teachers.stjohns.k12.fl.usteachers.stjohns.k12.fl.us/kaspar-j/files/2016/10/... · web viewbiology...
TRANSCRIPT
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
BIOLOGY Chapter 10: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis AND Chapter 13 – Gene Technology
GRIFFITH’S EXPERIMENTS I. What caused Frederick Griffith to want to study the Streptococcus pneumonia bacterium? _________________________________________________________________________________________________II. Virulent = ___________________________________________________________________________III. Each virulent bacterium is surrounded by a capsule made of ___________________ that protects it from a body’s defense systems. IV. Compare and contrast the “S” and “R” strains of pneumonia __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V. I. In YOUR OWN WORDS, describe the work Griffith did regarding his experiment of the “S” and “R” strains of pneumonia. (This is vital to your understanding of his work… In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 5-6 sentences in order to receive full credit for this piece. Include the terms: transformation, mice, pneumonia, S strain, R strain.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. What did his work conclude? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Transformation = ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
10.1 Discovery of DNA (Use pages 193 – 195 in your textbook)
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
Avery’s ExperimentsI. What was Oswald Avery trying to test in his experiments? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
II. In YOUR OWN WORDS, describe the work Avery did regarding his experiments including the use of protease and RNase. Include in your summary how “S” and “R” cells were involved in his work. (This is vital to your understanding of his work… In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 5-6 sentences in order to receive full credit.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a. What did his work conclude? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Hershey-Chase ExperimentI. What were Hershey and Chase trying to test in their experiment? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
II. In YOUR OWN WORDS, describe the work Hershey and Chase did regarding their experiments including the use of the radioactive isotopes (35S), (32P), and E. Coli. (This is vital to your understanding of his work… In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 5-6 sentences in order to receive full credit.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
a. What did their work conclude? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ II. Bacteriophages (phages) = ___________________________________________________________
Assignment:Complete the following.1. Why did heat kill Griffith’s S bacteria? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What were the essential differences between the methods and results of Griffith and Avery’s experiments? - Avery - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ - Griffith _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What might Hershey and Chase have concluded if they had found both 32P and 35S in the bacterial cells? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. In the box provided below, draw AND LABEL the parts of a bacteriophage (Reference page 486 in your textbook).
3
10.2 DNA Structure (Use pages 196 - 199 in your textbook)
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
DNA DOUBLE HELIX I. In YOUR OWN WORDS, summarize the work of Watson and Crick. Include in your response: X-ray diffraction, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins. In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 4 - 5 sentences in order to receive full credit.
Underline each word used in your description!!!___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DNA NUCLEOTIDES I. What are the subunits called that make up DNA? _________________________II. Nucleotides = _______________________________________________________________________ III. Deoxyribose = ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________IV. Nitrogenous base = ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________V. Describe the appearance of a DNA molecule. Include in your response: what components make the
“handrails”, how those components are held together, and how many pairs of nucleotides are include in each turn of the DNA helix.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VI. In what direction do nitrogenous bases face in a DNA molecule? _______________________ VII. What type of bond connects the nitrogenous bases? ________________________VIII. How many bonds hold the stands of DNA together? _________________ Nitrogenous Bases
4
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
I. List the 4 types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA. 1. _____________________________2. _____________________________3. _____________________________4. _____________________________
II. Which nitrogenous bases connect to which ones? _________________________________________
COMPLEMENTARY BASES I. Explain the contribution of Erwin Chargaff regarding nitrogenous bases. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________II. Base-pairing rules = ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________III. Complementary pairs = ______________________________________________________________ IV. What is unique about each complementary base pair __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Base sequence = ____________________________________________________________________
HOW DNA REPLICATION OCCURS I. DNA Replication = ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Steps of DNA Replication I. Helicases = __________________________________________________________________________II. Replication fork = ____________________________________________________________________III. DNA polymerases = ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________IV. Semi-conservative replication = _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5
10.3 DNA Replication (Use pages 200 - 202 in your textbook)
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
V. In YOUR OWN WORDS, describe the steps involved in DNA replication. Include the following in your response: helicases, replication fork, DNA polymerases, semi-conservative replication, nucleotides, covalent bonds, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, hydrogen bonds, and cell division.
