Parts of Speech Sentence Phrase Clause

Parts of Speech ( )

"" ( word ) (phrase) ( sentence ) 8 ( grammar ) "" ( parts of speech )

Noun ()Pronoun ()Verb () Adverb ()

Adjective ()Preposition () Conjunction () Interjection ()

1. Noun ( )

: man father lady: dog cat bird : city table month

: John Mary: Lassie Lucifer : Bangkok January

2. Pronoun ( )

I, we, you, he, she, it someone, something

Mai is a beautiful woman. Mai is a popular singer.= Mai is a beautiful woman. She is a popular singer. Something is missing.

3. Verb ( )

( action ) ( being ) ( state of being ) fly, is, am, seem, look.

Birds fly. Danny is a boy. He looks good.

4. Adjectives ( )

noun pronoun new, ugly, ill, happy, afraid, careless.

He bought a new car. .( new car noun )They are ugly. ( ugly they pronoun )

5. Adverb ( )

verb adjective adverb hard, fast, very

He works hard. (hard works verb)He is very rich. ( very rich adjective )He works very hard. ( very hard adverb )

6. Preposition ( )

noun pronoun on, at, in, from, within

I will see you on Monday. She was waiting at the restaurant. There is a cockroach in my room. We must finish the project within a year. 1

7. Conjunction ( )

and, but, therefore, beside, either..or

John is rich and handsome .Either you or she has to do this job.

8. Interjection ( )

Oh God! , WOW, Hurrah

word

parts of speech

example

work

noun

My work is easy.

verb

I work in Bangkok.

but

conjunction

John came but Mary didn't come.

preposition

Everyone came but Mary.

well

adjective

Are you well? ?

adverb

She speaks well.

interjection

Well ! That expensive. !

afternoon

noun

We ate in the afternoon.

noun adjective

We had afternoon tea.

Parts of Speech

verb

Stop!

noun

verb

John

works.

noun

verb

verb

John

is

working.

pronoun

verb

noun

She

loves

animals.

noun

verb

adjective

noun

Animals

like

kind

people.

noun

verb

noun

adverb

Tara

speaks

English

well.

noun

verb

adjective

noun

Tara

speaks

good

English.

pronoun

verb

preposition

adjective

noun

adverb

She

ran

to

the

station

quickly.

pron.

verb

adj.

noun

conjunction

pron.

verb

pron.

She

likes

big

snakes

but

I

hate

them.

Parts of Speech

interjection

pron.

conj.

adj.

noun

verb

prep.

noun

adverb

Well,

she

and

young

John

walk

to

school

slowly.

Sentence ( )

Sentence 2 subject ( ) predicate ( )

subject

predicate

He

lives in Bangkok.

None of the students

knew the answer.

Phrase ( )

subject predicate

In case of emergency, push the button. (In case of emergency )The woman sitting in the chair is my mother. (sitting in the chair )

Clause ( )

subject predicate ( sentence ) clause 1 2 clause

clause 1

clause 2

Jack did not come to work

because he had a bad cold.

Adjective ( Position )

Adjective ( ) ( word ) ( phrase ) ( sentence ) good, bad, new, hot, my, this 2

( attributive use )

She is a beautiful girl. ( beautiful girl)These are small envelopes. ( small envelopes)

( predicative use ) verb to be adjective noun pronoun verb to be

The girl is beautiful. ( beautiful verb to be girl the girl These envelopes are small. ( small verb to be envelopes ,these envelopes )She has been sick all week. ( sick verb to be she )( You) Be careful. ( ) ( careful verb to be you ) That cat is fat and white. ( That fat white cat

1. verb to be linking verb* predicate adjective

alike

afraid

asleep

alone

awake

alive

aware

ashamed

afloat

unable

content

worth

ill

well

These two women look alike. 2 ( look linking verb, alike predicative adj.)The boy is asleep. ( attributive adj. The sleeping boy. ) The sky is aglow. attributive adj. The glowing sky.

* linking verb ( Subject) verb to be appear, become, feel, get, grow,keep, look, go, remain, seem, smell, sound, taste, turn.

2. ( verb to be )

former

latter

inner

outer

actual

neighboring

elder

drunken

entire

shrunken

especial

wooden

middle

A wooden heart. ( A heart is wooden )

3.

We considered his report unsatisfactory. (unsatisfactory his report )

4. ( measurement)

My uncle is sixty years old. 60 ( My uncle is old sixty years.)This road is fifty feet wide. 50 ( This road is wide fifty feet.)

5. and

The building, old and unpainted, was finally demolished. ( ) The old and unpainted building was finally demolished. ( )He bought a new, powerful and expensive car . He bought a car, new, powerful and expensive.

6. ( pronoun )

someone

anyone

no one

everyone

somebody

anybody

nobody

everything

something

anything

nothing

everybody

She wanted to marry someone rich and smart. I'll tell you something important.

7. ( prepositional phrase )

Thailand is a country famous for its food and fruits. (famous famous for food and fruits country)She is the woman suitable for the position. (suitable suitable for the position. woman )

8.

He is and old friend. My friend is old.

The teacher was present. The present teacher.

Harry was late. The late Harry.

9. ( phrase) ( clause )

The woman sitting in the chair is my mother . ( sitting in the chair the woman)The man who came to see me this morning is my uncle. ( who came to see me this morning the man )

I like the picture on the wall which was painted by my friend. ( on the wall the picture) ( which was painted by my friend the picture ) There is only one solution possible. (possible solution ) There are some tickets available. ( available tickets)

10.

Alexander the GreatWilliam the Conqueror

11. article a an a good man a an half, such, quite, rather many

John is such a good man. ( a good man )This is rather a valuable picture ( a valuable picture )

12. adjective

ArticleDemonstrativePossessiveIndefiniteAdjective

A

beautiful

old

Italian

touring

car.

An

expensive

antique

silver

mirror.

The

four

gorgeous

long-stemmed

red

roses.

Her

short

black

hair.

Our

two

big

old

English

sheep-dogs.

Some

delicious

Thai

food.

Many

modern

small

brick

houses.

Adjectives ( ) Types ()

8

1. Proper adjective

5. Demonstrative adjective

2. Descriptive adjective

6. Distributive adjective

3. Quantitative adjective

7. Possessive adjective

4. Numeral adjective

8. Interrogative adjective

1. Proper adjective ( )

Proper noun

Proper noun

Proper Adjective

China =

Chinese =,

France =

French =,

Italy =

Italian =,

We learn the French literature every Monday. I like Chinese food.

Proper adjective

1.1 Proper adjective - ese

Proper noun

proper adjective

proper noun

proper adjective

Burma

Burmese

Lebanon

Lebanese

Bhutan

Bhutanese

Nepal

Nepalese

China

Chinese

Portugal

Portuguese

Congo

Congolese

Taiwan

Taiwanese

Japan

Japanese

Vietnam

Vietnamese

1.2 Proper adjective -an

Proper noun

properadjective

propernoun

proper adjective

Algeria

Algerian

Libya

Libyan

Angola

Angolan

Malaysia

Malaysian

Argentina

Argentinean Argentinian

Mexico

Mexican

Australia

Australian

Morocco

Moroccan

Belgium

Belgian

Mozambique

Mozambican

Brazil

Brazilian

Nicaragua

Nicaraguan

Canada

Canadian

Niger

Nigerian

Cuba

Cuban

Norway

Norwegian

Egypt

Egyptian

Panama

Panamanian

Fiji

Fijian

Paraguay

Paraguayan

Germany

German

Peru

Peruvian

Ghana

Ghanaian

Rhodesia

Rhodesian

Haiti

Haitian

Romania

Romanian

Honduras

Honduran

Russia

Russian

Indonesia

Indonesian

Singapore

Singaporean

Iran

Iranian

Syria

Syrian

Italy

Italian

Tahiti

Tahitian

Jordan

Jordanian

Tibet

Tibetan

Laos

Laotian

Zaire

Zairean,Zairian

1.3 Proper adjective i

Proper noun

proper adjective

proper noun

proper adjective

Bahrain

Bahraini

Oman

Omani

Iraq

Iraqi

Pakistan

Pakistani

Israel

Israeli

Yemen

Yemeni

Kuwait

Kuwaiti

1.4

Proper noun

proper adjective

proper noun

proper adjective

Thailand

Thai

Malaya

Malay

Greece

Greek

Sri Lanka

Ceylonese

Afghanistan

Afghan

1.5

Proper Noun

Proper adjective

person

Botswana

Setswana ()

Motswana ( )Batswana( )

Cyprus

Cyprian

Cypriot

Czechoslovakia

Czech

Czechoslovakian

Denmark

Danish

Dane

Finland

Finnish

Finn

Holland ( The Netherlands)

Dutch

Hollander

Iceland

Icelandic

Icelander

Ireland

Irish

Irishman

Luxemburg

Luxemburg

Luxemburger

Mongolia

Mongolian

Mongol

New Zealand

New Zealand

New Zealander

The Philippines

Philippine

Filipina ( )Filipino ( )

Poland

Polish

Somalia

Somalian

Somali

Spain

Spanish

Spaniard

Sweden

Swedish

Swede

Turkey

Turkish

Turk

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavian

Yugoslav

2. Descriptive Adjective ( )

large

fat

big

huge

heavy

light

thin

small

cheap

expensive

brave

coward

white

dark

tall

handsome

a dark, tall and handsome man, an expensive car

3. Quantitative Adjective ( )

(uncountable noun )

much

any

half

enough

little

all

whole

some

great

sufficient

We needed some money. He showed great patience.

