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Asian Geolinguistic Society of Japan, Monograph Series, No.1 Sept. 2013 VIETNAMESE DIALECT MAPS ON VOCABULARY KONDO MIKA

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Page 1: VIETNAMESE DIALECT MAPS ON VOCABULARY · 2013-10-09 · CONTENTS List of Maps Page Acknowledgements 0. INTRODUCTION 1 0-1. Vietnamese and Vietnamese dialects 1 0-2. Method of making

Asian Geolinguistic Society of Japan, Monograph Series, No.1

Sept. 2013

VIETNAMESE DIALECT MAPS ON VOCABULARY

KONDO MIKA

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CONTENTS

List of Maps Page

Acknowledgements

0. INTRODUCTION 1

0-1. Vietnamese and Vietnamese dialects 1

0-2. Method of making dialect maps 7

0-2-1. Data acquisition 7

0-2-2. Software to draw dialect maps 10

0-2-3. Problems with surveillance data 10

1. DISTRIBUTION OF TWO FORMS 11

2. DISTRIBUTION OF THREE FORMS 53

3. DISTRIBUTION OF FOUR FORMS 66

4. RELATING MAPS 71

5. CONCLUSION 85

5-1. The influence of “large city” of each area 85

5-2. Central dialects 86

5-2-1. A new “large city” of the central area 86

5-2-2. The intermediate forms of Northern and Southern dialects 87

References 88

Appendix 92

1. XY data 93

2. Vocabulary data 94

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LIST OF MAPS

Page

0-1. Map of Vietnam 5

0-2. Birthplace of participants 8

1-1. To break down 12

1-2. Paddy 13

1-3. To call 15

1-4. To break 16

1-5. Rice paper 17

1-6. To watch 18

1-7. Classifier for round things 19

1-8. Coffin 20

1-9. Interest 21

1-10. To trample upon 22

1-11. To pursue 23

1-12. Blanket 24

1-13. Pig 25

1-14. Apple 26

1-15. Ball 27

1-16. Late 28

1-17. Left over 29

1-18. Car body 30

1-19 Chain 31

1-20. Spoon 32

1-21. Peanut 33

1-22. Passion fruit 34

1-23. Fat 35

1-24. Sharp 36

1-25. Brake 37

1-26. Tiger 38

1-27. To turn 39

1-28. Wallet 40

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1-29. Cassava 41

1-30. Photograph 42

1-31. Perfume 43

1-32. To dupe 44

1-33. To rent 45

1-34. Car 46

1-35. Socks 47

1-36. To pick up 48

1-37. To look for 49

1-38. Hat 50

1-39. Broccoli 51

1-40. To wipe 52

2-1. To fall down 53

2-2. Wax apple 54

2-3. To hold 55

2- 4. Bowl 56

2-5. To squat down 58

2-6. Dirty 60

2-7. Blunt 61

2-8. Gourmet’s powder 62

2-9. To eat by stealth 63

2-10. Sunglasses 64

2-11. Envelope 65

3-1. Snakehead fish 66

3-2: Pineapple 67

3-3: To tickle 68

3-4: Candle 70

4-1-1: Gecko 73

4-1-2: Lizard 73

4-2-1: Curtain 75

4-2-2: Mosquito net 75

4-3-1: Glasses 78

4-3-2: Mirror 78

4-4-1: Match 80

4-4-2: Box of match 80

4-5-1: Tire 82

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4-5-2: Inner tube of tire 82

4-6-1: Lucky 84

4-6-2: Unlucky 84

© Mika KONDO

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My deepest appreciation goes to Associate Professor Shimizu Masaaki (Osaka

University) who provided helpful comments, suggestions and constant support. I also

would like to thank Professor Trần Trí Dõi (Hanoi University of Human and Social

Science), as our survey would not have been possible without his generous support. I

am also deeply grateful to everyone who participated in our survey.

This work was supported by a JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 23652087,

2011-12, Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research, representative: Professor

Endo Mitsuaki, “Reconstructing the micro and macro history of languages using

linguistic maps across countries and language families in Eastern Eurasia”.

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0. INTRODUCTION

This monograph aims to draw dialect maps of Vietnamese according to the

result of the dialect survey in Vietnam in order to serve as a base of Vietnamese

geolinguistics. Individual words will be mapped.

0-1. Vietnamese and Vietnamese dialects

Vietnamese, the official language of Vietnam, is a language belonging to

Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, and Viet-Muong languages. It is a monosyllabic language

and an isolating language. Its basic vocabulary is common with other Austroasiatic

languages, and the vast majority of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin, in addition to

some Austronesian and Tai-Kadai vocabulary.

In Vietnamese, there is no dialect that is officially regarded as Standard

Vietnamese (Hoàng Thị Châu 2004: 93). The pronunciation regarded as the most

normative is the realization of the writing system (Quốc ngữ), based on the Northern

Vietnamese dialect in the 17th century. (This pronunciation is preserved in a portion of

the Thái Bình, Nam Định, and Ninh Bình provinces.) Vocabulary based on the Northern

dialect, called ngôn ngữ văn học ‘literary language,’ is the most normative (Hoàng Thị

Châu 2004: 108).

The syllable structure and phonological system are as follows:

a) Syllable structure (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006)

IMVE/ T (I:Initials, M: medials, V: vowels, E: endings, T: tones)

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b) Initials1 (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006)

ɓ (b) ɗ (đ)

p (p) t (t) ʈ (tr) c (ch) k (c/k/q) ʔ (ø)

th (th)

m (m) n (n) ɲ (nh) ŋ (ng/ngh)

v (v) z (d) ʒ (gi) ɣ (g/gh)

f (f) x (s) ʂ (s) h (h)

ʐ (r)

l (l)

c) Medials (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006)

w (u/o)

d) Vowels (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006)

iə (iê/ia) ɨə (ươ/ ưa) uə (uô/ua)

i: (i) ɨ: (ư) u: (u)

e: (ê) ɤ: (ơ) o: (ô)

ɛ: (e) ʌ (â) ɔ: (o)

a: (a)/ a (ă)

e) Endings (Shimizu, Lê Thị Liên, Momoki 2006)

p (p) t (t) k (c)

m (m) n (n) ŋ (nh, ng)

w (u/o) j (y/i)

1 The characters in an italic font following IPA script in parentheses ( ) are quốc ngữ script.

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f) Tones (Thompson 1985: 104)

1. High trailing (a)

2. Low trailing (à)

3. Low dropping (and rising) (ả)

4. High rising (glottal stricture) (ã)

5. High rising (á)

6. Low dropping (glottal stricture or stop final) (ạ)

So far, many researchers have considered Vietnamese to have three major

dialects: Northern, Central, and Southern. However, there are various opinions about the

division of Vietnamese dialects.

First, according to the interpretation of speakers, which is based on tone, the

Northern dialect (giọng Bắc) is spoken in the Northern area and Thanh Hóa province,

the Central dialect (giọng miền Trung) is spoken from Nghệ An province to Huế, and

the Southern dialect (giọng Nam) is spoken south of Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng (Hoàng Thị

Châu 2004: 88). This division is shown in our map of the word ‘bowl’ (Map 2-4).

Hoàng Thị Châu (2004) draws six isoglosses based on phonological

characteristics. 1) 6 tone / 5 tone (northern/southern form), 2) /s-, z-, tʃ-/ / /ʂ-, ʐ-, ʈ-/, 3)

/z-/ / /j-/, 4) /-aɲ/ / /-an/, 5) /-a:n/ / /-a:ŋ/, 6) /v-/ / /j-/, low tone system/ high tone system

and concluded that the speech used in the Northern area as the Northern dialect (to the

north of the first isogloss), the speech used from Thanh Hóa province to Huế as the

Central dialect (the area between the first isogloss and the sixth isogloss), and the

speech used from Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng to the southern border as the Southern dialect

(to the south of the sixth isogloss) (p. 91-93). This division matches our dialect map of

the word ‘to fall down’ (Map 2-1).

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Phạm Văn Hảo (2009) describes another division. The Northern dialect is

spoken in the Northern area and Thanh Hóa, the Central dialect is used from Nghệ An

province to Bình Thuận province, and the Southern dialect is used south of Bà

Rịa-Vũng Tàu province. This division matches our dialect map of the word ‘snakehead

fish’ (Map 3-1). The Central dialect is divided into two smaller dialects: North-Central

(from Nghệ An province to Huế) and South-Central (from Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng to

Bình Thuận province). Simultaneously, however, he adds that it is difficult to define the

borders of the Central dialect, and the South-Central dialect is close to the Southern one

in terms of phonemes and vocabulary (p. 9).

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Map 0-1: Map of Vietnam2

2 The original picture is taken from Google maps.

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Before showing dialect maps of Vietnamese, we need to provide some

information about Vietnam’s history of territorial development and immigration, which

have had a great influence on the formation of Vietnamese dialects.

Before the 10th century, Vietnam only ruled over the northern area of Hoành

Sơn Range, from what is currently the northern area to Hà Tĩnh province. Hà Nội, the

capital of Vietnam, has been the capital since the 11th century, so the dialect spoken

around this area is considered the most standard Vietnamese. From the 11th to 15th

centuries, Vietnam obtained the north-central area, and the people of Thanh Hóa and

Nghệ An migrated moved southward. The dialect in this area is characterized as

conserving ancient words. This is because after immigrants from the northern area

settled there, they lived with little contact with each other. Huế, where the Nguyễn

dynasty (1802–1945) established its capital, is unique in that it has some elements

similar to the Southern dialects because the Nguyễn dynasty made the southern

high-ranking mandarin’s daughters princesses in the Imperial Court. The Nguyễn lords,

the predecessors of the Nguyễn dynasty, were based in Huế in the 16th century. The

Nguyễn lords developed the south-central area and made people in the northern area,

mainly Thanh Hóa and Hải Hưng provinces (presently Hải Dương and Hưng Yên

provinces), immigrate to this area. In the 17th century, the boundary extended to the

southern end of the south-central area. The Southern dialect formed through the history

of development and immigration (mainly from the south-central area) following the

17th century. In the process, there was contact between the language used in this area

and southern Chinese dialects, Cham and Khmer languages, and others (Đặng Thu 1994,

Hoàng Thị Châu 2004).

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0-2. Method of making dialect maps

0-2-1. Data acquisition

The data used to make the dialect maps were acquired from the dialect survey

in Vietnam. A brief description of the survey is as follows:

Researchers: Shimizu Masaaki (Osaka University), Kondo Mika (Kyoto

University), and Trần Trí Dõi (Hanoi University of Human and Social Science).

Period: Sept. 16–30, 2011; Sept. 25–27, 2012

Locations of data collection: Hà Nội (students of Hanoi University of Human

and Social Science), Hải Dương (students of Haiduong College of Pedagogy), Bến Tre

(staff of the Peoples’ Committee of Bentre Province), TP Hồ Chí Minh (students of

Hochiminh City University of Human and Social Science), Huế (students of Hue

College of Foreign Languages), and Đà Nẵng (students of Danang College of Foreign

Languages)

Participants: There were 73 participants, mainly college or university students

and some office workers who were born in 33 provinces3 from Thái Nguyên province

in Northern Vietnam to Sóc Trang province in Southern Vietnam (See Figure 1). The

data of 10 of the 73 participants were excluded from analysis because it was possible

that the speech of these participants was influenced by other dialects. All participants

met the following four criteria:

1) One or both of their parents came from other regions.

2) One or more of their grandparents came from other regions.

3) They had stayed in other regions for a long time (especially while

elementary school aged4).

3 These 33 provinces are located on the coast of Vietnam, where most residents are Vietnamese people (Kinh), the native language of Vietnamese, to distinguish them from other ethnic groups. 4 As a condition to be a language consultant, they must be a born and bred person of the area. The

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4) They were living near a community of people from other regions.

Map 0-2: Birthplace of participants5

standard to regard someone as "native-born" varies according to a researcher and a case. Konishi says that it is the minimum requirements to spend the formative period of language in the area (2007: 3). In the case of Vietnamese, the acquisition of the orthography is thought to have a great influence on the phoneme system of a person, so we consider being there until graduation from elementary school, that is the period a person studies the orthography. 5 The original picture is taken from Google maps.

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Method: (a) The participants read syllable lists written in Quốc ngữ script; (b)

they selected the word they preferred from among several candidate words6 for each of

104 picture cards (Hoàng Thị Châu 1989, Trần Thị Ngọc Lang 1995). The data of 39

items representing the following cases were excluded from analysis:

1) The meanings of the picture cards were difficult to make out.

2) Many participants did not know the word denoting the item.

3) The vocabulary terms did not differ by area.

Figure 0-1: Picture card7

6 A guide or a choice in an interview is considered to be effective in order to hear a high abstract word, and it is also helpful to correct the influence of the factor such as ability for introspection and the interest of the informant, physical condition, fatigue at the time of the investigation (Konishi 2007:10). 7 The original picture is taken from http://minnanokyozai.jp/kyozai/home/ja/render.do

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0-2-2. Software to draw dialect maps

MANDARA version 9.36: Geographical information analysis system software

(Tani Kenji, Saitama, Japan) was used to create the dialect maps. Location information

was acquired from Google maps, and blank maps were taken from

http://www.freemap.jp/

0-2-3. Problems with surveillance data

There were several problems with the data. First, the participants were mainly

young women8 in their early 20s who had left their hometowns. Moreover, the number

of participants from each province was not uniform, and some provinces were

represented by only one participant. Thus, it is possible that individual differences

influenced the results. In addition, the origins of the words were also not uniform. We

selected dialect words that are representative of typical examples of regionally different

word forms and appear frequently in speech of the young generation, so we were not

able to balance for origin.

Despite these problems, for the purpose of our preliminary survey, it is thought

that we can use the data to make dialect maps and confirm isoglosses.

As the purpose of this study is to make a wide area map of Vietnamese dialects,

we do not attach importance to words that appear too local.

8 It has been said that the most preferable language consultants are old males (60–70 years old). However, Grootaers (1994) says that if the following conditions are met, university students can give preliminary information: 1. Recruit young students who have just left their hometown and return home during school holidays. 2. Do not use any words inciting written language or any words that might be a target of everyday conversations with classmates. 3. Limit topics to those discussed in the student’s hometown and with his or her family or another person with whom he or she has a close relationship.

(Grootaers 1994: 36)

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1. DISTRIBUTION OF TWO FORMS

Many Vietnamese vocabulary words that are different between dialects only

have two forms distributing them: north and south. Huỳnh Công Tín says that the

Southern people originally immigrated from the Central area, so there are many cases

for which the Southern and Central dialects have the same form (2009: 20). As he says,

the result of our survey also shows many maps having common isoglosses between the

northern area and central area. However, some maps have isoglosses to the south of

there.

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1-1. To break down

Forms9:

1) hong

…hỏng /hɔ:ŋ3/

2) hu

…hư /hɨ:1/

Interpretation:

In the standard

Vietnamese, these two forms

have different meanings:

hỏng means ‘(a thing) to

break down’ and hư means

‘(a person) corrupt, rotten,

spoiled.’ There is a

two-syllable word, hư hỏng,

which means ‘to break

down.’

The form hỏng is used in

the Northern area, and the

form hư [虚 ] 10 is used in

Thanh Hoá province and

southward.

9 In the Forms column, we show representations on the map of each form, the quốc ngữ script for each form, and phoneme notation in standard Vietnamese based on the writing system. 10 In the case of Sino-Vietnamese words, we show Chinese characters corresponding to the words in parentheses [ ] following quốc ngữ script.

Map 1-1: To break down

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1-2. Paddy

Forms:

1) thoc

…thóc /thɔ:k5/

2) lV

…ló /lɔ:5/

…lúa /luə5/

Interpretation:

In northern Vietnam,

thóc means ‘paddy,’ and lúa

means ‘rice plant.’ However,

in the Southern area, the form

lúa has both meanings. Many

Viet-Muong languages also

have the form lV, meaning

both ‘paddy’ and ‘rice

plant,’11 so it is considered

that in old times these two

things were called in one

words lV.

There is a possibility that

the Northern form thóc

originates from túc [粟].

11 Arem: alɑ:ʔ, Ruc: alɔ:3, sach: alɔ:3, Thavung: alɔ:3, Malieng: ulɔ:3, etc. (Ferlus 2007).

Map 1-2: paddy

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Many answers for lV were lúa, but some language consultants from the

north-central area gave the answer: ló (HN-12: Hà Tĩnh, HU-01: Quảng Trị, HN-22:

Nghệ An).12 This form shows an older form of the vowel /uə/ before the change into

diphthong.13

12 When we refer to the answer of a particular language consultant, we write his or her language consultant ID and his or her birthplace in parentheses ( ). 13 Ferlus reconstructs the older form of a diphthong /uə/ as */ɔ:/ (1997). Hoàng Thị Châu says that ló is one of examples showing that Central dialect conserves older pronunciation (2004: 103).