Underline each word used in your description!!!In other words….. Do not leave this blank!). Minimum 5 - 6 sentences in order to receive full credit.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Action at the Replication Fork I. In what direction does DNA synthesis occur? Explain your answer.II. Ligase = ____________________________________________________________________________
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Replication I. Explain the difference between replication in prokaryotic cells versus eukaryotic cells.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DNA ERRORS IN REPLICATION I. What is the enzyme responsible for “proofing” DNA? _________________________________________II. Explain HOW the proofing enzyme makes corrections in nitrogenous base-pairing. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ III. When mistakes go uncorrected, what is the potential outcome? _______________________________IV. Name 2 ways in which DNA damage can occur.
1. ___________________________________
6
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
2. ___________________________________V. Mutations that are not repaired can result in ____________________.
Assignment: Respond to the following questions.1. Why are there two DNA polymerases at one replication fork? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Is a mutation that occurs during the formation of an egg cell or sperm cell more significant than a mutation that occurs in a body cell? Explain. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. How is the exact replication of DNA ensured? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Read the article “DNA Repair and Skin Cancer” on page 203 of your textbook and answer the following questions.
1. How can errors during DNA replication lead to cancer? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does the DNA repair enzyme photolyase prevent skin cancer? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are “thymine dimers? ____________________________________________4. Would you buy a sunscreen that contains photolyase? Why or why not? ____________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7
10.4 Protein Synthesis (Use pages 204 - 210 in your textbook)
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
FLOW OF GENETIC FORMATION I. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) = __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________II. Transcription = ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________III. Translation = _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________IV. Protein synthesis = ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
RNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION I. What do DNA and RNA have in common? _________________________________________________ II. Using the chart below, list the 4 differences between DNA and RNA
DNA RNA1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
III. Using the chart below, list the 3 types of RNA and their roles in protein synthesis.Type of RNA Role in protein synthesis
1.
2.
3.IV. Use the boxes below to illustrate mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. Label each kind.
8
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
TRANSCRIPTION I. Transcription is the process by which the genetic instructions in a specific gene are transcribed or
“______________________” into an ___________ molecule. II. Transcription takes place in the ________________ of _____________________ cells and in the
__________-__________________ region in the cytoplasm of _________________________cells.
Steps of TranscriptionI. RNA polymerase = _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a. Promotor = _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. After _________ ______________________ binds to the promoter, the DNA strands _____________ and _______________________. II. RNA polymerase adds free _________ ____________________ that are complementary to the nucleotides on one of the _________ _________________, resulting in a chain of an RNA molecule.
a. Just like in DNA replication, complementary base pairing determines the __________________________________________ in the newly made RNA.
b. UNLIKE DNA replication, transcription uses only a ________________ region (a gene) on one of the two DNA strands to serve as the _________________.
c. As RNA polymerase moves past, the separated DNA strands ______________. III. Termination signal = ____________________________________________________________________
a. As RNA polymerase reaches a ___________________ _______________, RNA polymerase ________________ both the _________ and newly formed _________.
b. Name the 3 types of RNA that can be made during transcription discussed in your book.1. ____________ 3. ____________2. ____________
THE GENETIC CODE I. Genetic code = _______________________________________________________________________
9
WORD MEANING:
Scribe: ___________
Trans: ____________
Vocabulary Reminder:Polypeptides: _______________________________________________________________
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
_____________________________________________________________________________________. II. _______________ ____________ are assembled based on instructions _______________in the sequence of nucleotides in the ____________. III. Codon = ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.IV. Explain how the genetic code is structured regarding nucleotides and amino acids. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. V. How many mRNA codons are there? ______VI. What is significant about us knowing that the genetic code is nearly universal to life on Earth? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. VII. Codons often differ from one another by only ________ nucleotide. VIII. A codon __________ __________ encode for more than one amino acid.IX. Explain the significance of the codon “AUG”. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________X. “AUG” encodes for which amino acid? _____________________XI. List the 3 sequences of nucleotides that represent “stop” codons.