4. Numeral Adjective

( countable noun ) ( order ) 2

1. ( Definite Numeral ) 3

(1) ( Cardinal) one, two, three, four ..

(2) ( Ordinal ) first, second, third.

(3) ( Multiplicative ) single, double, triple

2. ( Indefinite Numeral )

many

no

few

some

several

any

all

enough

5. Demonstrative Adjective

2

1. Definite Demonstrative

the

this

these

that

those

such

the same

the other

2. Indefinite Demonstrative

a

one

such

any other

an

a certain

some

other

any

certain

another

6. Distributive Adjective

each

2

every

2

either

2

neither

2

7. Possessive Adjective

my , your, his , her, its, their our

8. Interrogative Adjective

what which whose

( pronoun )

Pronoun

Adjective

What did you see ?

What book did you read?

Adjectives Formation ( )

1. Suffix

education

educational

gold

golden

fool

foolish

care

careless

friend

friendly

danger

dangerous

trouble

troublesome

dust

dusty

2. ( Verb) suffix

talk

talkative

sleep

sleepy

differ

different

accept

acceptable

wash

washable

Adjectives ( Comparison of Adjectives )

( Comparison of Adjectives ) 3

( Positive Degree ) long, short, small , big , fast, slow

( Comparative Degree ) 2 longer, shorter, smaller, bigger , faster, slower

( Superlative Degree ) 3 longest, shortest, smallest, biggest

1. ( Positive Degree )

as+ ( positive degree) + as

This pencil is as long as that one.

as + much many + + as

I have as much money as you. I have as many books as you.

the same + + as

Malee is the same age as as Malee and Ladda are the same age.

Verb to be + like verb to be + alike

She is like her father. Your car and mine are alike.

verb to be + similar to +

Your bag is similar to mine.

not so + + as not as + + as

This road is not so long as that one. This road is not as long as that one.

not as + much/many + + as I dont have so much money as you . I dont have as much money as you.

2. ( Comparative Degree )

+ than

This road is longer than that one. You are taller than me. You are taller than I am.

less + positive degree + than

Malee is less careful than Somchai. It is less hot today than it was yesterday.

( noun )

fewer + + than = less + + than = more + , + than =

There are fewer students in this room than in that room. I spent less money than you. There are more students in this room than in that room. My mother have more money than my father.

than conjunction ( pronoun ) than verb

She eats less than I do.

than 2 ( clause) She eats less main clauseI do subordinate clause I 2 verb do than I do adverbial clause of comparison

than preposition pronoun than object verb

She eats less than me.

than preposition pronounthan ( object ) me verb

3. ( Superlative Degree ) the + +

What is the longest river in the world? My eldest son is 16 years old. 16 Jane is my best friend. ( possessive adjective the )

Adjectives ( articles -a/an )

Articles Articles ( Countable Nouns ) ( Uncountable Nouns ) ( Non-native speakers of English ) ( English as a Foreign Language )

article

a an

article

the

Articles 2

Indefinite Article a an ( Countable Nouns ) ( Singular )

Definite Article the ( Countable Nouns ) ( Uncountable Nouns ) Singular ) ( Plural )

Indefinite Article : a, an

1. a a woman, a dog, a dentist, a newspaper, a city , a book , a shop

He is reading a newspaper.

2. an an orange, an umbrella, an hour, an article

It's raining.You will need an umbrella . .

a a uniform, a university, a European, a eucalyptus ( ), a utensil, a union, a useful, a unit

- a a sweet orange, a big umbrella- an an old city, an ugly woman

adjective an - an hour, an heir, an honor- an important person

3. a, an

There is a shop on the corner. 1 ( a )

4. a, an

A cow is an animal. = Cows are animals. An owl can see in the dark.

5. a, an 1 ( per )

She runs three miles a day. 10 ( )I go to the cinema about once a month.

6. a, an

He is an Einstein. He is a Soontorn Poo of our school. ( ) the a He is the Soontorn Poo of our school. ( ) He is the Khun Phaen of our family. ( )

7. a, an

What a pity !What a shame ! !

8. a, an

My father is a teacher. Robert is an American. John is a Catholic.

9. a, an

a dozen of eggs.

1

a gross of pens

12

a lot of people

a number of friends

10. a, an have + a+

have a headache ( )

have a pain in the chest ( )

have a stomachache ( )

have a cold ( )

have a toothache ( a ) ( )

have a fever ( )

a, an

rheumatism( )

diabetes ( )

influenza ( )

cancer ( )

He had an itch in the middle of his back .He had a pain in the neck. She is suffering from rheumatism.

11. a,an such, quite, rather, many

We didn't expect such a hot day. He is quite a good boy. It was rather a short trip. Many a place in Thailand impressed them.

12. a, an

so + adjective+a + ( such a+ ) We didn't expect so great a crowd. .

too + adjective + a + This is too hard a job for him.

however + adjective + a + However nice a girl she is, he never like her.

as + adjective + a + + asShe is as good a student as you are.

13. a,an

all of a sudden

in a hurry/rush

as a matter of fact

in a good/bad mood

/

as a rule

keep an eye on

do a favor

make a decision

earn a living

make a living

give an idea

make a mistake

go for a walk

make a noise

go for a ride

make a speech

have a good time

make a wish

have a hair cut

make a fool of

it's a shame

make a request

it's a pity that

,

tell a lie, tell lies

take a trip

take a look at

take a picture

keep a secret

take a seat

in a position to

with a view to

on a large scale

on an/the average

make a remark

a couple of

play a joke on

a/an one

a/an ( singular ) one

We'll be in Australia for one ( or a ) year. 1 She scored one ( or a ) hundred and eighty points. 168

one

/ 1 2,3,4......

Do you want one sandwich or two? 1 2 Are you staying just one night ?

one one ...other / another

Close one eye, and then the other. Bees carry pollen from one plant to another.

Adjectives (Articles - the )

The article

The in, at, on preposition , ( phrase ) , ( clause )

Tom sat down on a chair. ( ) Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door. ( )

Ann is looking for a job. ( ) Did Ann get the job she applied for? ()

The man who wrote this book is famous. ( )

The

Have you got a car ? ( a )I cleaned the car yesterday. . ( the )

The house needs to be painted. ( the house )

I would like a glass of water, please, John said. I put the glass of water on the counter already Jane said

( modifier ) article article

I would like a big glass of water, please, ( big a ( article ) glass ( ) I put a big glass of water on the counter already a

The

I saw a funny-looking dog yesterday. When it saw my cat, the dog ran away. ( a the dog I went to a movie last night. The movie was very good.

The ( class ) ( abstract ) The tiger is a dangerous animal . ( )

A tiger is a dangerous animal ( ) Tigers are dangerous animals.( )

The computer is an important research tool. A computer is an important research tool.

a The computer has revolutionized publishing. . ( A computer has revolutionized publishing )

The bicycle is an excellent means of transport. ( The bicycle )

The giraffe is the tallest of all animal . . ( )

We saw a giraffe at the zoo.

The golden retriever is a marvelous pet for children. ( )

The dollar is the currency (= money) of the United State.

When was the telephone invented.

Do you often listen to the radio? television the I often watch television Can you turn off the television, please? the television the television set

I often go to the cinema but havent been to the theater for ages. ( )

There isnt a cinema in this town. ( ) I like the screen more than the stage. ()

: the man Man has invented many things. the manThe dolphin may be as intelligent as man. the man the dolphin

the guitar , the piano, the violin Can you play the guitar.The piano is my favorite instrument.Who is playing the violin.

Id like to have a guitar.

the ( ) ( ) the young , the elderly, the poor,the rich, the homeless, the disabled the dead , the sick. the injured, the blind

Do you think the rich should pay more taxes to help the poor?

The homeless need more help from the government. ( )

The injured were taken to the hospital last night.

the ch, s,sh, z -ese the French, the Irish, the English, the Dutch, the Chinese, the Japanese

The French are famous for their food. The Irish are known as poets and song writers.