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1-3. To call

Forms:

1) goi

…gọi /ɣɔ:j6/

2) keu

…kêu /ke:w1/

Interpretation:

Standard Vietnamese

vocabulary has two words:

gọi meaning ‘to call’ and kêu

meaning ‘to shout.’ The

two-syllable word kêu gọi

means ‘to appeal to, to call

upon.’

The form gọi is used in

the northern areas, and the

form kêu is used in Thanh

Hoá province and southward.

The Southern form kêu

possibly originated from

khiếu [叫].

In the north-central area,

some language consultants

gave other forms like van (HN-32: Nghệ An) and hét (HN-22: Nghệ An, HN-28: Thanh

Hóa).

Map 1-3: To call

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1-4. To break

Forms:

1) vo

…vỡ /vɤ:4/

2) be

…bể /ɓe:3/

Interpretation:

The word means ‘to

break something into pieces.

(It’s generally used for fragile

things, such as dishes or

glass).’

The form vỡ is used in

the northern areas, and the

form bể is used in Thanh Hoá

province and southward.

Both of the two forms

are suspected to be related

with phá [破].

Map 1-4: To break

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1-5. Rice paper

Forms:

1) da

…bánh đa /ɓɛŋ5 ɗa:1/

2) trang

…bánh tráng /ɓɛŋ5 ʈa:ŋ5/

Interpretation:

All forms have the

common first syllable bánh

(originated from bính [餅]),

which means ‘an item of food

made from baking, flying or

boiling a mixture of flour or

rice flour, water, etc.’ On the

other hand, the second

syllables differ from one area

to another. In the northern

area, đa is used, and in Thanh

Hóa province and southward

tráng ‘to spread thinly on the

cookware like a frying pan’ is

used.

Some informants gave

the form khô ‘dry’ (HN-28: Thanh Hóa, HN-32: Nghệ An).

Map 1-5: Rice paper

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1-6. To watch

Forms:

1) xem

…xem /sɛ:m1/

2) coi

…coi /kɔ:j1/

Interpretation:

The form xem is used in

the northern area, and the

form coi is used in Thanh

Hoá province and southward.

The form xem is

suspected to be related with

khám [勘].

Some other Mon-Khmer

languages have forms

meaning ‘ to look at, to

regard, to watch’ which is

similar to the southern form

coi.14

14 Khmer language: គយ /kɔɔy/ (Headley 1977), Muong dialects: kɔj1∽2 (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004).

Map 1-6: To watch

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1-7. Classifier for round

things

Forms:

1) qua

…quả /kwa:3/

2) trVj

…trấy /ʈʌj5/∽trái /ʈa:j5/

Interpretation:

The form quả [果 ] is

used in the Northern area, and

the form trVj is used in Thanh

Hoá province and southward.

Many Viet-Muong languages

also have the form related

with trVj.15

15 Arem: ule:ʔ, Ruc: pəli:3, Kha Pong: pəle:3, Sach: pəli:3, Malieng: pəle:3, Thavung; phalə:3, etc. (Ferlus 2007). Muong dialects: plaj3, blaj3, tlaj3, etc. (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004).

Map 1-7: Classifier for round things

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1-8. Coffin

Forms:

1) quan tai:

…quan tài /kwa:n1 ta:i2/

2) hom

…hòm /hɔ:m2/

Interpretation:

According to the

Vietnamese dictionary, there

are many forms meaning

‘coffin,’ like áo quan, cỗ áo,

cỗ ván, hậu sự, hòm, quan tài,

săng, and xũ (Trung tâm từ

điển học 2011). Our language

consultants also gave several

forms meaning ‘coffin,’ but

most of them are two forms:

quan tài and hòm.

Quan tài [棺材] is used

in Thanh Hóa province and

northward, and hòm is used in

Nghệ An province and

southward. The southern form hòm means ‘box, case’ in standard Vietnemse (hòm quần

áo ‘clothes chest,’ hòm thư ‘mailbox’). There are other forms like áo quan (áo ‘cloth’)

(SG-02: Bến Tre, HU-03: Quảng Bình), thọ [寿] (SG-07: TP HCM), and hang (SG-11:

Long An).

Map 1-8: Coffin

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1-9. Interest

Forms:

1) lai

…lãi /la:j4/

2) loi

…lời /lɤ:j2/

Interpretation:

The form lãi is used in

Thanh Hoá province and

northward, and the form lời is

used in Nghệ An province and

southward. Both of the two

forms originated from lợi [利]

< *lị. 16 There is a

two-syllable word lời lãi that

means ‘interest.’

16 The normative Sino-Vietnamese sound of the character 利 is lị. However, this is the real name of the emperor and founder of the Later Lê dynasty, Lê Thái Tổ (Reign: 1428–1433). In 1428, the Lê dynasty issued an order not to use this letter and sound (大越史記全書本紀巻之十) (Ngô Đức Thọ 1997).

Map 1-9: interest

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1-10. To trample upon

Forms:

1) giam

…giẫm /ʒʌm4/

2) dap

…đạp /ɗa:p6/

Interpretation:

Roughly, the form giẫm

is used in Hà Tĩnh province

and northward, and the form

đạp [踏] is used in Quảng

Bình province and southward.

There is a two-syllable word

giẫm đạp that means ‘to

trample upon.’

Map 1-10: To trample upon

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23

1-11. To pursue

Forms:

1) duoi

…đuổi /ɗuəj3/

2) ruot

…rượt /ʐɨət6/

Interpretation:

Language consultants

gave us many forms,

including dí, lùa, rệt, đòi,

tướt, and chạy theo, but

roughly, we can say that the

form đuổi is used in Hà Tĩnh

province and northward, and

the form rượt is used in

Quảng Bình and southward.

The northern form đuổ is

saspected to be related with

truy [追].

Participants from Hà

Tĩnh province gave the form

tướt (HN-12). Both of the

initials t /t/ and r /ʐ/ have

predecessor */s/.17

17 Ferlus describes that the initial */s/ without presyllable has become t /t/, and the initial */s/ with a presyllable has become r /ʐ/ through the process of spirantization and voicement (1982).

Map 1-11: To pursue

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1-12. Blanket

Forms:

1) chan

…chăn /can1/

2) men

…mền /me:n2/

Interpretation:

The form chăn is used in

the Hà Tĩnh province and

northward, and the form mền

is used in Quảng Bình

province and southward. The

southern form mền is

suspected to be related with

miên [ 綿 ]. There is a

two-syllable word chăn mền

that means ‘blanket.’

One participant from

Quảng Nam province

answered ra (HU-12).

Map 1-12: Blanket

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25

1-13. Pig

Forms:

1) lon:

…lợn /lɤ:n6/

2) heo

…heo /hɛ:w1/

Interpretation:

The form lợn is used in

Hà Tĩnh province and

northward, and the form heo

is used in Quảng Bình and

southward. The northern

form lợn is suspected to be

related with độn [豚].

Both of the two forms

are thought not to relate with

the form in the Viet-Muong

language. 18 Nicolarese

Language has a word haun

meaning ‘pig, hog’ (Das

1977).

18 Muong dialects: kuj3∽5, kun5, etc. (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004), Arem: kù:lʔ, Ruc: ku:l4, Kha Pong: ku:l4, Sach: ku:l4, Thavung: ku:l4, ku:n4, etc. (Ferlus 2007).

Map 1-13: Pig

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26

1-14. Apple

Forms:

1) tao

…táo /ta:w5/

2) bôm

…bôm /bo:m1/

Interpretation:

In Vietnamese, there are

some species called táo

‘apple’ like táo ta ‘Ziziphus’

(ta means ‘our’), táo tàu

‘Ziziphus zizyphus’ (tàu

means ‘Chinese’) and táo tây

‘Malus domestica’ (tây

means ‘European’). In this

research, we used a picture of

an apple (Malus domestica).

The form táo [棗 ] is

used in Hà Tĩnh province and

northward, and the form bôm,

which originates from

pomme ‘apple’ in French, is

used in Quảng Bình province

and southward.

Map 1-14: Apple

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1-15. Ball

Forms:

1) bong

…bóng /ɓɔ:ŋ5/

2) banh

…banh /ɓɛŋ1/

Interpretation:

In the northern area the form

bóng is used, to the south of

Huế the form banh is used,

and in the north-central area

both of them are used. The

southern form banh originates

from balle ‘ball’ in French.

Map 1-15: Ball

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1-16. Late

Forms:

1) muon:

…muộn /muən6/

2) tre

…trễ /ʈe:4/

Interpretation:

The form muộn is used in

Quảng Trị province and

northward, and the form trễ is

used in Huế and southward.

Each form is suspected to be

related with Sino-Vietnamese:

vãn [晩] and trì [遅].

Two language consultants

from the north-central area

answered chậm ‘slowly’

(HN-28: Thanh Hóa, HN-29:

Nghệ An).

Map 1-16: Late

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29

1-17. Left over

Forms:

1) thua

…thừa /thɨə2/

2) du

…dư /zɨ1/

Interpretation:

The form thừa [剰 ] is

used in Quảng Trị and

northward, and the form dư

[ 余 ] is used in Huế and

southward.

There is a two-syllable

word dư thừa meaning ‘left

over.’

Map 1-17: Left over

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1-18. Car body

Forms:

1) khung

…khung xe /xu:ŋ1 sɛ:1/

2) suon

…sườn xe /ʂɨən2 sɛ:1/

Interpretation:

This is the word meaning

‘car body.’ The second

syllable is xe meaning

‘vehicle,’ and the first

syllable differs from one area

to another.

The form khung ‘frame’

is used in Quảng Trị and

northward, and the form sườn

‘side of man’s chest’ is used

in Huế and southward.

A participant from Quảng

Nam province answered giàn

‘trellis’ (HU-12).

Map 1-18: Car body

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31

1-19 Chain

Forms:

1) xich

…xích /sik5/

2) sen

…sên /ʂe:n1/

Interpretation:

The form xích is used in

Quảng Trị and northward,

and the form sên is used in

Huế and southward. The

southern form sên originates

from châine in French.

Map 1-19: Chain

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1-20. Spoon

Forms:

1) thia

…thìa /thiə2/

2) muong

…muỗng /muəŋ4/

Interpretation:

The form thìa is used in

Quảng Trị and northward,

and the form muỗng is used

in Huế and southward. The

northern form thìa originates

from thì [匙].

Map 1-20: Spoon

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1-21. Peanut

Forms:

1) lac

…lạc /la:k6/

2) dau phVng

… đậu phộng /ɗʌw6

fo:ŋ6/ ∽ đậu phụng /ɗʌw6

fu:ŋ6/

Interpretation:

The form lạc [落] is used

in Quảng Trị and northward,

and the form đậu phVng is

used in Huế and southward.

Some of participants

from Bến Tre province and

around Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng

answered đậu phụng (SG-01,

SG-02, SG-05, SG-15, HU-02,

HU-05, HU-06, HU-07,

HU-09, HU-12, HU-13,

HU-16, HU-18, HU-20,

HU-22).

Map 1-21: Peanut

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34

1-22. Passion fruit

Meaning: Passionfruit

Forms:

1) - leo

…chanh leo /cɛŋ1 lɛ:w1/

2) - dây

…chanh dây /cɛŋ1 zʌj1/

Interpretation:

All forms commonly

have the first syllable chanh

‘lemon; lime,’ but the second

syllables differ from one area

to another.

The form chanh leo is

used in Quảng Trị and

northward, and the form

chanh dây is used in Huế and

southward. The second

syllable of the northern form

leo means ‘(the plant) round

something,’ and one of the

southern forms dây means

‘string.’

Map 1-22: Passion fruit

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35

1-23. Fat

Forms:

1) beo

…béo /ɓɛ:w5/

2) map

…mập /mʌp6/

Interpretation:

The form béo is used in

Quảng Trị and northward,

and the form mập is used in

Huế and southward. Many

Muong dialects have a form

that is similar to the northern

form: pɛw3 (Nguyễn Văn Tài

2004)

In addition to these two

forms béo and mập, some

participants answered other

forms like phì [肥] (HN-29:

Nghệ An), ú (HU-12: Quảng

Nam, HU-21: Ninh Thuận).

Map 1-23: Fat

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36

1-24. Sharp

Forms:

1) sac

…sắc /ʂak5/

2) ben

…bén /ɓɛ:n5/

Interpretaion:

The form sắc is used in

Huế and northward, and the

form bén is used in Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng and southward.

There is a two-syllable word

sắc bén that means ‘sharp.’

The northern form sắc is

similar to the form used in

Muong dialects. 19 On the

other hand, the southern form

bén is suspected to relate with

Austronesian word.20

19 Muong dialects: k’ăk3∽5, ʂăk3 (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004) 20 Rade language: bơ̵ng /Ɂbəṅ/ (Shintani 1981)

Map 1-24: Sharp

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1-25. Brake

Forms:

1) phanh

…phanh /fɛŋ1/

2) thang

…thắng /thaŋ5/

Interpretation:

The form phanh is used

in Huế and northward, and

the form thắng is used in

Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng and

southward. The northern form

phanh originates from frein in

French. The southern form

thắng is suspected to be

related with thặng [乗].

Map 1-25: Brake

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38

1-26. Tiger

Forms:

1) ho

…hổ /ho:3/

2) cop

…cọp /kɔ:p6/

Interpretation:

The form hổ [虎] is used

in Huế and southward, and

the form cọp is used in Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng and

southward.

Some language

consultants answered other

forms like khái (HN-12: Hà

Tĩnh),21 hùm (SG-12: An

Giang, HU-15: Quảng Nam),

and beo (HU-15: Quảng

Nam).

21 Muong dialects: k’al3∽5, k’an3, etc. (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004), Ruc: kuha:l3, Sach: kuha:l3, Thavung: kəha:l3 (Ferlus 2007)

Map 1-26: Tiger

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1-27. To turn

Forms:

1) re

…rẽ /ʐɛ:4/

2) queo

…quẹo /kwɛ:w6/

Interpretation:

The form rẽ is used in

Huế and northward, and the

form quẹo is used in Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng and

southward.

Other forms are sang ‘to

cross (a road)’ (HN-28: Thanh

Hoá, HN-29: Nghệ An), cua

‘<spoken> to cross (a road)’

(HU-15: Quảng Nam), and

nghẹo (HN-16: Nam Định).

Map 1-27: To turn

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40

1-28. Wallet

Forms:

1) vi

…ví /vi:5/

2) bop

…bóp /ɓɔ:p5/

Interpretation:

The form ví is used in

Huế and northward, and the

form bóp is used in Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng and

southward.

The northern form ví is

suspected to be related with

bì [皮]. The southern form

bóp originates from porte

feuille in French.

Map 1-28: Wallet

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41

1-29. Cassava

Forms:

1) san

…(củ) sắn /ku:3 ʂan5/

2) mi

… củ mì/ku:3 mi:2/ ∽

khoai mì /xwa:j1 mi:2/

Interpretation:

The form sắn is used in

Huế and northward, 22 and

the form mì is used in Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng and southward.

Most northern participants

only answered one syllable,

but some of them answerd

this form preceded by củ

‘root vegetables.’ On the

other hand, southern

participants answered with a

two-syllable word. The

second syllable is commonly

mì meaning ‘wheat,’ and the

first one is cu or khoai

‘potato.’

Two participants from Quảng Nam answered khoai sim (HU-15) and khoai siêm

(HU-11). Perhaps, these second syllables mean xiêm ‘Siamese.’

22 Arem: ranʔ, Ruc: ʐan3, sran3, Sach: ʐan3 (Ferlus 2007).

Map 1-29: Cassava

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1-30. Photograph

Forms:

1) anh

…ảnh /ɛŋ3/

2) hinh

…hình /hiŋ2/

Interpretation:

The form ảnh [影 ] is

used in Quảng Ngãi and

northward, and the form hình

[形] is used in Bình Định and

southward. There is a

two-syllable word hình ảnh

that means ‘image.’

A participant from Bến

Tre answered chân dung [真

容] ‘portrait’ (SG-02).

