SYLLABI

Michele Ruth Gamburd

Portland State University

In March 1998 the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, which makes research grants for thestudy of violence and aggression, announced a competition designed to stimulate thedevelopment and promulgation of a multi-disciplinary introductory course in violence studies.The Foundation's Board of Directors wanted to help ensure that current understandings ofviolence are being integrated into the undergraduate curriculum. Seventeen proposals wereselected from an initial pool of competitors and research and materials costs were reimbursed.The competition resulted in many innovative and interesting course designs. Here is one. TheHarry Frank Guggenheim Foundation has given permission to reprint this syllabus.

Nine Portland State University collaborators worked together in what they found to be a veryfruitful and stimulating process of putting together a series of topics and readings centeredaround the study of violence in society. Their contact has enhanced connections across thedisciplines at PSU, and has brought all of them into contact with the newly formed ConflictResolution Program. During spring quarter 1999, they will team-teach a version of the syllabus.

VIOLENCE STUDIES: AN INTRODUCTORY CURRICULUM

Proposal Coordinator:Michelle Ruth Gamburd phone: (503)725-3317Anthropology Department fax: (503) 725-3905Portland State University email: gamburdm@pdx.eduPortland, OR 97207-0751

Collaborating Applicants at Portland State University:Johanna Brenner Darrell MillnerWomen's Studies Black Studies

Margaret Everett Gary PerlsteinAnthropology Administration of Justice

Robert Gould Shawn SmallmanPhilosophy; International StudiesConflict Resolution Program

Robert Liebman Charles TracySociology Administration of Justice

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course will provide students with a comprehensive interdisciplinary introduction to thefield of violence studies. We will explore many of the structures and practices of violence,

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including identity politics, nationalism, symbolic and structural violence, state violence,genocide, warfare, and crime. The course concludes with a discussion of universal humanrights, people's movements, peace studies, and conflict resolution. Goals of the course includeformulating a comprehensive definition of 'violence'; exploring various motivations and reasonsfor violence; discussing the morality and ethics of the use of force; and developing strategiesfor identifying, mitigating, and avoiding violence. Students will be asked to integrate many ofthese topics in a critical review essay.

CLASS REQUIREMENTS:

Policy on grades, illness, emergencies, and extensions

Students taking this course pass / no-pass are required to earn at least the equivalent of a ' C topass the class. Discussion leadership (5%), weekly reaction papers (50%), final paper (30%),and class participation (15%) will form the basis for evaluating student performance.

Late papers and exams will lose one letter grade for each day past due except in the event ofsevere illness or emergency. Requests for extensions on deadlines should be made in writingahead of the due date. All work must be completed for students to receive a passing grade.

Plagiarism, or intellectual theft, is a very serious academic offense. Any assignment containingplagiarized material will receive a failing grade. You are responsible for reading andunderstanding the handout on plagiarism, which will be distributed in class.

Discussion Leadership (5%)

Each student will take part in a group effort to lead a one-hour discussion on one sub-section ofthe course. Discussion dates will be assigned early in the quarter. Groups will be encouragedto meet together and with the instructor before making their presentations. Feel free to useaudio-visual aids, handouts, or other creative learning techniques as you see fit.

Weekly Reaction Papers (50%)

In order to help you grow familiar with the readings, to facilitate discussion, and to ensurestudent involvement, each student is asked to write a total of 10 weekly essays. Each essayshould address some or all of the week's reading. These brief (2-3 page) papers are intended tocatalyze thought, crystallize opinions, and provoke classroom debate. In an essay you canbriefly outline what you feel to be the main points and arguments of the readings for the weekand relate them to other readings and discussions in the class to date. You might choose a quotethat intrigues you and discuss it. Do the authors support or contradict each other? Do you agreewith the various authors? Why or why not? The focus should be on your own synthesis andideas, but the paper should remain closely tied to the assigned texts. Most importantly, youshould explore ideas, inspirations, criticisms, and questions that arise from your interactionswith the texts. These should be forward-looking, original-thinking essays that situate yourown thoughts, points of view, or research in the writings for the week. Essays should have adirection, a theme, or a purpose, instead of being mere summaries of the readings. Demonstrateyour mastery of the week's subjects by using ideas in the readings creatively.