A French man, an English woman -ese the Chinese , the Japanese a Chinese , a Japanese.The Chinese are very hard-working.

s the ( ) Argentineans like to eat beef. Canadians have a tradition of playing hockey.

article English is spoken here. I am learning Chinese.

the He can speak the English language.

the Superlative Degree She is the prettiest girl in town. That was the most important news of the day. This hotel was the cheapest I could find.

most ( very , extremely ) a article He was a most peculiar looking man. = very peculiar-looking ( a ) It was most expensive wine. = extremely expensive ( article )

the the first , the last , the second Jane is the second child of her family.

* the He lives on Fifth Avenue. * the Who want to speak first?

the ( Comparative Degree ) 2 the 2 the + ., + the + .

The more you have, the more you want. The farther we went, the lonelier we felt. ()

The the moon, the sun, the earth, the universe, the ground, the sky, the windthe sea, the weather, the climate, the atmosphere, the environmentthe public, the future, the past, the country

* a the - She could hear the wind blowing outside. ( ) a - There is a cold wind blowing from the north. ( ) the - What are your plans for the future? a - She dreamt of a future where she can spend more time traveling.

*Space article There are millions of stars in space. the I tried to park my car but the space was too small.

the the Priminister- , the President - (), the King , the Queen ( the King and Queen the King and the Queen ) the president- ( - ) the principal ( )

the President George W. Bush , Priminister Taksin Shinawat

the the north , the east, the left, the right You must turn to the right at the corner. He is going to the south and I am going to the north.

the The climate is drier in the North-east . ( )

1. the southern , northern Sweden is in northern Europe, Spain is in the south . ( northern the south ) 2. ( adverb ) theYou must turn right at the corner. ( right turn ) He is going south and I am going north ( south north going )

the appositive preposition phrase Bangkok , the capital of Thailand, is a populous city. ( capital of Thailand prepositional phrase,the capital of Thailand appositive Bangkok)Mr.Somchai, the president of our club , was known for his inspirational speeches. (of our club prepositional phrase, the president of our club appositive )

the The Robinsons go to church every Sunday. The James are really nice people.

the ( phrase ) the in the summer the the dry season, the rainy season, the hot season

: the beginning , the middle, the end: the past , the present , the future: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening at noon, at night, at midday, at midnight the

The the hair , the head, the neck, the leg

the by We sell cloth by the yard .We sell fruit by the kilo.

the ( proper noun)* : the Chow Praya (River ) , the Nile, the Thames, the Mississippi: the Pacific ( Ocean ), the Atlantic ( Ocean ), the Indian Ocean, : the Mediterranean (Sea) , the Dead Sea, the China Sea, the Red Sea : the Gulf of Thailand , the Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf : The Suez ( Canal ), the Panama ( Canal ): the English Channel, the Straight of Malacca, the Straight of Gibraltar : the Indo-China Peninsula, the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Iberian Peninsula: the Sahara ( Desert ) , the Gobi (Desert) : the Cape of Good Hope ( of the Cape Canaveral ): the Black Forest ,the Redwood Forest, the Amazon Forest.

* a : the Equator, the North Pole, the South Pole, the Middle East, the Great Barrier Reef

the the

the +

the +

the West Indies, the Philippines, the Canary Islands, the Bahamas,

Easter Island, Key West ,Ceylon , Sumatra

the Himalayas, the Alps, the Rockies ( the Rocky Mountains ), the Andes

Mount Everest ,Mount Fuji, Mount Etna

the Great Lakes

the Finger Lakes ( )Lake Michigan, Lake Huron , Lake Superior

the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United States of America

Japan, Italy, Mexico, Canada Germany, Thailand, England Kingdom, Republic the The Kingdom of ThailandThe United Arab RepublicThe united KingdomThe Dominican RepublicThe Czech Republic

the

:

the British Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the Louvre

:

the National Library of Medicine , the Library of Congress, the British Library ,the John F. Kennedy Library. The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library

:

the Erawan Hotel, the Hilton Hotel

/

the Scala theater, the National Theater,

:

the Ban Thai Restaurant

the European Union, the BBC ( the British Broadcasting Corporation ),

the Siam Commercial Bank, the Bangkok Bank , the Rockefeller Foundation,

the Football Association of Thailand, the Bangkok Rotary Club , the Army, the Navy

the Bangkok Post, the Thai Rath, the Washington Post,

the Eiffel Tower, the Taj Mahal, the Victory Monument, the White House, >

>

the Empire State Building, the Vatican

the Civil War, the Vietnam War, the French Revolution, the Renaissance,

/ :

the Fourth of July ( )

:

the Bible, the Tripitaka ( )

.of.. the the Bank of Thailand, the Tower of London, the House of Parliament, the Great Wall of China,the University of London ( London University the ), the Statue of Liberty

Adjectives(article) article

article the a/an

article 1. ( phrase ) ( clause )

( countable noun, plural )

Flowers really brighten up the room.

Tigers are dangerous animals.

( uncountable noun )

Anger is a destructive emotion. ( the anger )Experience is the best teacher. ( the experience ) The price of oil has stabilized recently.

2. ( subjects ) mathematics, physics, biology ,history, computer science

My daughter is good at mathematics. the I think the physics subject is difficult.

3. ( sports ) ( games ) volleyball, hockey. football, tennis,swimming

Let's play football.

4. (languages ) ( nationalities ) ( adjective) French, English, Chinese

French is spoken in Tahiti. He is Chinese. ( )( He is a Chinese. )

5. ( meals ) breakfast, lunch , dinner

Breakfast is the first meal of the day.

6. ( names ) John ,Nelson MandelaDr. Watson, Ladda , Prince Charles, President Nixon, Aunt Elizabeth, Uncle George. ( the Pope ...of the Queen of England )

The name of Nelson Mandela is known all over the world.

7. preposition by by bus , by train ,by bicycle , by taxi

I like to travel by train.

8. Buddhism, Christianity, Communism, Socialism

Buddhism is a religion to about 300 million people around the world. 300

9. Christmas, Songkran Festival

He had been rushing home from a meeting in Washington to be with his family on Christmas.

10. on Monday , on Friday, in January, in November next / last +period of time next week, next month , last year

Please come back again on Monday.Im going on vacation next week.I was born in 1960.

11.

Asia , Europe, Africa ( of.. the the Continent of Asia ); Mount Everest, Mount Eden , Doi Sutep

Laddas going to Doi Sutep next month.

France, Japan , Thailand , Malaysia, India

France is next to Switzerland.

Bangkok, Tokyo, Washington , London, Texas , Louisiana, Queensland

Queensland is in Australia.

Horwang School, Chulalongkorn University, Stanford University

My husband is an Associate Professor at Chulalongkorn University.

Exeter Cathedral, Buckingham Palace

Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the Queen .

Don Muang Airport, OHare International Airport , Hua Lum Pong Station,

O'Hare International Airport is located 20 miles northwest of downtown Chicago.

Central Park, Hyde Park, Lumpini Park, Dusit Zoo.

How Big is Central Park? The answer is 843 Acres.

Sukhumvit Road,Wall Street , Siam Square, Times Square, Piccadilly Circus

Times Square New Year's Eve celebration was first held in 1904.

Boots ( ) Smiths ( )

Can you go to Boots for me ?

12. the the school, hospital, bed, church, prison, hospital, university

My daughter goes to school at 06:00 am every day. 6 ( )I go to the school sometimes to meet her teachers. ( )

Kens brother is in prison for robbery. Ken went to the prison to visit his brother.

Jack had an accident last week. He was taken to hospital. ( )Jill has gone to the hospital to visit Jack. ( )

work home articles

Ann didnt go to work yesterday.What time do you usually finish work? Its late. Lets go home. Will you be at home tomorrow afternoon?.

13. articles

: MAN KILLED ON MOUNTAIN : SUPER CINEMA, RITZ HOTEL: Open packet at other end ( ) :

- take car to garage

- buy groceries

- pay phone bill

: J. think company needs new office

Adjectives - Determiners

Determiners adjectives common nouns deteminers pronouns determiners pronoun

Determiner

Pronoun

Articles ( ) a/an, the

Possesives ( ) my ,your, his, her, its, our, their, the man's, Jim's

mine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

Demonstrative ( ) this, that, these, those

this, that, these, those

Quantifiers ( ) all, enough, some, any, much, many, several, more,most, less, a lot of, a great/good deal of,a bit of, each, every, no, either, neither, few, little,

all,enough, each, some, any, none

Numeral ( ) one, two, three

one, two, three

Possesive Adjective : This is my book. Possessive Pronoun: This book is mine.