Map 1-30: Photograph

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43

1-31. Perfume

Forms:

1) nuoc hoa

…nước hoa /nɨək5 hwa:1/

2) dau thom

…dầu thơm /zʌw2 thɤ:m1/

Interpretation:

The form nước hoa is

used in Quảng Ngãi and

northward, and the form dầu

thơm is used in Bình Định

and southward. The northern

form nước hoa consists of

nước ‘water’ + hoa [ 花 ]

‘flower’, and the southern

form dầu thơm consists of

dầu ‘oil’ + thơm ‘fragrant.’

Dầu ‘oil’ originates from du

[油].

A language

consultant from the southern

area answered that dầu thơm

is a perfume used in daily life

and nước hoa is a luxury one (SG-12: An Giang).

Map 1-31: Perfume

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44

1-32. To dupe

Forms:

1) lua

…lừa /lɨə2/

2) gat

…gạt /ɣa:t6/

Interpretation:

The form lừa23 is used in

Phú Yên province and

northward, and the form gạt

is used in Ninh Thuận

province and southward.

There is a two-syllable word

lừa gạt that means ‘to dupe.’

The isogloss lies

between Phú Yên province

and Ninh Thuận province, but

we can see participants from

Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng use the

southern form gạt.

A language consultant

from Hưng Yên answered

điêu (HN-13).

23 Rade language: mplư (Đoàn Văn Phúc 1998), luar /luər/ (Shintani 1981)

Map 1-32: To dupe

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45

1-33. To rent

Forms:

1) thue

…thuê /thwe1/

2) muon

…mướn /mɨən5/

Interpretation:

The form thuê is used in

Thanh Hóa province and

northward, and the form

mướn 24 is used in Ninh

Thuận and southward

uniformly, but answers of

participants from the central

area were inconsistent. The

northern form thuê originates

from thuế [税].

Language consultants

from Bắc Giang province and

Quảng Nam province used

the form mượn ‘borrow’

(HN-15, HU-12).

24 Vietnamese has a similar word mượn meaning ‘to borrow.’ The word ‘to borrow’ in Muong is maɲ3∽5, mɯən5(Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004), Rade language: mɯn∽ma̯ɲ (Đoàn Văn Phúc 1998).

Map 1-33: To rent

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1-34. Car

Forms:

1) oto

…ô tô /o:1 to:1/

2) hoi

…xe hơi /sɛ:1 hɤ:j1/

Interpretation:

To the north of Huế, the

form ô tô is used, and to the

south of Ninh Thuận province

the form xe hơi is used

uniformly; however, from

Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng to Phú

Yên province many

participants answered both of

the forms. The northern form

originates from auto in

French. Some participants

answered this form preceded

by xe ‘vehicle.’ The southern

form xe hơi consists of xe

‘vehicle’ + hơi ‘gas, steam,

air.’

Other answers are xe con (con means ‘small’) (HU-01: Quảng Trị, HU-15: Quảng

Nam) and lớp xe (lớp means ‘class’) (HU-18: Quảng Nam.)

Map 1-34: Car

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1-35. Socks

Forms:

1) tat

…tất /tʌt5/

2) vo

…vớ /vɤ:5/

Interpretation:

The form tất is used in

Phú Yên province and

northward, and the form vớ is

used in Ninh Thuận province

and southward. The north

form tất is an abbreviated

form of bít tất.

The isogloss lies between

Phú Yên province and Ninh

Thuận province, but

participants from Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng tend to use the

southern form vớ.

Map 1-35: Socks

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1-36. To pick up

Forms:

1) don

…đón /ɗɔ:n5/

2) ruoc

…rước /ʐɨək5/

Forms:

Interpretation:

The form đón25 is used

in Ninh Thuận province and

northward, and the form rước

is used in Bình Thuận

province and southward. The

southern form rước means

‘come into union with flags,

drums, torch lights, etc., to

hold a welcome ceremony or

to denote the joy and the

excitement of the festival’

and ‘give someone a very

warm welcome.’

A language

consultant from Thanh Hóa

province answered rược, which differs from the Southern form rước in tone (HN-28). In

addition, there are some forms like đem ‘to bring’ (HN-25: Nghệ An) and đèo ‘to have

someone ride on the back of a two-wheeled vehicle’ (HN-12: Hà Tĩnh).

25 Muong: tɔn3∽5, dɔn3∽5 (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004), Rade language: də̯roŋ (Đoàn Văn Phúc 1998).

Map 1-36: To pick up

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1-37. To look for

Forms:

1) tim

…tìm /ti:m2/

2) kiem

…kiếm /kiəm5/

Interpretation:

The form tìm is used in

Thanh Hóa province and

northward, and the form kiếm

is used in Bình Thuận

province and southward

uniformly, but answers of

participants from the central

area were inconsistent. The

northern form tìm originates

from tầm [ 尋 ], and the

southern form kiếm is

suspected to be related with

kiểm [ 検 ]. There is a

two-syllable word tìm kiếm

that means ‘to look for.’ Map 1-37: To look for

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1-38. Hat

Forms:

1) mu

…mũ /mu:4/

2) non

…nón /nɔ:n5/

Interpretation:

The form mũ is used in

Ninh Thuận province and

northward, and the form

nón26 is used in Bình Thuận

province and southward. The

northern form mũ originates

from mạo [帽].

In the standard

Vietnamese, mũ means ‘hat,’

and nón means ‘hat made of

latanier leaves.’

26 Muong dialects: nɔn3∽5, dɔn3, drɔn3 (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004), Rade language: đuôn /Ɂduɔn/ (Shintani 1981)

Map 1-38: Hat

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1-39. Broccoli

Forms:

1) sup lo

…súp lơ /ʂu:p5 lɤ:1/

2) bong cai

…bông cải /ɓɔ:ŋ1 ka:j3/

Interpretation:

The form súp lơ is used

Bình Thuận province and

southward, and the form bông

cải is used in the southern

area. There were some

participants from the central

area, especially around

Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng, who

preferred to use the southern

form.

The northern form súp lơ

originates from chou fleur

‘cauliflower’ in French. 27

The southern form bông cải

consists of bông ‘flower’ and

cải ‘the family Cruciferae.’28

27 In Vietnamese, both broccoli and cauliflower are called súp lơ. We can use súp lơ xanh (xanh means ‘green’) for broccoli and súp lơ trắng (trắng means ‘white’) for cauliflower to distinguish one from the other. 28 There is also a word hoa lơ (hoa [花]: = bông ‘flower,’ lơ: the second syllable of súp lơ) to denote ‘broccoli,’ but it is not heard in our survey.

Map: Socks Map 1-39: Broccoli

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1-40. To wipe

Forms:

1) lau

…lau /la:w1/

2) chui

…chùi /cu:j2/

Interpretation:

The form chùi is heard

from Thanh Hóa province to

Quảng Ngãi province, and in

the other areas the form lau is

used. There is a two-syllable

word lau chùi that means ‘to

clean up.’

This distribution appears

to be a wave model. However,

we can see the word chùi in

the dictionaries compiled in

southern Vietnam. 29 This

matter shows us that in old

times the form chùi was used

in the southern area. Thus, we

consider this map a result of the standardization of Southern dialect.

29 In Petit dictionnaire français-annamite (1884) by Trương Vĩnh Ký, we can see the word chùi: nettoyer v.a.: làm cho sạch (chùi, rửa...) (p.481) essuyer v.a.: lau, chùi; làm cho ráo (khô)... (p.325) torcher v.a.: chùi cho sạch (p.660) This dictionary was compiled in the Cochichina, that is Southern Vietnam, during the French colonial period. It is a valuable document which shows us the situation of Southern Vietnamese at that time (Kondo 2012a).

Map 1-40: To wipe

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2. DISTRIBUTION OF THREE FORMS

This section will show you the dialect maps that have a distribution of three

forms of the words.

2-1. To fall down

Forms:

1) nga

…ngã /ŋa:4/

2) bo

…bổ /ɓo:3/

3) te

…té /tɛ:5/

Interpretation:

The form ngã is used in

the northern areas, the form

bổ is used in the north-central

area, and the form té is used

in Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng and

southward. 30

Some Muong dialects

have the forms po4, bo4 which

are similar to the central

forms (Nguyễn Văn Tài

2004). The southern form té

is posible to be related with ដួល /duəl/ in Khmer.

30 Muong dialects: lɤ4 (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004), Arem: rùh, Khapong: rui, Ruc: ruh2, Sach: ruh2 (Ferlus

2007)

Map 2-1: To fall down

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2-2. Wax apple

Forms:

1) roi

…roi /ʐɔ:j1/

2) dao

…đào /ɗa:w2/

3) man

…mận /mʌn6/

Interpretation:

Standard Vietnamese has

all three words, and each

word’s meaning is as follows:

roi ‘wax apple,’ đào [桃 ]

‘peach,’ and mận ‘plum.’

The form roi is used in

the northern areas, the form

đào is used in the

north-central area, and the

form mận is used in Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng and

southward.

Partcipants from Thanh

Hóa province answered the peculiar form bòng bòng.

Map 2-2: Wax apple

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2-3. To hold

Forms:

1) be

…bế /ɓe:5/

2) bong

…bồng /ɓo:ŋ2/

3) am

…ẵm /am4/

Interpretation:

This word means ‘to hold

(in one’s arms)’: đòi mẹ bế ‘to

want one’s mother to hold

one in her arms.’

The form bế31 is used in

the northern areas, the form

bồng is used in the area from

Thanh Hóa province to

Quảng Ngãi province, and the

form ẵm32 is used in Bình

Định province and southward.

There is a two-syllable

word bồng bế that means ‘to

hold (in one’s arms).’

31 Many of Muong dialects have the word pe3∽5, be3∽5 meaning ‘to hold’ (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004), Rade langauge: pŭ /puʔ/ (Shintani 1981, Đoàn Văn Phúc 1998). 32 Tày-nùng language: ủm (Hoàng Văn Ma 1984), Jarai language: ẵm (Rơmah Dêl 1977)

Map 2-3: To hold

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2- 4. Bowl

Forms:

1) bat

…bát /ɓa:t5/

2) doi

…đọi /ɗɔ:j6/

3) chen

…chén /cɛ:n5/

Interpertation:

This is the word denoting

a bowl to eat rice.

The form bát [鉢] is used

in the northern areas and

Thanh Hóa province, the

form đọi is used in the

north-central area, and the

form chén is used in Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng and

southward.

Hoàng Thị Châu

illustrated these forms as

follows: First, Vietnamese

people called a bowl đọi, and then bowls made in China were imported into Vietnam

with the word denoting them in Chinese, bát [鉢]. At first, the word only denoted an

artistic kind of bowl, but it gradually came to denote all kinds of bowls. Later, the word

zhan3, 盞 that denoted ‘small bowl or cup to drink alcohol’ in Chinese was borrowed,

and it came to be used in southern Vietnam to denote both ‘cup (to drink alcohol)’ and

‘bowl (to eat rice)’ (2004: 106).

Map 2-4: Bowl

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According to the result of our survey, two participants answered the form tô

(SG-03: TP. HCM, SG-12: An Giang). The word means a kind of bowl bigger than bát,

like the kind used to eat noodles.

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2-5. To squat down

Forms:

1) xom

…ngồi xổm /ŋo:j2 so:m3/

2) cho ho

…ngồi chò hõ /ŋo:j2 cɔ:2

hɔ:4/

3) chom hom

…ngồi chồm hổm /ŋo:j2

co:m2 ho:m3/

Interpretation:

All of the forms have the

first syllable ngồi meaning ‘to

sit’ in common, but the

following syllables differ

from area to area. Roughly

speaking, the form -xổm is

used in Thanh Hóa province

and northward, the form -chò

hõ is used in the north-central

area and the form -chồm hổm

is used in Quảng Nam-Đà

Nẵng and southward.

Muong dialects also have several similar forms.33 From Vietnamese and Muong

dialect data, we could reconstruct *com hrom.

33 Muong dialects: (ŋoj1∽2 ) som4, ŋoj1 so2, co2∽4 hro2∽4, co1 ro1, cɔ1 hɔ:4, so 2∽4 ro 2∽4, so 2∽4 ho 1∽4, cɔm1 hɔm4 (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004).

Map 2-5: To squat down

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It is possible to suppose its history as follows; the northern form -xổm is the result

of omission of the second syllable. The Vietnamese version of a Buddhist sutra 佛説大

報父母恩重經 (15th century) provides some chữ Nôm characters with a sound x /s/

that contain the Chinese characters with a sound ch /c/ (Shimizu 2010).

The result of monosyllabification of the second syllable *hrom> *hom, was to

cause the form to be like the southern form. In the central area, the labial endings of

both syllables were omitted, causing forms such as the central form -chồm hổm.

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2-6. Dirty

Forms:

1) ban

…bẩn /ɓʌn3/∽bửn /ɓɨ:n3/

2) nhop

… nhớp /ɲɤ:p5/ ∽ dớp

/zɤ:p5/

3) do

…dơ /zɤ:1/

Interpretation:

The form bẩn is used in

Thanh Hóa province and

northward, the form nhớp is

used in the area from Nghệ

An province to Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng, and the form

dơ is used to the south of

Quảng Ngãi province.

We can see that some

Viet-Muong languages have

the form meaning ‘dirty’ that

is similar to the Vietnamese central form.34

34 Pong [Toum]: ɲaəp, Tho [Cuoi Cham]: ɲə:p7 (Ferlus 2007).

Map 2-6: Dirty

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2-7. Blunt

Distribution:

1) cun

…cùn /ku:n2/

2) dui

…đùi /ɗu:j2/

3) lut

…lụt /lu:t6/

Interpretation:

The form cùn is used in

Hà Tĩnh province and

northward, the form đùi is

used in the area from Quảng

Bình province to Quảng

Nam-Đà Nẵng, and the form

lụt is used in Quảng Ngãi

province and southward.35

35 Muong dialects: kuɲ1∽2∽3, kun1, tlot5, lɤt5, lot5, tuɯ̯2, tun2 (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004)

Map 2-7: Blunt

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2-8. Gourmet’s powder

Distribution:

1) mi chinh

…mì chính /mi:2 ciŋ5/

2) vi tinh

…vị tinh /vi:6 tiŋ1/

3) bot ngot

…bột ngọt /ɓo:t6 ŋɔ:t6/

Interpretation:

The form mì chính is

used in Quảng Trị province

and northward, the form vị

tinh is used in the area from

Huế to Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng,

and the form bột ngọt is used

in Quảng Ngãi province and

southward.

The northern form

mì chính originates from vị

tinh [ 味 精 ], and it is

considered to borrow the

sound of the Chinese southern

dialect.36 The central form is the normative sound of the Sino-Vietnamese word vị tinh

[味精]. The southern one consists of bột ‘powder’ and ngọt ‘sweet.’

36 For example, in Cantonese it is called meihjìng, 味精 (Nakajima 1994).

Map 2-8: Gourmet’s powder

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2-9. To eat by stealth

Distribution:

1) vung

…ăn vụng /an1 vu:ŋ6/

2) phung

…ăn phúng /an1 fu:ŋ5/

3) chung

…ăn chùng /an1 cu:ŋ2/

Interpretation:

All of the forms have the

first syllable ăn meaning ‘to

eat’ in common, but the

second syllable differs from

area to area.

In Nghệ An province and

Hà Tĩnh province, the form

ăn phúng is used, and in the

area from Quảng Bình to

Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng the

form ăn chùng is used.

Participants from the other

areas answered the form ăn

vụng.

The central form phúng is the voiceless stop37 and high-pitched sound, and the form in

other dialects vụng is the voiced, fricative and low-pitched sound. Hoàng Thị Châu

pointed out these points and indicated that the central form phúng is the older form of

the form in other dialects vụng (2004: 102–103).

37 ph /f/ and kh /x/ in modern Vietnamese are fricative sounds, and their old forms are aspirate sounds *ph> f and *kh>x. The central dialect preserves these old sounds (Hoàng Thị Châu 2004: 138).

Map 2-9: To eat by stealth

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2-10. Sunglasses

Distribution:

1) kinh ram

…kính râm /kiŋ5 ʐʌm1/

2) kinh mat

…kính mát /kiŋ5 ma:t5/

3) kieng mat

…kiếng mát /kiəŋ5 ma:t5/

Interpretation:

All of forms have the

first syllable denoting

‘glasses,’ 38 but the second

syllable differs from area to

area.

To the north of Huế the

form kính râm (râm means

‘shade’) is used, the form

kính mát (mát means ‘cool,

fresh’) is used in the area

from Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng

to Phú Yên province, and to

the south of Ninh Thuận

province the form kiếng mát

is used uniformly.

