception of sworn policeofficers in the conduct of their professional duties". The subsequent Position Statement goes into greaterdetail. Additionally, the report includes an acknowledgement of the "professionalism and well coordinatedresponse" of all the law enforcement agencies and first responders, and ends its Conclusion:

Securing the safety of our campuses is an iterative process that requires an institutional andpersonal commitment from every member of our educational communities.

Let these recommendations strengthen that resolve.[152]

EQUITAS, a Canada­based "Strategic Rule of law Think Tank" governed byinternational law, published a report pertaining to the Virginia Tech shootingwhich includes a review of measures for counter­terrorism and campussecurity adopted between 1993 and April 16, 2007.[153] The report criticizesVirginia Tech's institutional decision­making process and summarizes thelethal effects of failing to "implement and administer valid procedural andsubstantive safeguards aimed at securing the broad Va Tech and Blacksburg

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Related articles

Jamie BishopSeung­Hui ChoJocelyne Couture­NowakColin GoddardKevin GranataLiviu LibrescuG. V. LoganathanMedia coverageTimeline

community against Level II type incidents involving acts of terrorism andmass casualties".[153] The report does not comment on gun control or mentalhealth issues.

Some of Cho's family members expressed sympathy for the victims' familiesand described his history of mental and behavioral problems. Cho's maternalgrandfather was quoted in The Daily Mirror referring to Cho as a person whodeserved to die with the victims.[88] On Friday, April 20, Cho's family issueda statement of grief and apology, written by his sister, Sun­Kyung Cho, a2004 graduate of Princeton University who was employed as a contractor fora State Department office. In it, she stated:

He has made the world weep. We are living a nightmare. Ourfamily is so very sorry for my brother's unspeakable actions. It isa terrible tragedy for all of us. We pray for their families andloved ones who are experiencing so much excruciating grief.And we pray for those who were injured and for those whoselives are changed forever because of what they witnessed andexperienced. Each of these people had so much love, talent andgifts to offer, and their lives were cut short by a horrible andsenseless act.[154]

Many heads of state and international figures offered condolences and sympathy, including Pope BenedictXVI,[155] the Presidents of Chile, France, Mexico, Peru, and South Korea, the President­elect of Mauritania,the Prime Ministers of Greece and Japan, and the King of Morocco. Statements of condolence were issued byofficials and diplomats from Canada, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Nicaragua, Russia, Suriname, Thailand, andVenezuela. A State Department spokesman said, "We haven't seen this kind of sympathy and support sinceHurricane Katrina and 9/11."[156] South Korean UN Secretary­General Ban Ki‑moon condemned thekillings.[157]

On May 3, 2007, Queen Elizabeth II addressed the Virginia legislature, extending her sympathy on behalf ofthe United Kingdom. She then met privately with some faculty and survivors, including three who werewounded. One of the survivors of the shooting, Katelyn Carney, who was shot in the hand, presented theQueen with a bracelet of thirty­two jewels in the Virginia Tech colors—maroon and orange. The Queensubsequently visited Jamestown, Virginia, to mark the 400th anniversary of the first permanent Englishsettlement in the United States, which was the primary purpose of her trip.[158][159]

Sporting teams and leagues at both the college[160] and professional[161] levels, as well as sports figures fromfootball,[162] baseball, basketball, hockey, soccer,[163] and NASCAR racing, paid their respects and joinedfundraising efforts to honor the victims, most notably regional teams the Washington Nationals, who woreVirginia Tech hats in a game,[164] and D.C. United, who wore special Virginia Tech jerseys during agame;[165] NASCAR put Virginia Tech decals on all its cars for three weeks.[166] East Carolina Universitymade a $100,000 donation, raised at the behest of its Athletics Director, Terry Holland.[167] East Carolina was

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the opponent for Virginia Tech's opening home football game at Lane Stadium on September 1, 2007, withmore than 60,000 in attendance. Prior to the kickoff, thirty­two orange balloons were released in memory ofthe victims.[168][169]

On July 30, 2007, after it came to light that Seung­Hui Cho had purchased two 10­round magazines on eBayfor one of the guns used in the shootings, the online auctioneer prohibited the sale of firearms magazines,firearms parts, and ammunition components on its site.[170][171]

