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eGrade Description

1 America The Story of Us, Episode 6: Heartland Discussion Questions; Manifest Destiny DBQ

2 Manifest Destiny Notes

3 Analyzing Different View Points: The Dawes Act

4 American Indian Conflict and United States Indian Policy Notes

5 Cattle, the Homestead Act, & the Grange Notes

6 Notes continued; DBQ

7 Effects of Railroads DBQ

8 Railroads Notes

9 Klondike Gold Rush Questions

10 Questions continued

p. 1

American the Story of Us, Episode 6: Heartland, Discussion Questions:

1. Why do you think President Lincoln decided to support the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad, a very expensive project, even though the Civil War was still going on?

2. What were some of the benefits of the Transcontinental Railroad? What were the human costs of its construction? What groups of people built the railroad?

3. In this episode, the bison is described as a “mobile general store” for Native Americans on the plains. What does this phrase mean? What were the consequences of the destruction of the bison population for Native Americans?

4. Who was Theodore Judah and what was his significance in American history? Why was he called “Crazy Judah”?

5. What happened at the Battle of Little Big Horn? What was the outcome of conflicts between Native Americans and the U.S. military on the plains?

6. In 1886, Richard Sears established the first mail order catalog. Why do you think this development was a significant event in U.S. history?

7. What was your opinion of this episode? List Positives and Negatives.

Manifest Destiny Document Based Questions

Document A: John L. O’Sullivan on Manifest Destiny, 1839“The American people having derived their origin from many other nations, and the Declaration of National Independence being entirely based on the great principle of human equality, these facts demonstrate at once our disconnected position as regards any other nation; that we have, in reality, but little connection with the past history of any of them, and still less with all antiquity, its glories, or its crimes. On the contrary, or national birth was the beginning of a new history, the formation and progress of an untried political system, which separates us from the past and connects us with the future only; and so far as regard the entire development of the natural rights of man, in moral, political, and national life, we may confidently assume that our country is destined to be the great nation of futurity.”

1. What is John O’Sullivan’s view on our connection with the past and future?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What does he think our country is destined to be?

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Document B: Manifest Destiny".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."- John L. O'Sullivan (1845)

1. What is John O’Sullivan saying in this quote?___________________________________________________________________________________________

p. 2WHY MOVE WEST?

Population growth in the _____________________________. _______________________________. ___________________________________ (gold rush, logging, farming, freedom (for runaway slaves). Cheaper, faster __________________________ (rivers and canals Erie Canal, steamboats, etc.). Knowledge of _____________________________ (Oregon & Santa Fe). Belief in _________________________________ (idea that expansion was good and right for the

country).

ANALYZE THE “MANIFEST DESTINY” PAINTING AND WRITE DOWN FIVE OBSERVATIONS. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________MANIFEST DESTINY

In the 1840s Americans became preoccupied with ________________________. Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. would expand “_________________________.” Americans began to speak of manifest destiny—the belief that the United States was meant to expand

from the ______________________________________________________. Many believed that their movement westward was__________________________________________. People moved west in search of _____________________________________. Meanwhile the U.S. government made ___________________ with Native Americans that it did not

honor.

FAMOUS TRAILS WEST No highways existed, thus _________________________ served as the roads to the West. ______________________ ran from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. ______________________ stretched from Independence to Oregon City, Oregon . _________________ especially utilized the Oregon Trail on their way to Salt Lake City.

THE UNITED STATES GAINS TEXAS The __________________________ invited Americans to settle in Texas, which was then a part of

Mexico. Tension grew between the ____________ and the Mexican government. In _________, Texas won its

independence. After nine years as an independent republic, Texas entered the __________________________.

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR 1844 presidential election winner, __________________, eagerly wanted to annex Texas as part of the

U.S. Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into __________________________________________. America victories soon followed, and in _______ Mexican leader ___________________ conceded

defeat. Treaty of _____________________________ was signed – U.S. gets (larger) Texas, New Mexico &

California.

p. 3 Analyze Differing Viewpoints While Senator Dawes may have been well meaning in his intentions, the results were less than satisfactory for the Indians. It provided for each head of an Indian family to be given 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land. The remaining tribal lands were to be declared “surplus” and opened up for whites. Tribal ownership, and tribes themselves, were simply to disappear. The story would be much the same across much of the West. Before the Dawes Act, some 150 million acres remained in Indian hands. Within twenty years, two-thirds of their land was gone. The reservation system was nearly destroyed.