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Grades will be assigned on both form and content; good writing counts, here and everywhere.'Form' refers to organization, argument structure, paragraph structure and flow, grammar, correctcitations, etc. 'Content' will be judged on the basis of your interactions with the texts - yourunderstanding of the readings, your ability to relate materials in this week to materials in otherweeks of the course, your insightful questions, and the scope of the material you cover (e.g.,one article will be weighed less than 3 books....) Essays will also be read by the week's discussionleader(s), so please turn in TWO COPIES of your commentary on Wednesday in class for usein Friday discussions. Your pieces must be on time to be effective. Late work will be penalized.

Final Paper (30%)

Students will write an 8-10 page essay using theories and perspectives from classroom discussion,lecture, and readings. Topics for review can be drawn from a wide array of choices, including:required class readings; recommended readings; academic or non-academic books, journals,documentaries, or films; speeches; interviews with others; or your own life experiences. Papersshould grapple with at least one of the main themes developed during the course. Please discussyour topic with the instructor before beginning your project. Further instructions will be handedout during the semester.

Participation and Attendance (15%)

Regular attendance and active participation in class is expected and required.

COURSE OUTLINE

Section 1: Introduction: inventory of objectives

The readings and lectures in this week will provide an overview of the themes and topics to becovered in the class. We will introduce a number of disciplinary perspectives and theoreticalpoints of view on violence. Drawing on reading materials that depict many different types ofviolence, we will begin to sketch a preliminary definition of violence. We will also begin totalk of approaches to the control, mitigation, and prevention of violence. Discussion will focuson individual students' experiences of violence at the international, national, community, family,and personal levels.

FILM: The Couple in the Cage. Coco Fusco, director.Broy les, William (1990 [ 1984]) "Why Men Love War" in Francesca Cancian and James Gibson,

Making War, Making Peace: The Social Foundations of Violent Conflict. Belmont,CA: Wads worth

Enloe, Cynthia (1990) "Carmen Miranda on My Mind: International Politics of the Banana"in Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics.Berkeley. University of California Press, pp. 124-150.

Handwerker, W. Penn (1998) "Why Violence? A Test of Hypotheses Representing ThreeDiscourses on the Roots of Domestic Violence." Human Organization 7(2):200-208.

Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. (1984 [1962]) "One of These Days" in Collected Stories. NewYork: Harper and Row. pp. 107-110.

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Section 2: Identity: gender, race, ethnicity, and nationalism.

How does violence shape identity? How does identity channel and target violence? In thissection of the course we focus on the power of cultural classifications to create an inhuman'other', thus justifying the perpetuation of violence. We look at the violence inherent in rites ofpassage formative of individual male and female identities, as well as larger racial, ethnic andnational affiliations. Is violence always 'bad'? Is violence 'violence' when the victims 'suffer'it willingly? In what circumstances could violence be justified?

FILM: In the Name of God OR Father, Son and Holy War, both directed by Anil Patwardhan.Gruenbaum, Ellen (1982) 'The Movement against Clitoridectomy and Infibulation in Sudan:

Public Health Policy and the Women's Movement" American AnthropologicalAssociation: Medical Anthropology Newsletter 13(2).

Pedersen, Susan (1991) "National Bodies, Unspeakable Acts: The Sexual Politics of ColonialPolicy Making" Journal of Modern History. 63(4) pp. 647-680.

Peteet, Julie (1994) "Male Gender and Rituals of Resistance in the Palestinian Intifada: ACultural Politics of Violence" American Ethnologist 21(l):31-49.

Section 3: Bodies: Biology, Pain, and Discipline.

In this section, we approach the discussion of the body from three different theoreticalperspectives. In the first, we explore research on aggression that questions whether violence isbiological, whether it must be considered as part of 'human nature'. We look first at Frans deWaal's work on primate aggression and primate 'polities', and then move on to a discussion ofthe nature of human violence and warfare. In the second section of readings, basing ourdiscussion on the writings of Elaine Scarry, we explore the power of violence to produce meaning.What is the nature of pain? How does the contradiction of pain as 'absolutely indubitable bythe sufferer and absolutely unverifiable by any other human' shape conventions of interrogationin torture? In the third section, we turn to the writings of Michel Foucault, exploring less explicitlyviolent, but equally controlling social structures. We ask how ordinary people come to 'embody'violent and hierarchical norms and practices. Is violence always tied to pain? In what ways candiscipline be violent?

FILM: Stanley Milgram's obedience studiesde Waal, Frans and Filippo Aureli (1997) "Conflict Resolution and Distress Alleviation in

Monkeys and Apes" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 807: 317-328.Fox, Robin (1989) Anthropology's Auto-da-Fe: The Seville Declaration. Encounter 73(3):

58-64.Scarry, Elaine (1985) "Introduction", "The Structure of Torture" and the first section of "The

Structure of War" in The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World.New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-63.