In May 2010, the American band Exodus released an album, titled, Exhibit B: The Human Condition, whichincluded the track "Class Dismissed (A Hate Primer)". Band member Gary Holt said, "It’s about one ofAmerica’s favorite pastimes — the school shooting," and added, "The song was primarily inspired by themassacre at Virginia Tech, as well as Columbine and the many other instances of unhinged individuals whodecided to take out their wrath on their classmates, going all the way back to Charles J. Whitman."[172]

Controversial responses

See also: V­Tech Rampage

Two students at Pennsylvania State University dressed as Virginia Tech shooting victims for Halloween in2007, posting their photos on Facebook, which generated outrage at both Penn State and Virginia Tech.[173]Penn State sent a statement to Virginia Tech, stating, "We're appalled that these individuals would display thislevel of insensitivity and lack of common decency by dressing up in this manner. The fact that one of theindividuals is actually from Virginia makes it even more difficult to understand."[174]

An amateur computer video game that re­creates the shooting, "V­Tech Rampage", also sparked outrage.[175]

The creator, Ryan Lambourn, a resident of Sydney, Australia, who grew up in the United States,[175] posted amessage on his website demanding payment to remove the game, but later posted that the demand was ajoke.[176] New York State Senator Andrew Lanza called for a boycott of the game, stating, "There are certainthings in life you don't make light of and should not be turning into a game. It's not a game, it's a tremendousloss of life."[177] The Australian Minister of Communications, Senator Helen Coonan, said that she wouldlaunch an official investigation, stating, "The individual responsible for the game is using a terrible tragedy todraw attention to himself and his work. It is in very poor taste and the person concerned may want to considergetting some professional help."[177] Lambourn also created a video game based on the Sandy HookElementary School shooting, which also drew criticism and sparked outrage.[178]

Continuing response

A Northern Virginia chapter of the B'nai B'rith Youth Organization, founded in November 2008 by AaronAdler and Ethan Blonder, took on the name Liviu Librescu AZA, in honor of the Holocaust survivor who usedhis body to barricade Cho from entering his room.[179]

On September 4, 2009, the Marching Virginians, one of Virginia Tech's marching bands, took a 140­mile(230 km) side trip on their way to the season opening football game against the University of Alabama at theGeorgia Dome in Atlanta. The 350­member band, 20 cheerleaders, and members of the Corps of Cadets colorguard performed at Lakeside High School, alma mater of Ryan Clark, along with the Lakeside MarchingBand and visiting Evans High's band. The event was organized by the Central Savannah River Area VirginiaTech alumni chapter to honor Clark's memory and as a fundraiser for a scholarship in his name.[180]

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Bench in honor of the survivors ofthe shooting. It is slightly south of themain memorial.

Following the 2007 shootings, Virginia Tech began employing an alertsystem on their website and text messages to warn students of danger.The alert system was first activated in 2008 when an explodedcartridge from a nail gun produced sounds similar to gunfire near acampus dormitory. It was again activated on August 4, 2011, whenchildren attending a summer class reported a man carrying a handgun;police were unable to find anyone matching the children'sdescription.[181] Later in 2011, on December 8, the system wasactivated again after a police officer was shot and killed on campus.This turned out to be a random act by a part­time Radford Universitystudent. He had carjacked a Mercedes SUV earlier in the day in nearbyRadford and had parked it in the general area of a Virginia Techparking lot where the victim officer was conducting a routine trafficstop on a third party. The shooter turned the gun on himself a half­hourlater.[182]

Anniversary activities

Beginning with the first anniversary of the attack and continuing since, the Queens' Guard of The College ofWilliam & Mary, another public university in Virginia, has memorialized the victims with an honor guard atthe head of the College's Sunken Garden. The honor guard is modeled after the honor guard posted at theTomb of the Unknowns by soldiers of the U.S. Army's Old Guard.[183][184][185]

Several organizations have hosted annual blood drives on or near the anniversary date of the shooting as atribute to the victims. The Virginia Tech Alumni Association National Capital Region Chapter (the "DCHokies") has held a yearly blood drive in remembrance of the victims of the shooting,[186][187] as well assponsoring a local 3.2­mile (5.1 km) "3.2 for 32" run on or near the anniversary.[188] The Shenandoah Chapterof the Virginia Tech Alumni Association also hosts an annual blood drive.[189][190][191] Other blood drives areheld by the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets[192] and other chapters of the Virginia Tech Alumni Association,under the name "Virginia Tech for life".[193][194][195][196]