Demonstative Adjective : Those film digitizers are very expensive. ( ( file ))Demonstrative Pronoun: Those are called film digitizers.

determiners ( countable Nouns ) ( uncountable nouns ) ( singular ) ( plural )

Determiners

countable nouns

uncountable nouns( singular )

singular nouns

plural nouns

article

-

books

milk

Indefinite article ( a/an )

a book

-

-

Definite article

the book

the books

the milk

Possessive

my/your book

my/your books

my/your milk

Demonstrative

this bookthat book

these booksthose books

this milkthat milk

Quantifier

every/each book------either/neither bookany bookno bookone book

-all ( the ) books many bookssome books( a ) few booksenough booksseveral booksboth booksany booksno bookstwo/three books

-all ( the ) milkmuch milksome milk( a ) little milkenough milk--any milkno milk-

Quantifiers

quantifiers 4

1. all, both, each,every 2. many, much, a lot of , lots of , plenty of , a great/good deal of3. : some : a few,few, several, a little,litle, a bit of,less4. : any,either,neither, no

Adverbs ( )Types ( )

Adverb ( )

1. Verb () He works hard every day. ( hard adverb work )

2. Adjective ( ) It is surprisingly hot today. ( surprisingly adverb hot )

3. The train travels very quickly.( very adverb quickly adverb )

4. Pronoun () What else I can say? ( else adverb what )

5. They lived nearly on the top of the hill. ( nearly adverb on the top of the hill )

6. However, I was successful in the examination ( however adverb )

7. I go to Huahin almost every week. ( almost adverb every )

8. Preposition () I hit him right on his nose . ( right " " adverb preposition "on")

9. Conjunction ( ) He didn't stop working even though he was very tired. ( even = adverb though

adverbs

Adverb adjective adverb 1.Adverbs of Degree

Adverb verb 2. Adverbs of Time3. Adverbs of Manner 4. Adverbs of Place5. Conjunctive Adverbs 6. Interrogative Adverbs 7. Relative Adverbs 8. Viewpoint and Commenting Adverbs 9. Adverbs phrases and clauses of purpose10. Adverbs of Certainty

1. Adverbs of Degree adjective adverb

absolutely

certainly

definitely,

probably

entirely

obviously

very

almost

nearly

quite

just

too

enough

hardly

completely

very

extremely

exactly

scarcely

so

much

quite

perhaps

probably

rather

fairly

only

slightly

Adverbs of Degree adjective adverb main verb ( auxiliary verb ) main verb

The water was extremely cold. ( adjective - cold)I am too tired to go out tonight. ( adjective - tired)Please do not speak too fast. ( adverb - fast )He hardly noticed what she was saying. ( main verb - noticed )She had almost finished her breakfast when I came in. ( - had main verb - finished )

2. Adverbs of Time adverb (when ) ( for how long ) ( how often )

When : today, yesterday, later,now, last year, after,soon, before, sometime (, ), immediately, recently,early

For how long : all day, not long, for a while, since last year,temporarily,briefly, from......to, till, until ( Adverbs of Duration )

How often : sometimes ( ), frequently, never, often, always, monthly ( Adverbs of Frequency )

Adverbs of time

Adverb ( When ) I 'm going to tidy my room tomorrow. You have to get back before dark. Everyone arrived early. It is time to leave now. Today I will go to the library. Now it is time to leave.

Adverb of time now, once, then It is now time to leave.

Adverb ( for how long ) I lived in Australia for a year. 1 My daughter went out with her friends all day. John will be here from tomorrow till next week.

Adverb ( how often ) ( main verb ) ( auxiliary verbs ) be, have, may, mustI often eat vegetarian food. He never drinks milk. You must always fasten your seat belt. ( )

Adverb This magazine is published monthly. He visits his mother once a week. ()

Adverbs frequently,generally, normally, occasionally,often, regularly, sometimes, usually She regularly visits France. She visits France regularly.We occasionally go to the cinema. We go to the cinema occasionally.

sometime ( ,) adverb ( When )sometimes ( ) adverb ( how often ) I would like to read that book sometime. I sometimes see him in the park.

3. Adverbs of Manner adverb ( How ) adverb -ly

actively

any how

aggressively

loudly

carefully

distinctly

easily

equally

fast

gladly

greedily

intentionally

quickly

promptly

simply

,

quietly

still

sincerely

together

suddenly

wisely

well

Adverbs of Manner

They walk slowly. ( slowly walk )Her eyes shine brightly. We waited patiently for the show to begin.

I can speak Japanese well. ( Japanese speak )She sings the song beautifully. ( song sing )

Adverb of Manner -ly I have carefully considered all of the possibilities. I hardly had any time to talk to him.

Adverbs of Manner Adverb Patiently, we waited for the show to begin.

How Adverbs of Manner How How quickly the time passes! How hard she works!

passive voice Adverb of Manner 3 The report was well written.

( formal English ) Adverb of Manner to infinitiveI wanted to carefully consider the situation. (informal) I wanted to consider the situation carefully. ( formal )

Adverb of Manner phrases clauses We arrived on foot. ( on foot phrase )We finished the work as quickly as we could. ( as quickly as we could clause )

As quickly as we could, we finished the work.

4. Adverb of Place adverb ( Where )

upstairs

downstairs

outside

inside

outdoors

indoors

here

there

somewhere

nowhere

everywhere

anywhere

elsewhere

home

southwards

backwards

Adverb of Place ( main verb ) ( object ) The students are walking home. ( )You 'll find these flowers everywhere. ( - flowers )The books are here. ( - are )Cat don't usually walk backwards.. (- walk )

towards preposition nouns pronouns Adverb of Place He walked towards the car. ( car noun )

Adverb of Place (preposition)

above

along

at,

across

after

about

around

away

by

below

before

back

behind

on

up

down

near

next

in

through

off

over

aside

under

He told me to stand up. ( up adverb of place stand )Jack climbed up the ladder. ( up preposition Jack )

5. Conjunctive Adverbs (independent clause )

accordingly

also

anyway

besides

certainly

consequently

further

furthermore

hence

however

incidentally

indeed

meanwhile

moreover

namely

nevertheless

next

nonetheless

similarly

still

then

thereafter

therefore

thus

finally

likewise

otherwise

finally

instead

now

undoubtedly

so

again

in fact

for example

on the contrary

Conjunctive Adverbs semi colon Conjunctive Adverbs comma so otherwise comma

Bill went to school; however, he didn't attend classes. The check was for more than the balance; consequently, it bounced. You will need to focus on the goal; otherwise it is easy to get distracted. ( comma otherwise )

Conjunctive Adverbs

We wanted to go on a picnic; however, the weather turned bad and we weren't able to go. We wanted to go on a picnic; the weather turned bad, however,and we weren't able to go.We wanted to go on a picnic. The weather turned bad and we weren't able to go, however. semi colon 2 2

semicolon Conjunctive Adverbs

6. Interrogative Adverbs why, where, how, when

Why are you so late? Where is my passport? How much is that coat? When does the train arrive?

how 4

1. ' ( in what way)?':How did you make this sauce? How do you start the car?

2. adjectives:How tall are you? How old is your house?

3. much many:How much are these tomatoes? How many people are coming to the party?

4. adverbs :How quickly can you read this? How often do you go to London?

7. Relative Adverbs relative clause when, where, why preposition + which

I remember the day when we first met . ( when = preposition on + which )That's the restaurant where we had dinner last night. ( where= preposition at/in + which)The reason why he refused is unconvincing. ( why= preposition for + which )

8. Viewpoint and Commenting Adverbs

honestly

seriously

confidentially

personally

surprisingly

ideally

economically

officially

obviously

clearly

Honestly, I think he is a liar. Personally, I'd rather go by train. You obviously enjoined your meal.

9. Adverbs phrases and clauses of purpose "Why"

I went to the store yesterday to buy some sugar. I will go to the library tomorrow to return the book.I need to buy a new shirt because my old one is worn out.

commaBecause it was such a beautiful day, I decided to go for a walk.

10. Adverbs of Certainty

certainly,definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely

He definitely left the house this morningHe has certainly forgotten the meetingHe will probably remember tomorrowUndoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.

undoubtedly conjunctive adverbs Adverb of Certainty

Adverbs (Formation )

Adverbs ( adjectives ) ( suffix ) -ly adverb nouns - ly

nouns

adverbs

day

daily

week

weekly

month

monthly

year

yearly

A. Adverb of Manner adjectives -lyAdverbs adjectives Adverbs of Manner - ly

1. - ly

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

bad

badly

complete

completely

normal

normally

surprising

surprisingly

2. Adjectives ic - al -ly

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

dramatic

dramatically

scientific

scientifically

specific

specifically

3. Adjectives le -le e y

Adjectives

Adverbs of Manner

favorable

favorably

humble

humbly

simple

simply

4. Adjective le le ly

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

agile

agilely

sole

solely

whole e ly

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

whole

wholly

5. Adjectives ll y

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

dull

dully

full

fully

6.Adjectives ue e ly

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

due

duly

true

truly

7. Adjectives y y y i ly

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

busy

busily

easy

easily

happy

happily

angry

angrily

adjectives shy sly ly

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

shy

shyly

sly

slyly

adjective gay y i ly

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

gay

gaily

adverbs ly adverbs of manner adverb ly. consequently subsequently conjunctive adverbs. Adverbs of Time ( frequency ) ly adjective

Adjective

Adverb of Frequency

frequent

frequently

rare

rarely

usual

usually

Adverbs ly

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

good

well

1. good well comparative better superlative best2. adverb well adjective ( healthy ). predicative adjective.