Foucault, Michel (1979) "Docile Bodies" in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison.Alan Sheridan, trans. New York: Vintage Books, pp. 135-169.

Section 4: Genocide

Genocide, the policy of deliberately killing people belonging to a nationality or ethnic group,appalls and horrifies most of us. At the same time, evidence from Rwanda, Germany, Turkey,Cambodia and elsewhere shows that ordinary citizens and their government representatives

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can and do target particular populations for eradication. What motivates individuals and statesto kill in this way? Why is the question of memory so important in genocide? Why is genocidea phenomenon especially associated with the twentieth century? How could genocide be pre-empted and prevented? We examine these questions in the context of the Holocaust in Germany,and recent ethnic violence in Rwanda.

FILM: Schindler's List, Steven Speilberg, director OR Cambodian Doughnut DreamsGoldhagen, Daniel Jonah (1996) Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the

Holocaust. Chapter 4: "The Nazi's Assault on the Jews: Its Character and Evolution,"and Chapter 5: "The Agents and Machinery of Destruction." Knopf. 131-178.

Prunier, Gerald (1997) The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press. 237-280.

Section 5: State Terror

Much of the violence around the world is perpetrated by states against their own citizens in actsranging from police brutality to genocide. The course examines state use of propaganda inrewriting historical and current events, erasing from the public arena atrocities engraved on theconsciousness of survivors. What are the psychological effects on a population where menwith guns kill with impunity? Rumors, unauthored stories that exist between 'fact' and 'fiction,'express the knowledge and fears of a population unwilling to speak up as individuals. We willexplore how weak governments can maintain their political power by terrorizing and intimidatingcivilians through the systematic use of torture and disappearances. Case studies focus on LatinAmerica.

FILM: Men with Guns OR The Killing FieldsRejali, Darius (1991) "How not to talk about torture: Violence, Theory, and the Problems of

Explanation" in Martha Huggins, ed. Vigilantism and the State in Latin America. NewYork: Praeger Press, pp. 127-141.

Ibarra, Carlos Figueroa (1991) "Guatemala: The Recourse of Fear" in Martha Huggins, ed.Vigilantism and the State in Latin America. New York: Praeger Press, pp. 73-83.

Manzitas, Elena S. (1991) "All the Minister's Men: Paramilitary Activity in Peru" in MarthaHuggins, ed. Vigilantism and the State in Latin America. New York: Praeger Press,pp. 85-103.

Peters, Edward (1996) Torture: the Expanded Edition. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania

Press, pp. 141-187.

Section 6: Symbolic and Structural Violence

While physical violence is open and overt, symbolic and structural violence remain implicit insocial inequality but prove no less deadly. The readings in this section discuss a variety ofmasked or covert violence. We begin with a theoretical discussion of the work of Pierre Bourdieu,who writes of internalized, unquestioned social structures that oppress with the consent of thedominated. Case studies discuss symbolic and structural violence found in: idealized imagesof female bodies (Killbourne's work on beauty, anorexia, and bulimia); cultural valuation ofmale and female children in India (Miller's work on female infanticide); social stereotypes ofpoverty (Scheper-Hughes' moving description of everyday violence in a Brazilian shanty-town);euphemized double-speak of nuclear deterrence (Cohn's linguistic analysis of the language of

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defense intellectuals); and 'structural adjustments' and international manipulation of the globaleconomy (Harrison's work on poverty in Jamaica).

FILMS: Slim Hopes: Advertising and the Obsession with Thinness Jean Kilbourne, ORDreamworlds II: Desire, Sex and Power in Music Videos Sut Jhally.Bourdieu, P. (1977) "Structures, habitus, power: basis for a theory of symbolic power" in

Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 159-197.

Cohn, Carol. (1987) "Sex and death and the rational world of defense intellectuals" Signs12(4): 687-718.

Harrison, Faye V. (1997) "The Gendered Politics and Violence of Structural Adjustment" inLamphere, Ragone and Zavella, eds. Situated Lives: Gender and Culture in EverydayLife. New York: Routledge. pp. 451-468.

Miller, Barbara D. (1987) "Female Infanticide and Child Neglect in Rural North India" inNancy Scheper-Hughes, ed., Child Survival: Anthropological Perspectives on theTreatment and Maltreatment of Children. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Co. pp.95-112.