Opinion OneReaction to Senator Dawes’ Act were quite varied. Alice Fletcher, an Eastern woman who was a leader of a group called “Friends of the Indians,” was one of the architects of the new law.

“The Indian may now become a free man; free from the thralldom of the tribe; freed from the domination of the reservation system; free to enter into the body of our citizens. This bill may therefore be considered as the Magna Carta of the Indians of our country.” – Alice Fletcher

Opinion TwoA Nez Perce Indian expressed a quite different reaction.

“We do not want our land cut up in little pieces… A groan of assent ran along the dark line of Sphinxes.”

Opinion ThreeCongressman Henry Dawes expressed some rather starling views in the following statement.

“… expressed his faith in the civilizing power of private property with the claim that to be civilized was to ‘wear civilized clothes … cultivate the ground, live in houses, ride in Studebaker wagons, send children to school, drink whiskey [and] own property.”

Opinion Four“Do not misunderstand me [and] my affection for the land. I never said the land was mine to do with as I chose. The one who has the right to dispose of it is the one who has created it. I claim a right to live on my land, and accord you the privilege to live on yours. The earth is the mother of all people and all people should have equal rights upon it. You might as well expect the rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented when penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases…”

-Chief Joseph

Describe the Positives and Negatives of the Dawes Act. In your opinion, was it good or bad? Support your answer._______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

American Indian Conflict and United States Indian Policy p. 4

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830 Congress, with President ____________________________ support, passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. Under this law, the ____________________________ funded treaties that forced tribes west The ____________________ in Georgia refused and were supported by the _________________________. Jackson_________________________________ by the Court decision. Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him enforce it.” ________________________ followed the Court ruling as U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them

west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died.Plains Way of Life

American Indians of the __________________ followed a way of life centered on the horse and ____________. Buffalo provided food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials.

These American Indians lived in family groups or _______________. The leaders of a tribe ruled by counsel, rather than force.

From Peace to Conflict In _________, the federal government had passed and act that set aside the entire Great Plains as one enormous

___________________ for the Plains Indians. The time between then and the Civil War was _________________________ for the Plains American Indians. After the Civil War, the Plains attracted tens of thousands of ________________ who wanted to own land. Many went to Colorado to _____________________. The___________________ offered cheap land to farmers, attracting more than 400,000 from 1862 to 1900. As more white settlers wished to move there, the government made__________________ restricting the land

that American Indians could use. Conflict erupted. In __________, a militia attacked a camp of Cheyenne, killing 200, mostly women and children.

This event is known as the_______________________________. Meanwhile the Sioux chief ___________________ protested white settlers moving to the________________,

an area sacred to his people. Some Sioux signed the Treaty of ____________________________, but others refused. This treaty created a

reservation along the Missouri River.The Black Hills (He Sapa) & The Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1874, ______________________________________ reported that the Black Hills held gold. A new_______________ began, and the government offered to buy the land. The Sioux refused, and the army

moved in. Custer and his soldiers were all killed in the ___________________________________ in 1876. Within months,

though, the army defeated the Sioux.The Dawes General Allotment Act

The Dawes Act of 1887 tried to force the_________________________ of American Indians into white culture. What is assimilation? (summarize) _______________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________ Reservations were broken up and some of the land was given to each __________________________________. The policy failed because the American Indians were _____________________of the best land. However, possibly more devastating to the Plains tribes was the killing of

__________________________________ on which they had depended.The End

In the _______, many Sioux turned to a ritual called the _________________, which promised to bring the buffalo back and restore Sioux lands. In _______, a nervous army killed about _______________________ in the Battle of Wounded Knee or Wounded Knee Massacre bringing the Indian Wars to an end.

p. 5 Cattle, the Homestead Act, & the Grange

CATTLE BECOMES BIG BUSINESS Ranching became increasingly _____________________. Texas ranchers learned how to handle the Texas Longhorns from______________________. Lots of vocabulary came from the Mexican Vaqueros.