For the first syllable, its isogloss follows that of the words for ‘glasses.’ On the other

hand, for the second syllable, its isogloss is from between Phú Yên province and Ninh

Thuận province. This means that the form kính mát of the north-central area is the

intermediate form that consists of the Northern form for the first syllable and the

Southern form for the second syllable.

38 As for the distribution of the words for ‘glasses’ kính/gương/kiếng, see No. 4-3: Glasses/Mirror.

Map 2-10: Sunglasses

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2-11. Envelope

Distribution:

1) phong bi

…phong bì /fɔ:ŋ1 ɓi:2/

2) bi thu

…bì thư /ɓi:2 thɨ:1/

3) bao tho

…bao thơ /ɓa:w1 thɤ:1/

Interpretation:

In the northern area and

central area the form phong bì

[封皮 ] is used, and in the

southern area the form bao

thơ [ 包 書 ] 39 is used

uniformly. On the other hand,

in the south-central area, from

Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng to Bình

Thuận province, the form bì

thư [皮書 ], considerd their

intermediate form, is heard.

A participant from Quảng

Nam province answered bìa

thư (HU-11). The word bìa

means ‘cover (of books).’ It is possible that Sino-Vietnamese word bì in bì thư is not

understood alone, so bìa takes the place of bì on the basis of phonetic resemblance.

39 The sound thơ is the southern dialect form of the Sino-Vietnamese sound thư [書]. It is possibly influenced by the naming taboo. Trương Thị Thư [張氏書] was the wife of Nguyễn Phúc Thụ [阮福澍] (reigned 1725–1738). According to Đại Nam thực lục, annual records of the Nguyễn Dynasty, this character and the sound of [書] was prohibited in an official notice issued in December 1861.

Map 2-11: Envelope

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3. DISTRIBUTION OF FOUR FORMS

This section will show you the dialect maps that have a distribution of four

forms of the words.

3-1. Snakehead fish

Forms:

1) qua

…cá quả /ka:5 kwa:3/

2) chuoi:

…cá chuối /ka:5 cuəj5/

3) trau

…cá tràu /ka:5 ʈaw2/

4) loc

…cá lóc: /ka:5 lɔ:k5/

Interpretation:

The words consist of the

first syllable cá ‘fish’ and a

second syllable that differs

from area to area.

To the north of Thanh

Hóa province, two forms cá

quả (quả [果] means ‘fruit’),

cá chuối (chuối means

‘banana’) are used, and both

of them are considered standard forms. The form cá tràu (= trầu ‘betel’?) is used in the

area from Nghệ An province to Bình Thuận province, and the form cá lóc (lóc means

‘(fish) to swim against the stream’) is used in the southern area.

It is supposed that the forms quả ‘fruit,’ chuối ‘banana,’ tràu (= trầu ‘betel’)

represent the shape of the snakehead fish.

Map 3-1: Snakehead fish

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3-2. Pineapple

Forms:

1) dua

…dứa /zɨə5/

2) gai

…gai /ɣa:j1/

3) thom

…thơm /thɤ:m1/

4) khom

…khóm /xɔ:m5/

Interpretation:

The form dứa40 is used

in Thanh Hóa province and

northward, the form gai

‘thorn’ is used in the

north-central area, the form

thơm ‘fragrant’ is used in

Quảng Bình province and

southward, and in the

southwestern Mekon Delta

the form khóm is heard.

40 Some Viet-Muong language have similar forms as follows; Muong dialects: zɯə3, ziə3, cɯə3 (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004 ), Tho [Cuoi Cham]: cɨa3, Tho [Lang Lo]: jɨa3, Sach: cə̀aj4 (Ferlus 2007).

Map 3-2: Pineapple

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3-3. To tickle

Forms:

1) cu

…cù - /ku:2/

2) cuc

…cục - /ku:k6/

3) thoc

…thọc - /thɔ:k6/

4) choc

…chọc - /cɔ:k6/

Interpretation:

Vietnamese has many

dialect words for ‘to tickle.’41

Our participants also gave us

many forms. Drawing the

dialect map according to the

first syllables, we could find

quite clear distribution. The

form cù- is used in Thanh

Hóa province and northward,

the form chọc- is used in the

north-central area and

southward. Some participants

from the north-central area answered cục-, and participants from around Quảng Nam-Đà

Nẵng answered thọc-.

Many forms denoting ‘to tickle’ have similar second syllables, which consist of an

initial k or l, a front vowel, and a stop consonant ending. These characters are suspected

41 According to some dialect dictionaries, we can see many forms for ‘to tickle’ as follows; Northern dialect: cù léc, cù kỳ, cù li, cù lích, Central dialect: chọc kếch, chọc kích, chọc kiếc, cục kéc, Southern dialect: chóc léc, thọc léc, etc. (Huỳnh Công Tín 2009, Phạm Văn Hảo 2009, Nguyễn Như Ý 2001).

Map 3-3: To tickle

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to originate from *kliək/*kəlʔVk ‘armpit’ in Proto-Austroasiatic42 (Kondo 2013).

On the other hand, seeing the words for ‘armpit’ in Viet-Muong languages,43 we

could suppose that Viet-Muong languages had a form consisting of a presyllable and

βa:k in old times, and then the form *kliək/*kəlʔVk was imported.

It is possible that the forms denoting ‘to tickle’ are the result of the combination of

the monosyllabificated forms that originate from *kliək/*kəlʔVk meaning ‘armpit’ and

the words denoting tickling action like ‘to poke’ (Kondo 2013).

42 Proto-Austronesian also has a similar form *kili(-kili) for ‘armpit’ and ‘to tickle’ (The etymological database). 43 Muong: nɛk3, kɛk3, năc5, ko2∽5kɛk3, ko5nɛk3, ko4nɛk5, ku2 nɛk3, mɔk5 kɛk5, mɔk5nɛk3 (Nguyễn Văn Tài 2004), Arem: iβak (Kasuga 2008), Malieng: tukɛ:k⁷, Pong [Liha]: ʔɛknɛ:k, Pong [Phong]: kɛ:k, Pong [Toum]: mɛcmɛ:c, Ruc: təva:k⁷, Sach: ruva:k⁷, Tho: kɛkkɛ:k⁷ (Ferlus 2007), Thavung: tʰava:k⁷, va:k⁷ (Premsrirat 2000).

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3-4. Candle

Forms:

1) nen

…nến /ne:n5/

2) den sap

…đèn sáp /ɗɛ:n2 ʂa:p5/

3) bach lap

…bạch lạp /ɓɛk6 la:p6/

4) den cay

…đèn cầy /ɗɛ:n2 kʌj2/

Interpretation:

The form nến is used in

Quảng Trị province and

northward, the form đèn sáp

(đèn ‘lamp, light’ + sáp

‘wax’) is used in the area

from Huế to Quảng Ngãi

province, the form bạch lạp

[白蝋 ] is used from Bình

Định province to Ninh Thuận

province, and to the south of

Bình Thuận province the

form đèn cầy (đèn + cầy ‘irvingia malayana (a tropical evergreen tree found in

Southeast Asia)’) is used.

Map 3-4: Candle

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4. RELATING MAPS

In this section, we will show you the maps of dialect words that relate to each

other, for instance, one word form referring to different contents depending on the

regions, words being a pair, each element in a compound word, etc.

4-1. Gecko/Lizard

As to the word thằn lằn, in the north it means ‘gecko,’ and in the south it

means ‘lizard’ (Hoàng Thị Châu 2004: 110). There are maps of two words, gecko and

lizard.

Forms:

1) thach sung

…thạch sùng /thɛk6 ʂu:ŋ2/

2) than lan

…thằn lằn /than2 lan2/

3) ran moi

…rắn mối /ʐan5 mo:j5/

Interpretation:

According to the result of our survey, in order to mean ‘gecko,’ to the north of

Thanh Hóa province the form thạch sùng [石崇] is used, and to the south of Nghệ An

province the form thằn lằn is used. The northern form meaning ‘lizard’ thằn lằn is used

as ‘gecko’ in Nghệ An province and southward, and in this area ‘lizard’ is called rắn mối

(rắn means ‘snake’).

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The northern form for ‘gecko’ thạch sùng originates from the name of Chinese

mandarin in Jin dynasty, 石崇 (249-300), known as a millionaire in those days.

One participant from Hà Nam province in the northern area answered thằn lằn

for ‘gecko’ and called ‘lizard’ thằn lằn rắn (HN-04).

There is an associated words tắc kè meaning ‘tokay gecko.’

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Map 4-1-1: Gecko Map 4-1-2: Lizard

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4-2. Curtain/Mosquito net

According to Hoàng Thị Châu, the word màn means ‘mosquito net’ in the

northern area and ‘curtain’ in the southern area (2004:10).

Forms:

1) rem

…rèm /ʐɛ:m2/

2) man

…màn /ma:n2/

3) mung

…mùng /mu:ŋ2/

Interpretation:

As for the word for ‘curtain,’ the form rèm is used in Quảng Bình province and

northward, and the form màn is used in Quảng Trị province and southward. The

northern form rèm originates from liêm [簾]. Some participants gave other forms; mành

meaning ‘bamboo screen, blind’ (HN-29: Nghệ An) and ri-đô, which originates from

rideau in French (HN-22: Nghệ An).

As for the word for ‘mosquito net,’ to the north of Thanh Hóa province the

form màn is used, and to the south of Nghệ An province the form mùng is used.

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Map 4-2-1: Curtain Map 4-2-2: Mosquito net

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4-3. Glasses/Mirror

In order to mean ‘glasses’ and ‘mirror,’ there are three forms of

kính/gương/kiếng. All are of Chinese 鏡 (Standard Chinese: jing4) origin, but their

referents differ by dialect.

Forms:

1) kinh

…kính /kiŋ5/

2) guong

…gương /ɣɨəŋ1/

3) kieng

…kiếng /kiəŋ5/

Interpretation:

Kính is the form used in Phú Yên province and northward to denote ‘glasses,’

and it is the normative Sino-Vietnamese sound of [鏡].

Gương is a form used in Ninh Thuận province and northward to denote

‘mirror,’ and there are some participants from Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng who use gương for

‘glasses.’ Gương is the form branched from kính in the 15th century at the latest.44

Dictionarivm Annamiticvm Lvsitanvm, et Latinvm45 (1651) by Alexandre de Rhodes

indicates both forms kính and gương represent both ‘glasses’ and ‘mirror.’ Later, this

word acquired a derivative meaning ‘model, example.’

Kiếng is the form used in the southern area to denote both ‘glasses’ and

‘mirror.’ We can see this word in some dictionaries compiled in the Cochichina,

44 In the Vietnamese version of a Buddhist sutra 佛説大報父母恩重經 (15th century), the sentence ‘明鏡掩粧臺’ was translated into Vietnamese: ‘𦎛朗{巴捕}工架’ (gương sáng bỏ trong giá) (p. 12) (Shimizu 2010). 45 This is the oldest Vietnamese dictionary written in Latin alphabets.

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Southern Vietnam, during the French colonial period.46 This sound was possibly

influenced by the naming taboo.47 Moreover, there is no rhyme -iêng /-iəŋ/ in the

phonological system of Sino-Vietnamese. This matter also shows the possibility of

artificial manipulation of this sound (Kondo 2012b).

46 Petit dictionnaire français-annamite (1884) by Trương Vĩnh Ký

lunette n.f.: kính (kiếng), mục-kính (p. 441) Vocabulaire français-annamite (1887) by Trương Vĩnh Ký une glace: tấm kính (kiếng) (p. 155) Đại nam quấc âm tự vị [大南国音字彙] (1895) by Huình Tịnh Của 鏡 kiến c. (kính) kiến soi (I- p. 515) 鏡 kính c. (kiến) (I- p. 522) Dictionnaire Annamite-Français (1898) by J. F. M. Génibrel 鏡 kính (=kiến), miroir, m. (p. 349) etc. The reason why some documents show kiến instead of kiếng is that in the Southern dialect, there is no confrontation between n /n/ and ng /ŋ/ preceded by the vowel iê /iə/. 47 The sounds in kính coincide with those in kính [日敬], the name of the seventh son of the eighth of the Nguyễn lords, Nguyễn Phúc Khoát [阮福闊] (reigned 1738–1765). In 1861, the Nguyễn dynasty issued an order not to use this letter and sound (大南寔録正編第四紀巻二十五).

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Map 4-3-1: Glasses Map 4-3-2: Mirror

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4-4. Match box

This is the combination of the words for ‘match’ and the words for ‘box (of it)’.

Forms:

A. match

1) diem

…diêm /ziəm1/

2) quet

…quẹt /kwɛ:t6/

B. Box

1) bao

…bao /ɓa:w1/

2) thung

…thùng /thu:ŋ2/

3) hop

…hộp /ho:p6/

Interpretation:

As to the word for ‘match,’ the form diêm [焔] is used in the northern area and

north-central area, and to the south of Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng, diêm, quẹt ‘to strike [light]

(a match)’ and a mixture of the two forms, quẹt diêm are heard.

As to the word for ‘box (of it),’ the form bao [包] is used in Huế and northward,

the form hộp is used in Bình Thuận province and southward, and in the south-central

area, the form thùng is heard. In standard Vietnamese, bao denotes ‘bag, sack,’ thùng

denotes a cylindrical or box-like container like ‘cask, barrel, bucket,’ and hộp means a

small box like ‘box, can, tin.’

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Map 4-4-1: Match Map 4-4-2: Box of match

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4-5. Tire/Inner tube of tire

These are the words for ‘rubber part on tire’ and ‘inner tube of tire.’ In the

northern area, lốp/săm, originated from French, is used, and in the southern area, the

form vỏ/ruột is used (Trần Thị Ngọc Lang 1995).

Forms:

A. Tire

1) lop

…lốp /lo:p5/

2) vo

…vỏ /vɔ:3/

B. Inner tube of tire

1) sam

…săm /ʂam1/

2) ruot

…ruột /ʐuot6/

Interpretation:

As to the word for ‘rubber part on tire,’ the form lốp is used in Bình Định

province and northward, and the form vỏ is used in Phú Yên province and southward.

As to ‘inner tube of tire,’ the form săm is used in Quảng Trị province and northward,

and to the south of Huế the form ruột is used.

The northern forms lốp/săm originate from enveloppe and chambre à air ‘tire’

in French. The southern forms vỏ/ruột are Vietnamese words; vỏ means ‘skin/peel of

fruits or vegetables,’ ruột means ‘bowel.’

Lốp/ săm and vỏ/ruột are the words being a pair, a pair in French origine and

the other pair in Vietnamese, however, the isoglosses of these words do not overlap.

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Map 4-5-1: Tire Map 4-5-2: Inner tube of tire

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4-6. Lucky/Unlucky

‘Lucky/unlucky’ are antonyms. Earlier studies show that in the northern area,

may/rủi is used, and in the southern area, the form hên/xui, which originates from heng

sue, 興衰 in the Teochew dialect of Chinese (Choy Chun-ming 1991), is used (Trần

Thị Ngọc Lang 1995: 53). The two-syllable words may rủi and hên xui mean ‘fortune,

luck.’

Forms:

A. Lucky

1) may

…may /maj1/

2) hen

…hên /he:n1/

B. Unlucky

1) rui

…rủi /ʐu:j3/

2) xui

…xui /su:i1/

Interpretation:

As to the word for ‘lucky,’ the form may is used in Quảng Trị province and

northward, and hên is used in Huế and southward. As for ‘unlucky,’ the form rủi is used

in the northern area, and to the south of Thanh Hóa the form xui is used.

There are also words representing ‘lucky/unlucky’ with colors. Đỏ ‘red’ means

‘lucky’ and đen ‘black’ means ‘unlucky.’ These forms were mainly heard in the northern

area.

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Map 4-6-1: Lucky Map 4-6-2: Unlucky

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5. CONCLUSION

Up to here, we have shown the Vietnamese dialect maps drawn according to

the survey results. Now, let us summarize some main points read from the maps as

follows.

5-1. The influence of “large city” of each area

As has been seen, most of Vietnamese dialects’ vocabulary is distributed in two

forms, and the isoglosses dividing north and south move between the north-central area

and south-central area. We can see that the northern area, to the north of Ninh Bình

province, and southern area, to the south of Ba Rịa-Vũng Tàu province, show high

uniformity, respectively. The following factors are considered.

The northern area includes the capital, Hà Nội, and the southern area contains

the economic center, Hồ Chí Minh City. It can be considered that these two cities’

speech varieties have precedence over other varieties as the standard forms of the

language. In the central area, the influence of the two cities’ speech varieties is weaker,

and this results in the variety of isoglosses. Take for example the case of the map of the

word for ‘to look for’ (Map 1-37). It is difficult to identify where the isogloss is settled.

