VIGIL NETWORK SITES : A S A M P L E O F DATA F O R P E R M A N E N T FILING (*)

LUNA B. LEOPOLD and WILLIAM W. EMMETT

BACKGROUND

The Vigil Network consists of places where observations are made through time to record changes in landscape features over a long period. Resurvcys will usually be made once eadj year or every few years and the period of observation, hopefully, will extend through and] beyond the International Hydrological Decade.

Vigil Network sites will usually be chosen to represent some typical feature of a given landscape. In the example shown here, the feature is a small ephemeral channel in a basin ofi moderate relief underlain by silty sandstone typical of the surrounding area. Vigil sites arc not protected from man's influence and indeed may be selected because of the possible of portending cultural influences. In this respect they differ from the Bench Mark Network whose purpose is to make precise observations of hydrologic factors in areas uninfluenced! by and protected from man"s use.

The factors which might be observed are many and varied. A few might be mentio here, others are explained at length elsewhere (Miller and Leopold, 1963; Leopold, 196 Streamchanncl position, form, depth, and profile; vegetation in form of transects or quadrat soil movement on slopes; rock movement on slopes or in channels. These and many m would yield valuable information on changes with time.

To assure permanence of initial field observations, including reference points, bench mar and cross sections, brief descriptions, maps, and initial data should be filed identically in desi nated repositories where the data will be made available for inspection by any interest scientist. It is recommended that the designation of two such locations where records of type here attached will be filed be taken up by the Coordinating Council of the Internatioi Hydrological Decade. In designating such repositories it should be recognized that the no need for elaborate indexing. The main requirement is merely the maintenance of a si file where the data are stored and can be inspected or copied by any scientist. There need no special provision for lending or reproduction services.

The present document is an example showing what data, maps, and descriptions shi be included in those permanent files at the two repositories. The material in these reposito should be sufficient to permit someone in the indefinite future to find and remeasure the sai features described now. Thus the scientific value of the original surveys increases with ti — provided that the descriptions are sufficient to allow a person to find with assurance original feature in the field.

It must be visualized that a permanent repository must economize in space. Thus, as t example here shows, the filed material is not all of the original field notes but a summary' brief but descriptive.

SAMPLE OF MATERIAL TO BE INCLUDED IN THE TWO INTERNATIONAL REPOSITORIES

Vigil Site : Last Day Gully near Hudson, Wyoming, U.S.A. (')

Last Day Gully is an example of a small ephemeral basin which has alternately degra and aggraded in post-Pleistocene time, presumably in response to changes in climate. It

(*) A United States contribution to The International Hydrological Decade. (!) Data submitted to the international repositories by Luna B. Ltopou) and William W. EMM

U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1964.

TNG (*)

T

through time to record illy be made once each ill extend through and

lical feature of a givn il channel in a basin of ng area. Vigil sites are tuse of the possible or Bench Mark Network ; in areas uninfluenced

ates in a small alluvial fan on top of a 15-foot alluvial terrace in the valley of the Popo gie River.

Because similar gullies in small basins are common, and because their visual aspect alone Joes not indicate whether in the present climate the gully is aggrading, degrading, or stable,

one was chosen for long-term observation as part of the Vigil Network. This is an ephemeral wash, or gully, located about 1 mile northeast of Hudson, Wyoming,

NW1/4, Section 6, T.2.S., R. 3E. (Lat. 42'55'I3" Long. 108°34'19"). It is included on the topographic map published by the U.S. Geological Survey, entitled Hudson, Wyo., scale 1:24000, dated 1957. The main channel extends about 3400 feet from the watershed divide lo its end. The gully terminates in a semi-circular alluvial fan. The gully bed is sandy-silt and •early free of vegetation. Vegetation adjacent to the channel consists of a mixture of low Arubs and grasses. Predominant shrubs are sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) and cacti

HOpunlia spp). Grasses generally belong to the grama species (Bouteloua). Total vegetation-jeover varies, but averages about 30-35%. The total area within the watershed is about 55 acres. The average elevation is 5150 feet above sea level and the relief between the watershed divide and the alluvial fan is 142 feet. Precipitation averages about 10 inches per year.

