View AllBelow are all of the messages posted to the Core 2 PDHPE Discussion forum.

Sender: danielle sinclairSubject: skilled performers vs unskilled performanceDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: what is kinaesthetic sense?

Sender: danielle sinclairSubject: judging criteriaDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: what is the different between perscribed and personal judging criteria?

Sender: danielle sinclairSubject: flexibility trainningDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: what is flexibility traning and what are the different types?

Sender: Corinne LoaderSubject: Immediate physiological and physiological responseDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

What are the immediate physiological response to training?What are the physiological adaptaions to aerobic training?

Sender: Huw LongmanSubject: The Nature of the SkillDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

The Syllubus states that contiouous training has no distinct beginning or end such as swimming,this confuses me because the swimmer does start and finish the movement in a specified period of time therefore there is a distinct starting point and finishing point and the swimmer does not determine the start and end point... so, how is this continuous?

Sender: - -Subject: prescribed vs objectiveDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:What is the difference between prescribed criteria and objective measurement of skill?Thankyou :)

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: prescribed vs objectiveDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >What is the difference between prescribed criteria and

>objective measurement of skill?>Thankyou :)

Hi

You can't talk about the difference between these two things as such. Prescribed criteria such as scoring guidelines, measuring systems or checklists are used to make objective measurements of skilled performances. For example, in dividng or gymnastics, each move or skill has a certain degree of difficulty according to an International prescribed criteria. Faults or mistakes made by the performer during the routine have set deductions according to the prescribed criteria.

Prescribed criteria allow for objective measurement as they outline what performers can score marks for and lose marks for in their performance.

I hope this helps

Cheers

JAnice

Sender: Peta MartinSubject: characteristics of the LearnerDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

I have trouble identifying and decifering between the characteristics of the learner, how can i easily remember things like:* open and closed skills* descrete, serial and continous skills* intrinsic and extrinsic feedback* concurrent feedbackThanks for any help

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: characteristics of the LearnerDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >I have trouble identifying and decifering between the

>characteristics of the learner, how can i easily >remember things like:>* open and closed skills>* descrete, serial and continous skills>* intrinsic and extrinsic feedback>* concurrent feedback>Thanks for any help

Hi Peta,

You obviously are a little confused. The dot points you have included here are actually related to the learning environment NOT characteristics of the learner.

Go to the following website for further information to help you remember each of these concepts.

http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/continuum.htm

Good luck

Janice

Sender: vanessa hallgathSubject: Managing Anxiety?Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

I so often get confused with the difference between mental rehearsal amd visualisation. i know that they are similar but importantly different. can you please use an example to explain, ta!

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Managing Anxiety?Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >I so often get confused with the difference between

>mental rehearsal amd visualisation. i know that they >are similar but importantly different. can you please >use an example to explain, ta!

Both techniques require the athlete to project an image of the skill being performed as they wish it to be in their minds and then performing that visual image in reality.

Mental rehearsal is the projection of the whole performance and the required outcome of where you would like the performance to end up. It involves the mental repetition of the movement or sequence to increase the mind's familiarity with the movement. An example would be a rhythmic gymnast or a dancer mentally rehearsing the whole routine in order to increase the familiarity of the mind with the sequence of movements.

Visualisation on the other hand requires a little more depth in rehearsal of the specific skill at hand. Here the athlete is focussing on picturing a specifc aspect of the performance or skill e.g. a cricketer visualising the contact point with the ball during a front foot drive or a diver visualising their body position during the entry phase. The focus is on

visualising points or techniques that are essential for correct skill execution.

I hope this helps your understanding

good luck

Janice

Sender: sarah zalewskiSubject: Re: Managing Anxiety?Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: does visualisation or mental rehersal have to do withfeeling the atmosphere eg. crowd noise, weather etc?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Managing Anxiety?Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>does visualisation or mental rehersal have to do with>feeling the atmosphere eg. crowd noise, weather etc?

Hi Sarah

Not really. See my answer to the initial question and it should clarify it for you.

Cheers

Janice

Sender: Rhiannon FarlowSubject: physiological adaptationsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: How does blood pressure change from rest to exercise?

Sender: Janice Atkin

Subject: Re: physiological adaptationsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>How does blood pressure change from rest to exercise?

You are not required to know the immediate effect of exercise on blood pressure levels. Over time a physiological adaptation of the body to consistent aerobic training is that blood pressure slightly reduces.

Cheers

Janice

Sender: jenna bricknellSubject: pyruvic acidDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: what is pyruvic acid and when is it used?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: pyruvic acidDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>what is pyruvic acid and when is it used?

Hi Jenna

Pyruvic acid is an acid that exists in the body. It forms during glycolysis. To find out more information go to http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/lactic.htm

Good luck

Janice

Sender: Peta MartinSubject: stroke volumeDate: 14-SEP-2006

Attachment: N/A

Message: Can you please explain to me what stroke volume is and how it is relevant to FAP?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: stroke volumeDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>Can you please explain to me what stroke volume is and >how it is relevant to FAP?

Hi Peta

Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during a contraction of the heart. It is relevant to FAP because it is one of the immediate physiological responses to exercise and a physiological adaptation that results from aerobic training.