I hope you are well. ( predicative adjective you)He did well on the examination. ( adverb of manner did )

B. Adverbs of manner, location, time and frequency Adjective

Adjective

Adverb of Manner

fast fast train

fast run fast

hard hard worker

hard work hard

little

little

loud

loud or loudly

much

much

straight

straight

Adjective

Adverb of Location

far A man of far vision.

far He lives far up the mountain.

high

high

low

low

near

near

wide

wide

Adjective

Adverb of Time

long long journey

long live long

first

first

late

late

early

early

Adjective

Adverb of Frequency

daily daily newspaper

daily go to work daily. ( every day )

monthly

monthly

weekly

weekly

yearly

yearly

adjectives ly adverb

friendly likely lively lonely silly ugly

He behaved in a friendly manner. They acted in a silly way.

C. Adverbs ly

Adverb

Adverb

hard

( )

hardly

( scarcely )

high

""

highly

( very well )

late

early ( )

lately

( recently )

near

( far)

nearly

( almost)

wide

( narrow)

widely

( commonly)

I worked hard. I have hardly enough time to finish.

He threw the ball high into the air. He is highly successful in what he does.

The class began late. The weather has been cold lately.

I opened the door wide. That theory is widely believed.

d. adjectives adverbs adjective

1. Adjectives adverbs verbs

It has been a quiet afternoon. ( quiet adjective afternoon)The afternoon passed quietly. ( quietly adverb passed )

She is a good musician. ( good adjective musician )She plays the flute very well. () ( well adverb play )

2. Adjectives nouns adverbs adjectives

A large wooden building. . ( large adjective building )A largely wooden building.. ( largely adverb wooden )

Nouns ( )Types ( )

( Nouns ) 4

1 2 2 3 3 4 4 7

7 3 material nouns, concrete nouns mass nouns common nouns

2

3

4

7

Common NounsProper Nouns

Common Nouns Proper NounsAbstract Nouns

Common Nouns Proper NounsAbstract NounsCollective Nouns

1. Common Nouns 2. Proper Nouns3. Abstract Nouns4. Collective Nouns5. Material Nouns6. Concrete Nouns7. Mass Nouns

1.Common Noun ()

( person, animal, place, thing, idea ) proper nouns common nouns

boy, sign, table, hill, water, sugar, atom, elephant city, hill, road, stadium, school,company revolution, journey, meeting fear, hate, love year, minute, millennium

Common Nouns (Countable) ( Uncountable )Countable Nouns ( ) dog, man, coin , note, dollar, table, suitcase day, month, year, action, feelingUncountable Nouns ( ) Mass Nouns furniture, luggage, rice, sugar , water ,gold music, love, happiness, knowledge, advice , information

Common countable

Common uncountable

indefinite()

definite()

indefinite()

definite()

Singular

a cow

the cow

milk

the milk

plural

cows

the cows

-

-

Common Nouns ( Capital letter )

Ther are many children on the beach. Children love to swim.

2.Proper Nouns ( )

Common Noun (Person Name) Somsak , Tom, Daeng ( Place Name) Australia,Bangkok,Sukhumvit Road, Toyota (Time name ) Saturday, January, Christmas

Proper Nouns ( Capital letter )

Proper Nouns determiner the Jones ( )the United States, the Himalayas The White House, the Sahara ( ), the Pacific ( Ocean ), the Vatican, the Kremlin ( articles the )

common nouns proper nouns

Common Nouns

Proper Nouns

dog

Lassie ( )

boy

Jack ( )

car

Toyota ( )

month

January ( )

road

Sukhumvit ( )

university

Chulalongkorn ( )

ship

U.S.S. Enterprise ( )

country

Thailand ( )

3.Abstract Nouns

5 ( touch- , sight-, taste- , hearing- , smell- )

Abstract Nouns ( verb) , ( adjective) ( noun)

Abstract Nouns

Abstract Nouns

Abstract Nouns

decision - to decide

beauty - beautiful

infancy - infant

thought - to think

poverty - poor

childhood - child

Imagination - to imagine

vacancy - vacant

friendship - friend

speech - to speak

happiness - happy

growth - to grow

wisdom - wise

4.Collective Nouns

family , class, company, committee, cabinet, audience, board, group, jury, public, society, team, majority orchestra, party a flock of birds, a herd of cattle ,a fleet of ships

: The average British family has 3.6 members. ( ) 3.6 : The family are always fighting among themselves. ( )

: The committee has reached its decision. ( ): The committee have been arguing all morning over what they should do. ( 1 )

Collective noun people, police, cattle

of Collective noun + of + common noun

a flock of birds

a group of students

a flock of sheep

a pack of cards

a herd of cattle

a bunch of flowers

a fleet of ships

a kilo of pork

5.Concrete Nouns

5 ( touch- , sight-, taste- , hearing- , smell- ) book , chair, water, oil , ice cream abstract nouns.

6.Material Nouns

common nouns

: iron, gold, air, copper, : stone, cotton, brick, paper, cloth: water, coffee, wine, tea, milk : rice, bread, sugar, pork, fish, butter, fruit, salad

(quantity)

a bowl of rice two boxes of cerealfive bottles of beera cup of tea three bars of soap

two glasses of watera loaf of breada slice of pizzaa piece of paper a quart of milk

material nouns tea ( )

: I want some tea. ( I want a cup of tea. ) : I want some tea. I want a packet of tea. :I like their teas. I like their selection of teas. ( )

7,Mass nouns

( uncountable nouns abstract nouns ) sugar, iron , butter, beer, money, blood, furniture, vehicle, courage,gratitude, mercy , accuracy

a , an , the determiners some any Blood is thicker than water. ( uncountable )Depression often affects women immediately following the birth of their babies ( abstract nouns ) He dropped some money on the floor.

* mass nouns material nouns + concrete nouns abstract nouns nouns * furniture, luggage ,equipment, money furniture table, chair

7 water concrete nouns material nouns honesty mass nouns abstract nouns

Nouns

Proper nouns

John, London

Common nouns

Countable nouns

Concrete

chair,book,student

Collective nouns

two flocks of birds ,people

Uncountable Nouns

Concrete nouns

ice cream,oil,water

Mass Nouns

furniture,money,honesty

Material nouns

water,bread,oxygen,gold

Abstract nouns

honesty, friendship,honesty

articles ( Articles )

Common Nouns

Proper Nouns

Countable Nouns

Uncountable Nouns

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

article(John)

the(the Jones)

(definite )

the(the boy )

the(the boys)

the(the water )

-

(indefinite )

a/an(a tiger)

article( tiger)

article(water)

-

-

nounsCountable/Uncountable Nouns - /

1.Countable Nouns ( )

... ( ) dog, chair , tree, school, country, student, biscuit ( ) - day , month, year, weekend, journey : job, assignment

: dog,country,day,year: dogs,countries,days,years

determiners I want an orange. ( I want orange.) Where is the bottle? ( Where is bottle?) Do you want this book?

articles I like to feed the birds. ( articles )Cats are interesting pets. ( article )I want those books on the table. ( those determiners )

2.Uncountable Nouns ( )

( abstract nouns ) Concrete: water, milk, butter, furniture, luggage, iron,equipment,clothing,garbage, junkAbstract : anger, courage, satisfaction,happiness,knowledge: English,German,Spain : hockey, football, tennis: sociology, medicine, anthropology: swimming, eating : news, money,mail ,work,homework,gossip, education, weather, difficulty, information,feminism, optimism,machinery,information, research,traffic,scenery,breakfast, accomodation, advice, permission

articles I have bread and butter for breakfast every morning. ( )We cannot live without air and water. ( ) Information is often valuable.( )Sunlight and water are usually required for plants to grow. ( )My favorite breakfast is cereal with fruit, milk, orange juice, and toast.

Uncountable nouns verb Butter is fattening. ( )

two cups of water, three pieces of information, five patches of sunlight three games of hockey, two lumps of sugarI need two lumps of sugar for my coffee. 2 Two glasses of milk are enough. ( are glasses )

articles ( this,that,, these, those the )

a,an

the

this/that

these/those

no articles

Countable nounsingular

xx

xx

xx

-

-

Countable nounplural

-

xx

-

xx

xx

Uncountable

-

xx

xx

-

xx

I want an orange. ( I want orange.) Where is the bottle? ( Where is bottle?) Do you want this book?I want those books up there.