The photograph in figure 1 is taken from 300 feet below the watershed divide looking downstream (south-eastward) along the watercourse of Last Day Gully.

:w might be mentioned 1963; Leopold, 1962).

f transects or quadrats; rhese and many more [

ce points, bench marks, tied identically in desig-tion by any interested is where records of the icil of the International ecognized that there is taintenance of a simple icientist. There need he

ind descriptions should ial in these repositoria ind remcasure the same :ys increases with time, find with assurance the

; in space. Thus, as the notes but a summary,

(KPOSITORIES

ias alternately degraded inges in climate. It ter-j

Jecade. and William W. I \I\II i

g. I — Last Day Gully, an ephemeral stream channel which is being observed for channel changes through time.

Other observations are being made, including depth of channel scour, height of flood flow, ass movement on slopes, and sheet erosion. These measurements, however, do not lend them-hes to resurvey many decades in the future because the reference markers are of too tem-irary a nature. For filing in the two international depositories only data and descriptions e included which can be found and resurvcyed by some interested scientist 50 or more years the future.

13

To reach the site of Last Day Gully one may start at the center of the village of Hudson, Wyoming, and proceed east on Highway 789 a distance of 3/4 mile at which place a side road enters, which leads north. Proceeding north on this unimproved road, it is found to cross t Popo Agie River on a steel one-lane bridge a distance of 200 yards from the junction Highway 789. After crossing the bridge one proceeds 0.25 miles and dismounts from the au­tomobile and walks in a direction N 19'W, a distance of 680 feet to a fence, bearing N 20°E. At the fence is the mouth of Last Day Gully wherethe channel terminates in a low angle fan. Cros­sing the fence and proceeding upstream 160 feet, one is on the cross section A-B, iron pin B being west a distance of 80 feet, and iron pin A east a distance of 60 feet, each placed near the top of low gravel spurs flanking the ephemeral stream.

LAST DAY CULLY

V I L L A G E OF

HUDSON

1 Mile

I I Fig. 2 — Location sketch map showing position of Last Day Gully relative to principal landmarks.

As a graphical instruction showing how to get to the drainage basin from a point on Highway 789, 3/4 mile east of Hudson, Wyoming, see the sketch in figure 2. Figure 3 shows the location of five pins or reference points each consisting o f / / 2 " steel rods driven in the ground and protruding 4 to 6 inches above the ground surface. These markers are labeled A to E on figure 3.

The principal measurements consist of 16 cross-channel land surface profiles surveyed at locations specified in table 1. In addition a longitudinal profile of the main channel was surveyed over a distance of 3575 feet beginning 150 feet below the fence line near the junction of the channel mouth and its alluvial fan. All these profiles are surveyed to the same elevation datum, which was arbitrarily chosen as 100.00 feet on top of pin A.

Some details concerning these profiles are as follows :

% > V

BM D "

Fig. 3 — Map of lower principal cross-sccti

SURVEY OF AUGUST 6

Party : W. W. Emmei

This survey inclu 1. A channel profile

Sta. 0 00 is at a 25-foot taped dista

2. Thirteen channel c 6 + 00, 9 00, i: 33 -! 00. The secti Jf-inch diameter ste were taken on 5-ft also run between i

3. All left bank pins location and pin t(

14

3f the village of Hudson, i which place a side road :, it is found to cross the from the junction with dismounts from the au-ence, bearing N 20°E. At > in a low angle fan. Cros-is section A-B, iron pin i0 feet, each placed near

1 Mile J

to principal landmarks

•asin from a point on ure 2. Figure 3 shows eel rods driven in the narkers are labeled A

face profiles surveyed he main channel was line near the junction to the same elevation

\

I1 V B M £

'ii» * i

if ••VIA ••»-.... N . \ . •=„

-° ^ -̂.C-x.̂ , \ 4 it BM C

" * • .