VOCABULARY BORROWED List a few: __________________________________________________________________________

GROWING DEMAND FOR BEEF After the_________________ the demand for beef surged. ________________________ and the rise of the railroad was instrumental in the increase of beef consumption. _________________________________________ was a famous market after 1865.

COW TOWN & THE TRAIL Abilene, Kansas became famous for being a place where the __________________________ met the railroads. Tens of thousands of cattle came from Texas through Oklahoma to Abilene via the famous

_____________________. Once in Abilene the cattle would board ___________________ for destinations across the country.

THE END OF THE OPEN RANGE Almost as soon as ranching became __________________________, the cattle frontier met its end. Overgrazing, bad weather, and the invention of ___________________ were responsible.

THE HOMESTEAD ACT Federal ______________________ and the completion of the transcontinental railroad led to the

________________________________ of American west. 1862 – Congress passed __________________________ which allowed 160 free acres to any “head of

household.”EXODUSTERS MOVE WEST

__________________________ who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to Kansas were called Exodusters.

Many exodusters took advantage of __________________________. SETTLERS ENCOUNTER HARDSHIPS

The frontier settlers faced extreme hardships –_______________________________________________________.

Despite hardships, the number of people living west of the Mississippi grew from 1% of the nation’s population in 1850 to almost _____ in 1900.

WOULD YOU HAVE STAYED? __________________________________________________________________

DUGOUTS & SODDIES Most settlers built their homes from the ____________________________. Pioneers often dug their homes out of the sides of ____________________________ (Dugouts). Those in the flat plains made freestanding homes _________________________ (Soddies).

INCREASED TECHNOLOGY HELPS FARMERS _________ – John Deere invented a _________________ that could slice through heavy soil. _________ – Cyrus McCormick mass-produced a ____________________________. Other inventions included a grain drill to plant seed, barbed wire, and corn binder.

FARMERS In the late 1800s, many farmers were ____________________. Crop prices were falling, ______________________________. Mortgages were being __________________________by banks.

p. 6ECONOMIC DISTRESS HITS FARMERS

Between 1867 and 1887 the price of a bushel of wheat fell from ______________________.

Railroads conspired to keep transport costs _______________________________.Farmers got caught in a _____________________________.

FARMERS ORGANIZE FOR CHANGE_______ – Oliver Hudson Kelley started the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization for framers that became known as _______________________. By 1870, the Grange spent most of their time________________________________.Soon the Grange and other Farmer Alliances numbered over ______________________________.

According to the document above, what roles did some cowboys play in helping to settle the West?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I soon became well known among the cowboys, scouts, and guides… it was my pleasure to meet in my wanderings over the country…Many of these men…have since become famous in story and history, and a braver, truer set of men never lived than these wild sons of the plains whose home was in the saddle and their couch, mother earth, with the sky for a covering. They were always ready to share their blanket and their last ration with the less fortunate fellow companion and always assisted each other in the many trying situations that were continually coming up in a cowboy’s life.

Nat Love, Memoirs of a Black Cowboy(Los Angeles, Ayer Co., 1907)

Why would someone in 1870 be interested in this advertisement?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why was sod used as a building material in on the Great Plains?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

p. 7 Document Based Questions: Effects of the Railroads

How did the railroad building encourage western settlement?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________According to the document, why did some people go west?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

When were most of the transcontinental railroads completed? (between what years)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

…The Carson the Central Pacific were nearly twice as high, and so proportionally airier; they were freshly varnished, which gave us all a sense of cleanliness as though we had bathed; the seats drew out and joined in the center, so that there was an upper tier of berths which could be closed by day and opened at night….

All the states of the North had sent out a fugitive cross the plains with me. From Virginia, from Pennsylvania, from New York, from far western Iowa and Kansas, from Maine that borders on the Canadas, and from the Canadas themselves….The talk in the train…ran upon hard times…and hope that moves ever westward….Hunger, you would have thought, came out of the east like the sun, and the evening was made of edible gold.