I hope this clears things up for you

Janice

Sender: sarah zalewskiSubject: Re: stroke volumeDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>Can you please explain to me what stroke volume is and >how it is relevant to FAP?

stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped from the leftventricle of the heart every time it contracts.SV increases with aerobic training which allows moreblood to be pumped to the working muscles meaning thecirculatory sytem does not have to work as hard to meetthe same demands

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: stroke volumeDate: 14-SEP-2006

Attachment: N/A

Message:

>>Can you please explain to me what stroke volume is and >>how it is relevant to FAP?>>stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart every time it contracts.>SV increases with aerobic training which allows more>blood to be pumped to the working muscles meaning the>circulatory sytem does not have to work as hard to meet>the same demands

Correct once again

You've obviously been listening to your teacher!

Cheers

Janice

Sender: melanie arnoldSubject: progressive overloadDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: I dont understand the principle of the progressive overload.

Sender: Corinne LoaderSubject: Re: progressive overloadDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >I dont understand the principle of the progressive

>overload.

The human body adapts to the consistent demands it endures. As the body becomes accustomed to a given workload, it is important to increase the workload in order to improve. This can be done by increasing the insity of the acitivty. But it is important to remember that the human body has limits. At a point an athlete will reach their peak. In order for that athlete to remain motivated, have a good physical and mental

recovery time, and to avoid injury. This means establishing phases of training, should be structured and adhered.Good luck with your exams.

Sender: sheree sayeSubject: physiology and movement potentialDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: what is the relationship between physiology and movement potential?

Sender: Rhiannon FarlowSubject: anxietyDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: Explain the difference between trait and state anxiety.

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: anxietyDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >Explain the difference between trait and state anxiety.

Hi Rhiannon

There are two main types of anxiety in your syllabus firstly Trait anxiety which is the type of anxiety that is within the person. It is their predisposition to be anxious e.g it is inherent in their personality. A little bit of anxiety can assist the performer by heightening awareness and preparing the body for the competition to come however too much anxiety can seriously affect the performance and the learner must practice ways to control their anxiety. This is done through techniques like meditation, self talk, concentration skills, focussing, yoga, and centering. The second kind is state anxiety which is the anxiety encountered by the performer due to the situation at hand. E.g running on against your former team in a big

game. Again this can heighten awareness and readiness for play but can also be detrimental and the performer can learn to control this through the techniques mentioned above.

Cheers

Janice

Sender: sarah zalewskiSubject: Re: anxietyDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>Explain the difference between trait and state anxiety.

trait anxiety has to do with a percon's personality type.eg, is the person naturally anxious. whereas stateanxiety is situation induced - occurs because of acertain event or situation eg a grand final

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: anxietyDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>>Explain the difference between trait and state anxiety.>>>trait anxiety has to do with a percon's personality type.>eg, is the person naturally anxious. whereas state>anxiety is situation induced - occurs because of a>certain event or situation eg a grand final

Spot on Sarah!

Janice

Sender: Peta MartinSubject: Types of Training

Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:Would we have to know the types of training (like aerobic, flexibility, strength) in great detail or just briefly?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Types of TrainingDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>Would we have to know the types of training (like >aerobic, flexibility, strength) in great detail or just briefly?

Hi Peta,

You would definitely need to have a good understanding of each of the types of training. You need to be able to analyse different types of training programs and discuss how they relate to the principles of training.

I hope this helps

Janice

Sender: vanessa hallgathSubject: Flexibility TrainingDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

If the force and momentum of the 'ballistic training' movement is potentially harmful than why is this form of stretching used? Can it increase flexibility? is there a way of performing these stretches safely?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Flexibility TrainingDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >If the force and momentum of the 'ballistic training'

>movement is potentially harmful than why is this form

>of stretching used? Can it increase flexibility? is >there a way of performing these stretches safely?

Hi Vanessa

Ballistic stretching activates the stretch reflex causing the muscle to contract. Once the stretch reflex is activated the force and momentum of the movement allows the muscle to be stretched beyond its preferred length.

This type of stretching is harmful unless done correctly. It is generally only used by advanced athletes and even then should follow-up a thorough warm up and other forms of static stretching.

Cheers

Janice

Sender: sarah zalewskiSubject: Re: Flexibility TrainingDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>If the force and momentum of the 'ballistic training' >movement is potentially harmful than why is this form >of stretching used? Can it increase flexibility? is >there a way of performing these stretches safely?

ballistic strathcing can be performed safely providingathletes use correct techniques and avoidcontraindications. sports such as dancing employballistic stretching safely and effectively

Sender: MamieSubject: Re: Flexibility TrainingDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >>If the force and momentum of the 'ballistic training'

>>movement is potentially harmful than why is this form >>of stretching used? Can it increase flexibility? is

>>there a way of performing these stretches safely?>>>ballistic strathcing can be performed safely providing>athletes use correct techniques and avoid>contraindications. sports such as dancing employ>ballistic stretching safely and effectively

Ballistic training is a benefical form of flexibility but shouldn't be used for the general public due to its increased potential for injury. But this form of flexibility is widely used by athletes due to the extent at which the joint can be extented.

Sender: Monique CorbettSubject: energy systemsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: Could you please explain the energy systems in relation to triathlons?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: energy systemsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>Could you please explain the energy systems in relation to triathlons?