Criticism of university response

Sociology professor Kenneth Westhues has criticized the Virginia Tech response to the shootings and theMassengill Report.[90][197][198][199] Westhues identifies the cause of the shootings as mobbing Cho experiencedin the Virginia Tech English department, and suggests that the explanation for the Virginia Tech shootingsshould go beyond what he calls the "defective character" explanation:

A more truthful (and therefore more useful) explanation of the Virginia Tech murders focuses noton Cho's character but on the interaction between it and the situations he was in, not on hispersonal identity but on the interplay between who he was and how other people treated him.[90]

Westhues cites the experiences of another Virginia Tech student in the same department as being very similarto Cho's. Westhues has criticized Virginia Tech and the Massengill Report for failing to advance a fullerexplanation of the causes of the shootings, which he suggests should be one of "character­situation

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Walther P22, one of the two semi­automatic weapons Cho used inthe shooting.

interplay".[90]

Lucinda Roy, former chair of Virginia Tech's English department, is also critical of the way the universitytreated Cho as a student in her book, No Right to Remain Silent: What We've Learned from the Tragedy atVirginia Tech. Roy worked with him one­on­one in a poetry tutorial and feels he didn't get the help heneeded.[200]

[W]hen Roy approached campus counseling as well as others in the university about Cho, she wasrepeatedly told that they could not intervene unless a student sought counseling voluntarily.Eventually, Roy's efforts to persuade Cho to seek help worked. Unbelievably, on the threeoccasions he contacted the counseling center staff, he did not receive a comprehensive evaluationby them—a startling discovery Roy learned about after Cho's death. ... After responding toquestions from the media and handing over information to law enforcement as instructed byVirginia Tech, Roy was shunned by the administration. Papers documenting Cho's interactionswith campus counseling were lost. The university was suddenly on the defensive.[200]:Dust jacket

Effects on gun politics

See also: Gun politics in the United States

The incident reignited the gun politics debate in the United States, withproponents of gun control legislation arguing that guns are too accessible,citing that Cho, a mentally unsound individual, was able to purchase twosemi­automatic pistols despite state laws which should have preventedsuch purchase.[142] Opponents of gun control argued that Virginia Tech'sgun­free "safe zone" policy ensured that none of the other students orfaculty would be armed and that as a result they were unable to stopCho.[201]

Virginia context

Law enforcement officials found a purchase receipt for one of the gunsused in the assault among Cho's belongings.[202] The shooter waited onemonth after buying a Walther P22 pistol before he bought a second pistol, a Glock 19.[3]:24 Cho used a 15­round magazine in the Glock and a 10­round magazine in the Walther. The serial numbers on the weaponswere filed off, but the ATF National Laboratory was able to reveal them and performed a firearms trace.[86]

The sale of firearms by licensed dealers in Virginia is restricted to residents who successfully pass abackground check;[203] legal permanent resident aliens may purchase firearms.[204] At the time of the shooting,Virginia law also limited purchases of handguns to one every 30 days.[203] That limit was repealed on April 3,2013.[205] Federal law requires a criminal background check for handgun purchases from licensed firearmsdealers, and Virginia checks other databases in addition to the federally mandated NICS. A 1968 federal lawpassed in response to the assassinations of Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr.[135] also prohibitsthose "adjudicated as a mental defective" from buying guns. This exclusion applied to Cho after a Virginiacourt declared him to be a danger to himself in late 2005 and sent him for psychiatric treatment.[15][206]:71

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Because of gaps between federal and Virginia state laws, the state did not report Cho's legal status to theNICS.[15] Virginia Governor Timothy Kaine addressed this problem on April 30, 2007, by issuing anexecutive order intended to close those reporting gaps.[207] In August 2007, the Massengill Report called for apermanent change in the Code of Virginia to clarify and strengthen the state's background checkrequirements.[206]:76 The federal government later passed a law to improve state reporting to the NICSnationwide.[134]

Campus firearms ban

The shootings also renewed debate surrounding Virginia Tech's firearms ban. The university has a general banon possession or storage of firearms on campus by employees, students, and volunteers, or any visitor or otherthird parties, even if they are concealed handgun permit holders.[208] In April 2005, a student permitted by thestate to carry concealed handguns was discovered in possession of a concealed firearm while in class. Whileno criminal charges were filed, a university spokesman said the University had "the right to adhere to andenforce that policy as a common­sense protection of students, staff and faculty as well as guests andvisitors".[209]