%

\ V. % \ / V \ A

„ /= \ ^ ' • * . ELEV 100

200 Feel — I

Fig. 3 — Map of lower 700 feet of Last Day Gully showing location of reference pins A to E and principal cross-section AB, BC, and DE-

SURVEY OF AUGUST 6-8, 1962

•ty : W. W. Emmett, M. Smith

This survey included the following measurements : A channel profile survey from Sta, — 1 + 50 to Sta. 34 + 25. Sta. 0 — 00 is at an east-west fence on the half-section line. Elevations were taken on 25-foot taped distances and at major breaks. See Table 2. Thirteen channel cross sections were surveyed at stations : —0 + 85, 0 + 00, 3 — 00, 6 + 00, 9 + 00, 12 I 00, 15 ( 00, 18 + 00, 21 + 00, 24 | 00, 27 + 0 0 , 30 + 00, and 33 + 00. The sections are monumented on both left and right banks by 4-ft lengths of i-inch diameter steel rebar driven to within about •£ foot of the gravel surface. Elevations were taken on 5-ft taped distances and at break points of the ground surface. Surveys were also run between reference pins AB, CB, and ED. See Table 3. All left bank pins and original reference pins are labeled by a brass disc stamped with location and pin top elevation. The brass disc is wired to the iron stake or pin.

15

TABLE 1

Cross-Section Information

Cross- C1) LB (*) Pin top C) Distance RB(3) Pin Top (4) Section Pin Elev. Between Pins Pin Elev. Station Description (ft) (ft) Description (ft)

AB?) BM A 100.00 142.0 BM B 107.54 CB BMC 110.83 282.0 BM B 107.54 ED BM E 115.46 120.0 BM D 119.16

- 0 + 85 LB-.S5 89.03 100.0 RB-.S5 87.53 0 + 00 LBO 91.49 60.0 RB0 90.95 3 + 0 0 LB 3 98.77 50.0 RB3 100.75 6 + 00 LB 6 110.35 85.0 RBb 111.61 9 + 0 0 LB') 119.10 50.0 RB9 118.20

12 + 00 LB 12 132.66 50.0 RB\2 132.98 15 + 00 LB 15 143.47 50.0 RB 15 142.28 18 + 00 LB 18 153.62 50.2 RBIS 153.61 2 1 + 0 0 LB 21 166.74 50.0 RB2\ 167.58 24 + 00 L 5 24 178.48 50.0 RB 24 178.71 27 + 00 LB 21 192.72 50.0 RB21 193.32 30 + 00 LB 30 204.14 50.0 RB 30 206.54 33 00 LB 33 220.83 100.00 RB 33 220.68

(x) Stationing or location is referred to 0 I 00 at the fence line located at mouth of main channel For example, 3 I 00 means 300 feet upstream of the fence line.

(2) LB means left bank, facing downstream. LB Pin is the left bank reference pin. The word "pin" refers to a 4-foot iron stake, J-inch diameter, driven in the ground and protruding about 6 inches. AH left bank pins and benchmarks {BM) have a brass identification tag attached which is imprinted with the pin description, pin top elevation, and LDO (an abbreviation for Last Day Gully).

(3) Right bank reference pin. (4) Elevations are referenced to an arbitrary elevation of 100.00 feet on top of BM A. (5) Stationing along gully at which the cross sections AB, CB, and ED occur are respectively 1 -60,|

2+50, and 7 + 20 feet.

TABLE 2

Distances and elevations for longitudinal profile. Last Day Gully. Survey of August 7, 1962

Channel Elevation (2) Channel Elevation (2) Channel Elevation (2) stationing (') (feet) stationing ( l) (feet) stationing (') (feet)

- 1 + 5 0 83.95 9 00 114.71 19+00 152.48 25 84.02 25 115.73 25 154.20 10 84.73 50 116.69 50 155.04

- 1 + 0 0 85.31 75 117.28 75 155.49 75 86.46 10+00 117.77 20 : 00 156.26 50 87.20 25 118.48 25 156.95 25 87.92 50 119.00 50 158.12

(') Channel stationing or distance is referenced to 0 - 00 at fence line near mouth of main channel For example, 3+00 means 300 feet upstream of fence line.

(2) Elevations are referenced to an arbitrary elevation of 100.00 feet on top of BM A.