Hi Monique

The following website will explain how the 3 energy systems work in regards to a triathlon

http://www.bicyclecoach.com/tip.php?tipid=26

CheersJanice

Sender: kara suttonSubject: immediate physiological adaps 2 trainingDate: 14-SEP-2006

Attachment: N/A

Message:

The relationship btwn HR and Exercise intensity increases for an individual over time.Can you please explain the effects of cardiac output, systolic blood pressure, stroke vol,ventilation rate and lactate levels?thanks

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: immediate physiological adaps 2 trainingDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>The relationship btwn HR and Exercise intensity >increases for an individual over time.>Can you please explain the effects of cardiac output, >systolic blood pressure, stroke vol,ventilation rate >and lactate levels?>thanks

Hi Kara

I'm assuming you mean the immediate physiological response to exercise. The following is a brief summary:cardiac output - increases systolic blood pressure - decreases slightly over time stroke volume - increases ventilation rate - increases initially but levels off during steady state moderate exercise lactate levels - increase

Hope this helps

CheersJanice

Sender: jenna bricknellSubject: Alactacid systemDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: In my text book in one section it says that in the

alactacid system CP supplies will be exhausted within 10-12 seconds, and in another it says they will be

exhausted in 10-15 seconds. Which one of these is correct?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Alactacid systemDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>In my text book in one section it says that in the >alactacid system CP supplies will be exhausted within >10-12 seconds, and in another it says they will be >exhausted in 10-15 seconds. Which one of these is >correct?

Hi Jenna

the physiology of the body is an inaccurate science. There are many variants in the times given for the CP supplies to run out. Most exercise physiologists agree that around 10 seconds is when CP stores will be exhausted. The variance to 12 or 15 seconds are both correct and allow for individual differences in the amount of CP stored and the speed in which it is converted to ATP.

Good luck

Sender: Leisa RamageSubject: managing anxietyDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: could you please define the difference between mental rehearsal and visualisation

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: managing anxietyDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >could you please define the difference between mental

>rehearsal and visualisation

Hi Leisa

Both techniques require the athlete to project an image of the skill being performed as they wish it to be in their minds and then performing that visual image in reality.

Mental rehearsal is the projection of the whole performance and the required outcome of where you would like the performance to end up. It involves the mental repetition of the movement or sequence to increase the mind's familiarity with the movement. An example would be a rhythmic gymnast or a dancer mentally rehearsing the whole routine in order to increase the familiarity of the mind with the sequence of movements.

Visualisation on the other hand requires a little more depth in rehearsal of the specific skill at hand. Here the athlete is focussing on picturing a specifc aspect of the performance or skill e.g. a cricketer visualising the contact point with the ball during a front foot drive or a diver visualising their body position during the entry phase. The focus is on visualising points or techniques that are essential for correct skill execution.

I hope this helps your understanding

good luck

Janice

Sender: vanessa hallgathSubject: Principles of TrainingDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

What is the 'Training Threshold'? And how does it contribute to effective training? Could you please use an example of training threshold in a training program? ta!

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Principles of Training

Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>What is the 'Training Threshold'? And how does it >contribute to effective training? Could you please use >an example of training threshold in a training program? >ta!

Hi Vanessa

A training threshold is simply a level you must reach in order to get a training effect to occur. E.g the aerobic threshold is the level your heart rate must reach in training and be sustained for a period of time to get an improvement in your aerobic system. The anaerobic threshold is the level at which your aerobic system can’t supply the energy you need alone because the intensity of exercise is too high so the lactic acid system will help resynthesise ATP. This threshold must be exceeded during training on a regular basis to get a training effect on the lactic acid system.

Hope this clears it up.

Janice

Sender: Leisa RamageSubject: stroke volumeDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: could please explain to me the effects of exercise on stroke volume and cardiac out put??

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: stroke volumeDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >could please explain to me the effects of exercise on

>stroke volume and cardiac out put??

The immediate physiological response to training on stroke volume and cardiac output are:

* Stroke Volume - when exercise increases, the amount of blood that the heart discharges increases considerably. Much of this is due to an increase in stroke volume. Stroke volume increases during exercise, with most of the increase being evident as the person progresses from rest to moderate exercise intensity.* Cardiac Output - increases with exercise in the same way as stroke volume. Cardiac output is a product of heart rate and stroke volume. It increases in respose to physical demands being made on the body.

The physiological adaptations in response to aerobic training in relation to stroke volume and cardiac output are:* Stroke volume - a substantial increase in SV is a long-term effect of endurance training. This occurs because training causes the left ventricle to fill more completely during diastole than it does in an untrained heart.* Cardiac output - a large cardiac output is the major difference between untrained people and endurance athletes. Untrained CO is 15 to 20 litres per minute. Trained CO is 20 to 25 litres per minute.

I hope this helps. Good luck in your exams.

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: stroke volumeDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>could please explain to me the effects of exercise on stroke volume and cardiac output??

Hi Leisa

The effects of exercise on stroke volume and cardiac output are simple. Both increase with aerobic exercise.

Cheers

Janice

Sender: vanessa hallgath

Subject: Energy SystemsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

Could you please explain the term 'intensity' and 'duration' in relation to the energy systems, and what is the intensity and duration of the alactacid, lactic acid and aerobic system?

