viet nam's constitution of 1992 with amendments through 2013

PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:51

constituteproject.org

Viet Nam's Constitution of 1992with Amendments through 2013

This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the ComparativeConstitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org.

constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:51

Viet Nam 1992 (rev. 2013)

Table of contents

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7

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Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER I. POLITICAL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER II. HUMAN RIGHTS AND CITIZEN’S FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES .Article 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



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2222

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Article 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER III. ECONOMY, SOCIETY, CULTURE, EDUCATION, SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY, AND ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER IV. DEFENCE OF THE FATHERLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 67 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER V. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER VI. THE STATE PRESIDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



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Article 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER VII. THE GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER VIII. PEOPLE’S COURT AND PEOPLE’S PROCURACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER IX. THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 116 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER X. THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF ELECTION AND THE STATE AUDIT . . . . . . .Article 117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 118 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER XI. THE EFFECT OF THE CONSTITUTION AND THE AMENDMENT OF THECONSTITUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Article 120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



Translated by International IDEA's Constitution building Programme

Preamble

In the course of their millennia-old history, the Vietnamese people, working diligently,creatively, and �ghting courageously to construct and defend their country, have forgeda tradition of patriotism, solidarity, humaneness and righteousness, perseverance andindomitableness, and have created Vietnamese civilization and culture.

Starting in 1930, under the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam formed andtrained by President Ho Chi Minh, our people waged a protracted revolutionary strugglefull of hardships and sacri�ces for the independence and freedom of the nation andhappiness of the people. August Revolution was successful, and on 2 September 1945,President Ho Chi Minh announced the Declaration of Independence, founding theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam which is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Withthe will and the power of entire nation, and with the assistance of friends across theworld, our people have gained great victories in national liberation wars, uni�ed thecountry, defended the Fatherland, ful�lled international duties, attained historic greatachievements in the task of renovation, leading the nation to socialism.

Institutionalizing the Political Creed of building the nation during the transitional periodto socialism, and inheriting the 1946 Constitution, 1959 Constitution, 1980Constitution, and 1992 Constitution, the Vietnamese People frame, implement, andprotect this Constitution for the objectives of wealthy people, powerful nation,democracy, justice, and civilization.

CHAPTER I. POLITICAL SYSTEM

Article 1

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is an independent, sovereign and united country, whichin its territorial integrity comprises its mainland, islands, territorial waters and air space.

Article 2

1. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam State is a socialist rule of law State of thepeople, by the people, and for the people.

2. The people are the masters of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam State; all statepowers belong to the people whose base is the alliance between the workingclass, the peasantry, and the intelligentsia.

3. The State powers are uni�ed and distributed to state bodies, which shallcoordinate with and control one another in the exercise of the legislative,executive and judiciary powers.

Article 3

The State guarantees and promotes the people's mastery; acknowledges, respects, andprotects human rights and citizens’ rights; implements the objectives of af�uent people,powerful state, democracy, justice, civilization, and that all people enjoy abundant, free,and happy life and are given conditions for all-sided development.

Reference to country's historyPreamble

Reference to fraternity/solidarity

Political theorists/�gures

Motives for writing constitutionSource of constitutional authority

Type of government envisioned

Mentions of social class

Preferred political partiesRestrictions on political parties



Article 4

1. The Communist Party of Vietnam, the vanguard of the Vietnamese workingclass, simultaneously the vanguard of the toiling people and of the Vietnamesenation, the faithful representative of the interests of the working class, the toilingpeople, and the whole nation, acting upon the Marxist-Leninist doctrine and HoChi Minh's thought, is the leading force of the State and society.

2. The Communist Party of Vietnam maintains intimate contact with the people,serves the people, submits to people’s supervision, and is accountable to thepeople in its decisions.

3. All Party organizations and members of the Communist Party of Vietnamoperate within the framework of the Constitution and the laws.

Article 5

1. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the uni�ed nation of all nationalities living onthe territory of Vietnam.

2. All nationalities are equal, solidary, mutually respect and assist in theirdevelopments; all acts of national discrimination and division are strictlyforbidden.