Or we can see that both forms of the north and south areas are used together in the

central area, as shown in Map 1-34, ‘car.’

There are some words that do not show a difference among dialects and have

only one form throughout the entire nation according to the survey results.48 Besides,

there are some words for which the dialect form is only preserved in the central area as

48 Previous researches show that the words for ‘wrist,’ ‘pear,’ and ‘ring’ have the difference between dialects (cổ tay/ cườm tay, lê/ xá lị, nhẫn/ cà rá) (Hoàng Thị Châu 2004, Trần Thị Ngọc Lang 1995). However, according to our result there were few informants who answered the dialect form.

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a result of the standardization of southern dialect, as shown in the maps of the word for

‘to eat by stealth’ (Map 2-9) and the word for ‘to wipe’ (Map 1-40). These maps show

the distribution as a wave model, but it is difficult to say the case for Vietnamese

dialects.

5-2. Central dialects

5-2-1. A new “large city” of the central area

In the central area, the place where the influence of the northern and southern

large cities’ speech varieties becomes weaker, one city appears to be taking the role of

new center: Đà Nẵng City.

Đà Nẵng City is a harbor city that was a main port of the Nguyễn dynasty. It

took the place of Hội An after the 18th century and flourished in the French Indochina

period (then called Turon). After the Vietnam war, it was merged with Quảng Nam

province into Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng province. An airport, harbors, warehouses, banks,

and factories have been built there one after another, and it has become the

fourth-largest economic center in Vietnam after Hồ Chí Minh City, Hà Nội, and Hải

Phòng. In 1996, Đà Nẵng City was separated from Quảng Nam province and became

one of the municipalities of Vietnam.

In the result of our survey, an unexpected distribution appears in Đà Nẵng City.

Although the isoglosses settle in the Southern Central area, only some Quảng Nam-Đà

Nẵng language consultants provided the Southern forms shown in the maps of the

words for ‘to dupe’ (Map 1-32); the words for ‘socks’ (Map 1-35); the words for ‘hat’

(Map 1-38); and the words for ‘broccoli’ (Map 1-39). These cases suggest that a new

center, Đà Nẵng City, adopted the form of the other center, Hồ Chí Minh City, as a new

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form. It is considered that the reason Đà Nẵng City chose Hồ Chí Minh City as a model

is its phoneme system, which is nearer to the Southern dialect than the Northern one.49

5-2-2. The intermediate forms of Northern and Southern dialects

Most of the forms used in the south-central area are common to the ones of the

Southern dialect, but there also are some words that only appear in this area (bạch lạp

for ‘candle’; thùng for ‘box of match’).

This area’s characteristic is that the form considered to be the intermediate

form of a northern form and the southern form appears. As shown in maps of the words

for ‘sunglasses’ (Map 2-10) and the words for ‘envelope’ (Map 2-11), the forms used in

this area consist of a first syllable from the Northern dialect and a second syllable from

the Southern dialect. This phenomenon was only found in this region.

Despite some problems on surveillance data mentioned in the Introduction, we

could read the important characteristics on the word distribution of Vietnamese dialects

from the maps in this monograph. A further direction for this study will be to provide

more evidence for these results by combining the dialect maps drawn on phoneme

characteristics.

49 Shimizu analyzed Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng speakers’ pronunciation and concluded as follows: “The phonological system of the traditional Quảng Nam speech tends to shift to that of Southern dialect rather than to the Nothern standard. It is partly because Đà Nẵng City is getting to be one of the economic centers of Vietnam and the citizen, especially of young generation, tend to consider the Southern dialect as prestigious” (Shimizu 2012).

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92

APPENDIX

Appendix 1 XY data

Appendix 2 Vocabulary data

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Appendix 1: XY DATA

No. ID Spot Latitude Longitude No. ID Spot Latitude Longitude

1 HN-01 ucky 21.493005 105.94563 46 HU-09 daihoa 15.862113 108.13688

2 HN-02 antao 20.650053 106.06665 47 HU-10 ainghia 15.882753 108.12452

3 HN-03 hatay 20.825443 105.81894 48 HU-11 tammydong 15.390136 108.64758

4 HN-04 thanhliem 20.469476 105.89928 49 HU-12 cudai 15.884817 108.3815

5 HN-05 vinhkhuc 20.937743 105.93032 50 HU-13 camle1 16.015291 108.19628

6 HN-06 bacninh 21.181531 106.06613 51 HU-14 camle2 16.015294 108.19628

7 HN-07 lynhan 20.554367 106.09909 52 HU-15 tamgiang 15.457651 108.64706

8 HN-08 namsach 20.999106 106.33169 53 HU-16 hoian 15.878491 108.33086

9 HN-09 ducbac 21.356217 105.41262 54 HU-17 danang1 16.070032 108.21911

10 HN-10 unghoa 20.709235 105.80521 55 HU-18 duyxuyen 15.775074 108.16675

11 HN-11 dongphuong 20.784042 106.67999 56 HU-19 quynhon 13.770273 109.23247

12 HN-12 buixa 18.526085 105.61492 57 HU-20 tuyhoa 13.084641 109.29957

13 HN-13 thuanhung 20.832422 105.99326 58 HU-21 phuocson 11.61407 108.89803

14 HN-14 nghiahung 20.037548 106.12887 59 HU-22 quangngai 15.122725 108.80107

15 HN-15 quenham 21.275578 106.19926 60 HU-23 danang2 16.070035 108.21911

16 HN-16 daithang 20.325633 106.1408 61 HN-21 haidinh 17.464272 106.6247

17 HN-17 hungthai 20.726937 106.3982 62 HN-22 vandien 18.718975 105.48299

18 HN-18 tucuong 20.77377 106.23539 63 HN-23 camduong 18.298877 106.05427

19 HN-19 ngocchau 20.937894 106.34502 64 HN-24 hauloc 19.91215 105.89067

20 HN-20 trungkhanh 20.861519 106.28751 65 HN-25 hungloc 18.697066 105.70868

21 SG-01 p3bentre 10.237391 106.37439 66 HN-26 annhon 13.885433 109.10778

22 SG-02 phuochiep 10.124442 106.36221 67 HN-27 hoangkhanh 19.931073 105.77628

23 SG-03 binhchanh 10.742584 106.54661 68 HN-28 hunglocth 19.940957 105.95528

24 SG-04 thuanquy 10.851683 107.90531 69 HN-29 dienthap 19.038469 105.56792

25 SG-05 tphcm1 10.776545 106.70124 70 HN-30 thanhtho 20.125 105.70556

26 SG-06 binhthanh1 10.810628 106.70913 71 HN-31 vinh 18.679585 105.68126

27 SG-07 tphcm2 10.776548 106.70124 72 HN-32 phuthanh 19.025649 105.51518

28 SG-08 tanlong 9.524999 105.65904 73 HN-33 quyhop 19.320215 105.18147

29 SG-09 thanhan 10.195747 105.32481 A 22.399756 102.14441

30 SG-10 xuyenmoc 10.616574 107.43256 B 10.423368 104.43887

31 SG-11 myhanhbac 10.898042 106.49949

32 SG-12 kienan 10.541821 105.37176

33 SG-13 phunhuan 10.798445 106.67926

34 SG-14 binhthanh2 10.810631 106.70913

35 SG-15 luongquoi 10.195494 106.47331

36 SG-16 tambinh 10.06791 105.94657

37 SG-17 tanxuan 10.12554 106.62352

38 HU-01 vinhkim 17.091327 107.0931

39 HU-02 quangdien 16.590174 107.51495

40 HU-03 lytrach 17.519654 106.56498

41 HU-04 dienkhanh 12.245656 109.0899

42 HU-05 tunghia 15.106432 108.74834

43 HU-06 duyhoa 15.811414 108.13088

44 HU-07 thoquang 16.11608 108.27353

45 HU-08 anthach 13.331832 109.22676

*Excluded participants:

Blue: One or both of their parents came from the other regions

Sky blue: One or more of their grandparents came from the other regions

Red: They had stayed in the other regions for a long time

(especially while elementary school aged)

Green: They were living near a community of people from the other regions

1 / 1

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6pineapple wax apple bowl to fall down blunt to squat down

1 HN-01 ucky quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

2 HN-02 antao quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

3 HN-03 hatay quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

4 HN-04 thanhliem trái dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

5 HN-05 vinhkhuc quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

6 HN-06 bacninh quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

7 HN-07 lynhan quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

8 HN-08 namsach quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

9 HN-09 ducbac quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

10 HN-10 unghoa quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

11 HN-11 dongphuon quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

12 HN-12 buixa quả dứa đầu tiên đọi bổ (dao) cùn ngồi chỏ hỏ

13 HN-13 thuanhung quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi chồm chỗm

14 HN-14 nghiahung quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

15 HN-15 quenham quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổmngồi chồm hỗm

16 HN-16 daithang quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi chồm hỗm

17 HN-17 hungthai quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

18 HN-18 tucuong quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

19 HN-19 ngocchau quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

20 HN-20 trungkhanh quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

21 SG-01 p3bentre trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) cùn ngồi chồm hỗm

22 SG-02 phuochiep trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

23 SG-03 binhchanh trái thơm trái mận tô té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chò hõ

24 SG-04 thuanquy chái thơm chái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

25 SG-05 tphcm1 trái thơm quả mận bát ngã (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

26 SG-06 binhthanh1 trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

27 SG-07 tphcm2 trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

28 SG-08 tanlong trái khóm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

29 SG-09 thanhan trái dứa trái mận chén ngã (dao) lục, lụt ngồi xổm

30 SG-10 xuyenmoc trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chòm hõm

31 SG-11 myhanhbac trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

32 SG-12 kienan trái khóm trái mận cái tô té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

33 SG-13 phunhuan trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) cùn ngồi chồm hỗm

34 SG-14 binhthanh2 trái thơm trái mận chén ngã (dao) cùn ngồi chồm hỗm

35 SG-15 luongquoi trái khóm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

36 SG-16 tambinh trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

37 SG-17 tanxuan trấy thơmtrái thơm

trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chò hõ

38 HU-01 vinhkim quả dứa trấy đào chén bổ (dao) đùi ngồi chò hõ

39 HU-02 quangdien trấy thơm trấy đào đọi bổ (dao) đùi ngồi chò hõ

40 HU-03 lytrach trấy thơm trấy đào đọi bổ (dao) đùi ngồi chồm hỗm

41 HU-04 dienkhanh chái thơm chái mận chéng té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hổm

42 HU-05 tunghia trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

43 HU-06 duyhoa trái thơm trái mận bát té (dao) cùn ngồi chồm hổm

44 HU-07 thoquang trái thơm trái mận chén ngãté

(dao) đùi ngồi chồm hỗm

45 HU-08 anthach trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) cùn ngồi chồm hỗm

No ID Spot

1 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6pineapple wax apple bowl to fall down blunt to squat down

46 HU-09 daihoa trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) đùi ngồi chồm hỗm

47 HU-10 ainghia trái thơm trái mận chén ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

48 HU-11 tammydong trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

49 HU-12 cudai trái thơm trái mận chén ngãté

(dao) đùi ngồi chồm hỗm

50 HU-13 camle1 trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) đùi ngồi chồm hỗm

51 HU-14 camle2 quả dứatrái thơm

quả roitrái mận

đọichénbát

ngãté

(dao) đùi(dao) cùn

ngồi xổmngồi chồm hỗm

52 HU-15 tamgiang trấy thơmtrái thơm

trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt(dao) cùn

ngồi chồm hỗm

53 HU-16 hoian trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) đùi ngồi xổmngồi chồm hỗm

54 HU-17 danang1 trấy thơmtrái thơm

trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chò hõ

55 HU-18 duyxuyen trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) đùi ngồi chồm hỗm

56 HU-19 quynhon trái thơm quả mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

57 HU-20 tuyhoa trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) cùn ngồi chồm hỗm

58 HU-21 phuocson trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chòm hỏm

59 HU-22 quangngai trái thơm trái mận chén té (dao) lục, lụt ngồi chồm hỗm

60 HU-23 danang2 quả dứa trái mận chén té (dao) cùn ngồi chồm hỗm

61HN-21

haidinh trấy thơmquả dứa

quả đào chén bổ (dao) đùi ngồi chồm hỗm

62HN-22

vandien quả dứaquả gai

quả roi đọi bổ (dao) cùn ngồi xổmngồi chồm hỗm

quả dứa quả roi đọi bổ - -

quả dứa quả roi bát ngã (dao) cùn ngồi xổmngồi chồm hỗm

64HN-24

hauloc quả dứa bòng bòng bát ngãbổ

(dao) cùn ngồi xổmngồi chồm hỗm

65 HN-25 hungloc quả dứa quả roi bát bổ (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

66 HN-26 annhon trái thơm quả bồng bồng chén ngã (dao) cùn ngồi chò hõ

67 HN-27 hoangkhan trấy dứa quả bòng bòng bát ngã (đao) cùn ngổi xổm

68HN-28

hunglocth trấy dứa quả bòngtrấy bòng

bát bổ (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

69 HN-29 dienthap trấy dứa quả roi đọi bổ (dao) cùn ngổi xổm

70 HN-30 thanhtho trái dứa quả bòng bòng bát bổ (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

71HN-31

vinh quả dứa quả roi đọibát

bổ (dao) cùn ngồi xổm

72HN-32

phuthanh trấy gaitrấy dứa

trấy roitrấy đào

đọibát

bổ (dao) cùn ngổi xổm

73HN-33

quyhop quả dứa quả roi đọibát

ngãbổ

(dao) cùn ngồi chò hõngồi xổm

63HN-23

camduong

No ID Spot

2 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 7 No. 8 No. 10 No. 11 No. 12 No. 13

to tickleto eat bystealth

candle ballgourmet'spowder

snakehead fish

1 HN-01 ucky cùchọc léc

ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả

2 HN-02 antao cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả3 HN-03 hatay cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá chuối4 HN-04 thanhliem cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả5 HN-05 vinhkhuc cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả6 HN-06 bacninh cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá chuối7 HN-07 lynhan cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả8 HN-08 namsach cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả9 HN-09 ducbac cù li ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả10 HN-10 unghoa cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá chuối11 HN-11 dongphuon cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả12 HN-12 buixa chọc léc ăn phúng nến trấy ban bột ngọt cá tràu13 HN-13 thuanhung cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả14 HN-14 nghiahung cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả15 HN-15 quenham cù léc ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính

bột ngọtca chuối

16 HN-16 daithang cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả17 HN-17 hungthai cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả18 HN-18 tucuong cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá chuối19 HN-19 ngocchau cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả20 HN-20 trungkhanh cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả

cá chuối21 SG-01 p3bentre chọc léc ăn vụng nến

đèn cầytrái banh bột ngọt cá lóc

22 SG-02 phuochiep chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc23 SG-03 binhchanh chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc24 SG-04 thuanquy chọc léc ăn dụng nến chái banh bột ngọt cá chàu25 SG-05 tphcm1 thọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc26 SG-06 binhthanh1 chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc27 SG-07 tphcm2 chọc léc

thọc cu lécăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc

28 SG-08 tanlong chọc léc ăn vụng nến trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc29 SG-09 thanhan chọc léc ăn vụng nến trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc30 SG-10 xuyenmoc chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc31 SG-11 myhanhbac chọc léc ăn dụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá tràu32 SG-12 kienan thọt léc ăn dụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc33 SG-13 phunhuan chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc34 SG-14 binhthanh2 thọc cu léc ăn vụng nến trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc35 SG-15 luongquoi chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc36 SG-16 tambinh chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc37 SG-17 tanxuan chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc38 HU-01 vinhkim chọc léc ăn chùng nến quả bóng mì chính cá tràu39 HU-02 quangdien cục lét ăn chùng đèn sáp trái banh vị tinh cá tràu40 HU-03 lytrach cục kéc ăn chùng nến trấy banh mì chính cá tràu41 HU-04 dienkhanh thọc lét ăng dụng nến chái banh bột ngọt cá tràu42 HU-05 tunghia chọt léc ăn dụng đèn sáp trái banh bột ngọt cá tràu43 HU-06 duyhoa thọc léc ăn dụng đèn sáp trái banh bột ngọt cá tràu44 HU-07 thoquang thọc léc ăn chùng nến