Sender: sarah zalewskiSubject: Re: Energy SystemsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>Could you please explain the term 'intensity' >and 'duration' in relation to the energy systems, and >what is the intensity and duration of the alactacid, >lactic acid and aerobic system?

intensity refers to how hard the heart has to work tomeet the energy demands of the activity, whereas durationrefers to the length of the exercise.all three systems work at the same time but generally oneis the dominant, depending on the intensity and durationthe ATP/PC system is dominant at very high intensity andlasts for around 10 seconsthe lactic acid system is dominant at intensity and lastsfor 2-3 minutesand the aerobic system is dominant at moderate and lowintensity exercise and lasats as long as there isglycogen available

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Energy SystemsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >>Could you please explain the term 'intensity'

>>and 'duration' in relation to the energy systems, and >>what is the intensity and duration of the alactacid, >>lactic acid and aerobic system?>>

>intensity refers to how hard the heart has to work to>meet the energy demands of the activity, whereas duration refers to the length of the exercise.>all three systems work at the same time but generally one is the dominant, depending on the intensity and duration the ATP/PC system is dominant at very high intensity and lasts for around 10 secons>the lactic acid system is dominant at intensity and lasts for 2-3 minutes and the aerobic system is dominant at moderate and low intensity exercise and lasats as long as there is glycogen available

Hi Srah,

This is a great answer. You obviously have a good understanding of this part of the syllabus.

Well done

Janice

Sender: cody wrattenSubject: managing anxietyDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: what are the strategies for managing anxiety

Sender: stephen draperSubject: Re: managing anxietyDate: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>what are the strategies for managing anxiety

in the syllabus under the heading "how can psychology affect performance" it shows managing anxiety this will show you the strategies for the management of anxiety

- concentration/attentional skills (focusing)- mental rehearsal- visualisation- relaxation- goal-setting

Sender: Jess ThorneSubject: energy systemsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

I seem to have not gotten a handle on the whole energy system thing, including the ATP/PC. What are they? Can they simply be explained? I dont do any science subjects so am finding this concept difficult to grasp as have not had any science experience for the past two years. I find this an extra disadvantage on my side. It is the only concept I dont understand in the whole FAP unit. Can you help?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: energy systemsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >I seem to have not gotten a handle on the whole energy

>system thing, including the ATP/PC. What are they? Can >they simply be explained? I dont do any science >subjects so am finding this concept difficult to grasp >as have not had any science experience for the past two years. I find this an extra disadvantage on my side. It is the only concept I dont understand in the whole FAP unit. Can you help?

I hope so

ATP – PC system uses PC a stored phosphate as its fuel. It fatigues very quickly and is suited to short power activities. There are no bi – products to speak of in this system.

LACTIC ACID – Uses glycogen / glucose as its fuel. It also fatigues very quickly and is suited to high intensity activities that last for about 2 minutes or less. E.g. 800m run. Lactic acid is the bi – product of this system because it breaks down glucose without oxygen and this forms the toxic lactic acid.

AEROBIC – Uses glucose, lipids and in extreme case protein as its fuel source. Suited to activities of sub

max intensity e.g endurance events. CO2 and H2O are its bi – products.

Check out these websites which also have explanations of the energy systems

http://www.bicyclecoach.com/tip.php?tipid=26http://health.howstuffworks.com/sports-physiology2.htmhttp://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/energysystems.html

I hope this helps

Good luck in your studies

Janice

Sender: cody wrattenSubject: fluid replacementDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: what are the guidelines for fluid replacement

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: fluid replacementDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >what are the guidelines for fluid replacement

Hi Cody

Some of the guidelines that you should consider include:

Hydrate before, during adn after activityDrink every fiteen to twenty minutes during vigorous activityDrink water or low-carbohydrate concentration sports drinksAvoid 2 consecutive days of competition or training involving heavy fluid lossLearn to recognise the symptoms of dehydration

Good luck

Janice

Sender: Bonnie DuykerSubject: Steroids.Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: What are the effects, both beneficial and detrimental, of anabolic steroids on an athlete's performance?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Steroids.Date: 18-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >What are the effects, both beneficial and detrimental,

>of anabolic steroids on an athlete's performance?

Firstly, your question is relating to Option 3 - Sport Medicine, not Core 2.

However, in the PDHPE syllabus it states:

'Students need only a general understanding of the performance-related effects of drugs. They should have a clear understanding of the dangers associated with the use of these drugs.'

Steroids are derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone and cause development of masculine characteristics. Some of the effects of steroids are as follows:* liver damage* increased aggressiveness* increased sex drive* infertility

These are a few, however, below are some websites for you to get further information:

http://www.i-steroids.com/

http://www.fds.org.au/pdf/FactSheet14_Steroids.pdf#search='Steroids'

I hope this helps, good luck in your exams.

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Steroids.Date: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>What are the effects, both beneficial and detrimental, >of anabolic steroids on an athlete's performance?

mnkjguigv

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Steroids.Date: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >What are the effects, both beneficial and detrimental,

>of anabolic steroids on an athlete's performance?

Hi Bonnie,

Firstly, your question is related to the Option - Sports Medicine and not Core 2.

However, it states in the syllabus that:

* Students need only a general understanding of the performance-related effects of drugs. They should have a clear understanding of the dangers associated with the use of these drugs.

Steroids are derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone and cause development of masculine characteristics.

Steroids can increase weight, strength and power and reduce the recovery time between workouts.

Some effects of the drug are:

* liver damage* increased aggressiveness

* increased sex drive* infertility

These are only a few, for more information about steroids look up the following websites:

http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/Steroids.html

http://espn.go.com/special/s/drugsandsports/steroids.html

I hope this helps. Good luck in your exams.

Sender: kylie carrallSubject: Core2.Date: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:Hi, my question is: Anxiety can have physiologicaleffects on the body before a performance. What are they? Thanking you in advance.