3. The national language is Vietnamese. Every nationality has the right to use itsown language and system of writing, to preserve its national identity, and topromote its �ne customs, habits, traditions and culture.

4. The State implements a policy of comprehensive development, and providesconditions for the national minorities to promote their internal abilities and todevelop together with the nation.

Article 6

The people practice the state power under the forms of direct democracy and indirectdemocracy through the National Assembly, the People’s Councils and other stateagencies.

Article 7

1. Elections of representatives of the National Assembly and representatives of thePeople's Councils are held in accordance with the principles of universal, equal,direct, and secret suffrage.

2. A representative of the National Assembly and a representative of a People'sCouncil shall be removed from of�ce by the electors or the National Assembly orthe People's Council, when he or she is no longer worthy of the con�dence of thepeople.

Article 8

1. The State is organized and operates in concordance with the Constitution andthe laws, governs the society by the Constitution and the laws, and practices theprinciple of democratic centralism.

2. All State agencies, cadres, of�cials and employees must show respect for thepeople, devotedly serve the people, maintain close contact with the people, listento their opinions and submit to their supervision; resolutely struggle againstcorruption, wastefulness and all manifestations of bureaucracy, arrogance,authoritarianism.


Mentions of social class

Integration of ethnic communities


Equality regardless of nationality

Of�cial or national languages

Protection of language use

Right to culture

Claim of universal suffrage

Secret ballot

First chamber selection

Municipal government

Subsidiary unit government

Removal of individual legislators



Article 9

1. The Vietnam Fatherland Front is a political alliance and a voluntary union ofpolitical organizations, sociopolitical organizations, social organizations andindividuals representing their social classes and strata, nationalities, religions,and overseas Vietnamese.

The Vietnam Fatherland Front constitutes the political base of the people'sgovernment; represents and protects legal and legitimate rights and interests ofthe people; gathers and promotes the power of great national solidarity,practicing democracy and enhancing social consensus; practices socialsupervision and critic; participates in the construction of the Party and the Stateand popular activities of foreign relations, contributing to building and defendingthe Fatherland.

2. The Vietnam Trade Union, the Vietnam Peasant Society, the Ho Chi MinhCommunist Youth Union, the Vietnam Women Society, the Vietnam VeteranSociety are sociopolitical organizations created on the voluntary base, representand protect the legal and legitimate rights and interests of their members, andcooperate with others members of the Fatherland Front, unifying the activities ofthe Fatherland Front.

3. The Vietnam Fatherland Front, its member organizations, and other socialorganizations operate in accordance with the framework of the Constitution andthe laws. The State provides conditions for the activities of the VietnamFatherland Front, its member organizations, and other social organizations.

Article 10

The Trade Union is the socio-political organization of the working class and the toilingpeople, created on the voluntary base, represents the workers, looks after and protectsthe legitimate and legal rights and interests of the workers; participates in stateadministration and social management; participates in the control, inspection, andsupervision of the activity of State organs, organizations, units, and enterprises withrespects to the matters concerning the rights and duties of the workers; propagandizesand mobilizes learning, development of the ability and professional skills, conformity oflaws, and construction and defence of the Fatherland among the workers.

Article 11

1. The Vietnamese Fatherland is sacred and inviolable.

2. All acts against the independence, sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity,against the career of construction and defence of the Fatherland, shall be strictlypunished.

Article 12

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam consistently carries out a diplomatic policy ofindependence, autonomy, peace and friendship, cooperation, and development; seeks tomultilateral and diversi�ed relations, and actively seek to international integration andcooperation on the basis of respect for each other's independence, sovereignty andterritorial integrity, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality, and mutualinterest; conforms to the Charter of the United Nation and international treaties inwhich Vietnam is a member; is a friend, trust partner, and responsible member ininternational community for national interests and the contribution to the world forpeace, national independence, democracy, and social progress.



Mentions of social classRight to join trade unions

International lawInternational organizations



Article 13

1. The national Flag is rectangular in shape, its width being equal to two-thirds of itslength; in the middle of a red background is a �ve-pointed gold star.