Taken from Across the Plains by Robert Louis Stevenson--describing trip from Iowa to California

Which direction did most of the lines run? (ie. north to south)

________________________________________________

Explain the relationship between the railroads and the Cattle Trails. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RAILROADS p. 8The growth and consolidation of the railroad industry influenced many facets of American life

TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD Building the transcontinental railroad—stretching from East to West—helped

____________________________ on the Plains. From ______________, the government granted huge tracts of land to companies ready to lay railroad

tracks. In 1867, the __________________ began building east from Sacramento and the _________________

west from Omaha. In 1869, the two routes met in ________, completing the first transcontinental track.

WHO BUILT THE RAILROADS? _______________________________________ immigrants plus African Americans and Mexican

Americans did much of the back-breaking work. By 1888, more than _____________ railroad workers had died and another 20,000 had been injured. Workers ________________________—and Asians and African Americans less than white workers.

RAILROAD AND TIME The railroads helped _________________________________. _________________ were difficult to maintain, however, as each community set its own time standard. So, in 1883, the railroads and many towns began using ______________________________________.

RAILROADS SPUR OTHER INDUSTRIES The rapid growth of the railroad industry influenced the __________________________________

businesses as they tried to keep up with the railroads demand for materials. The spread of the railroads also led to the growth of ________________________________________

for profiteers.RAILROADS LED TO GROWTH OF CITIES

Many of today’s major cities owe their legacy to the railroad. ________________________________________________________ all grew up thanks to the railroad.

THE GRANGE AND THE RAILROADS Farmers were especially affected by ___________________ in the railroad industry. Grangers (a farmers organization) protested ________________, ________________, and charging

different rates to different customers. Granger Laws were then passed protecting farmers. States were given ___________________________ of railroads by the Courts.

ACTIVITY – The year is 1863 and railroad construction is booming. In six years, the U.S. will be linked by rail from coast to coast. Central Pacific Railroad employs mainly Chinese immigrants to blast tunnels, lay track, and drive spikes, all for low wages. You are a journalist assigned to describe this monumental construction project for your readers.WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS OF RAILROAD EXPANSION?EXAMINE THE ISSUES

What dangers do the railroad workers encounter?____________________________________________________________________________________

How will businesses and the general public benefit from the transcontinental railroad?____________________________________________________________________________________

How might the railroad affect the environment?____________________________________________________________________________________

p. 9 Klondike Gold Rush Questions

With a Partner and a Class Set packet of the Klondike Gold Rush passages, answer the following questions.

The United States in 1897

1. Name one reason why stampeders decided to leave home and take the risk of joining the Gold Rush?

The Discovery

1. Where was gold discovered? Was this in the United States?

2. Name one of the three men responsible for the first gold strike in the Klondike.

3. How long did it take the news of the 1896 gold strike to reach the outside world? Why did it take so long?

The Rush Begins

1. What sort of people became stampeders? Do you think any children were involved in the Klondike Gold Rush? Why or why not?

2. What words written by Beriah Brown in his July 17, 1897 news article in the Seattle Post Intelligencer helped to start the gold rush of 1898?

Golden Voyages

1. What was the Klondike?

2. Name one of the three most popular routes to the goldfields.

3. Explain how the stampeders went from Seatlle to Dawson using this route and any difficulties they may have encountered.

Klondike Gold Rush Questions continued p. 10

The Chilkoot and White Pass Trails

1. Who used the Chilkoot Trail before the Gold Rush? What did they use it for? Did they still use the trail during the Gold Rush?

2. Which of the two trails would you have chosen to use and why?

3. What kind of animals did people use during the Gold Rush? What happened to these animals?

One Ton Law of 1898

1. Name one of the Canadian government’s two major concerns about the stampede in 1898.

2. Describe the “One Ton Law of 1898.” How did it help stampeders?

The Yukon River

1. Why did the stampeders have to build a boat? Where did they get supplies for boat-building?

2. Why did stampeders spend the winter of 1897-98 at Lakes Bennett and Lindeman?

3. Describe the role of the Mounties on the Yukon River during the Gold Rush?

The City of Gold

1. What was final destination for the miners after their year long journey?

2. What happened to most of the stampeders dreams of striking it rich in the goldfields?

3. How would the Klondike Gold Rush be different if it happened today?