Sender: nicole cullenSubject: Re: Core2.Date: 15-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>Hi, my question is: Anxiety can have physiological>effects on the body before a performance. What are they? >Thanking you in advance.

ur breathing rate increasesur heart rate increasesu begin 2 sweat morebody temperature increases

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Core2.Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >Hi, my question is: Anxiety can have physiological

>effects on the body before a performance. What are

they? >Thanking you in advance.

Hi

There are two main types of anxiety in your syllabus firstly Trait anxiety which is the type of anxiety that is within the person. It is their predisposition to be anxious e.g it is inherent in their personality. A little bit of anxiety can assist the performer by heightening awareness and preparing the body for the competition to come however too much anxiety can seriously affect the performance and the learner must practice ways to control their anxiety. This is done through techniques like meditation, self talk, concentration skills, focussing, yoga, and centering. The second kind is state anxiety which is the anxiety encountered by the performer due to the situation at hand. E.g running on against your former team in a big game. Again this can heighten awareness and readiness for play but can also be detrimental and the performer can learn to control this through the techniques mentioned above.

Sender: newcastle newcastleSubject: factors affecting performanceDate: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: what are the potential effects of dietry supplementation on endurance performace

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: factors affecting performanceDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >what are the potential effects of dietry

>supplementation on endurance performace

Hi newcastle newcastle,

Most athletes should already have adequate nutrition if they are following specialised training diets. However,

a major dietary consideration for endurance athletes would be:

* Carbohydrate Loading - is a training technique used in endurance events. it is most beneficial in activities involving continuous high-intensity exercise using the same muscle groups for more than 90minutes - for example marathons etc. Training and dietary manipulation is used to maximise muscle gylogen stores, and therefore to decrease the onset of fatigue in endurance activities.

A few websites to help you for further information are as follows:

http://www.ais.org.au/nutrition/documents/FuelDistance.pdf

http://www.newhope.com/nutritionsciencenews/NSN_backs/May_99/10for_road.cfm

http://www.keysupplements.com/articles/portion.htm

I hope this helps.

Good luck in your exams.

Sender: ed edSubject: factors affecting performanceDate: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: why do learning curves differ between subjects during acquisition of skills

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: factors affecting performanceDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >why do learning curves differ between subjects during

>acquisition of skills

Learning is very individual and there are many different rates at which people learn. The learning

curves represent the different rates of learning that can occur when acquiring skills.

There are four types of learning curves:

1. positively accelerated indicates that the learning was slow early as concepts were learned and then accelerates as the performer successfully grasps the skill.

2. negatively accelerated shows a period of early success perhaps a simple skill that begins to level off due to boredom, loss of motivation or a change in the environment or surroundings affecting the performer.

3. S shaped is the most common curve it shows slow early progress while skill is learned, a period or rapid success as it is mastered and a slowing down as it is put into a new situation like a game or against an opponent.

4. linear curve shows a learning rate that is proportional to the amount of practice the performer does.

You need to explore the different types of learning curves in conjunction with the stages of skills acquisition, characteristics of the learner and the types of types of practice. Each of these areas have significant implications for the rates of learning for individual learners, particularly what type of practice is used at which stage of the learners development.

I hope this makes sense

Good luck

janice

Sender: newcastle newcastleSubject: factors affecting performanceDate: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: what are the body's long term response to aerobic

exercise

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: factors affecting performanceDate: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>what are the body's long term response to aerobic >exercise________________________________________________________Adaptations to aerobic training occur as the body adapts to being overloaded in order to perform the workload without excess fatigue. The main physiological adaptations associated with a sustained period of aerobic training are an increase in stroke volume, an associated increase in cardiac output, an increase in VO2 max at levels of work, increased levels of haemoglobin in the blood, increased lung capacity and an improved ability to tolerate lactic acid levels in the system. Also as the heart becomes more efficient in its ability to supply O2 to the muscles because of increased stoke volume, the resting heart rate will decrease.

I hope this helps

Good luck in your exams

Sender: gurtrudeSubject: Protiens and supplemenetsDate: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: What protient and supplements do we need to know about and what effects do they have on the body?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Protiens and supplemenetsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >What protient and supplements do we need to know about

>and what effects do they have on the body?

Please refer to your syllabus documents, the supplementations that you are required to know are:* vitamins* minerals* carbohydrate loadingA good website to go to that will give you information on the effects of each supplement is:www.ais.org.au/Nutrition/SuppFactSheets.asp

Sender: ed edSubject: energy systemsDate: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: please explain the use of the aerobic energy system in relation to a 100m sprint

Sender: - -Subject: Re: energy systemsDate: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>please explain the use of the aerobic energy system in >relation to a 100m sprint

Use of the aerobic system in a 100m sprint is minimal as the quickest way to gain energy is through the ATP/PC system. This system is also used because oxygen is not available to the body so energy is gained by ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (by the breaking of the chemical bond attached to the third phosphate molecule)and creatine phosphate.

Sender: nomy and ktSubject: ATP/PC systemDate: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: What will we need to konw about the ATP/PC system in our hsc exams

Sender: Janice Atkin

Subject: Re: ATP/PC systemDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>What will we need to konw about the ATP/PC system in >our hsc examsPlease refer to your syllabus under the learn to column. You will need to be able to analyse energy systems in terms of:- source of fuel- efficiency of ATP production- duration that the system can operate- cause of fatigue- by-products of energy production- process and rate of recovery

You will need to be able to explain the energy systems in relation to a sport e.g. a Triathlon is a good example as it uses all three energy systems.

A good webiste to go to in relation to the energy systems is:

http://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/energy.htm

This website gives you a breakdown of the energy systems.