đèn cầytrái banh vị tinh cá lóc

No ID Spot

3 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 7 No. 8 No. 10 No. 11 No. 12 No. 13

to tickleto eat bystealth

candle ballgourmet'spowder

snakehead fish

45 HU-08 anthach chọc léc ăn vụng nến trái banh bột ngọt cá tràu46 HU-09 daihoa thọt lét ăn vụng đèn sáp trái banh bột ngọt cá tràu47 HU-10 ainghia chọc léc ăn vụng nến quả bóng bột ngọt -48 HU-11 tammydong thọc léc ăn dụng đèn sáp trái banh bột nem cá trày 49 HU-12 cudai chọc léc

thọc lécăn chùng đèn sáp trái banh vị tinh

bột ngọtcá lóc

50 HU-13 camle1 thọt léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh vị tinh cá tràu51 HU-14 camle2 cù

thoọc lécăn vụng đèn sáp

nếntrái banhquả bóngtrái bóng

mì chínhvị tinhbột ngọt

-

52 HU-15 tamgiang thọt léc ăn vụng đèn sápnến

quả bóng mì chínhvị tinhbột ngọtbột nem

cá tràucá quả

53 HU-16 hoian chọc léc ăn vụng nếnbạch lạp

trái banhquả bóng

mì chínhvị tinhbột ngọt

cá lóccá quả

54 HU-17 danang1 chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc55 HU-18 duyxuyen chọc léc ăn vụng đèn sáp trái banh mì chính

bột ngọtcá tràu

56 HU-19 quynhon chọc léc ăn dụng bạch lạp trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc57 HU-20 tuyhoa chọc léc ăn vụng nến trái banh bột ngọt cá lóc58 HU-21 phuocson thọc léc ăn dụng bịch lạp trái banh bột ngọt cá tràu59 HU-22 quangngai chọc cù léc ăn vụng đèn sáp trái banh bột ngọt -60 HU-23 danang2 chọc léc ăn vụng nến trái banh mì chính cá lóc61 HN-21 haidinh chọc léc ăn chùng nến quả bóng mì chính cá lóc62 HN-22 vandien cục kéc ăn phúng nến quả bóng mì chính cá tràu

chọc léc ăn phúng - - bột ngọt -cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá quả

cá chuối64

HN-24hauloc cù

kì nânăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính

bột ngọtcá quả

65HN-25

hungloc cù léc ăn vụngăn phúng

nến quả bóng mì chính cá tràucá quả

66 HN-26 annhon chọc léc ăn vụng đèn cầy trái banh bột ngọt cá tràu67 HN-27 hoangkhan cù ăn vụng nến trấy bóng mì chính cá chuối68

HN-28hunglocth cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng

trấy bóngmì chính cá lóc

69 HN-29 dienthap chọc kít ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá tràu70 HN-30 thanhtho cù ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá chuối71 HN-31 vinh thọc lét ăn vụng nến quả bóng mì chính cá tràu72

HN-32phuthanh trêu ăn phúng cây nến trấy bóng mì chính cá tràu

73HN-33

quyhop chọc léc ăn vụngăn phúng

nến trái banhquả bóng

mì chính cá tràu

Spot

63HN-23

camduong

No ID

4 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 15 No. 16 No. 17 No. 18 No. 19 No. 22gecko lizard curtain a mosquito net coffin to hold

1 HN-01 ucky thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm của màn quan tài ẵm2 HN-02 antao thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế3 HN-03 hatay thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế4 HN-04 thanhliem thằn lằn thằn lằn rắn rèm màn quan tài bế5 HN-05 vinhkhuc thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế6 HN-06 bacninh thạch sùng thằn lằn màn mùng quan tài bế7 HN-07 lynhan thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế8 HN-08 namsach thạch sùng thằn lằn màn màn quan tài bế9 HN-09 ducbac thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế10 HN-10 unghoa thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế11 HN-11 dongphuon thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài ẵm12 HN-12 buixa thằn lằn tắn mối rèm mùng hòm bôồng13 HN-13 thuanhung thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế14 HN-14 nghiahung thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế15 HN-15 quenham thạch sùng

bù dáchthằn lằn màn

rèmmàn quan tài bế

16 HN-16 daithang thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế17 HN-17 hungthai thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế18 HN-18 tucuong thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế19 HN-19 ngocchau thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế20 HN-20 trungkhanh thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế21 SG-01 p3bentre thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng quan tài ẵm22 SG-02 phuochiep thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm

quan tàiáo quan

bếbồngẵm

23 SG-03 binhchanh thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm ẵm24 SG-04 thuanquy thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm ẵm25 SG-05 tphcm1 thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng hòm bồng26 SG-06 binhthanh1 thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm ẵm27 SG-07 tphcm2 thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng hòm

thọẵm

28 SG-08 tanlong thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng quan tài ẵm29 SG-09 thanhan thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm ẵm30 SG-10 xuyenmoc thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm ẵm31 SG-11 myhanhbac thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hàng ẵm32 SG-12 kienan thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm ẵm33 SG-13 phunhuan thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm bế34 SG-14 binhthanh2 thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng quan tài bế35 SG-15 luongquoi thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng quan tài ẵm36 SG-16 tambinh thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm ẵm37 SG-17 tanxuan thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm ẵm38 HU-01 vinhkim thằn lằn tắn mối màn mùng quan tài bồng39 HU-02 quangdien thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm bồng40 HU-03 lytrach thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng áo quan bế41 HU-04 dienkhanh thằng lằng rắn mối màng mùng hòm ẳm42 HU-05 tunghia thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm bế43 HU-06 duyhoa thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm bồng44 HU-07 thoquang thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng hòm bế

bồng45 HU-08 anthach thằn lằn rắn mối màn

rèmmùng hòm ẵm

No ID Spot

5 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 15 No. 16 No. 17 No. 18 No. 19 No. 22

gecko lizard curtain a mosquito net coffin to hold

46 HU-09 daihoa thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm bồng47 HU-10 ainghia thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng hòm

quan tàiẵm

48 HU-11 tammydong thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng hòm bồng49 HU-12 cudai thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm

quanbồng

50 HU-13 camle1 thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng hòm bồng51 HU-14 camle2 thạch sùng - màn

rèmmànmùng

quan tàiáo quan

bếbồng

52 HU-15 tamgiang thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng hòmquan tài

bồng

53 HU-16 hoian thằn lằnthạch sùng

rắn mối mànrèm

mùng hòmquan tài

bếbồng

54 HU-17 danang1 thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm ẵm55 HU-18 duyxuyen thằn lằn rắn mối màn mùng hòm bồng56 HU-19 quynhon thằn lằn rắn máu rèm mùng hòm ẵm57 HU-20 tuyhoa thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng quan tài bế

bồngẵm

58 HU-21 phuocson thằn lằn rắn mới màn mùng hòm ẵm59 HU-22 quangngai thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng hòm bồng60 HU-23 danang2 thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mền quan tài bế61 HN-21 haidinh thằn lằn rắn mối rèm màn quan tài bồng62

HN-22vandien thằn lằn rắn mối rèm

ri-đômàn hòm

quan tàibồng

thạch sùng - - màn - -thằn lằn rắn mối rèm màn quan tài bế

64 HN-24 hauloc thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế65 HN-25 hungloc thằn lằn rắn mối rèm mùng quan tài bồng66 HN-26 annhon thằn lằn thạch sùng mành mùng áo quan bồng67 HN-27 hoangkhan xì xồng thằn lằn rèm màn hòm bõng68

HN-28hunglocth thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế

bồng69

HN-29dienthap thằn lằn rắn mối rèm

mànhmàn hòm bồng

70 HN-30 thanhtho thạch sùng thằn lằn rèm màn quan tài bế71 HN-31 vinh thằn lằn rắn mối rèm màn hòm bồng72 HN-32 phuthanh thằn lằn rắn mối rèm màn hòm bồng73

HN-33quyhop thằn lằn

thạch sùngrắn mối rèm màn

mùngquan tài bồng

ID Spot

63HN-23

camduong

No

6 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 23 No. 24 No. 25 No. 27 No. 28 No. 29photograph interest to break down to trample sharp to dupe

1 HN-01 ucky ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 2 HN-02 antao ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 3 HN-03 hatay ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 4 HN-04 thanhliem ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 5 HN-05 vinhkhuc ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 6 HN-06 bacninh hình lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 7 HN-07 lynhan ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 8 HN-08 namsach ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 9 HN-09 ducbac ảnh lãi hỏng đạp (dao) sắc lừa 10 HN-10 unghoa ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 11 HN-11 dongphuon ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 12 HN-12 buixa ảnh lải hư giậm (dao) bén lừa 13 HN-13 thuanhung ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc điêu14 HN-14 nghiahung ảnh lãi hỏng đạp (dao) sắc lừa 15 HN-15 quenham ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm

nhẫm(dao) sắc lừa 

16 HN-16 daithang ảnh lãi hư giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 17 HN-17 hungthai ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 18 HN-18 tucuong ảnh lãi hư giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 19 HN-19 ngocchau ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa 20 HN-20 trungkhanh ảnh lãi hỏng đạp (dao) sắc lừa 21 SG-01 p3bentre hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 22 SG-02 phuochiep chân dung lãi

lờihư đạp (dao) bén gạt

23 SG-03 binhchanh hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 24 SG-04 thuanquy hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt25 SG-05 tphcm1 ảnh lời hư đạp (dao) sắc lừa 26 SG-06 binhthanh1 hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt27 SG-07 tphcm2 hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt28 SG-08 tanlong hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt

lừa29 SG-09 thanhan hình lãi hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 30 SG-10 xuyenmoc hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 31 SG-11 myhanhbac hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt32 SG-12 kienan hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt33 SG-13 phunhuan hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 34 SG-14 binhthanh2 ảnh lãi hư đạp (dao) bén gạt35 SG-15 luongquoi hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt36 SG-16 tambinh hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt37 SG-17 tanxuan hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt38 HU-01 vinhkim ảnh lời hư đạp (dao) sắc lừa 39 HU-02 quangdien ảnh lời hư đạp (dao) sắc lừa 40 HU-03 lytrach ảnh lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 41 HU-04 dienkhanh hình lải hư dẩm dao béng gạc42 HU-05 tunghia ảnh lãi hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 43 HU-06 duyhoa ảnh lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 44 HU-07 thoquang ảnh lời hư giẫm (dao) bén gạt

lừa45 HU-08 anthach hình lãi hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 

SpotIDNo

7 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 23 No. 24 No. 25 No. 27 No. 28 No. 29photograph interest to break down to trample sharp to dupe

46 HU-09 daihoa ảnh lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt47 HU-10 ainghia ảnh

hìnhlãilời

hư giẫm (dao) bén(dao) sắc

gạt

48 HU-11 tammydong ảnh lời hư dẵm (dao) bén lừa 49 HU-12 cudai ảnh

hìnhlời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 

50 HU-13 camle1 ảnh lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 51 HU-14 camle2 ảnh

hìnhlãilời

hưhỏng

giẫmđạp

(dao) bén(dao) sắc

gạtlừabịp

52 HU-15 tamgiang ảnhhình

lời hư giẫmđạp

(dao) bén(dao) sắc

lừa 

53 HU-16 hoian ảnhhình

lãilời

hư giẫmđạp

(dao) bén(dao) sắc

gạtlừa

54 HU-17 danang1 hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt55 HU-18 duyxuyen hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 56 HU-19 quynhon hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 57 HU-20 tuyhoa ảnh

hìnhlãilời

hưhỏng

giẫmđạp

(dao) bén(dao) sắcsắc bén

gạtlừalừa gạt

58 HU-21 phuocson hình lời hư đạp (dao) bén gạt59 HU-22 quangngai ảnh lời hư đạp (dao) bén lừa 60 HU-23 danang2 hình lời hư đạp (dao) sắc lừa 61 HN-21 haidinh ảnh lời hư đạp (dao) sắc lừa62

HN-22vandien ảnh lãi

lờihư giẫm (dao) sắc lừa

63HN-23

camduong hình lời hư - - gạtgiả phỉnh

ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa64 HN-24 hauloc ảnh lãi hỏng giẫm (dao) sắc lừa65 HN-25 hungloc ảnh lời hư giẫm (dao) sắc lừa66 HN-26 annhon hình lời hư giẫm (dao) sắc gạt67 HN-27 hoangkhan ảnh lãi hư giẫm (đao) sắc lừa68

HN-28hunglocth ảnh lãi hư

hỏngđạp (dao) sắc lừa

69 HN-29 dienthap hình lời hư giẫm (dao) sắc lừa70 HN-30 thanhtho ảnh lãi hư đạp (dao) sắc lừa71 HN-31 vinh ảnh lời hư giậm (dao) sắc lừa72 HN-32 phuthanh ảnh lời - dậm (dao) sắc lừa73 HN-33 quyhop ảnh lời hư giẫm (dao) sắc lừa

SpotIDNo.

8 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 30 No. 31 No. 32 No. 33 No. 35 No. 36to wipe paddy to pick up to pursue blanket (to come) late

1 HN-01 ucky lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn2 HN-02 antao lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn3 HN-03 hatay lau chùi thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn4 HN-04 thanhliem lau lúa đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn5 HN-05 vinhkhuc lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn6 HN-06 bacninh lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn7 HN-07 lynhan lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn8 HN-08 namsach lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn9 HN-09 ducbac lau lúa đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn10 HN-10 unghoa lau lúa đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn11 HN-11 dongphuon lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn12 HN-12 buixa lau ló đèo rượt

đuổirệttướt

chăn trể

13 HN-13 thuanhung lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn14 HN-14 nghiahung lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn15 HN-15 quenham lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn16 HN-16 daithang lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn17 HN-17 hungthai lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn18 HN-18 tucuong lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn19 HN-19 ngocchau lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn20 HN-20 trungkhanh lau thóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn21 SG-01 p3bentre chùi lúa đón rượt mền (đến) trễ22 SG-02 phuochiep lau lúa rước rượt mền (đến) trễ23 SG-03 binhchanh lau lúa rước đuổi mền (đến) muộn24 SG-04 thuanquy lau lúa rước rượt mền (đến) trễ

(đến) muộn25 SG-05 tphcm1 lau thóc rước rượt chăn (đến) trễ26 SG-06 binhthanh1 lau lúa đón đuổi mền (đến) trễ27 SG-07 tphcm2 lau lúa rước

đónrượt mền (đến) trễ

28 SG-08 tanlong lau lúa rước rượt mền (đến) trễ29 SG-09 thanhan lau lúa đón đuổi chăn (đến) trễ30 SG-10 xuyenmoc lau thóc rước rượt mền (đến) trễ31 SG-11 myhanhbac lau lúa rước dí mền (đến) trễ32 SG-12 kienan lau lúa rước rượt mền (đến) trễ

đi trễ33 SG-13 phunhuan chùi thóc đón rượt mền (đến) trễ34 SG-14 binhthanh2 lau thóc rước đuổi mền (đến) trễ35 SG-15 luongquoi lau lúa rước rượt mền (đến) trễ36 SG-16 tambinh lau lúa đón rượt mền (đến) trễ37 SG-17 tanxuan lau lúa đón rượt mền (đến) trễ38 HU-01 vinhkim lau ló đón đòi chăn (đến) muộn39 HU-02 quangdien lau

chùilúa đón rượt mền (đến) trễ

40 HU-03 lytrach chùi thoóc đón rượt mền (đến) muộn41 HU-04 dienkhanh lau lúa đón đủi mền chể42 HU-05 tunghia chùi lúa đón rượt mền (đến) trễ43 HU-06 duyhoa lau lúa đón dí mền (đến) trễ44 HU-07 thoquang lau

chùilúa đón đuổi mền (đến) trễ

45 HU-08 anthach lau lúa đón đuổi mền (đến) trễ

SpotIDNo

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 30 No. 31 No. 32 No. 33 No. 35 No. 36to wipe paddy to pick up to pursue blanket (to come) late