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy. (1992) "Everyday Violence: Bodies, Death, and Silence" in DeathWithout Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press. 1992. pp. 216-267.

Section 7: Warfare

Basing discussion on the writings of Machiavelli, Clausewitz and Sun Tzu, we ask to whatproper ends does one organize and apply violence. Can a war be a 'just war' if fought for a'just cause' according to the 'rules of war'? What role can war and the threat of war play inpreserving peace? At what point would an opposition faction be justified in abandoningnegotiations and taking up arms? What role do third parties play in initiating, mediating, andending disputes? Most importantly, we ask in what ways citizens and international agenciescan work to diffuse potentially explosive situations short of armed combat.

FILM: Father Roy: Inside the School of the Assassins directed by Robert Richtervon Clausewitz, Carl (1968) On War. Chapter 1: "What is War" Penguin, pp. 101-123.Machiavelli, Niccolo (1952 [1537]) The Prince. Luigi Ricci, trans. New York: Mentor

Books. Chapter 1: "The various kinds of government and the ways by which they areestablished"; Chapter 2: "Of hereditary monarchies"; Chapter 3: "Of mixedmonarchies", pp. 33-42.

Tzu, Sun (1983) Art of War. Ralph D. Sawyer, trans. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Chapter1: "Initial Estimations"; Chapter 2: "Waging War"; Chapter 3: "Planning Offensives".pp. 161-179.

Mao, Tse-tung (1961) On Guerrilla Warfare. Samuel B. Griffith, trans. New York: Praeger.Chapter 1: 'The nature of revolutionary guerrilla war"; Chapter 2: "Profile of arevolutionist", pp. 3-19.

Marighella, Carlos (1971) 'The Mini-manual of Urban Guerrilla Warfare" in Robert Moss,Urban Guerrilla Warfare. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies. "Adefinition of the urban guerrilla"; "Personal Qualities of the Urban Guerrilla and howhe subsists"' "Urban guerrilla warfare, school for selecting the guerrilla", pp. 20-22,41-42.

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Tilly, Charles (1985) "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime" in Bringing theState Back In. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds.,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 169-191.

Section 8: Terrorism

We define terrorism as 'a synthesis of war and theater, a dramatization of the most proscribedkind of violence - that which is perpetrated on innocent victims - played before an audience inthe hope of creating a mood of fear, for political purposes.' What groups have turned to terrorismin the past? What might prompt other groups to do so in the future? What strategies bestdiscourage terrorism as a political tool?

FILM: The Battle of Algiers Franco PontecoivoGinges, Jeremy (1997) "Deterring the Terrorist: A Psychological Evaluation of Different

Strategies for Deterring Terrorism" Terrorism and Political Violence 9(1): 170-185.Kidder, Rushworth M (1986) "The Fear of Fear Itself Christian Science Monitor, May 13,

1986, 17-18.Maranto, Robert (1986) "The Rational Terrorist: Toward a New Theory of Terrorism" Journal

of Political Science 1/2:16-24.Rapoport, David C. (1984) "Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions"

American Political Science Review 78:658-677.

Section 9: Crime

We begin our discussion of crime with a brief overview of how different societies legitimateauthority, organize power, and designate certain groups of persons as criminals. We exploreeconomic, biological, political, psychological, and cultural explanations of criminal behaviorand its relationship to aggression and violence. Using dramatizations of controlling behavior,such as Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment, we discuss structural and individualtheories on controlling deviance and regulating disputes. What is the difference between'punishment' and random violence? Turning to American society, we examine historicallychanging views on the purpose of punishment, particularly imprisonment and torture, focusingon connections between theory and institutionalized violence.

FILM: Quiet Rage Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison ExperimentCaulfield, Susan L (1991) "The Perpetuation of Violence through Criminological Theory" in

Criminology as Peace-Making, Harold Pepinsky and Richard Quinner, eds.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 228-238.

Harris, M. Kay (1991) "Moving into the New Millennium: Toward a Feminist Vision ofJustice" in Criminology as Peace-Making, Harold Pepinsky and Richard Quinner,eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 83-97.

Section 10: Universal Human Rights.

In this section we discuss feminist, Marxist, and cultural-relativistic critiques of the UnitedNation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We explore different opinions on what rightsall humans should have. Who should have the power to choose between the options, and howshould such a concept, once selected, be enforced? How does one reconcile protection ofindividual human rights with state rights to national sovereignty? Case studies from Haiti andEl Salvador provide examples for discussion.