I hope this helps.

Good luck in your exams.

Sender: professor frinkSubject: female athletesDate: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: what are the major considerations when designing a training programs for female athletes?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: female athletesDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>what are the major considerations when designing a >training programs for female athletes?

Dear Professor Frink,

The major considerations when designing a training program for all athletes is to ensure that the athlete is following the principles of training in relation to their specific sport:

* Progressive overload* Specificty* Reversibility* Variety* Training Thresholds* Warm-up and cool-down techniques

However, the differing factor for female athletes would be dietary considerations.

Major dietary considerations for females include:* Minerals - female athletes might find it necessary to take iron supplements during heavy training or when menstruating. Calcium is needed more in older women due to menopause etc.* Vitamins - sources of Vitamin C at the same meal improves iron absorption.

I hope this helps.

Good luck in your exams.

Sender: shayley porterSubject: training thresholdsDate: 12-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

one of the principles of training is training thresholds. can you please explain the difference between the aerobic training zone and the anaerobic threshold.

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: training thresholds

Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>one of the principles of training is training >thresholds. can you please explain the difference >between the aerobic training zone and the anaerobic >threshold.

Dear Shayley,

There are two training thresholds.

1. The aerobic threshold is the level that your heart rate must reach in order to achieve a training effect on the aerobic energy system. For general purposes the % is approx. 65% of your maximal heart rate.

2. The anaerobic threshold is the point where exercise intensity becomes to high for the aerobic system to supply the energy needed and therefore the lactic acid system works to supplement the energy requirements. This is approx 85% of the maximum heart rate .

It is important to realise that the thresholds are different in individual athletes and a trained athlete will have a higher % for both thresholds than an untrained athlete.

In answer to your question, the aerobic training zone refers to a level of intensity which causes the heart rate to be high enough to cause significant training gains.

Whereas the anaerobic threshold refers to a level of intensity in physical activity where the accumulation of lactic acid in the blood increases very quickly.

I hope this helps you.

Good luck with your exams.

Sender: Liz BunnSubject: Re: training thresholdsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>one of the principles of training is training >thresholds. can you please explain the difference >between the aerobic training zone and the anaerobic >threshold.

The aerobic training zone is the zone above which athletes need to work in order to improve their aerobic performance (at least 65% of MHR)The anaerobic threshold is the highest level an athlete can work at without producinbg lactic acid. The closer an athlette works to the anaerobic threshold the more tolerance there can be to lactic acid.If you look at it like two lines_____________________________ anaerobic thresholdlactic acid begins to build up the closer an athlete works towardds anaerobic threshold

this is the target area

_____________________________ aerobic threshold the lowest limit for improvemnt to occur

Hope this is OK!!

Sender: Sophie DanielSubject: Characteristics of a LearnerDate: 12-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: How do the specific characteristics of a learner impact upon the aqusition of a skill?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Characteristics of a LearnerDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >How do the specific characteristics of a learner impact

>upon the aqusition of a skill?

Hi Sophie,

The characterisitcs of a learner can impact on how well an athlete performs a skill through:

Physical CharacteristicsGender - males have a significant advantage in strength and power due to their increased levels of testosterone. This plays a role in the rate of which improvement occurs for activities that require these characteristics.

Somatotype - Ectomorphic generally perform events such as high jump, horse racing (jockeys) and gymnastics. Mesomorphs tend to make the best rowers, boxers and Australian Rules players.Endomorphic bodies have an advantage in activities such as the throwing events or sports which require mass e.g. forwards in Rugby Union.

Body composition - The genetic make up of the individual’s muscles will determine to a large degree how successful they will be in their performance of different activities. An activity requiring fast, explosive movements such as jumping, throwing or sprinting require a large percentage of fast twitch muscle fibre while longer slower events such as distance running or cross country skiing require more slow twitch muscle fibre.

Age - types of activities are more suited to different age groups. For example, young children tend to be able to perform gross motor activities such as running or jumping as they have not developed the finer skills required to catch a small ball. As they grow, the finer control is learnt and co-ordination increases the range of activities that a person can attempt. As the body ages however, it loses some of its abilities to perform a range of movements (decreased reaction time and flexibility) and it also becomes more susceptible to injury.

Look up the following website for the social and emotional factors and special aptitudes and their contribution to skill acquisition:

http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/core2/skill/3037/4_5_2_2soc.htm

http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/core2/skill/3037/4_5_2_3s

pecial.htm

I hope this helps.

Good luck in your exams.

Sender: SophSubject: Re: Characteristics of a LearnerDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: thank you Janice...

Sender: maitherejee sangarathasanSubject: pdhpeDate: 12-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: what is carbohydrate loading

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: pdhpeDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >what is carbohydrate loading

Carbohydrate Loading - is a training technique used in endurance events. It is the technique of loading the muscles with glycogen in preparation for an endurance activity.The procedure involves furnishing the muscles and liver with extra glycogen before an event because carbohydrates are lost readily through activity. It is most beneficial in activities involving continuous high-intensity exercise using the same muscle groups for more than 90minutes - for example marathons etc. Training and dietary manipulation is used to maximise muscle gylogen stores, and therefore to decrease the onset of fatigue in endurance activities.

Some useful websites for carbohydrate loading are:

http://www.ais.org.au/nutrition/documents/FactCLoad.pdf#s

earch='carbohydrate%20loading'

http://hsc.csu.edu.au/pdhpe/core2/nutrition/4-4/Nutritional-Plan/4-4-1-Nutritional-plan.htm

I hope this helps.