2. The National Emblem is circular in shape; in the middle of a red background is a�ve-pointed gold star framed by rice ears below which is half a cog wheel and theinscription "Socialist Republic of Vietnam".

3. The national anthem of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the music and wordsof the "March to the Front".

4. The National Day is the day of the Declaration of Independence, the Second ofSeptember 1945.

5. The capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is Hanoi.

CHAPTER II. HUMAN RIGHTS AND CITIZEN’SFUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES

Article 14

1. In the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, political, civic, economic, cultural and socialhuman rights and citizen’s rights are recognized, respected, protected, andguaranteed in concordance with the Constitution and the law.

2. Human rights and citizen’s rights shall only be restricted in imperativecircumstances for the reasons of national defence, national security, social orderand security, social morality, and the health of the community.

Article 15

1. Citizen's rights are inseparable from citizen’s duties.

2. Every one has the duty to respect the other’s rights.

3. Citizens are responsible to practice their duties to the state.

4. The practice of human rights and citizen’s rights cannot infringe nationalinterests, and the other’s legal and legitimate rights.

Article 16

1. All citizens are equal before the law.

2. No one shall be discriminated in his or her political, civic, economic, cultural, andsocial life.

Article 17

1. A citizen of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a person with Vietnamesenationality.

2. A Vietnamese citizen shall not be expelled or handed over to other nations.

3. A Vietnamese citizen residing abroad shall be protected by the Socialist Republicor Vietnam

National �ag

National anthem

National capital

Right to culture

Binding effect of const rights

General guarantee of equality

Equality regardless of political party

Equality regardless of �nancial status

Equality regardless of social status

Requirements for birthright citizenship



Article 18

1. Overseas Vietnamese make up an inseparable part of the Vietnamesenationalities community.

2. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam encourages and creates conditions forVietnamese residing abroad to preserve the Vietnamese cultural identity,maintain close ties with their families and native land, and to contribute to theconstruction of the native land and the nation.

Article 19

Every one has the right to live. Human life is protected by the law. No one shall beillegally deprived of his or her life.

Article 20

1. Every one shall enjoy inviolability of the person and the legal protection of his orher life, health, honor and dignity; and is protected against torture, harassmentand coercion, and any forma of violation of his or her life and health, and offenceof honor and dignity.

2. No one shall be arrested in the absence of a decision by the People's Court, adecision or sanction of the People's Procuracy except in case of �agrant offences.Taking a person into, or holding him in, custody shall be provided by the statute.

3. Every one has the right to donate human tissues and organs and to donatecorpse in concordance with the law. Medical, pharmaceutical, and scienti�cexperimentation and any other forms of experimentation on human body musthave the agreement of the applied.

Article 21

1. Every one is entitled to the inviolability of personal privacy, personal secrecy andfamilial secrecy; and has the right to protect his or her honor and prestige.Information regarding personal privacy, personal secret and familial secrecy issafely protected by the law.

2. Every one enjoys the secrecy of correspondence, telephone, and telegrams, andother forms of exchange of personal information.

3. No one is allowed to open, control, and con�scate contrast to the statute other’scorrespondence, telephone, telegrams, and other forms of exchange of personalinformation.

Article 22

1. The citizen has the right to have legal domicile.

2. Everyone is entitled to the inviolability of his domicile. No one is allowed to enterthe domicile of another person without his consent.

3. Domiciliary searches shall be provided by the statute.

Article 23

The citizen shall enjoy freedom of movement and of residence within the country; andcan freely travel abroad and return home from abroad. The exercise of these rights shallbe provided by the law.

Right to life

Prohibition of cruel treatment

Inalienable rights

Human dignity

Prohibition of tortureProtection from unjusti�ed restraint

Reference to science

Right to privacy

Inalienable rights

Telecommunications

Telecommunications

Inalienable rights

Right to privacy

Right to privacy

Regulation of evidence collectionFreedom of movement



Article 24

1. Every one shall enjoy freedom of belief and of religion; he can follow any religionor follow none. All religions are equal before the law.