Quantifiers

much, less, little, a little, very little, a large amount of,

some, any, most, more, all, a lot of, no, none of the,enough, other, the other,such

many, both, several, few/fewer/fewest, a few, one of the, a couple of, two, twenty

each, every, any, one

Countable singular

xx

Countable plural ( + s )

xx

xx

Uncountable

xx

xx

Countable singular :Out of every five men only two were fit. I'd like one donut, please. 1

Countable plural:Can I have some biscuits? She has a lot of books. I have fewer pencils than you.

Uncountable: Can I have some water. She has a lot of strength,and much is due to her upbringing. Ihave less courage than you.

3. Countable Uncountable

abuse ( )

faith ( )

nature ( )

adulthood ( )

fear ( )

paper ( )

afternoon ( )

fiction ( )

passion ( )

age ( )

film ( )

people ( )

anger ( )

fish ( )

personality ( )

appearance ( )

flavor ( )

philosophy ( )

art ( )

food ( )

power ( )

beauty ( )

friendship ( )

reading ( )

beer ( )

fruit ( )

religion ( )

belief ( )

glass ( )

revision ( )

breakfast ( )

government ( )

rock ( )

cheese ( )

hair ( )

science ( , )

chicken ( )

history ( )

school ( )

childhood ( )

innocence ( )

shock ( )

college ( )

jail ( )

society ( )

competition ( )

jealousy ( )

sorrow ( )

crime ( )

language ( )

space ( )

culture ( )

law ( )

speech ( )

death ( )

liberty ( )

spirit ( , )

divorce ( )

life ( )

stone ( )

disease ( )

love ( )

strength ( )

drama ( )

lunch ( )

teaching ( )

duck ( )

man ( )

temptation ( )

education ( )

marriage ( )

theater ( )

environment ( )

meat ( )

theory ( )

evening ( )

metal ( )

time ( )

exercise ( )

milk ( )

trouble ( )

fact ( )

morning ( )

wine ( )

I like duck. ( uncountable noun ) I like ducks. ( ) ( countable noun )

Beer is a bitter drink. ( uncountable noun ) I think I ordered two beers. ( countable noun )

Life is full of surprise. ( uncountable noun ) A cat has nine lives. ( countable noun )

Paper is made from wood. ( uncountable noun ) She wrote three papers in one week. ( countable noun )

Religion has been a powerful force in history. ( uncountable noun ) Many religions are practiced in the United States. ( countable noun )

4. uncountable nouns countable ( plural )

alcohol ( )

knowledge ( )

clothing ( )

lighting ( )

courage ( )

thunder ( )

freedom ( )

machinery ( )

fun ( )

money ( )

furniture ( )

music ( )

information ( )

scenery ( )

intelligence ( ,)

traffic ( )

Nouns/ (Singular/Plural)

Nouns 2

( countable nouns ) ( Singular ) ( Plural )

( uncountable nouns ) ( Singular )

- s

( wine wines )

1. s

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

apple ( )

apples

stamp ( )

stamps

comb ( )

combs

face ( )

faces

computer ( )

computers

2. s, ss, sh, ch, x, z es

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

glass ( )

glasses

dish ( )

dishes

bus ( )

buses

box ( )

boxes

church ( )

churches

quiz ( )

quizes

3. o o es

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

tomato ( )

tomatoes

echo ( )

echoes

potato ( )

potatoes

torpedo ( )

torpedoes

hero ( )

heroes

o s

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

auto ( )

autos

casino ( )

casinos

bamboo ( )

bamboos

piano ( )

pianos

studio ( )

studios

tobacco ( )

tobaccos

kangaroo ( )

kangaroos

kilo ( )

kilos

o s es

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

cargo ( )

cargos,cargoes

buffalo ( )

buffalos, buffaloes

mango ( )

mangos,mangoes

motto ( )

mottos,mottoes

mosquito ( )

mosquitos, mosquitoes

zero ( )

zeros, zeroes

4. y y y i es

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

army ( )

armies

lady ( )

ladies

family ( )

families

library ( )

libraries

baby ( )

babies

y s

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

toy ( )boy ( ) key ( ) day ( )

toysboys keys days

monkey ( )storey ( ) valley ( )

monkeysstoreys valleys

5. f fe v es

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

calf ( )

calves

wolf ( )

wolves

thief ( )

thieves

life ( )

lives

knife ( )

knives

wife ( )

wives

half ( )

halves

s

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

belief ( )

beliefs

dwarf ( )

dwarfs

brief ( )

briefs

grief ( )

griefs

chef ( )

chefs

gulf ( )

gulfs

chief ( )

chiefs

reef ( )

reefs

cliff ( )

cliffs

safe ( )

safes

2

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

scarf ( )

scarfs,scarves

roof ( )

roofs,rooves

staff ( )

staffs,staves

wharf ( )

wharfs ,wharves

6.

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

goose ( )

geese

man ( )

men

louse ( , )

lice

woman ( )

women

mouse ( )

mice

ox ( )

oxen

foot ( )

feet

child ( )

children

tooth ( )

teeth

7.

Singular & Plural

Singular & Plural

Singular & Plural

Singular &Plural

aircraft ( )

herring ( )

deer ( )

species ( )

carp ( )

salmon ( )

bison ( )

corps ( )

fish ( )

mackerel ( )

shellfish( )

series ( )

sheep ( )

trout ( )

barracks ( )

8.

economics ( )

civics ( )

works ( )

ethics ()

mumps ( )

news ( )

mathematics ( )

teens ( 13 - 19 )

ashes ( )

mechanics ( )

twenties ( 20-29 )

measles ( )

politics ( )

thirties ( 30 - 39 )

tactics ( )

sciences ( )

headquarters ( )

means ( )

statistics ( )

whereabouts ( )

Mathematics is my favorite subject.Measles is still a fairly serious childhood disease in some countries.

9.

arms ( )

pajamas ( )

thanks ( )

assets ( )

scissors ( )

shorts ( )

auspices ( )

drawers ( )

wages ( )

biceps ( )

sheers ( )

intestines ( )

clothes ( )

suds ( )

goods ( )

contents ( )

spectacles ( )

eyeglasses ( )

customs ( )

earnings ( )

trousers,pants ( )

jeans ( )

binoculars ( )

sandals ( )

remains ( )

credentials ( )

My trousers are too long.The company's earings have increased for the last five years.

10.

people( )

cattle ( )

youth ( )

police ( )

majority ( )

swine ( )

poultry ( )

minority ( )

clergy ( )

offspring ( )

They are nice people.The police are looking for the Olympic Park bomber.

11.

Singular

Plural

advice ( )

advices ( )

air ( )

airs ( )

color ( )

colors ( )

compass ( )

compasses ( )

content ( )

contents ( )

copper ( )

coppers ( )

custom ( )

customs ( )

draught ( )

draughts ( )

dump ( )

dumps ( )

effect ( )

effects ( )

force ( )

forces ( )

good ( )

goods ( )

ground ( )

grounds ( )

iron ( )

irons ( )

manner ( )

manners ( )

minute ( )

minutes ( )

physic ( )

physics ( )

quarter ( )

quarters ( )

return ( )

returns ( )

sand ( )

sands ( )

spirit ( , )

spirits ( )

water ( )

waters ( )

work ( )

works ( )

12,

Singular

Plural

agendum ( )

agenda

alumnus ( )

alumni

appendix (, )

appendixes ( )

appendices ( )

bacterium ( )

bacteria

curriculum ( )

curricula

fungus ( )

fungi

focus ( )

foci, focuses

genius ( )

genii

index ( )

indexes ( ) fungi

matrix ( )

matrices

maximum ( )

indices ( )maxima

medium ( )

media ( )

mediums ( )

memorandum ( )

memoranda

ovum ( )

ova

radius ( )

radii

spectrum ( )

spectra

axis ( )

axes

analysis ( )

analyses

basis ( )

bases

crisis ( )

crises

criterion ( )

criteria

diagnosis ( )

diagnoses

parenthesis ( )

parentheses

phenomenon ( )

phenomena

hypothesis ( )

hypotheses

synthesis ( )

syntheses

synopsis ( )

synopses

Nouns ( Subject - Verb Agreement )

( Subject ) (Verb )

government , committee furniture,money police, people

nouns

1.

Jane lives in China. The Jones live in France.

2. 2 and

Jean and David are moving back to Australia.

3. 2 and

Bread and butter has been my breakfast for years. Honesty and truth is the best policy. Rice and curry is my daughter's favorite food.

Rice and curry are what we have for lunch today.

4. 1 and article article

The manager and owner of this restaurant is my friend. ( )The manager and the owner of this restaurant are my friends. ( )

The black and white cat under the table is my cat. ( )The black and the white cat under the table are my cats. ( 2 )

5.

accompanied by ( )

in company with ( )

along with ( )

including ( )

as well as ( )

like ( )

besides ( )

not ( )

but ( )

plus ( )

except ( )

together with ( )

excluding ( )

with ( )

in addition to ( )

John together with his colleagues has agreed to work late tonight to get the job finished. ( John )Some people including my brother find cricket boring. ( ) ( some people)

6,

John, with all his players, was on the field. ( with all his players John )Mr. Clark,like our other neighbors,is very helpful.