46 HU-09 daihoa chùi lúa đón đuổi mền (đến) trễ47 HU-10 ainghia lau lúa đón rượt

đuổimềnchăn

(đến) trễ(đến) muộn

48 HU-11 tammydong lay lúa đón chạy theo mền (đến) trễ49 HU-12 cudai lau

chùilúa đón đuổi mền

chănra

tới trễ

50 HU-13 camle1 chùi lúa đón dí mền tới trễ51 HU-14 camle2 lau

chùithóc đón rượt

đuổimềnchăn

(đến) trễ(đến) muộn

52 HU-15 tamgiang lauchùi

thóclúagiống

đón đuổidí

mền (đến) trễ

53 HU-16 hoian lauchùi

thóclúa

đón rượtđuổi

mềnchăn

(đến) trễ(đến) muộn

54 HU-17 danang1 lau lúa đón rượt mền (đến) trễ55 HU-18 duyxuyen lau

chùilúa đón đuổi mền

chăn(đến) trễtới trễ

56 HU-19 quynhon lau lúa đón rượt mền (đến) trễ57 HU-20 tuyhoa lau

chùilau chùi

hạt thóc đón rượtđuổi

mền (đến) trễ(đến) muộn

58 HU-21 phuocson lau lúa đón rượt mền (đến) trễ59 HU-22 quangngai chùi thóc đón đuổi mền (đến) trễ60 HU-23 danang2 chùi thóc đón rượt chăn (đến) muộn61 HN-21 haidinh chùi lúa đón đuổi chăn (tới) muộn62 HN-22 vandien chùi ló đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn

chùi thóclúa

- - chăn -

lau thóclúa

đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn

64 HN-24 hauloc lau lúa đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn65

HN-25hungloc lau thóc

lúađónđem

đuổi chăn (đến) muộn

66 HN-26 annhon lau thóc rước rượt khăn (đến) trễ67 HN-27 hoangkhan chùi lúa đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn68

HN-28hunglocth lau thóc

lúarướcrược

lùa chăn (đến) muộn(đến) chậm

69HN-29

dienthap chùi lúa đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn(đến) chậm

70 HN-30 thanhtho chùi lúa đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn71

HN-31vinh lau

chùithóclúa

đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn

72 HN-32 phuthanh chùi lúa đón rệt chăn (đến) muộn73

HN-33quyhop lau

chùithóc đón đuổi chăn (đến) muộn

SpotIDNo

63

HN-23

camduong

10 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 37 No. 40 No. 47 No. 48 No. 49 No. 50to look for to rent pig to call left over dirty

1 HN-01 ucky tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn2 HN-02 antao tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn3 HN-03 hatay tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn4 HN-04 thanhliem tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn5 HN-05 vinhkhuc tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn6 HN-06 bacninh tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn7 HN-07 lynhan tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn8 HN-08 namsach tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn9 HN-09 ducbac tìm thuê lợn kêu thừa bẩn10 HN-10 unghoa tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn11 HN-11 dongphuon tìm thuê lợn kêu thừa bẩn12 HN-12 buixa tìm

kiếmthuê lợn kêu thừa nhớp

13 HN-13 thuanhung tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn14 HN-14 nghiahung tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn15 HN-15 quenham tìm mượn lợn gọi thừa bẩn16 HN-16 daithang tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn17 HN-17 hungthai tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn18 HN-18 tucuong tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn19 HN-19 ngocchau tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn20 HN-20 trungkhanh tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn21 SG-01 p3bentre kiếm mướn heo kêu thừa dơ22 SG-02 phuochiep kiếm mướn heo kêu thừa

dưdơ

23 SG-03 binhchanh kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ24 SG-04 thuanquy kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ25 SG-05 tphcm1 kiếm mướn heo gọi dư dơ26 SG-06 binhthanh1 tìm mướn heo kêu dư dơ27 SG-07 tphcm2 kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ28 SG-08 tanlong kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ29 SG-09 thanhan kiếm mướn heo gọi dư dơ30 SG-10 xuyenmoc kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ31 SG-11 myhanhbac kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ32 SG-12 kienan tìm mướn heo kêu

kiudư dơ

33 SG-13 phunhuan kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ34 SG-14 binhthanh2 tìm thuê heo gọi thừa bẩn35 SG-15 luongquoi kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ36 SG-16 tambinh tìm thuê heo kêu dư dơ37 SG-17 tanxuan kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ38 HU-01 vinhkim tìm thuê heo kêu thừa dớp39 HU-02 quangdien tìm thuê heo kêu dư nhớp40 HU-03 lytrach kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dớp41 HU-04 dienkhanh tìm thuê heo kiu dư dơ42 HU-05 tunghia tìm thuê heo kêu dư dơ43 HU-06 duyhoa kiếm thuê heo kêu dư nhớp44 HU-07 thoquang tìm thuê heo kêu dư dơ45 HU-08 anthach tìm

kiếmmướn heo kêu dư dơ

No ID Spot

11 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 37 No. 40 No. 47 No. 48 No. 49 No. 50to look for to rent pig to call left over dirty

46 HU-09 daihoa tìm thuê heo gọi dư nhớp47 HU-10 ainghia tìm thuê heo kêu

gọithừa dơ

48 HU-11 tammydong kiếm thuê heo kêu dư dơ49 HU-12 cudai tìm thuê

mượnheo kêu dư nhớp

50 HU-13 camle1 tìm thuê heo kêu dư nhớp51 HU-14 camle2 tìm

kiếmthuêmướn

lợnheo

kêugọi

thừadư

bẩndơnhớp

52 HU-15 tamgiang tìmkiếm

thuê heo kêugọi

dư dơnhớp

53 HU-16 hoian tìmkiếm

thuê heo kêugọi

dư dơnhớp

54 HU-17 danang1 kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ55 HU-18 duyxuyen tìm

kiếmthuê heo kêu dư nhớp

56 HU-19 quynhon kiếm mướn heo kiu dư dơ57 HU-20 tuyhoa tìm

kiếmthuê heo kêu dư bẩn

dơ58 HU-21 phuocson tìm mướn heo kiu dư dơ59 HU-22 quangngai tìm thuê

mướnheo kêu dư dơ

60 HU-23 danang2 kiếm thuê lợn gọi dư dơ61 HN-21 haidinh tìm thuê heo kêu thừa bẩn62

HN-22vandien kiếm thuê lợn kêu

hétthừa nhớp

tìm mướn lợn kêugọi

- nhớp

tìm thuê lợn kêugọi

thừa bẩn

64 HN-24 hauloc tìm thuê lợn kêu thừa bẩn65 HN-25 hungloc tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn66 HN-26 annhon kiếm mướn heo kêu dư dơ67 HN-27 hoangkhan tìm thuê lợn kêu thừa bửn68

HN-28hunglocth tìm thuê lợn kêu

hétthừa bửn

69 HN-29 dienthap kiếm mướn lợn kêu thừa bẩn70 HN-30 thanhtho tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn71 HN-31 vinh tìm thuê lợn kêu thừa bẩn72 HN-32 phuthanh tìm thuê lợn van thừa bẩn73 HN-33 quyhop tìm thuê lợn gọi thừa bẩn

63

HN-23

camduong

No ID Spot

12 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 51 No. 52 No. 53 No. 56 No. 58 No. 60to break glasses mirror match (box) ricepaper perfume

1 HN-01 ucky vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa2 HN-02 antao vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa3 HN-03 hatay vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa4 HN-04 thanhliem vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa5 HN-05 vinhkhuc vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm đa nem nước hoa6 HN-06 bacninh vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa7 HN-07 lynhan vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa8 HN-08 namsach vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa9 HN-09 ducbac vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa10 HN-10 unghoa vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa11 HN-11 dongphuon vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa12 HN-12 buixa bể kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng nước hoa13 HN-13 thuanhung vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa14 HN-14 nghiahung vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa15 HN-15 quenham vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm

hộp diêm(bánh) đa nước hoa

16 HN-16 daithang vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa17 HN-17 hungthai vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa18 HN-18 tucuong vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa19 HN-19 ngocchau vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa20 HN-20 trungkhanh vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa nước hoa21 SG-01 p3bentre bể kính kiếng (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm22 SG-02 phuochiep bể kiếng kiếng (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm23 SG-03 binhchanh bể kính kiếng hộp diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm24 SG-04 thuanquy bể kiếng kiếng (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm25 SG-05 tphcm1 bể kiếng gương (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng nước hoa26 SG-06 binhthanh1 bể kiếng kiếng hộp diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm27 SG-07 tphcm2 bể kiếng kiếng hộp quẹt diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm28 SG-08 tanlong bể kiếng kiếng (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm29 SG-09 thanhan bể kính gương (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm30 SG-10 xuyenmoc bể kiếng kiếng (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm31 SG-11 myhanhbac bể mắt kiếng kiếng (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm32 SG-12 kienan bể kiếng kiếng hộp quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm33 SG-13 phunhuan bể kiếng kiếng (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm34 SG-14 binhthanh2 vỡ kiếng gương (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm35 SG-15 luongquoi bể kiếng kiếng (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm36 SG-16 tambinh bể kiếng kiếng hộp quẹt diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm37 SG-17 tanxuan bể kiếng kiếng (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm38 HU-01 vinhkim bể kính gương (bao) diêm (béng) tráng nước hoa39 HU-02 quangdien bể kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng nước hoa40 HU-03 lytrach bể kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm41 HU-04 dienkhanh bể kiếng gương (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm42 HU-05 tunghia bể kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng nước hoa43 HU-06 duyhoa bể kính gương hộp diêm (bánh) tráng nước hoa44 HU-07 thoquang bể kính

gươnggương diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm

nước hoa45 HU-08 anthach bể kiếng

kínhgương

gương (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơmnước hoa

No ID Spot

13 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 51 No. 52 No. 53 No. 56 No. 58 No. 60to break glasses mirror match (box) ricepaper perfume

46 HU-09 daihoa bể gương gương hộp diêm (bánh) tráng nước hoa47 HU-10 ainghia vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm

hộp diêm(bánh) tráng dầu thơm

nước hoa48 HU-11 tammydong bể kính gương thùng diêm (bánh) tráng nước hoa49 HU-12 cudai bể kính

gươnggương (bao) diêm

hộp diêm(bánh) tráng dầu thơm

nước hoa50 HU-13 camle1 bể kính gương hộp diêm (bánh) tráng nước hoa51 HU-14 camle2 vỡ

bểkiếngkính

gương (bao) diêm (bánh) đa(bánh) tráng

nước hoa

52 HU-15 tamgiang bể kính gương thùng cọ (bánh) tráng nước hoa53 HU-16 hoian vỡ

bểkiếngkính

gương (hộp) quẹtthùng quẹt

(bánh) tráng nước hoa

54 HU-17 danang1 bể kiếng kiếng (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm55 HU-18 duyxuyen bể kính gương (hộp) quẹt

thùng quẹt(bánh) tráng nước hoa

56 HU-19 quynhon bể kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng dầu thơm57 HU-20 tuyhoa vỡ

bểkính gương (hộp) quẹt (bánh) tráng dầu thơm

nước hoa58 HU-21 phuocson bể kiếng gương thùng quẹt diêm(bánh) tráng dầu thơm59 HU-22 quangngai bể kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng nước hoa60 HU-23 danang2 bể kính gương (bao) diêm (bánh) tráng nước hoa61 HN-21 haidinh vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm bánh tráng nước hoa62 HN-22 vandien bể kính gương ống diêm bánh đa nước hoa

bể kính gương (hộp) quẹt bánh tráng -vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm bánh đa nước hoa

64 HN-24 hauloc vỡ kính gương (bao) diêm bánh tráng dầu thơm65

HN-25hungloc vỡ

bểkính gương (bao) diêm bánh đa

bánh trángnước hoa

66 HN-26 annhon bể kiếng gương (hộp) quẹt bánh tráng nước hoa67 HN-27 hoangkhan bể kính gương (bao) diêm bánh tráng nước hoa68 HN-28 hunglocth bể kính gương (bao) diêm bánh đa nước hoa69 HN-29 dienthap bể kính gương (bao) diêm bánh khô nước hoa70 HN-30 thanhtho bể kính gương (bao) diêm bánh đa nước hoa71 HN-31 vinh bể kính gương (bao) diêm bánh đa nước hoa72 HN-32 phuthanh bể kính gương (bao) diêm bánh khô nước hoa73 HN-33 quyhop bể kính gương (bao) diêm bánh đa nước hoa

63HN-23

camduong

No ID Spot

14 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 61 No. 64 No. 65 No. 66 No. 67 No. 68

sunglasses hat car body car tireinner tube of

tire1 HN-01 ucky kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]2 HN-02 antao kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]3 HN-03 hatay kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]4 HN-04 thanhliem kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]5 HN-05 vinhkhuc kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]6 HN-06 bacninh kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]7 HN-07 lynhan kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]8 HN-08 namsach kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]9 HN-09 ducbac kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]10 HN-10 unghoa kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]11 HN-11 dongphuon kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]12 HN-12 buixa kính râm mụ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]13 HN-13 thuanhung kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]14 HN-14 nghiahung kính râm mũ sườn xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]15 HN-15 quenham kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]16 HN-16 daithang kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]17 HN-17 hungthai kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]18 HN-18 tucuong kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]19 HN-19 ngocchau kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]20 HN-20 trungkhanh kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]21 SG-01 p3bentre kiếng mát nón khung xe ô-tô

xe hơivỏ [xe] ruột [xe]

22 SG-02 phuochiep kiếng mát nón khung xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]23 SG-03 binhchanh kiếng mát nón khung xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]24 SG-04 thuanquy kiếng mát nón khung xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]25 SG-05 tphcm1 kiếng mát nón sườn xe ô-tô vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]26 SG-06 binhthanh1 kiếng mát nón khung xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]27 SG-07 tphcm2 kiếng mát nón khung xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]28 SG-08 tanlong kiếng mát nón sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]29 SG-09 thanhan kiếng mát nón sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]30 SG-10 xuyenmoc kiếng mát

kiếng đennón khung xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]

31 SG-11 myhanhbac kiếng mát nón sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]32 SG-12 kienan kiếng râm nón

nón nĩsườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]

33 SG-13 phunhuan kiếng mát nón sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]34 SG-14 binhthanh2 kiếng mát nón sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]35 SG-15 luongquoi kiếng mát nón sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]36 SG-16 tambinh kiếng mát nón sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]37 SG-17 tanxuan kiếng mát nón sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]38 HU-01 vinhkim kính râm mũ khung xe xe con lốp [xe] xăm xe39 HU-02 quangdien kính râm mũ sườn xe ô-tô lốp [xe] ruột [xe]40 HU-03 lytrach kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]41 HU-04 dienkhanh kiếng mát nón khung xe xe hơi dỏ ruộc42 HU-05 tunghia kính mát mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] ruột [xe]43 HU-06 duyhoa kính mát mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] ruột [xe]44 HU-07 thoquang kính mát mũ khung xe xe hơi lốp [xe] ruột [xe]

săm [xe]45 HU-08 anthach kính râm mũ sườn xe xe hơi lốp [xe] ruột [xe]

No ID Spot

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 61 No. 64 No. 65 No. 66 No. 67 No. 68

sunglasses hat car body car tireinner tube of

tire46 HU-09 daihoa kiếng mát mũ sườn xe ô-tô

xe hơilốp [xe] ruột [xe]

47 HU-10 ainghia kính mát mũ khung xesườn xe

ô-tô lốp [xe] ruột [xe]săm [xe]

48 HU-11 tammydong kính mát mũ sườn xe ô-tô lốp [xe] ruột [xe]49 HU-12 cudai kính râm

kính mátgương mátgương đi nắng

mũ khung xesườn xegiàn xe

ô-tôxe hơi

lốp [xe] ruột [xe]

50 HU-13 camle1 kính mát nónmũ

khung xe ô-tôxe hơi

lốp [xe] ruột [xe]

51 HU-14 camle2 kiếng mátkính râm

nónmũ

khung xe ô-tôxe hơi

lốp [xe] ruột [xe]săm [xe]

52 HU-15 tamgiang kính mát nónmũ

sườn xe ô-tôxe hơixe con

lốp [xe] ruột [xe]

53 HU-16 hoian kiếng mátkính râm

nónmũ

khung xe ô-tôxe hơi

vỏ [xe]lốp [xe]

ruột [xe]

54 HU-17 danang1 kiếng mát nón sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]55 HU-18 duyxuyen kính mát mũ sườn xe ô-tô

xe hơilớp xe

lốp [xe] ruột [xe]

56 HU-19 quynhon kính mát mũ sườn xe ô-tô lốp [xe] ruột [xe]57 HU-20 tuyhoa kính mát mũ khung xe ô-tô

xe hơivỏ [xe] ruột [xe]

58 HU-21 phuocson kiếng mát mũ sườn xe xe hơi vỏ [xe] ruột [xe]59 HU-22 quangngai kính mát mũ - ô-tô

xe hơilốp [xe] ruột [xe]

60 HU-23 danang2 kính râm mũ khung xe xe hơi lốp [xe] ruột [xe]61 HN-21 haidinh kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]62 HN-22 vandien kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]

kính râm nón - ô-tô - săm [xe]kính râm mũ

nónkhung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]