2. The State respects and protects freedom of belief and of religion.

3. No one has the right to infringe on the freedom of belief and religion or to takeadvantage of belief and religion to violate the laws.

Article 25

The citizen shall enjoy the right to freedom of opinion and speech, freedom of the press,to access to information, to assemble, form associations and hold demonstrations. Thepractice of these rights shall be provided by the law.

Article 26

1. Male and female citizens have equal rights in all �elds. The State has a policy toguarantee equal gender rights and opportunities.

2. The State, the society, and the family create conditions for women’scomprehensive developments and promotion of their role in the society.

3. Sex discrimination is strictly prohibited.

Article 27

The citizen, shall, upon reaching the age of eighteen, have the right to vote, and, uponreaching the age of twenty-one, have the right to stand for election to the NationalAssembly and the People's Councils. The practice of these rights is provided by thestatute.

Article 28

1. The citizen has the right to participate in the administration of the State andmanagement of society, and to participate in the discussion and recommendationto the state organs on the issues of the community, the region, and the country.

2. The State shall create conditions for the citizen to participate in theadministration of the State and management of society; the receipt and responseto citizen’s opinion and recommendation shall be public and transparent.

Article 29

The citizen, shall, upon reaching the age of eighteen, have the right to vote when theState hold referendum.

Article 30

1. Every one has the right to lodge complaints and denunciations with thecompetent State bodies, organizations, and individuals in against the illegal actsof State organs, organizations, and individuals.

2. The competent State bodies, organizations, and individuals must receive andhandle the complaints and denunciations. The person who has suffered loss andinjury shall be entitled to damages for any material harm suffered and hisreputation rehabilitated.

Freedom of religion

Freedom of assemblyFreedom of opinion/thought/conscienceFreedom of pressRight to informationFreedom of expressionFreedom of association

Equality regardless of gender

Eligibility for �rst chamberRestrictions on voting

Restrictions on votingReferenda

Ultra-vires administrative actionsRight of petition



3. All acts violating the interests of the State, the rights and legitimate interests ofcollectives and citizens shall be dealt with severely in time. The person who hassuffered loss and injury shall be entitled to damages for any material and spiritualharm suffered and his reputation rehabilitated in accordance to the law.

4. It is strictly forbidden to take vengeance on the person making complaints anddenunciations, or to misuse the right to make complaints and denunciations withthe aim of slandering and causing harm to another person.

Article 31

1. A defendant shall be regarded as innocent until the crime is proved by inaccordance with legal procedure and the sentence of the Court has acquired fulllegal effect.

2. A defendant must be trialed timely, equally, and publicly by courts within the timeprovided by law. If the case is heard in closed doors in accordance to the law, theverdict must be pronounced in public.

3. No one shall be trialed two times for one offense.

4. Any person who has been arrested, held in custody, prosecuted, brought to trialin violation of the law has the right to self-defend or to seek the assistance ofdefence from lawyers or other people.

5. Any person who has been arrested, held in custody, prosecuted, brought to trial,and sent in jail in violation of the law shall be entitled to damages for any materialharm suffered and his reputation shall be rehabilitated. Anybody whocontravenes the law in arresting, holding in custody, prosecuting, bringing to trial,and sending in jail another person thereby causing him damage shall be dealtwith in accordance to the law.

Article 32

1. Every one enjoys the right of ownership with regard to his lawful income, savings,housing, chattel, means of production funds in enterprises or other economicorganizations.

2. The right of private ownership and the right of inheritance are protected by thelaw.

3. In cases made absolutely necessary by reason of national defence, security andthe national interest, in case of emergency, and protection against naturalcalamity, the State can make a forcible purchase of or can requisition pieces ofproperty of individuals or organizations against compensation, taking intoaccount current market prices.

Article 33

Every one enjoys freedom of enterprise in branches and trades not banned by the law.

Article 34

Citizen has the right to social insurance.