Good luck in your exams.

Sender: sarah zalewskiSubject: aquisition of skillDate: 12-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:the acquisition of skill critical question has alot ofcontent in it. can you suggest any strategies inorganising and remembering all the information?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: aquisition of skillDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >the acquisition of skill critical question has alot of

>content in it. can you suggest any strategies in>organising and remembering all the information?

Hi Sarah,

This is a regular issue for students studying PDHPE for the HSC. the subject has a lot of content that studuents have to manage in a way that makes it meaingful for them.

A couple of tips that may help you organise and remember the content in each of the focus questions:

1. try to develop single page mind maps about key parts of the syllabus or syllabus focus questions. This should include key words or short phrases that can act as triggers to more detailed notes. It would be useful to have page references from your concept maps to your notes so that finding the detailed material amongst your notes is not too time consuming. You may want to

keep these concept maps in you folders at the front of key sections or displayed prominantly in your bedroom so that you see them constantly.

2. Think about developing some acronyms for important sections of content. An acronym takes the first letter of a series of related words to make a single word or phrase that is easier to remeber.

For example:D eveloping personal skillsR eorienting health services

H ealthy public policyS trengthening community actionC reating supportive environments

may be a useful way of recalling the Action Areas of the Ottawa Charter and the detail related to each action area.

I hope these ideas are useful. Good Luck.

Janice

Sender: Millie HeslopSubject: Protein Supplementation.Date: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

I have noticed that when we outline Carb loading and other suplementation there is no great emphasis on Protein supplementation. Can you outline the benefits and how it may be used by a particular athlete. What type of athlete would be most likely to use protein supplements.

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Protein Supplementation.Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >I have noticed that when we outline Carb loading and

>other suplementation there is no great emphasis on

>Protein supplementation. Can you outline the benefits >and how it may be used by a particular athlete. What >type of athlete would be most likely to use protein >supplements.

Hi Millie,

Essentially, with any forms of dietary supplementation it is only necessary if a balanced diet cannot provide sufficient levels.

Protein has no real role in energy production. The main benefits of protein supplementation are structural e.g. to improve the ability of the muscles to repair and atrophise (build bulk). In the case of protein supplementation, power athletes such as weight lifters, shot put throwers may use protein supplements.

Sender: LeviSubject: Re: Protein Supplementation.Date: 13-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

Protein supplementation is mainly used in atheletes utlizing a high resistance/strength training program: i.e. Shot-put.Protein is used in the growth, repair and development of muscles.When combined with training, protein supplements repair muscles damaged during the workout and aid the growth of muscles once exercise has ceased.Thus, muscles should be given a post-protein supplementation to promote the adaptation to an increase in intensity.

Hope this helps

Sender: Millie HeslopSubject: Kreb Cycle and GlycolysisDate: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: In a question related to Aerobic and Anaerobic

respiration how important is the application of the

process of the Kreb Cycle and Glycolysis or is this going overboard. To fully explain and analyse training for these events how much detail should I provide.

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Kreb Cycle and GlycolysisDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>In a question related to Aerobic and Anaerobic >respiration how important is the application of the >process of the Kreb Cycle and Glycolysis or is this >going overboard. To fully explain and analyse training for these events how much detail should I provide.

Hi Millie,

I'm assuming you are referring to questions on the energy systems (aerobic and anaerobic systems). The detail that you provide in your answer will depend on the requirements of the question. If the question only requires you to outline or describe the role of each of the energy systems then it would be "over the top" to analyse or include discussion on Krebs Cycle and glycolysis.

However, if you were asked to analyse or evaluate the efficiency of each of the energy systems it would be appropriate to provide details about Krebs Cycle and process of glycolysis.

I hope this helps

Good luck with your studies

Janice

Sender: samSubject: muscle fibre compositionDate: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: Hi everyone, what is muscle fibre composition/slow

twitch/fast twitch? I dont think we have learned about that. Is it possible that we would get a question on this area?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: muscle fibre compositionDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

>Hi everyone, what is muscle fibre composition/slow >twitch/fast twitch? I dont think we have learned about >that. Is it possible that we would get a question on >this area?

Hi Sam,

The syllabus does not explicitly refer to muscle fibre composition or fast and slow twitch fibres. You will only get exam questions on topics that are listed in the syllabus content. You may however, include information about muscle composition in an answer to questions related to characteristics of the learner under heredity factors.

Sender: katieSubject: Nutritional PlanDate: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

Is it possible we could be asked to design a pre-event and recovery nutritional plan for an athlete that includes principles of carbohydrate loading? Could you please provide some advice about how we should do this. Thankyou

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Nutritional PlanDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >Is it possible we could be asked to design a pre-event

>and recovery nutritional plan for an athlete that

>includes principles of carbohydrate loading? Could you >please provide some advice about how we should do this. >Thankyou

Hi Katie,

It is possible that you could be asked questions on pre-event and recovery nutrition plan. The following web sites will provide you with some good information and sample nutrition plans to help you with your answers.

Carbo loadinghttp://www.brianmac.demon.co.uk/carbload.htm

Pre- event nutritional planshttp://sportsmedicine.about.com/cs/nutrition/a/aa011201a.htm

I hope this helps

Janice

Sender: katieSubject: Designing a training sessionDate: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:Is it possible that we will be asked to design a training session based on the FITT principle? If so how do u suggest we would approach this.