In January 2006, prior to the shootings, legislator Todd Gilbert had introduced a related bill into the VirginiaHouse of Delegates. The bill, HB 1572, was intended to forbid public universities in Virginia from preventingstudents from lawfully carrying a concealed handgun on campus.[210] The university opposed the bill, whichquickly died in subcommittee. Virginia Tech spokesman Larry Hincker praised the defeat of the bill, stating,"I'm sure the university community is appreciative of the General Assembly's actions because this will helpparents, students, faculty and visitors feel safe on our campus."[211]

Impact on state and local law

In August 2007, the Massengill Report recommended that the state's General Assembly adopt legislation"establishing the right of every institution of higher education to regulate the possession of firearms oncampus if it so desires" and went on to recommend campus gun bans, "unless mandated by law." The reportalso recommended gun control measures unrelated to the circumstances of the shooting, such as requiringbackground checks for all private firearms sales, including those at gun shows.[206]:76 Governor Kaine made ita priority to enact a private sale background check law in the 2008 Virginia General Assembly, but the billwas defeated in the Senate Courts of Justice Committee.[82] Opponents of gun control viewed this larger moveas an unwarranted expansion and as a possible prelude waypoint akin to full gun registration for all gunsales.[212]

The incident and its aftermath energized student activist efforts seeking to overturn bans that prevent gunholders (both "open carry" and "concealed carry permit" holders) from carrying their weapons on collegecampuses. Thirty­eight states throughout the U.S. ban weapons at schools; sixteen of those specifically banguns on college campuses.[213] A new group, Students for Concealed Carry on Campus, formed after theshooting; as of March 2008, it claimed to have 16,000 members at 500 campuses nationwide.[214][215] Severalstates considered legislation to allow gun permit holders to carry concealed firearms on universitycampuses.[216] They cited cases of actual successful neutralization of active campus shooters by armedstudents to advance their cause. Another attempt by Delegate Gilbert to pass a law to allow concealedweapons on college campuses in Virginia was defeated in March 2008. This law was for the sake of students

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and faculty members only since the Attorney General ruled that it did not apply to non­students and non­faculty on campus who could carry concealed without restriction on campus. This law would have largelyaffected students 21 years or older since younger people are not allowed to purchase handguns.[217]

Political response

The response to how gun laws affected the shooting was divided. According to a White House statement, "Thepresident believes that there is a right for people to bear arms, but that all laws must be followed".[218] TheBrady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence said that it was too easy for an individual to get powerful weaponsand called for increased gun control measures.[219]

National Rifle Association board member Ted Nugent, commenting on CNN, called for an end to gun­freezones and contrasted the Virginia Tech shooting with other incidents in which mass shootings have beenended by law­abiding gun owners.[220] Texas Governor Rick Perry proposed that licensed gun owners beallowed to carry their weapons anywhere in Texas.[221]

Some government officials in other countries joined in the criticism of U.S. gun laws and policies.[10] Forexample, then Australian Prime Minister John Howard said that stringent legislation introduced after a1996 mass shooting in Tasmania had prevented a problematic gun culture in Australia.[222]

Virginia Governor Tim Kaine condemned the gun politics debate following the shooting, saying, "To thosewho want to make this into some sort of crusade, I say take this elsewhere."[223] Advocates opposed to guncontrol argued that they were merely responding to the crusade by some to use this tragedy as a basis for anexpansion of anti­gun measures for issues beyond the shootings as perceived to be presented by the VirginiaTech Review Panel. The Review Panel members were:[224]:vii–viii

Col. Gerald Massengill, Panel Chair, a retired Virginia State Police SuperintendentDr. Marcus L. Martin, Panel Vice Chair, Professor of Emergency Medicine, Assistant Dean of theSchool of Medicine, and Associate Vice President for Diversity and Equity at the University of VirginiaGordon Davies, former Director of the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia and President ofthe Kentucky Council on Postsecondary EducationDr. Roger L. Depue, an FBI veteran and the founder, past president, and CEO of The Academy Group,Inc., a forensic behavioral sciences services companyCarroll Ann Ellis, MS, Director of the Fairfax County Police Department's Victim Services Division, afaculty member at the National Victim Academy, and a member of the American Society ofVictimologyTom Ridge, former Governor of Pennsylvania, former Member of the U.S. House of Representatives,and the first U.S. Secretary of Homeland SecurityDr. Aradhana A. "Bela" Sood, Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Chair of Child and AdolescentPsychiatry, and Medical Director of the Virginia Treatment Center for Children at VCU Medical CenterDiane Strickland, former judge of the 23rd Judicial Circuit Court in Roanoke County and co­chair of theBoyd­Graves Conference on issues surrounding involuntary mental commitment