7.

anybody

everybody

someone

anyone

everyone

somebody

anything

everything

something

anywhere

everywhere

somewhere

each +

either +

neither +

each of +

either of +

neither of +

nobody

every +

nothing

Is there anybody here who could speak Japanese? Each of the lessons takes an hour. 1 Somebody is in the room. Neither of my sisters is married. Either of us is to clean up the house after the party tonight.

8.

or

neither... nor

either....or

not only......but also

Neither the Priminister nor his representatives are to attend the meeting. ( )Either the teachers or the principal is to blame for the accident. Not only Jim but also his friends are coming to the party tonight. 2

9, Indefinite Pronouns

all, both, (a) few, many, several, some

All were ready to leave the party by midnight. Few were in the audience to see the horrible play. Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up. 12

10.

1.

a lot of

plenty of

most of

some of

lots of

all of

none of

...percent of

I think a lot of English wine is too sweet. ( wine A lot of people are in the room, ( people s are Nouns -singular/plural

Some of my jewelry is missing. Some of my friends were at the airport to see me off

Ten per cent of the men have lung problems. Ten per cent of the money is yours.

2.

a number of

many

a large number of

a good many

a great number of

a great many

A number of students are playing football. A large number of tourists get lost because of that sign. There are still a large number of problems to be solved.

11.

much

a large number of

a great deal of

a large amount of

a good deal of

a large quantity of

Although a great deal of progress has been made in the development of spoken communication with computers, there are still a large number of problems to be solved.

the number of The number of students in the class is limited to twenty.

12. who, which , that Relative Pronoun Relative Pronoun who, which , that

He is one of my friends who are millionaires. ( ) ( are who my friends )

13. Infinitive Phrase ( to ) gerund ( ing )

To see is to believe. ( )To distill a quart a moonshine takes two hours. 1 2 Winning the national championship is her most important achievement.

14.

Twenty thousand bahts is too high for this camera. Two hundred miles is a long way.

15.

Two-thirds of the boys are absent. Two-thirds of the wall has been painted.

16.

Gulliver's travels was written by Swift.

Pronouns ( )Types ()

Pronoun ( ) ( nouns- equivalent ) (pronouns ) 7

Personal Pronoun ( ) I, you, we, he , she ,it, they

Possessive Pronoun ( ) mine, yours, his, hers, its,theirs, ours

Reflexive Pronouns ( ) - self myself, yourself,ourselves

Definite Pronoun ( Demonstrative Pronouns ) this, that, these, those, one, such, the same

Indefinite Pronoun ( ) all, some, any, somebody, something, someone

Interrogative Pronoun ( ) Who, Which, What

Relative pronoun ( ) who, which, that

1.Personal Pronouns ( ) 3

1

I, we

2

you

3

he, she. it , they

Possessive Form

Reflexive Pronoun

Adjective

Pronoun

I

me

my

mine

myself

we

us

our

ours

ourselves

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he

him

his

his

himself

she

her

her

hers

herself

it

it

its

its

itself

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

I saw a boy on the bus. He seemed to recognize me. ( He a boy me I )My friend and her brother like to swim. They swim whenever they can. ( they My friend her brother 1 )

Personal Pronouns Personal Pronoun ( preposition )

Please tell him what you want. ( tell )Mr. Wilson talked with him about the project. ( with )

verb to be

It was she who came here yesterday. ( she )It was her whom you met at the party last night. ( her you met )

2. Possessive Pronouns ( ) mine,ours, yours, his, hers,its,theirs

The smallest gift is mine. This is yours. His is on the kitchen counter. Theirs will be delivered tomorrow. Ours is the green one on the table .

possessive pronouns possessive adjectives

This is my book. ( my possessive adjective book )This book is mine. ( mine possessive pronoun ( complement) is )

3. Reflexive Pronouns ( ) -self form of pronoun myself. yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, ourselves. themselves, itself

(object ) She herself doesn't think she'll get the job. The film itself wasn't very good but I like the music.I spoke to Mr.Wilson himself.

They blamed themselves for the accident. ( blamed )You are not yourself today. ( are )I don't want you to pay for me. I'll pay for myself. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself very much. George cut himself while he was shaving this morning.

wash/shave/dress myself

Who repaired your bicycle for you? Nobody, I repaired it myself.. I'm not going to do it for you. You can do it yourself.( )

By myself on my own

on ( my/your/his/ her/ its/our/their ) own by ( myself/yourself ( singular) /himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ yourselves(plural)/ themselves ) I like living on my own/by myself. Did you go on holiday on your own/by yourself? Learner drivers are not allowed to drive on their own/ by themselves.Jack was sitting on his own/by himself in a corner of the cafe.

4. Definite Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns this, that, these, those, one, ones, such, the same, the former, the latter

That is incredible! ()I will never forget this. ()Such is my belief. ( ) Grace and Jane ar good girls. The former is more beautiful than the latter. () ()

5.Indefinite Pronouns ( )

everyone

everybody

everything

some

each

someone

somebody

all

any

many

anyone

anybody

anything

either

neither

no one

nobody

nothing

none

one

more

most

enough

few

fewer

little

several

more

much

less

Everybody loves somebody. Is there anyone here by the name of Smith? One should always look both ways before crossing the street. Nobody will believe him. Little is expected.

We, you, they personal pronoun indefinite pronoun

We should prepare ourselves to deal with any emergency. ( ) ) You sometimes don't know what to say in such a situation. .

6. Interrogative Pronouns ( ) Who, Whom, What, Which Whoever, Whomever,Whatever,Whichever

Who want to see the dentist first? ? ( who ) Whom do you think we should invite? ? ( whom - object )To whom do to wish to speak ? ? ( whom - object )What did she say? ? ( what say )Which is your cat ? ? ( which )Which of these languages do you speak fluently? ? ( which speak )

which what interrogative adjective who, whom , which relative pronoun

7. Relative Pronouns ( ) who, whom, which whose ,what, that , indefinite relative pronouns whoever, whomever,whichever, whatever

Children who (that) play with fire are in great danger of harm. The book that she wrote was the best-sellerHe's the man whose car was stolen last week.She will tell you what you need to know.The coach will select whomever he pleases.Whoever cross this line will win the race.You may eat whatever you like at this restaurant.

Verbs ( )Types ()

( action ) ( being ) ( state of being )

,

He eats

He is a boy.

He seemed tired.

He went home

She has a beautiful house.

This cake tastes good.

1. ( Object ) 2

Transitive Verbs ( ) He bought a book. ( a book )

Intransitive Verbs ( ) He arrived late.

2. (Main Verbs) ( Auxiliary Verbs )

Main Verbs ( ) He went to Australia last year.

Auxiliary Verbs ( ) He has gone to Australia.

3. ( Finite Verbs) ( Non-finite Verbs)

Finite Verbs ( ) Subject , Tense, Voice Mood

SubjectI go to school every day He goes to school every day They go to school every day

Tense He goes to school every day He went to school yesterday He's going to school tomorrow

VoiceSomeone killed the snake. ( Active ) The snake was killed . ( Passive )

MoodI recommend that he see a doctor. (he sees ) If I were you ,I would not do it. ( I was )

Non-finite Verbs ( ) Verbal 3

a. Infinitives 1 to noun , adjective adverb

He lacked the strength to resist. ( to resist adjective)We must study to learn. ( to learn adverb)

b. Gerunds ing ( noun )

They do not appreciate my singing. ( singing )I like swimming.. ( swimming like )

c. Participles ing 3 ( Adjective ) 2

* Present Participles ing The crying baby had a wet diaper. ( crying baby )

* Past Participles 3 The broken bottle is on the floor.

4. ( conjugation )

Regular Verbs ( ) ed past past participle

walk

walked

walked

stop

stopped

stopped

work

worked

worked

Irregular Verbs ( ) past past participle

send

sent

sent

go

went

gone

see

saw

seen

Verbs Tenses

Verb Tenses ( )

I. Verb Tenses

Verb Tenses

Tense past ( ) present ( ) future ( )

Aspect 2

(Complete Tenses Perfect Tenses) Have + past participle 3

Past Perfect

Present Perfect

Future Perfect

( Incomplete Progressive continuous ) BE + ing 3

Past Progressive

Present Progressive

Future Progressive

Tenses 2

Simple Tense 3

Simple Past

Simple Present

Simple Future

Complete Incomplete Tenses

Past Perfect Progressive

Present Perfect Progressive

Future Perfect Progressive

Verb Tense 12

Past tenses 4

Simple past Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect progressive

I wentI was going I had gone I had been going

Present tenses 4

Simple present Present progressivePresent perfect Present perfect progressive

I goI am going I have gone I have been going

Future tenses 4

Simple future Future progressiveFuture perfect Future perfect progressive

I will goI will be going I will have gone I will have been going

* progressive continuous

II. Verb Tenses

Tense positive sentence

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb

auxiliary verb tense simple present simple past tenses auxiliary verb Tense active voice.

structure

past

present

future

auxiliary

main verb

simple

normal

I worked

I work

I will work

intensive

do

base

I did work*

I do work*

perfect

have

past participle

I had worked

I have worked

I will have worked

progressive

be

present participle -ing

I was working

I am working

I will be working

perfectprogressive

have been

present participle -ing

I had been working

I have been working

I will have been working

* I did work. ( ) I do work.