16

Channel Elevatio stationing (') (feet

0 00 88.3: 25 88.5: 50 89.1: 75 89.6:

1-00 90. l: 25 90.9: 50 91.4 75 92.0

2+00 92.8' 25 93.3: 50 94.2( 75 94.9(

3+00 95.4. 25 95.91 50 96.61 75 97.3:

4 1 00 97.9! 25 98.7 50 99.7' 75 100.4'

5 00 I00.9( 25 101.4' 50 102.0: 75 102.7!

6+00 103.5! 25 104.2 50 104.9: 75 105.8'

7+00 106.51 25 107.2: 50 108.K 75 109.0(

8+00 109.6' 25 111.15 50 112.3( 75 113.9:

| 28+00 i90.o: 25 190.6' 50 191.0C 75 191.8( 96 192.41 97 193.3:

\ 29 I 00 193.5( 12 194.5; 16 196.8' 25 196.4* 32 195.91 50 197 AA

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TABLE 3

Distances and elevations for cross-sectional profiles. Last Day Gully, survey of August 7, 1962

Distance from L.B. Pinf1)

(feet) Elevation (2)

(feet)

Distance from L.B. Pin( ' )

(feet) Elevation (2)

(feet)

Distance from L.B. Pin( ' )

(feet) Elevation (2)

(feet)

Cross section at —0+85 0-LB Pin 89.03 27 85.88 60 86.92 0 88.54 28.5 85.85 65 78.00 5 88.30 30* 86.35 70 87.03

10 87.56 35 86.19 75 86.89 15 87.06 40 86.20 80 86.96 17.8 86.33 41.5 85.95 85 86.85 20 86.52 44 86.10 90 86.92 21.3 86.05 47 86.62 95 86.92 22.6 86.03 50 86.61 100 86.88 23.5 86.21 52 86.99 100- RB Pin 87.53 25 86.29 55 86.94

Cross section at 0+00 0-LB Pin 91.49 22.4 88.57 35 89.28 0 90.99 23.4 88.30 40 89.93 5 90.64 26 88.31 45 90.25

10 89.95 27.6 88.95 50 90.34 15 89.44 30 88.59 55 90.25 20 89.41 32 88.67 60 90.43 22 89.33 33.8 89.13 60-RB Pin 90.95

Cross section at 3+00 0-LB Pin 98.77 25 96.64 40 98.46 0 98.30 25.4 95.95 45 98.96 5 98.18 27 95.42 50 100.01

10 97.88 30 95.45 50-RB Pin 100.75 15 97.75 30.8 96.06 20 97.63 35 97.66

Cross section at 6 1 00 0-LB Pin 110.35 26 104.75 59.5 104.57 0 109.98 30 106.31 62.5 106.23 5 108.71 35 106.59 65 106.84

10 107.86 40 106.49 70 107.61 15 106.99 45 105.95 75 108.40 17 106.37 50 106.01 80 109.36 21 103.64 55 105.60 85 110.71 24.3 103.66 58 104.62 85-RB Pin 111.61

Distance from L.B. Pin(i)

(feet)

0-LB Pin 119.1 0 118.: 5 I18.(

10 117.( 15 117.-: 18.2 II5.(

0-LB Pin 132.( 0 132.1 5 130.;

10 128.S 15 127.7 15.5 126.7

0-LB Pin 143.4 0 142.8 5 141.6

10 I40.C 15 138.8 20 138.8

0-LB Pin 153.6 0 152.9 5 151.3

10 150.9 13.5 150.6 15 149.7

0-LB Pin 166.7 0 166.0 5 164.2 8.5 161.8

10 161.5

(') Distance from left bank reference pin toward right bank reference pin. (*) Elevations are referenced to an arbitrary elevation of 100.00 feet on top of BM A.

IS

TABLE 3 {continued)

rvey of August 7, 1962

1 Distance from LB. Pin f1) Elevation (2)

Distance from L.B. Pin( ') Elevation (2)

Distance from L.B. Pin (') .