Legal aftermath

On June 17, 2008, Judge Theodore J. Markow approved an $11 million settlement in a suit against the state ofVirginia by twenty­four of the thirty­two victims' families. Of the other eight victims, two families chose notto file claims, while two remain unresolved. The settlement also covered eighteen people who were injured;

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their lifelong health care needs were included in the settlement.[116][225]

The Department of Education fined the University $55,000 on March 29, 2011, for waiting too long to notifystudents of the initial shootings. The fine was the highest amount that the Department of Education could levyfor the two violations of the Clery Act resulting from the failure to notify students in a timely manner of theshootings in West Ambler Johnston.[226] In announcing the fine against the University, the director of adepartment panel which reviewed the case was quoted as saying "While Virginia Tech's violations warrant afine far in excess of what is currently permissible under the statute, the department's fine authority is limited".As of March 30, 2011, the University had announced its intention to appeal the decision.[227]

On March 14, 2012, a jury found that Virginia Tech was guilty of negligence for delaying a campuswarning.[228] The parents of two students who were killed filed a wrongful death civil lawsuit that argued thatlives could have been spared if school officials had moved more quickly to alert the campus after the first twovictims were shot in a dorm.

On March 30, 2012, a federal judge overturned the Department of Education's 2011 $55,000 fine, finding thatVirginia Tech did not violate the Clery Act. Ernest Canellos, administrative law judge for the Department ofEducation, found that Virginia Tech's initial conclusion was reasonable that the initial shootings in WestAmbler Johnston were a domestic incident and didn't represent an ongoing threat, even though that was laterproven wrong.[229] Canellos wrote, "This was not an unreasonable amount of time in which to issue a warning.If the later shootings at Norris Hall had not occurred, it is doubtful that the timing of the e­mail would havebeen perceived as too late."[230]

On September 1, 2012, Education Secretary Arne Duncan reinstated half the fine–$27,500–reversing thedecision by Canellos. In the statement released when the fine was reinstated, Duncan wrote, "Although thepolice department hypothesized that the crime was 'domestic in nature', the record is clear that the respondenthad not located the suspect, had not found the weapon, and was confronted with the distinct possibility that thegunman was armed and still at large." Virginia Tech spokesman Larry Hincker issued a statement, saying,"Once again, the higher education community has been put on notice that timeliness is situational and will bedetermined by department officials after the fact."[231][232]

On October 31, 2013, the Virginia Supreme Court reversed the lower state court jury's 2012 ruling that theUniversity had been negligent in warning students quickly enough about Cho's impending rampage. The trialjudge in the lower court had instructed the jury that there was a "special relationship" between the school andslain students Erin Nicole Peterson and Julia Kathleen Pryde, since the two women were "business invitees" ofthe University. The two women's families had filed that particular lawsuit. In rejecting the decision, the stateSupreme Court said that "even if there was a special relationship between the Commonwealth (meaning thestate of Virginia, and its affiliated agencies, such as Virginia Tech) and students of Virginia Tech ... there wasno duty for the Commonwealth to warn students about the potential for criminal acts by third parties." Thestate has claimed that ultimate responsibility rested with Cho for not seeking assistance prior to the shooting.The two families had not joined in a previous settlement with the other families.[233]

Education Secretary Duncan agreed to an additional $5,000 fine on January 3, 2014; the Federal Office ofStudent Aid had sought an additional $27,500. An administrative law judge reduced the amount and Duncanagreed to the reduction. At the time, Virginia Tech announced that it was considering appeals on bothfines.[234] Ultimately, Virginia Tech paid a total of $32,500 in February 2014, saying it was closing "thischapter on the tragedy of April 16, 2007," without admitting wrongdoing. The announcement that the fineshad been paid was made on April 16, 2014, the seventh anniversary of the shooting. A statement by Larry

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Hincker said, "While we believe that the department's actions against Virginia Tech are inconsistent with theirearlier guidance and policy, further litigation was not prudent in light of the various costs—emotional impacton the community, time lost, as well as financial."[235]

See also

See also: the categories Mass murder in the United States, Murder in Virginia, and Spree killers.