1. __________2. __________3. __________
XII. What is the job of the stop codons? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
TRANSLATIONI. Translation = ________________________________________________________________________.II. What are the roles of proteins in our bodies? (If you cannot remember this from previous discussions, you
may need to briefly research to refresh your memory.) Include at least 3 roles of proteins we need in order for our bodies to function properly. __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. _________________________________________________________2. _________________________________________________________3. _________________________________________________________
Protein StructureI. Which type of RNA is involved in translation (the making of proteins)? ___________________________.
10
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
II. How many amino acids are found in living things? ________III. The amino acid sequence determines how the _____________________________ will twist and fold
into the three-dimensional structure of the _________________.IV. What is the significance of the shape of a protein? _________________________________________.V. The translation or __________________ of the genetic instructions to form a polypeptide involves
______ main steps.
Steps of Translation (5)I. Using the table below, chart the steps involved in the process of translation. You may choose verbiage or
illustrations to help you. Label components in your illustration.
Step Process
Translating Many Ribosomes at Once I. Contrast translation and transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. ____________________________
11
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
THE HUMAN GENOME I. Genome = __________________________________________________________________________.II. How many base pairs make up the 23 human chromosomes? __________________________III. Discuss the importance of understanding the human genome? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. IV. Why is this information important for research on human disease? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Assignment:Complete the following questions.1. How does the role of RNA polymerase in transcription differ from that of DNA polymerase in DNA
replication? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What amino acids would translation of the mRNA with the sequence UAACAAGGAGCAUCC produce? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Discuss why it is important which of the two DNA strands serves as a template during transcription.
12
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.4. How does the structure of tRNA relate to its function in translation? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.5. Circle the correct response in the following statement:
During transcription/translation DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA. 6. What is the purpose of the genetic code? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.7. From which organelle does the mRNA carry the genetic “message”? _______________8. To which organelle does the mRNA move the genetic “message”? _____________________9. Which type of RNA is the main component of ribosomes? ____________10. Which type of RNA carries specific amino acids and aids in the process of forming polypeptides? _____
Thinking Critically1. A segment of DNA has the following sequence: T-A-C-G-G-T-C-T-C-A-G-C. Write the mRNA transcript from this sequence of DNA. _______________________________________________________________2. Using the same sequence mentioned above, write the tRNA anticodons that would pair with the mRNA transcript. ______________________________________________________________3. Use Table 10-1 on Pg 207 to help you determine the names of the amino acids coded for by the mRNA transcript. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. A. DNA molecule replicates to produce two new DNA molecules. Both of the two new DNA molecules then replicate to form four more new DNA molecules. Are any nucleotide chains from the original DNA present in the last four new DNA molecules? If so, how many? ___________________________________5. List all codons in the genetic code that could be changed into a stop codon by a single nucleotide mutation. You may need to reference Table 10-1 on Pg 207 to help you. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13
13.1 DNA Technology (Use pages 254 - 260 in your textbook)
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
DNA Identification I. About what percentage of human genetic material varies from person to person? ____________
Steps in DNA Identification I. Polymerase chain reaction =
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cutting DNA: Restriction Enzymes
I. Restriction enzymes = ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________Sorting DNA by Size: Gel Electrophoresis
I. Gel electrophoresis = _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________Recombinant DNA
I. Recombinant DNA = _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________Cloning Vectors
I. Clone = ________________________________________________________________________
Applications for DNA TechnologyI. List at least 3 uses of DNA technology
1. ___________________________________________________________2. ___________________________________________________________3. ___________________________________________________________
The Human Genome Project I. Human Genome Project =
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14
13.2 The Human Genome Project (Use pages 261 - 264 in your textbook)
13.3 Genetic Engineering (Use pages 266 - 270 in your textbook)
NAME: _____________________________________________________________________________#__________
I. Gene therapy = __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________II. Cloning by nuclear transfer =
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________III. Bioethics =
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15