Article 35

1. Citizen has the right to work and to select career, job, and workplace.

2. Worker shall be provided equal and safe conditions of work and shall be paid withsalary and enjoy break policy.

Presumption of innocence in trials

Right to public trial

Right to speedy trial

Prohibition of double jeopardy

Right to counsel

Protection from false imprisonment

Right to own property

Right to transfer property

Protection from expropriation

Right to establish a business

Right to work

Right to choose occupationRight to safe work environment



3. Discrimination, forced labor, and employment of worker under minimum age oflabor are strictly prohibited.

Article 36

1. Male and female have the right to marry and divorce. Marriage shall conform tothe principles of free consent, progressive union, monogamy and equalitybetween husband and wife, and mutual respect.

2. The State protects marriage and family, and protects interests of mothers andchildren.

Article 37

1. Children enjoy protection, care and education by the family, the State andsociety; and are allowed to participate into children affairs. Infringement,maltreatment, abandonment, abuse, and exploitation of labor and other forms ofviolating children rights are strictly prohibited.

2. The State, the family, and society shall create favorable conditions for youngpeople to study, work, relax, develop bodies and minds, and shall educate them inmorality, national tradition, civic consciousness, for them to be in the van ofcreative labor and national defence.

3. The State, the family, and society shall respect and take care of old people, andpromote their role in the career of national construction and defence.

Article 38

1. The citizen is entitled to health care and protection, equal in the use of medicalservices, and has the duty to practice regulations with regards to prophylactics,and medical examination and treatment.

2. Any acts threatening the life and health of other people are strictly prohibited.

Article 39

Citizen has the right and the duty to learn.

Article 40

Every one has the right to carry out scienti�c and industrial research, engage in literaryand artistic creation, and enjoy bene�ts from those activities.

Article 41

Every one has the right to enjoy and access to cultural values, participate in cultural life,and make use of cultural bases.

Article 42

Citizen has the right to determine his or her nationality, use of mother language, andselect language of exchange.

Article 43

Every one has the right to live in fresh environment and has the duty to protect theenvironment.

Limits on employment of children

Prohibition of slavery

Regulation of marriage

Provision for matrimonial equality

Right to found a family

Rights of children

Limits on employment of children

Rights of children

State support for children


Rights of children

State support for the elderly

Right to health care

Right to enjoy the bene�ts of scienceReference to artReference to science

Right to culture

Protection of environment



Article 44

The citizen must show loyalty to his Fatherland.

To betray one's Fatherland is the most serious crime.

Article 45

It is the sacred duty and the noble right of the citizen to defend his Fatherland.

The citizen must ful�l his military obligation and join in the all-people national defence.

Article 46

The citizen has the duty to obey the Constitution and the law, join in the safeguarding ofnational security and social order, and conform to the established rules of public life.

Article 47

The citizen has the duty to pay taxes according to the provisions of the statute.

Article 48

Foreigners residing in Vietnam must obey the Constitution and law of Vietnam; theyshall receive State protection with regard to their lives, possessions and legitimateinterests in accordance with the provisions of Vietnamese law.

Article 49

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam shall consider granting asylum to foreigners who areharmed because of their struggling for freedom, national independence, socialism,democracy and peace, and scienti�c work.

CHAPTER III. ECONOMY, SOCIETY, CULTURE,EDUCATION, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ANDENVIRONMENT

Article 50

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam constructs an independent and sovereign economywhich shall promote its internal resources, internationally cooperate, and closelyconnect with cultural development; practices social progressiveness and equality;protects the environment; and exercises industrialization and modernization of thecountry

Article 51

1. The Vietnamese economy is a socialist-oriented market economy with multi-forms of ownership and multi-sectors of economic structure; the state economicsector plays the leading role.

2. All economic sectors are important constituents of the national economy. Actorsof different economic sectors are equal, cooperate, and compete in accordance

Duty to serve in the military

Duty to obey the constitution

Duty to pay taxes

Duty to obey the constitution

Protection of stateless personsReference to science




2. with the law.

3. The State encourages, provide favorable conditions for entrepreneurs,enterprises and individuals, and other organizations to invest, produce, and dobusiness, contributing to the stable development of the economic branches andnational construction. Private possessions of individuals, organizations ofinvestment, production, and business are protected by the law and are notsubjected to nationalization.