List of rampage killersList of school­related attacksList of school shootings in the United States

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228. Szkotak, Steve (March 16, 2012). "Jury finds Va. Tech negligent in '07 shootings"(https://web.archive.org/web/20120317051418/http://www.chron.com/news/article/Jury­finds­Va­Tech­negligent­in­07­shootings­3406409.php). Houston Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original(http://www.chron.com/news/article/Jury­finds­Va­Tech­negligent­in­07­shootings­3406409.php) on January 10,2013.

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230. Layton, Lyndsey (March 30, 2012). "$55K fine against Va. Tech overturned; timing of warning during rampage wasquestioned" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/55k­fine­against­va­tech­overturned­timing­of­warning­during­rampage­was­questioned/2012/03/30/gIQADswOmS_story.html). The Washington Post. RetrievedJune 10, 2014.

231. Simon, Richard (September 1, 2012). "Virginia Tech shooting: Failure­to­warn fine is reinstated"(http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/01/nation/la­na­nn­virginia­tech­fine­20120901). Los Angeles Times. Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20121208171925/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/01/nation/la­na­nn­virginia­tech­fine­20120901) from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved June 10, 2014.

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233. Burgos, Evan (October 31, 2013). "Va. Tech cleared in wrongful­death lawsuit over 2007 massacre"(http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/va­tech­cleared­wrongful­death­lawsuit­over­2007­massacre­f8C11505007).News/Other. NBC News. Reuters. Retrieved April 26, 2014.

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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to VirginiaTech massacre.

Wikinews has relatednews:

33 dead, 15 injuredin Virginia TechshootingsVirginia Techshooter identified,witness reports

234. "Va. Tech Fined $5K for 2007 Massacre" (http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Va­Tech­Fined­5K­for­2007­Massacre­238707751.html). NBC Washington. NBCUniversal Media. January 4, 2014. Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20140104221903/http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Va­Tech­Fined­5K­for­2007­Massacre­238707751.html) from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.

235. Kapsidelis, Karin (April 17, 2014). "Va. Tech pays U.S. fines related to '07 killings"(http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/va­tech­pays­u­s­fines­related­to­killings/article_22d2e294­c656­11e3­9792­0017a43b2370.html). Charlottesville, Virginia: The Daily Progress. Archived(https://www.webcitation.org/6QzzboBhx) from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.

Further reading

Agger, Ben; Aronowitz, Stanley; Ayers, William; Brabazon, Tara; Dunbar­Ortiz, Roxanne; Kellner,Douglas; Kimmel, Michael; King, Neal; Lemert, Charles; Luke, Timothy W. et al. (March 27, 2008).Agger, Ben; Luke, Timothy W., eds. There is a gunman on campus: tragedy and terror at Virginia Tech(Hardcover). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978­0­7425­6129­8.Cupp, Kevin; Higgs, Suzanne; Maglalang, Omar; Massey, Laura; Sangalang, Tricia; Thomas, Courtney;Turnage, Neal (August 28, 2007). Lazenby, Roland, ed. April 16th: Virginia Tech Remembers(Paperback). United States: Plume. ISBN 978­0­452­28934­5. A collection of writings by Virginia Techjournalism students penned as the events of April 16, 2007, were unfolding. Edited by their VirginiaTech journalism professor.Garner, Joe; Cronkite, Walter (Foreword); Williams, Brian (Afterword); Kurtis, Bill (Narrator) (October1, 2008). We interrupt this broadcast: the events that stopped our lives ... from the Hindenburgexplosion to the Virginia Tech shooting (Hardcover) (10th anniversary ed.). Naperville, IL: SourcebooksMediaFusion. ISBN 978­1­4022­1319­9. The book includes three CDs of historical broadcasts and othernarration.Giduck, John P.; Bail, Jr., Joseph M.; Thor, Brad (Foreword) (2011). Shooter down!: the dramatic,untold story of the police response to the Virginia Tech massacre (Hardcover) (1st ed.). ArchangelGroup. ISBN 978­0­9767753­4­8.Kellner, Douglas (January 31, 2008). Guys and guns amok: domestic terrorism and school shootingsfrom the Oklahoma City bombing to the Virginia Tech massacre (Paperback). Boulder, CO: ParadigmPublishers. ISBN 978­1­59451­493­7. An account of social theory, exploring cultural and otherinfluences that produce violent perpetrators.Pugh, Charles R. (March 24, 2010). The Virginia Tech Tragedy and My Personal Tragedy: Lessons ToLearn from an Insider and from Scripture (Paperback). Xulon Press. ISBN 978­1­61579­906­0.Worth, Richard (March 2008). Massacre at Virginia Tech: disaster & survival (Library Binding).Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978­0­7660­3274­3.