64 HN-24 hauloc kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]65 HN-25 hungloc kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]66 HN-26 annhon kiếng râm nón khung xe xe hơi lốp [xe] săm [xe]67 HN-27 hoangkhan kính râm mũ khung xe xe hơi lốp [xe] săm [xe]68 HN-28 hunglocth kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]69 HN-29 dienthap kính râm mũ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]70 HN-30 thanhtho kính râm nón khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]71 HN-31 vinh kính râm mụ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]72 HN-32 phuthanh kính đen mụ khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]73 HN-33 quyhop kính râm nón khung xe ô-tô lốp [xe] săm [xe]

63HN-23

camduong

No ID Spot

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 69 No. 71 No. 73 No. 76 No. 78 No. 79

brake chain tiger Broccoli spoonto turn

(to the right)1 HN-01 ucky phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)2 HN-02 antao phanh xích cọp

hổsúp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)

3 HN-03 hatay phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)4 HN-04 thanhliem phanh xích hổ súp lơ muỗng rẽ (phải)5 HN-05 vinhkhuc phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)6 HN-06 bacninh phanh xích hổ bông cải thìa rẽ (phải)7 HN-07 lynhan phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)8 HN-08 namsach phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)9 HN-09 ducbac phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)10 HN-10 unghoa phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)11 HN-11 dongphuon phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)12 HN-12 buixa phanh xích hổ

kháisúp lơ thìa rẹ

13 HN-13 thuanhung phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)14 HN-14 nghiahung phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)15 HN-15 quenham phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)16 HN-16 daithang phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)

ngẹo17 HN-17 hungthai phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)18 HN-18 tucuong phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)19 HN-19 ngocchau phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)20 HN-20 trungkhanh phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)21 SG-01 p3bentre thắng xích cọp

hổbông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)

22 SG-02 phuochiep thắng sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)23 SG-03 binhchanh thắng sên hổ bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)24 SG-04 thuanquy thắng sên hổ súp lơ muỗng quẹo (phải)25 SG-05 tphcm1 phanh xích cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)26 SG-06 binhthanh1 thắng sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)27 SG-07 tphcm2 thắng sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)28 SG-08 tanlong thắng sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)29 SG-09 thanhan thắng xích cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)30 SG-10 xuyenmoc thắng xích cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)31 SG-11 myhanhbac thắng sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)32 SG-12 kienan thắng sên hùm bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)33 SG-13 phunhuan thắng xích cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)34 SG-14 binhthanh2 phanh xích cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)35 SG-15 luongquoi thắng sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)36 SG-16 tambinh thắng xích cọp bông cải muỗng rẽ (phải)37 SG-17 tanxuan thắng sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)38 HU-01 vinhkim phanh xích hổ bông cải thìa rẽ (phải)39 HU-02 quangdien phanh sên hổ súp lơ muỗng rẽ (phải)40 HU-03 lytrach phanh xích cọp súp lơ xanh muỗng quẹo (phải)41 HU-04 dienkhanh thắng xích cọp súp lơ muổng quẹo (phải)42 HU-05 tunghia thắng sên cọp súp lơ muỗng quẹo (phải)43 HU-06 duyhoa phanh sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)44 HU-07 thoquang phanh xích hổ bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)45 HU-08 anthach thắng sên cọp bông cải muỗng rẽ (phải)

quẹo (phải)

SpotIDNo

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 69 No. 71 No. 73 No. 76 No. 78 No. 79

brake chain tiger Broccoli spoonto turn

(to the right)46 HU-09 daihoa thắng sên cọp

hổbông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)

47 HU-10 ainghia thắng xích cọphổ

súp lơ muỗngthìa

rẽ (phải)

48 HU-11 tammydong phanh sên cọp súp lơ muỗng rẽ (phải)49 HU-12 cudai phanh xích hổ súp lơ muỗng quẹo (phải)50 HU-13 camle1 phanh xích

sênhổ súp lơ muỗng quẹo (phải)

51 HU-14 camle2 phanhthắng

xíchsên

cọphổ

súp lơ muỗngthìa

rẽ (phải)quẹo (phải)

52 HU-15 tamgiang phanh sên cọphổbeohùm

bông cải muỗng rẽ (phải)quẹo (phải)cua

53 HU-16 hoian phanhthắng

sên cọp súp lơsúp lơ xanh

muỗng rẽ (phải)quẹo (phải)

54 HU-17 danang1 thắng sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)55 HU-18 duyxuyen phanh sên cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)56 HU-19 quynhon thắng sên cọp bông cải xanh muỗng quẹo (phải)57 HU-20 tuyhoa phanh

thắngxíchsên

hổ súp lơ muỗng rẽ (phải)quẹo (phải)

58 HU-21 phuocson thắng sên cọp súp lơ muỗng quẹo (phải)59 HU-22 quangngai phanh xích cọp bông cải muỗng quẹo (phải)60 HU-23 danang2 phanh sên hổ bông cải thìa quẹo (phải)61 HN-21 haidinh phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)62 HN-22 vandien phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)63 HN-23 camduong thắng xích - súp lơ muỗng -

phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)64 HN-24 hauloc phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)65 HN-25 hungloc phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)66 HN-26 annhon thắng ròng rọc cọp súp lơ muỗng quẹo (phải)67 HN-27 hoangkhan phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)68

HN-28hunglocth phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa

xìarẽ (phải)sang (phải)

69 HN-29 dienthap phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa sang (phải)70 HN-30 thanhtho phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)71 HN-31 vinh phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẹ (phải)72 HN-32 phuthanh phanh xích cọp súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)73 HN-33 quyhop phanh xích hổ súp lơ thìa rẽ (phải)

No ID Spot

18 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. No. 85 No. 87 No. 88 No. 89 No. 90wallet envelope apple lucky unlucky peanut

1 HN-01 ucky ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc2 HN-02 antao ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc3 HN-03 hatay ví [tiền] phong bì táo tàu may rủi lạc4 HN-04 thanhliem ví [tiền] phong bì táo may số đen lạc5 HN-05 vinhkhuc ví [tiền] phong bì táo may đen đủi lạc6 HN-06 bacninh ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc7 HN-07 lynhan ví [tiền] phong bì táo may đen lạc8 HN-08 namsach ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi

đen đủilạc

9 HN-09 ducbac ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc10 HN-10 unghoa ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc11 HN-11 dongphuon ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc12 HN-12 buixa ví [tiền] phong bì táo may xui lạc13 HN-13 thuanhung ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc14 HN-14 nghiahung ví [tiền] phong bì táo may xui lạc15 HN-15 quenham ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc16 HN-16 daithang ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc17 HN-17 hungthai ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc18 HN-18 tucuong ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc19 HN-19 ngocchau ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc20 HN-20 trungkhanh ví [tiền] phong bì táo may không may lạc21 SG-01 p3bentre bóp [tiền] bao thơ táo hên xui đậu phụng22 SG-02 phuochiep bóp [tiền] bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phụng

đậu phộng23 SG-03 binhchanh bóp [tiền] bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phộng24 SG-04 thuanquy bóp [tiền] bì thư bôm hên xui đậu phộng25 SG-05 tphcm1 bóp [tiền] bao thơ táo may xui đậu phụng

đậu phộng26 SG-06 binhthanh1 bóp [tiền] bao thư bôm hên xui đậu phộng27 SG-07 tphcm2 ví [tiền]

bóp [tiền]bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phộng

28 SG-08 tanlong bóp [tiền] bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phộng29 SG-09 thanhan bóp [tiền] phong bì bôm hên xui đậu phộng30 SG-10 xuyenmoc bóp [tiền] bao thơ táo hên rủi đậu phộng31 SG-11 myhanhbac bóp [tiền] bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phộng32 SG-12 kienan bóp [tiền] bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phộng33 SG-13 phunhuan bóp [tiền] bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phộng34 SG-14 binhthanh2 bóp [tiền] bao thơ táo may xui đậu phộng35 SG-15 luongquoi bóp [tiền] bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phụng

đậu phộng36 SG-16 tambinh bóp [tiền] phong bì bôm hên xui đậu phộng37 SG-17 tanxuan bóp [tiền] bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phộng38 HU-01 vinhkim ví [tiền] phong bì bom may xui lạc39 HU-02 quangdien ví [tiền] phong bì bom hên xui đậu phụng40 HU-03 lytrach bóp [tiền] phong bì bom hên xui lạc41 HU-04 dienkhanh bóp [tiền] phong bì bom hên xui đậu phụng42 HU-05 tunghia bóp [tiền] bì thư bôm hên xui đậu phụng43 HU-06 duyhoa ví [tiền] phong bì bôm hên xui đậu phụng44 HU-07 thoquang bóp [tiền] phong bì

bìbôm hên xui đậu phụng

45 HU-08 anthach bóp [tiền] bì thư bôm mayhên

xui đậu phộng

No ID Spot

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. No. 85 No. 87 No. 88 No. 89 No. 90wallet envelope apple lucky unlucky peanut

46 HU-09 daihoa ví [tiền] phong bìbì thư

bôm hên xui đậu phụng

47 HU-10 ainghia ví [tiền] phong bì bom mayhên

xui đậu phụngđậu phộng

48 HU-11 tammydong ví [tiền] bìa thưbì thư

táo hên xui đậu phộng

49 HU-12 cudai ví [tiền] bì thư táobôm

hên xui đậu phụng

50 HU-13 camle1 bóp [tiền] bì thư bom mayhên

xuiđen

đậu phụng

51 HU-14 camle2 ví [tiền]bóp [tiền]

phong bìbì thư

táo mayhên

rủixui

đậu phụnglạcđậu phộng

52 HU-15 tamgiang bóp [tiền] bì thư bôm mayhên

rủixui

đậu phộng

53 HU-16 hoian ví [tiền]bóp [tiền]

phong bìbì thư

táobôm

mayhênđỏ

rủixuiđen

đậu phụng

54 HU-17 danang1 bóp [tiền] bao thơ bôm hên xui đậu phộng55 HU-18 duyxuyen ví [tiền]

bóp [tiền]bao thư táo

bômhên xui đậu phụng

56 HU-19 quynhon bóp [tiền] bì thư bôm may xui đậu phộng57 HU-20 tuyhoa ví [tiền]

bóp [tiền]phong bì táo may

hênxui đậu phụng

đậu phộng58 HU-21 phuocson bóp [tiền] bì thư bôm hên xui đậu phộng59 HU-22 quangngai bóp [tiền] bao thơ

phong bìbôm hên rủi đậu phụng

60 HU-23 danang2 ví [tiền] phong bì táo hên xui đậu phụng61 HN-21 haidinh ví [tiền] phong bì táo may xui lạc62

HN-22vandien ví [tiền] phong bì táo may

đỏxuiđen

lạc

bóp [tiền] bao thơ táo - rủi lạcví [tiền] phong bì táo may đen lạc

64 HN-24 hauloc ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc65

HN-25hungloc ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi

xuiđậu phộng

66 HN-26 annhon bóp [tiền] bao thơ trái táo hên xui đậu phọng67 HN-27 hoangkhan ví [tiền] bao thư táo may xui lạc68 HN-28 hunglocth ví [tiền] phong bì táo may xui lạc69 HN-29 dienthap ví [tiền] bao thư táo hên đen lạc70 HN-30 thanhtho ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi lạc71

HN-31vinh ví [tiền] phong bì táo may rủi

đenlạc

72HN-32

phuthanh ví [tiền] phong bìcái thư

táo may xui xẻo độ phộng

73 HN-33 quyhop ví [tiền] phong bì táo may xui lạc

63HN-23

camduong

No ID Spot

20 / 22

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 92 No. 95 No. 96 No. 97 No. 104socks cassava passionfruit watch (TV) fat

1 HN-01 ucky tất sắn chanh leo xem béo2 HN-02 antao tất sắn chanh leo xem béo3 HN-03 hatay tất sắn chanh leo xem béo4 HN-04 thanhliem tất sắn chanh leo xem béo5 HN-05 vinhkhuc tất sắn chanh leo xem béo6 HN-06 bacninh tất sắn chanh leo xem béo7 HN-07 lynhan tất sắn chanh leo xem béo8 HN-08 namsach tất sắn chanh leo xem béo9 HN-09 ducbac tất sắn chanh dây

chanh leoxem béo

10 HN-10 unghoa tất sắn chanh leo xem béo11 HN-11 dongphuon tất sắn chanh leo xem béo12 HN-12 buixa tất sắn chanh leo coi béo13 HN-13 thuanhung tất sắn chanh leo xem béo14 HN-14 nghiahung tất sắn chanh leo xem béo15 HN-15 quenham tất sắn chanh leo xem béo16 HN-16 daithang tất sắn chanh leo xem béo17 HN-17 hungthai tất sắn chanh leo xem béo18 HN-18 tucuong tất sắn chanh leo xem béo19 HN-19 ngocchau tất sắn chanh leo xem béo20 HN-20 trungkhanh tất sắn chanh leo xem mập21 SG-01 p3bentre vớ khoai mì chanh dây xem mập22 SG-02 phuochiep vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập23 SG-03 binhchanh vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập24 SG-04 thuanquy dớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập25 SG-05 tphcm1 vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập26 SG-06 binhthanh1 vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập27 SG-07 tphcm2 vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập28 SG-08 tanlong vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập29 SG-09 thanhan vớ khoai mì chanh dây xem mập30 SG-10 xuyenmoc vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi béo31 SG-11 myhanhbac vớ củ mì chanh dây coi mập32 SG-12 kienan dớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập33 SG-13 phunhuan vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập34 SG-14 binhthanh2 vớ khoai mì chanh dây xem mập35 SG-15 luongquoi vớ củ mì chanh dây coi mập36 SG-16 tambinh vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập37 SG-17 tanxuan vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập38 HU-01 vinhkim tất sắn chanh leo coi béo39 HU-02 quangdien tất sắn chanh dây coi mập40 HU-03 lytrach tất sắn chanh leo coi béo41 HU-04 dienkhanh tấc xắng chanh day coi mập42 HU-05 tunghia tất củ mỳ chanh dây coi mập43 HU-06 duyhoa tất sắn chanh dây coi béo44 HU-07 thoquang tất sắn chanh dây coi

xemmập

45 HU-08 anthach tất sắn chanh dâychanh leo

coi mập

No ID Spot

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Appendix 2: Vocabulary data

No. 92 No. 95 No. 96 No. 97 No. 104socks cassava passionfruit watch (TV) fat

46 HU-09 daihoa dớ sắn chanh dây coi mập47 HU-10 ainghia tất củ mì chanh dây coi

xemmập

48 HU-11 tammydong tất khoai siêm chanh dây coi mập49 HU-12 cudai tất sắn chanh dây coi mập

ú50 HU-13 camle1 tất sắn chanh dây coi béo51 HU-14 camle2 vớ

tấtsắn chanh dây coi

xembéomậpphì

52 HU-15 tamgiang tất khoai sim chanh dây coixem

mập

53 HU-16 hoian vớtất

sắn chanh dây coixem

mập

54 HU-17 danang1 vớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mập55 HU-18 duyxuyen tất sắn chanh dây coi mập56 HU-19 quynhon tất củ mì chanh dây coi mập57 HU-20 tuyhoa tất sắn chanh dây coi

xembéomập

58 HU-21 phuocson dớ khoai mì chanh dây coi mậpú

59 HU-22 quangngai tất sắn chanh dây coi mập60 HU-23 danang2 tất sắn chanh dây coi mập61 HN-21 haidinh tất sắn chanh leo coi béo62 HN-22 vandien tất sắn chanh leo coi béo

tất sắn chanh leo coi mậptất sắn chanh leo xem béo

64 HN-24 hauloc tất sắn chanh leo xem mập65

HN-25hungloc tất sắn chanh leo coi

xembéo

66 HN-26 annhon vớ sắn chanh leo coi mập67 HN-27 hoangkhan tất sắn dây chanh leo coi béo68 HN-28 hunglocth tất sắn chanh leo coi béo69

HN-29dienthap tất sắn chanh dây coi béo

phì70 HN-30 thanhtho tất sắn chanh dây xem béo71 HN-31 vinh tất sắn chanh leo coi béo72 HN-32 phuthanh tất sắn chanh leo coi béo73 HN-33 quyhop tất sắn chanh leo xem mập

63HN-23

camduong

No ID Spot

22 / 22