III. Verb Tenses

tense present tense

I hope it rains tomorrow. ( rains present simple )

past tense

If I had some money now, I could buy it . (had past tense )

Verb Tenses

TENSE

TIME

past

present

future

Present Simple

I want a cup of coffee.

I leave tomorrow.

She

likes

coffee.

Present Continuous

I am having dinner.

I am taking my exam next month.

They

are

living

in

London.

Present PerfectSimple

I have seen that movie.

I have finished.

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been playing tennis.

We have been working for four hours.

Past Simple

I finished one hour ago.

If she loved you now, she would marry you.

If you came tomorrow, you would see her.

Past Continuous

I was working at 2am this morning.

Past Perfect Simple

I had not eaten for 24 hours.

Past Perfect Continuous

We had been working for 3 hours.

If I had been working now, I would have missed you.

If I had been working tomorrow, I could not have agreed.

Future Simple

Hold on. I'll do it now.

I'll see you tomorrow.

Future Continuous

I will be working at 9pm tonight.

Future Perfect Simple

I will have finished by 9pm tonight.

We will have been married for ten years next month.

Future Perfect Continuous

They may be tired when you arrive because they will have been working.

In 30 minutes, we will have been working for four hours.

Verb Tense ( Types ) Verb Tense 12 active voice Present tenses 4 Simple present , Present progressive, Present perfect, Present perfect progressive.

1.Simple Present Tense

Subject + auxiliary verb ( do ) + main verb ( base ) + ( do) + 1

+

I

am

French.

You, we, they

are

French.

He, she, it

is

French.

-

I

am

not

old.

You, we, they

are

not

old.

He, she, it

is

not

old.

?

Am

I

late?

Are

you, we, they

late?

Is

he, she, it

late?

Simple Present tense

/ The Moon goes round the Earth.Birds fly.Sugar is sweet.

/ John waits patiently while Bridget books the tickets.He needs help right now.I'm here now.The car is clean

He gets up early every day.I play football every Sunday.

adverb adverbial phrase The doors open in 10 minutes.John arrives on Tuesday.

( positive ) ( I do love you )

3 ( he, she, it ) s es

verb to be

+

I, you, we, they

like

coffee.

He, she, it

likes

coffee.

-

I, you, we, they

do

not

like

coffee.

He, she, it

does

not

like

coffee.

?

Do

I, you, we, they

like

coffee?

Does

he, she, it

like

coffee?

verb to be

2. Present Progressive ( continuous )

Subject + auxiliary verb ( be ) + main verb ( base+ ing) + (be ) + 1 ing

+

I

am

speaking

to you.

+

You

are

reading

this.

-

She

is

not

staying

in London.

-

We

are

not

playing

football.

?

Is

he

watching

TV?

?

Are

they

waiting

for John?

adverb The sun is shining.I am having dinner at this moment.

Future Simple I am taking my exam next month. We are going to Chiang Mai tomorrow.

My son is working hard this semester.I am studying to become a doctor.

always , constantly I don't like them because they are always complaining.He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.

I always do something I always doing somthing

I've lost my key again. I'm always losing thing. ( )You're always watching television. You should do something more active.

Continuous Tenses

3. Present Perfect

Subject + auxiliary verb ( has,have ) + main verb ( past participle ) + (has,have) + 3

+

I

have

seen

this movie.

+

You

have

eaten

mine.

-

She

has

not

been

to Rome.

-

We

have

not

played

football.

?

Have

you

finished?

?

Have

they

done

it?

I have bought a car.

John has broken his leg.

The police have arrested the killer.

The clock has stopped.

I've lost my keys. ( ) I've closed the windows. ( )The train has arrived. ( )

since, for,

ever since, so far, recently, in the last few days I have lived in Bangkok since 1960.I have lived in Bangkok for twenty-four years.I 've met a lot of people in the last few days.Have you heard from George recently?

adverbs ever,never, once... Have you ever been to Thailand?I've never seen him before.

just, already , yet The train has just arrived.The train has already arrived.Has the train arrived yet ?

Don is having a driving lesson. It's the first time he has driven a car. ( drives )Linda has lost her passport again. It's the second time this has happened. ( happens )Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he has phoned her this evening.

4. Present Perfect Progressive ( continuous )

Subject + auxiliary verb ( have ) +auxiliary verb (been )+ main verb ( base+ ing) + (have ) + ( been) + 1 ing

+

I

have

been

waiting

for one hour.

+

You

have

been

talking

too much.

-

It

has

not

been

raining.

-

We

have

not

been

playing

football.

?

Have

you

been

seeing

her?

?

Have

they

been

doing

their homework?

Present Perfect I've been reading for 2 hours. () 2 ( ) I've read for 2 hours. 2 ( ) We've been working since 9 o'clock. 09.00 . ( ) She has been watching too much television lately.Mary has been feeling a little depressed .

I'm tired [now] because I've been running. () ( )Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining? ( ) ( )You don't understand [now] because you haven't been listening. ( ) ( ) It's been raining and my hair is still wet. Ive been reading all afternoon. Ive just finished the book.Who's been sleeping in my bed?

Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect

The train has arrived . The train has been arriving . I've wanted to visit China for years. I've been wanting....She's known Robert since she was a child. She's been knowing.....I've hated that music since I first heard it. I've been hating.....I've heard a lot about you recently. I've been hearing.....We've understood everything we've heard this morning. We've been understanding.....

Past tenses 4 Simple Past ,Past progressive,Past perfect,

Past perfect progressive.

1. Simple Past

Subject

+ main verb( past form)

+ main verb (base form ) or

+ auxiliary verb ( did )

+ main verb (base form )

+ 2 ( did ) + 1

+

I

went

to school.

You

worked

very hard.

-

She

did

not

go

with me.

We

did

not

work

yesterday.

?

Did

you

go

to London?

Did

they

work

at home?

past simple yesterday, last week, in 1997,

when I was young , ago, the other day , in the past, this morning The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.She went to the party last night.We did not hear the telephone this morning. She fell asleep a few minutes ago.

I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years. He walked to school every day last year.When I was young I used to get up early in the morning

simple past tense past continuous tense

"The wind was howling around the hotel and the rain was pouring down. It was cold. The door opened and

James Bond entered. He took off his coat, which was very wet, and ordered a drink at the bar. He sat down

in the corner of the lounge and quietly drank his..."

2. Past Progressive

Subject

+ auxiliary verb( was,were )

+main verb ( present participle )

+ ( was,were ) + + ing

1+ing

+

I

was

watching

TV.

+

You

were

working

hard.

-

He, she, it

was

not

helping

Mary.

-

We

were

not

joking.

?

Were

you

being

silly?

?

Were

they

playing

football?

2 I was working at 10pm last night. They were not playing football at 9am this morning. What were you doing at 10pm last night?

2 ( Past Progressive )

( Simple Past) when, while ,asWhat were you doing when he arrived? She was cooking when I telephoned her. We were having dinner when it started to rain.

2 Past Progressive 2 I was studying while he was making dinner.While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.

I was writing all day yesterday." James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking

in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."

Simple Past Past Progressive

Last night at 6 p.m., I ate dinner.( 18.00 .)

Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner.(18.00. .)

3. Past Perfect

Subject

+ auxiliary verb( had )

+ main verb ( past participle )

+ ( had ) + 3

3

+

I

had

finished

my work.

+

You

had

stopped

before me.

-

She

had

not

gone

to school.

-

We

had

not

left.

?

Had

you

arrived?

?

Had

they

eaten

dinner?

2 Past Perfect Simple Past

I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten. They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours. I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. The train had left when we arrived .

Jane had never seen lion until yesterdayBy 1985, I had taught that class for ten years.

09.15 . .

"You are too late. The train has left."

"We were too late. The train had left."

Past Perfect indirect speech

4. Past Perfect Progressive

Subject

+ auxiliary verb ( had)

+ auxiliary(been)

+main verb ( present participle )

+ ( had ) + ( been ) + +ing

subject

auxiliaryverb

auxiliaryverb

main verb

+

I

had

been

working.

+

You

had

been

playing

tennis.

-

It

had

not

been

working

well.

-

We

had

not

been

expecting

her.

?

Had

you

been

drinking?

?

Had

they

been

wa