External links

"Legal Section"

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emergeVirginia Techgunman sentpackage to NBC

(https://web.archive.org/web/20080419080119/http://www.eqrolc.ca/vatleg.shtml). VT 04.16.07.EQUITAS. Archived from the original (http://www.eqrolc.ca/vatleg.html) on April 19, 2008.(Chronological analysis of legislative and executive events that unfolded before and after April 16,2007)The archive link fails when trying to reach the actual report, which can be found here: "Virginia Tech04.16.07 Legal Report" (http://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/3135191/EQVTLRv6.pdf) (PDF)."Comparative Section"(https://web.archive.org/web/20080413160614/http://www.eqrolc.ca/vatcom.shtml). VT 04.16.07.EQUITAS. Archived from the original (http://www.eqrolc.ca/vatcom.html) on April 13, 2008.(Comparative study timelines of Campus Security policies and legislative counterparts)Not all the links on the archived page work; some do."Raw Video: NBC Releases Gunman Video Manifesto" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp­dyn/content/video/2007/04/18/VI2007041802198.html) (Video). The Washington Post. Associated Press.April 18, 2007."Virginia Tech Convocation 2 PM­Tuesday, April 17, 2007 Cassell Coliseum, Blacksburg, VA VideoArchive"(https://web.archive.org/web/20121005090024/http://www.hokiesports.com/convocation.html).hokiesports.com. April 17, 2007. Archived from the original(http://www.hokiesports.com/convocation.html) (Video) on October 5, 2012."The April 16 Archive" (http://www.april16archive.org/items). Browse Items. Virginia PolytechnicInstitute and State University. Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20131106002024/http://www.april16archive.org/items) from the originalon November 6, 2013. (Digital Archive project based at Virginia Tech)"Tuesday, April 17, 2007. 572 front pages from 54 countries."(https://web.archive.org/web/20140309230941/http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=041707). Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 17, 2007. Archived from theoriginal (http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=041707) on March9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages world wide from April 17, 2007)"Wednesday, April 18, 2007. 597 front pages from 57 countries."(https://web.archive.org/web/20140309230528/http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=041807). Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 18, 2007. Archived from theoriginal (http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=041807) on March9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages world wide from April 18, 2007)"Thursday, April 19, 2007. 577 front pages from 55 countries."(https://web.archive.org/web/20140309213823/http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=041907). Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 19, 2007. Archived from theoriginal (http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=041907) on March9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages world wide from April 19, 2007)"Wednesday, April 16, 2008. 629 front pages from 57 countries."(https://web.archive.org/web/20140309214134/http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=041608). Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 16, 2008. Archived from theoriginal (http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=041608) on March9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages world wide from April 16, 2008)"Thursday, April 17, 2008. 649 front pages from 61 countries."(https://web.archive.org/web/20140309230943/http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=0417087). Today's Front Pages. Newseum. April 17, 2008. Archived from theoriginal (http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/default_archive.asp?fpArchive=041708) on March

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9, 2014. (Archive of images of newspaper front pages world wide from April 17, 2008)Christman, Roger (April 16, 2012). "We Remember: Virginia Tech Five Years Later"(http://www.virginiamemory.com/blogs/out_of_the_box/2012/04/16/we­remember­virginia­tech­five­years­later/). Out of the Box. Library of Virginia. Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20140131223721/http://www.virginiamemory.com/blogs/out_of_the_box/2012/04/16/we­remember­virginia­tech­five­years­later/) from the original on January 31, 2014. (Blogpost containing email messages sent and received on April 16, 2007, by senior staff members fromVirginia Governor Tim Kaine's administration.)"The Virginia Tech Online Memorial" (http://www.vt­memorial.org/). April 2007. Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20140108013733/http://vt­memorial.org/) from the original on January 8,2014.Helber, Steve (Photographer) (April 15–16, 2009). "Virginia Tech Remembers"(http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/virginia­tech­remembers/). Pictures. CBS Interactive Inc.Associated Press (photos); Richmond Times­Dispatch (photos). Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20140504124520/http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/virginia­tech­remembers/) from the original on May 4, 2014.

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