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United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human RightsCohen, R. (1989) "Human Rights and Cultural Relativism: The Need for a New Approach"

American Anthropologist. 91:1014-17.Martinez, Samuel. (1996) "Indifference and Indignation: Anthropology, Human Rights, and

the Haitian Bracero" American Anthropologist (98)1: 16-25.Messer, Ellen. (1993) "Anthropology and human rights" Annual Review of Anthropology 22:

221-249.Stephens, Lynn. (1995) "Women's Rights are Human Rights: The Merging of Feminine and

Feminist Interests among El Salvador's Mothers of the Disappeared (Co-Madres).American Ethnologist (22)4: 807-827.

Section 11: Violence, non-violence, and social movements

How do political traditions and moral/ religious values influence the use of violence or of non-violence by social movement activists? Is violence the first choice of the powerful or the lastresort of the powerless? Is violence, perhaps, the byproduct of confrontations between movementactivists and authorities like the police or armed forces? How have perceptions of the legitimacyof violence changed in America? Does violence - or non-violence - bring success for socialmovements? How are the users and recipients of violence changed by their violence? We willaddress these questions through a focus on the civil rights movement in the United States andnationalist struggles elsewhere.

FILMS: No Easy Walk OR No Easy Walk: ZimbabweTilly, Charles (1978) "Collective Violence" in From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading,

MA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 172-188.Farmer, James (1977) "On Cracking White City" in My Soul is Rested: Movement Days in the

Deep South Remembered. Howell Raines, ed. New York: Putnam, pp. 27-34.King, Martin Luther (1963) "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" in Nonviolence in America: A

Documentary History. Staughton Lynd and Alice Lynd, eds. Maryknoll: Orbis. pp.254-267.

Fanon, Franz (1966 [1963]) The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press, pp. 65-74.

Section 12: Conflict Resolution: Violence Prevention, Mediation, and Reconciliation

This section builds on the previous section by focusing on the new interdisciplinary academicfield of conflict resolution that owes its existence to the recent history of nonviolent people'smovements and an integrated studies approach to higher education. A key element of the fieldof conflict resolution is its firm commitment to combine scholarly reflection with practicalapplications, where insights are gained from lived experiences as well as abstract theory. Thefinal section of this course offers students constructive and creative approaches to preventviolence, to mediate conflict, and to heal the wounds of violence through reconciliation. Thissection is divided into three parts: violence prevention, mediation, and reconciliation.

FILM: The Official StoryWalsh, David, Larry S. Goldman and Roger Brown (1996) Physician Guide to Media Violence.

American Medical Association: American Academy of Pediatrics.Bush, Robert Baruch and Joseph P. Folger (1994) The Promise of Mediation: Responding to

Conflict through Empowerment and Reconciliation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

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Publishers. Introduction: 'The Future of Mediation: What's at Stake and Why itMatters"; Chapter 1: "The Mediation Movement: Four Diverging Views"; Chapter 2:"Losing Sight of the Goal of Transformation: The Focus on Satisfaction and Settlement"pp. 1-53.

Woollacott, Martin (1997) "South Africa's Crisis of Conscience" Truth and ReconciliationCommission web site: http://www.mg.co.za.mg/news/97jan2/3feb-bikocomment.html26 August 1998.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998) "Amnesty for Killers of Amy Biehl" 28 July1998 Press Release, http://www.truth.org.za/pr/p98072a.htm 26 August 1998.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1997) "Sixth Seminar: Perpetrators, 28.05.97" http://www.truth.org.za/debate/prepet.htm

Section 13: Retrospective

This concluding section of the course will allow students time to discuss the main themes of thecourse. We will formulate an all-inclusive definition of violence; discuss motivations andreasons for violence; debate whether violence is always wrong or always bad; and discussmeans to mitigate, control and prevent different sorts of violence. We will discuss the cross-cutting effects of violence on the individual, community, national, and international levels.

FURTHER RECOMMENDED READINGS, BY SECTION AND TOPIC:

Recommended for Section 2: Identity: gender, race, ethnicity, and nationalism.

Anderson, Benedict. (1991 [1983]) Imagined Communities. London: Verso.Bhabha, H. (1990) "DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of modern nation." In

Nation and Narration, H. Bhabha, ed. pp. 291-322. London: Routledge.Copelon, Rhonda (1995) "Gendered war crimes: reconceptualizing rape in time of war" in

Women's Rights, Human Rights, Peters and Wolper, eds. London: Routledge. pp.197-214.