Distance from LB. Pin f1) Elevation (2)

Distance from L.B. Pin( ') Elevation (2)

Distance from L.B. Pin (') Elevation (2)

ce from (feet) (feet) (feet) (feet) (feet) (feet) Pin( ') Elevation ('-)

(feet) :et) Elevation ('-)

(feet)

0-LB Pin 119.10 Cross section at 9 00

33.8

86.92

0-LB Pin 119.10 20 116.60 33.8 117.10

86.92 0 118.26 25 115.69 35 117.13

86.92 5 118.03 25.8 115.61 40 116.84 78.00 10 117.69 27.3 114.73 45 116.97 87.03 15 117.45 28.1 114.72 50 117.44 86.89 18.2 115.69 30 115.22 50-RB Pin 118.20 86.96 86.85 Cross section at 12+00 86.92 0-LB Pin 132.66 20 123.72 30 128.10 86.92 0 132.16 20.6 123.23 35 128.88 86.88 5 130.57 22.9 123.13 40 129.94

?BPin 87.53 10 128.96 24 124.47 45 131.18 15 127.71 28.2 126.88 50 132.37 15.5 126.71 28.6 127.74 50-RB Pin 132.98

89.28 Cross section at 15 L 00 89.93 0-LB Pin 143.47 23.5 138.08 30 138.75 90.25 0 142.82 23.8 135.96 35 138.77 90.34 5 141.69 25 135.90 40 140.15 90.25 10 140.03 26 136.15 45 141.22 90.43 15 138.81 27.5 136.31 50 141.77

RfiPin 90.95 20 138.84 27.8 138.19 50-RB Pin 142.28

Cross section at 18+00 98.46 0-LB Pin 153.62 15.4 149.25 35 150.33 98.96 0 152.98 16.5 149.18 40 151.00

100.01 5 151.30 16.7 149.88 45 152.23 RfiPin 100.75 10 150.96 20 150.33 50.2 153.08

13.5 150.63 25 150.47 50.2-RB Pin 153.61

" 149.79 30 150.48

Cross section at 21 +00 ; 104.57 0-LB Pin 166.74 15 161.74 38 165.77 * 106.23 0 166.04 20 162.25 40 166.05

106.84 5 164.21 25 162.80 45 166.70 107.61 8.5 161.85 30 163.59 50 167.02 108.40 109.36 110.71

. 161.54 35 164.75 50-RB Pin 167.58 108.40 109.36 110.71 !

KflPin 111.61

! : pin. n top ol BM A. !

19

TABLK 3 (continued)

Distance from L.B. Pin (!)

(feet) Elevation (2)

(feet)

Distance from L.B. Pin(')

(feet) Elevation (2)

(feet)

Distance from L.B. Pin (!)

(feet) Elevation (

(feet)

Cross section at 24 00 0-LB Pin 178.48 17 173.13 40 177.75 0 178.06 20.2 173.03 45 178.02 5 175.83 23.6 174.96 50 177.99 8 MAM 25 175.23 50-RB Pin 178.71

10 174.38 30 176.17 14 173.38 35 177.22

Cross section at 27-1-00 0-LB Pin 192.72 15.5 184.95 40 192.39 0 191.97 16.5 186.14 45 192.71 5 190.35 20 187.45 50 192.89

10 187.89 25 188.98 50-RB Pin 193.32 13.1 186.16 30 190.53 14.2 184.89 35 191.83

Cross section at 30 00 Q-LB Pin 204.14 17.8 198.20 35 202.90 0 203.38 21 198.45 40 203.92 5 204.50 23 200.21 45 204.79

10 201.74 25 200.78 50 205.24 15.5 200.72 30 201.83 50-RB Pin 206.54

Cross section at 3 3 + 0 0 0-LB Pin 220.83 35 218.84 75 219.41 0 220.39 40 218.60 80 219.67 5 220.03 45 218.48 85 219.68

10 219.78 50 218.25 90 219.68 15 219.51 55 218.71 95 219.68 20 219.17 60 218.99 100 219.63 25 218.91 65 219.26 100-RBPin 220.68 30 218.55 70 219.79