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Designing a training sessionDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >Is it possible that we will be asked to design a

>training session based on the FITT principle? If so how do u suggest we would approach this.

Hi Katie,

You can be asked a question on any topic that is in

the syllabus, so there is every chance you will be asked a question on designing a training plan based on the FITT principle.

The following web site has some good information about the FITT principle that may help you with your studies.

http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/fitt-principle.html

Good luck with your exams

Janice

Sender: RachaelSubject: training programsDate: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

What questions could we be asked in exam situations in relation to the dot point:- Analyse two different training programs and discuss how they relate to the principles of training.

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: training programsDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >What questions could we be asked in exam situations in

>relation to the dot point:>- Analyse two different training programs and discuss >how they relate to the principles of training.

Hi Rachael,

This dot point fairly well tells you the sort of question you could be asked. You will probably be required to describe two training programs (either aerobic, strength or flexibility programs) and analyse how they are different or similar. You would have to relate the similarities and differences to the principles of training (in particular, progressive

overload, reversibility, training thresholds etc).

I hope this makes sense

Good luck

Janice

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Welcome to the Core 2 PDHPE forumDate: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

Hi everyone,

Welcome to the second of the PDHPE discussion forums for 2006. This forum is focusing on Core 2 questions, however, if you have any questions about exam technique or study tips feel free to post them also.

Core 1 PDHPE discussion forum was highly successful and we have left the questions and answers up as read-only so you can refer back to them if you missed the initial discussion.

Let the discussions begin. I look forward to hearing from you all soon.

Regards

Janice

Sender: leighSubject: Question from CSSA Trial 2006Date: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: There was a question from the CSSA Trial Exam 2006

which stated:"As a coach of an endurance athlete explain the process of carbohydrate loading as a method of supplementation and the effeect it has on an athlete."

Could you please give direction as to how to respond to

this question with reference to the similarities and/or differences between the procedures and methods of 'old' and 'newer' methods of carbohydrate loading. which method should we talk about MOST in our responses? explain the procedure of each method and the effect on the athlete.

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: Question from CSSA Trial 2006Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >There was a question from the CSSA Trial Exam 2006

>which stated:>"As a coach of an endurance athlete explain the process of carbohydrate loading as a method of supplementation and the effeect it has on an athlete."

>Could you please give direction as to how to respond to this question with reference to the similarities and/or differences between the procedures and methods of 'old' and 'newer' methods of carbohydrate loading. which method should we talk about MOST in our responses? >explain the procedure of each method and the effect on >the athlete.

Hi Leigh,

The question does not indicate that you need to make a comparison between the "old" and "new" methods. I would not take this direction with your answer.

The question asks you to EXPLAIN the process and effect it has on the athlete. The detail you provide in your answer will depend on how many marks it is worth.

I would structure your answer so that it provides an overview of the process e.g. increased consumption of carbohydrates in the period leading up to the event.

The effects on the athlete during the event should then be covered e.g. greater stores of energy in the muscles for endurance athletes, delays fatigue setting in etc.

Depending on how many marks are allocated,you might talk about the effect that starving the body of carbohydrates and depleting glycogen stores has on the formation of glycogen once carbo loading process is initiaited. . You could also discuss the effect that starving the body of carbo can have on the athletes ability to train.

I hope this helps

Janice

Sender: leighSubject: arousalDate: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message: what strategies may have worked to overcome the under and over-arousal states?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: arousalDate: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >what strategies may have worked to overcome the under

>and over-arousal states?

Hi Leigh

Athletes will have varying levels of arousal for any number of reasons and it is critical that arousal and anxiety levels are managed so that the performance will not be negatively affected.

Over-arousal levels result in the athlete being highly strung, fidgety, unable to focus and very likely to make errors. For states of over-arousal athletes can manage this through relaxation and focussing techniques. Here the athlete will use strategies like yoga. Meditation, calming skills, breathing exercises to bring their level of arousal back to more OPTIMAL levels.( optimal arousal is simply that level of concentration, focus and intent that is required by

the individual athlete to perform skills at their maximal level of efficiency)Athletes can and should train for this so that in competition they are able to quickly apply these strategies.

An athlete can be suffereing under-arousal if they are distracted, disinterested or lacking in motivation. These are often serious problems that can't be fixed quickly before the start of a performance. Coaches and athletes need to work together to find out why the athlete is feeling this way and develop strategies to overcome the problem.

I hope this helps

Good luck

Janice

Sender: leighSubject: creatine ethics?Date: 11-SEP-2006Attachment: N/A

Message:

what are the ethical considerations of using legal substances to boost performance, such as creatine? does the use of this substance represent a gateway to other performance-enhancing drugs that are illegal?

Sender: Janice AtkinSubject: Re: creatine ethics?Date: 14-SEP-2006Attachment: N/AMessage: >what are the ethical considerations of using legal

>substances to boost performance, such as creatine? does the use of this substance represent a gateway to other performance-enhancing drugs that are illegal?

Hi Leigh,

The ethical considerations of using legal substances are probably not great as they are approved for use. What is of greater importance to consider are the

dangers associated with the use of these substances.

In regards to the use of legal substances providing a gateway to using illegal substances - athletes who see some slight benefits from the use of substances such as creatine - may be tempted to get greater "gains" by using illegal substances. In all of this it is important to remember that the dangers involved far outweigh any benefits that may be gained from using performance enhancing substances.

I hope this helps

Janice

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