Coomaraswamy, R. (1987) "Myths Without Conscience: Tamil and Sinhalese NationalistWritings of the 1980's" in Abeyesekera and Gunasinghe (eds), Facets of Ethnicity inSri Lanka. Sri Lanka: Social Scientists Association, pp. 72-99.

Fox, Richard. (1990) "Hindu Nationalism in the Making or the rise of the Hindian" in Fox, ed.Nationalist Ideologies and the Production of National Culture. American EthnologicalSociety Monograph Series, No. 2. Washington, DC: American EthnologicalMonograph Series, pp. 63-80.

Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. (1990) "The People of the Lion: the Sinhala Identity and Ideology inHistory and Historiography" in J. Spencer, ed. Sri Lanka: History and the Roots ofConflict. New York: Routledge. pp. 45-86.

Hobsbawm, E. (1990) Nations and Nationalism Since 1780. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Kakar, Sudhir (1996) The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict.Chicago : University of Chicago Press,

Lan, David. (1985) Guns and Rain: Guerillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe. Berkeley:University of California Press, (see also film: No Easy Walk: Zimbabwe)

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Pollack, Sheldon. (1993) "Ramayana and Political Imagination in India." Journal of AsianStudies 52(2):261-297.

Roberts, Michael (1990) "Noise as Cultural Struggle: Tom-Tom Beating, the British, andCommunal Disturbances in Sri Lanka, 188O's to 1930's" in Das, Veena, ed. Mirrorsof Violence: Communities, Riots and Survivors in South Asia. Delhi: Oxford UniversityPress, pp. 240-285.

Roy, Beth (1994) Some Trouble with Cows: Making Sense of Social Conflict. Berkeley:University of Chicago Press.

Recommended for Section 3: Pain and the BodyDaniel, E. Valentine (1996) Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropology of Violence.

Princeton: Princeton University Press.Green, Linda. "Living in a State of Fear" in Carolyn Nordstrom and Antonius Robben, eds.

Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival. Berkeley:University of California Press.

Nordstrom, Carolyn and JoAnn Martin. (1992) Paths to Domination, Resistance, and Terror.Berkeley: University of California Press. (Selections)

Peters, Edward (1996) Torture: the Expanded Edition. Philadelphia: University of PennsylvaniaPress

Taussig, Michael (1987) Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror andHealing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

. (1984) "Culture of Terror, Space of Death: Roger Casement and the Explanation ofTorture." Comparative Studies in Society and History. 26:467-497.

Zur, J. (1994) The Psychological Impact of Impunity. Anthropology Today (10)3: 14-16.

Recommended for Section 4: GenocideBodley, John H. (1992) "Anthropology and the politics of genocide" in Nordstrom and Martin,

eds. The Paths to Domination, Resistance and Terror. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press.

Fein, Helen (1993) "Revolutionary and Antirevolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of StateMurders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975-1979, and in Indonesia, 1965-1966"Comparative Studies in Society and History 35(4)796-823.

Graber, G. S. (1996) Caravans to Oblivion: The Armenian Genocide, 1915. John Wiley andSons.

Jackson, Karl D., ed. (1989) Cambodia, 1975-1982: Rendezvous with Death. Princeton.Princeton University Press.

Keane, Fergal (1997) Season of Blood: A Rwandan Journey. Penguin USA.Kiernan, Ben (1998) The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under

the Khmer Rouge, 1975-1979. New Haven: Yale University Press.Pran, Dith(1997) Children of Cambodia's Killing Fields: Memoirs by Survivors. New Haven:

Yale University Press.Ternon, Yves (1990) The Armenians: History of a Genocide. Rouben C. Cholakian, trans.

Delmar, NY: Caravan Books.Wiesel, Elie (1960) Night. Stella Rodway, trans. New York: Bantam Books.

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Sections: State TerrorCohen, R., Toland, J.D., eds (1988) State Formation and Political Legitimacy. New Brunswick,

NJ: Transaction Books.Coronil, F and Skurski, J. (1991) "Dismembering and remembering the nation: The semantics

and political violence in Venezuela." Comparative Studies in Society and History33(2): 288-337.

Fanon, Frantz (1979) The Wretched of the Earth. Constance Farrington, trans. New York:Grove Press.

Feitlowitz, Marguerite (1998) A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture.New York: Oxford University Press.

Feldman, Allen. (1991) Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and PoliticalTerror in Northern Ireland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

. (1995) "Ethnographic States of Emergency" in Carolyn Nordstrom and AntoniusRobben, eds. Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival.Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 224-252.