Cross section BM-A to BM-B

Distance from L.B. Pin(')

(feet)

0-BM A 100.00 60 94.78 100 96.64 0 99.66 65 94.50 105 97.84 5 99.51 70 94.55 110 98.88

10 99.20 75 94.53 115 100.16 15 98.75 77 94.07 120 101.70 20 98.16 78 93.33 125 103.37 25 97.46 79.3 91.70 130 104.37 30 96.45 80 91.74 135 105.31 35 95.86 82 91.86 140 105.84 40 95.24 82.2 92.41 142 105.71 45 94.82 85 93.23 \42-BMB 107.54 50 94.58 90 94.56 55 94.67 95 95.46

0-BM E 1 0 1 5 1

10 1 12 1 14 1 16 1 16.7 1 17 1 18 1 19.5 1 20 1 22 1 24 1

0-BMC 1 0 1 5 1

10 1 15 1 20 1 25 1 30 1 35 1 40 I 45 1 50 1 55 1 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

100 105

LEOPOLD L.B. 1962, Tl —, 1962, The Vigil Net MILLER J .P. , and l.i.Di

channels a nd hill sk and World M eteo

T A B L E 3 (continued)

Elevation (J) (feet)

177.75 178.02 177.99 178.71

192.39 192.71 192.89 193.32

202.90 203.92 204.79 205.24 206.54

219.41 219.67 219.68 219.68 219.68 219.63 220.68

96.64 97.84 98.88 100.16 101.70 103.37 104.37 105.31 105.84 105.71

BMB 107.54

Distance from L.B. Pin(')

(feet)

0-BM E 0 5

10 12 14 16 16.7 17 18 19.5 20 22 24

Elevation (-) (feet)

Distance from L.B. Pin(')

(feet) Elevation ("-)

(feet)

Distance from L.B. Pin ( ' )

(feet) Elevation ("-)

(feet)

Cross section BM-E t o BM-D

115.46 24.2 114.82 26 113.91 28 112.53 30 111.71 35 110.45 40 109.36 45 108.73 50 107.78 55 107.23 60 107.39 65 107.79 70 108.51 75 109.66 80

Cross section BM C t o BM B

110.09 85 110.45 90 110.84 95 111.17 100 111.54 105 111.40 110 111.52 112 111.77 114 112.30 116 111.78 118 111.09 120 110.37 120- BMD 110.05 110.66

111.13 111.38 112.08 113.40 114.58 116.22 116.98 117.63 117.97 118.44 118.85 119.16

0-BM C 110.83 110 100.90 190 95.91 0 110.45 115 100.62 195 96.30 5 110.03 120 100.35 200 96.57 10 109.28 125 100.11 205 97.37 15 108.44 130 99.83 210 98.20 20 107.52 135 99.26 215 98.98 25 106,64 140 98.88 220 99.29 30 105.45 145 98.50 225 99.80 35 104.69 150 98.27 230 100.70 40 104.76 155 98.12 235 101.79 45 104.24 160 97.66 240 102.83 50 104.02 165 97.24 245 103.52 55 103.96 168 97.23 250 103.92 60 103.81 170 96.54 255 104.45 65 103.71 174 95.89 260 105.03 70 103.35 174.5 96.72 265 105.31 75 102.97 177.5 96.73 270 105.61 80 102.68 178.5 95.77 275 105.81 85 102.56 180 95.38 280 105.79 90 102.03 181.7 94.75 282 105.66 95 101.77 185 94.95 2X2-BM B 107.54 100 101.51 186.2 94.97 105 101.18 187.5 95.49

REFERENCES JPOLD, L.B., 1962, The man and the hill : U.S. Geological Surrey Circular 460 A, 5 pp.

1962, The Vigil Network : Bull. Intern. Assoc. Scient. Hydrology, VII Ann., no. 2, pp. 5-9. LLER J. P., and LEOPOLD, L.B., 1963, Simple Measurements of morphological chances in river

channels and hill slopes; in Changes of Climate, Proc. of Rome Symposium organized by UNESCO anil World Meteor. Organiz., UNESCO, pp. 421-427.

21