Gamburd, Michele (1997) "Wearing a Dead Man's Jacket: State Symbols in Troubled Places"in South Asia Special Issue No. XX.: Conflict and Community in Contemporary SriLanka. Siri Gamage and Bruce Watson, eds. pp. 181-194.

Huggins, Martha, ed. (1991) Vigilantism and the State in Modern Latin America. New York:Praeger.

Langguth, A. J. (1978) Hidden Terrors: The Truth about U. S. Police Operations in LatinAmerica. New York: Pantheon Books.

Nagengast, Carole. (1994) "Violence, Terror, and the Crisis of the State." Annual Review ofAnthropology 23:109-136.

Nandy, Ashis (1992) "The State" in The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge andPower. W. Sachs, ed. London: Zed. pp. 264-74.

Pion-Berlin, David (1989) The Ideology of State Terror: Economic Doctrine and PoliticalRepression in Argentina and Peru. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.

Rejali, Darius. M. (1993) Torture and Modernity: Self, Society and State in Modern Iran.Boulder, CO: Westview.

Sabaratnam, L. (1990) "Sri Lanka: The Lion and the Tiger in the Ethnic Archipelago." in Vanden Berghe, P. ed. State Violence and Ethnicity. Boulder: University of ColoradoPress, pp. 187-220.

Stepan, Alfred (1988) Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton:Princeton University Press (selections)

Timmerman, Jacobo (1982) Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number. Toby Talbot,trans. New York: Vintage Books.

Verbitsly, Horacio (1996) The Flight: Confessions of an Argentine Dirty Warrior. EstherAllen, trans. New York: The New Press.

Weschler, Lawrence (1990) A Miracle, A Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers. NewYork: Pantheon Press.

Recommended for Section 6: Symbolic and Structural ViolenceFoucault, Michel. (1978) The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. New York: Vintage.Gramsci, A. (1971) The Prison Notebooks. H Hoare, G. Smith eds./trans. New York:

International Publishers.

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Harvey, Penelope and Peter Gow, eds. (1994) Sex and Violence: Issues in Representation andExperience. New York: Routledge.

Martin, Emily. (1992 [1987]) The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction.Boston: Beacon Press.

Scott, James. (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. NewHaven: Yale University Press.

Recommended for Section 7: WarfareDassel, Kurt (1998) "Civilians, Soldiers, and Strife: Domestic Sources of International

Aggression" International Security 23( 1): 107-140.Dower, John (1986) War Without Mercy. New York: PantheonElshtain, Jean Bethke (1995) Women and War Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Ferguson, R. B., ed. (1984) Warfare, Culture and Environment. Orlando, FL: Academic

Press.Freedman, Lawrence (1994) War. London: Oxford University Press. (PartB: 'The Causes of

War"; Part C: "War and the Military Establishment")Johnson, James T. (1984) Can Modern War be Just? New Haven: Yale University Press.Stiglmayer, Alezandra, ed. (1993) Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzogovina.

Lincoln: University of Nebraska.Turner, et. al., eds. (1989) The Anthropology of War and Peace: Perspectives on the Nuclear

Age. South Hadley, Mass: Bergen & Garvey. pp. 141-159.Walzer, Michael. (1977) Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations.

New York: Basic Books.

Recommended for Section 8: TerrorismCarr, Caleb (1996/7) 'Terrorism as Warfare: The Lessons of Military History" World Policy

Journal, pp. 1-12.Friedlander, Robert A. (1981) "Terrorism and National Liberation Movements: Can Rights

Derive from Wrongs?" Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 13(2).Kittrie, Nicholas "(1981) "Patriots and Terrorists: Reconciling Human Rights with World

Order" Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 13(2).Leiser, C. (1985) 'Terrorism, Guerrila Warfare, and International Morality" Stanford Journal

of International Studies 12.Livingstone, Neil C (1992) 'Taming Terrorism: In Search of a New U.S. Policy" International

Security Review 7(1).Vetter, Harold J. and Gary R. Perlstein (1991) Perspectives on Terrorism Wadsworth.

Recommended for Section 9: CrimeButterfield, Fox (1995) All God's Children: The American Tradition of Violence New York:

Alfred A. Knopf.Foucault, Michel. (1979) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Alan Sheridan,

trans. New York: Vintage Books.Friedman, Lawrence M. (1994) Crime and Punishment in American History. New York:

Harper Collins Publishers.Potter, Garry W. and Victor E. Kappeler (1998) Constructing Crime: Perspectives on Making

News and Social Problems. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Page 140 [PoLAR. Vol. 22, No. 1

Skolnick, Jerome H. (1998) Justice without Trial: Law Enforcement in a Democratic Society.New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.

Upchurch, Carl (1996) Convicted in the Womb: One Man's Journey from Prisoner toPeacemaker. New York: Bantam.

Walker, Samuel (1998) Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs. Belmont,CA: WadsworthPublishing Co.

Recommended for Section 10: Universal Human Rights.Amnesty International (1991) Women in the Front Line: Human Rights Violations against

Women. New York: Amnesty International.Chomsky, Joam, and Edward S. Herman (1979) The Political Economy of Human Rights.

Volume 1: The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism. Montreal: BlackRose Books.

Downing, T. E. and G. Kushner, eds. (1988) Human Rights and Anthropology. Cambridge,Mass: Cultural Survival.

Hannum, Hurst (1992) Guide to International Human Rights Practice, second edition.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Nairn, A. A. ed. (1992) Human Rights in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Quest for Consensus.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Peters, Julie and Andrea Wolper, eds. (1995) Women's Rights Human Rights: InternationalFeminist Perspectives. New York: Routledge.

Shepherd, George W. and Nanda, Ved P. eds (1985) Human Rights and Third World Development.Westport, Conn: Greenwood.

Recommended for Section 11: Violence, non-violence, and social movementsArendt, Hannah (1970) On Violence. NY: Harcourt Brace and World.Fisher, Jo (1993) Out of the Shadows: Women, Resistance and Politics in South America.

London: Latin American Bureau.Gamson, William (1990) The Strategy of Social Protest, second edition. Wadsworth(especially chapter 6: "The Success of the Unruly")Kingsolver, Barbara (1989) Holding the Line: Women in the Great Arizona Mine Strike of

1983. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Liebman, Robert and Michael Polen (1978) "Perspectives on Policing in Nineteenth Century

America" Social Science History 2: 346-360.Martin, Joann (1990) "Motherhood and power: the production of a women's culture of politics

in a Mexican community" American Anthropologist 17(3).470-490.Portnoy, Alicia (1986) The Little School: Tales of Disappearance Survival in Argentina.

Pittsburgh: Cleis Press.Radcliffe and Westwood, eds. (1993) 'Viva': Women and Popular Protest in Latin America.

London: Routledge. (Introduction)Safa, Helen Icken (1990) "Women's social movements in Latin America" Gender & Society

4(3):354-369.Zinn, Howard (1995) A People's History of the United States, 1492-present: Revised and

Updated Edition. New York: HarperPerennial.

May, 1999] Page 141

Recommended Section 12: Conflict resolution: Violence prevention, mediation, andreconciliation

Barish, David P. (1991) Introduction to Peace Studies. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing.Bonta, Bruce D. (1994) Peaceful Peoples: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, New Jersey:

Scarecrow Press.Detan, Robert. (1968) The Semai: A Non-violent People of Malaya. New York: Holt, Rinehart

and Winston.Fabro, David. (1978) "Peaceful Societies: An Introduction" Journal of Peace Research 15( 1 ):67-

83.Galtung, Johan (1985) "Twenty-five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Some

Responses" Journal of Peace Research 22(2): 141-158.Howell, Signe and Roy Willis (1989) Societies at Peace: Anthropological Perspectives. New

York: Routledge.Klare, Michael T. (1994) Peace and World Security Studies: A Curriculum Guide. 6th Edition.

Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Klien, Lloyd, Joan Lexenburg, and John Gunther (1991) "Taking a Bite out of Social Injustice"

in Criminology as Peace-Making, Harold Pepinsky and Richard Quinner, eds.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Montagu, Ashley, ed. (1978) Learning Non-Aggression: The Experience of Non-LiterateSocieties. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rohl, Vivian J., M.E.R. Nicholson, and M. D. Zamora, eds. (1992) The Anthropology of Peace:Essays in Honor of E. Adamson Hoebel. Williamsburg: Studies in Third WorldSocieties Publication #47, Volumes 1 & 2.

Scimecca, Joseph A (1991) "Conflict Resolution and a Critique of 'Alternative DisputeResolution'" in Criminology as Peace-Making, Harold Pepinsky and Richard Quinner,eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Sponsel, L. E. and Gregor, T., eds. (1994) The Anthropology of Peace and Nonviolence. Boulder:Lynne Rienner Publishers.