Article 52

The State constructs and perfects economic institutions, coordinate the economy on thebase of respecting market rules; exercises distribution, decentralization, and separationof authorities in state management; and promotes the connection of regional economyand guarantee the unity of the national economy.

Article 53

The land, water resources, mineral resources, wealth lying underground or coming fromthe sea and the air, other natural resources, and property invested and managed by theState are public properties, coming under ownership by the entire people representedand uniformly managed by the State.

Article 54

1. Land is special resource of the nation, an important resource of nationaldevelopment, and is managed in concordance with the law.

2. Organizations and individuals are entitled to land assignment, land lease, andrecognition of the land use right by the State. Land user has the right to transferthe land use right, and practice related rights and duties in concordance with thelaw. The land use right is protected by the law.

3. The State shall recover land used by organizations and individuals in imperativecases provided by the law for the purposes of national defence, national security,and socio-economic developments for national and public interests. The recoveryof land must be public and transparent, and compensations must be provided inconcordance to the law.

4. The State shall effect acquisition of land in cases of urgent demands which areprovided by the law with respect to the implementation of the businesses ofnational defence, national security, and wars, emergency, and prevention andprotection against natural calamities

Article 55

1. State budget, national reserve, state �nancial funds, and other public �nancialsources are uniformly managed by the State, and must be used effectively,equally, publicly, transparent, and legally.

2. State budget consists of central budget and local budget, in which central budgetplays the leading role, guaranteeing national expenditure. All items of income andexpenditure of state budget must be estimated and must be provided by the law.

3. The monetary unit of the nation is Vietnam Dong. The State shall guarantee thevalue of the national currency.

Article 56

State bodies, organizations, and individuals must practice saving and anti-luxury,prevent and �ght against corruption in economic-social activities and statemanagement.

Right to establish a business

Ownership of natural resources

Right to transfer property

Protection from expropriation



Article 57

1. The State encourages and provides favorable conditions for organizations andindividuals’ to create jobs for workers.

2. The State shall protect legal rights and interests of the workers and employersand provide favorable conditions for construction of progressive, harmonious, andstable labor relationship.

Article 58

1. The State shall make investment in the development of the protection and careof the people's health, exercise health insurance for entire people, and exercise apriority policy of health care for highlanders, national minorities, islanders, andpeople living in extremely dif�cult economic and social conditions.

2. It is the responsibility of the State, society, the family and the citizen to ensurecare and protection for mothers and children and to carry into effect the familyplanning.

Article 59

1. The State and society honor, commend and reward, and exercise a priority policyfor the people with meritorious services to the nation.

2. The state shall create equal opportunities for the citizen to enjoy social welfare,develop a system of social security, exercise a policy assisting old people,disabled, poor people, and people with other dif�cult circumstances.

3. The State shall exercise a policy of housing development, and create conditionsso that every one shall have housing.

Article 60

1. The State and the society shall take care of the construction and development ofthe Vietnamese culture, which is modern and deeply imbued with the nationalidentity, and absorbs the mankind's cultural quintessence.

2. The State and society shall develop literature and art so as to meet the diverseand healthy spiritual demands of the people; promote mass media so as to meetthe people’s demand of information, serving the career of construction anddefence of the Fatherland.

3. The State and society shall provide favorable environment for the construction ofthe Vietnamese family which is well off, progressive, and happy; create theVietnamese people who are healthy, cultural, profoundly patriotic, solidary,independent, and responsible.

Article 61

1. Development of education is a primary national policy for the purposes ofelevating the people's intellectual standards, training human resources andfostering talents.

2. The State shall prioritize investment and attraction of other investment sourcesfor education; take care of pre-school education; guarantee compulsorysecondary education which is free of charge; gradually universalize higheducation; develop college education and vocational education; exercise properpolicy of scholarship and tuition.

3. The State shall prioritize the educational development in mountainous and islandareas, regions inhabited by ethnic minority people and regions encountering

Right to work

Right to health care


State support for the elderly

State support for the disabled

Right to shelter

Reference to art


Compulsory education

Access to higher education

Free education

State support for the disabled



3. exceptional dif�culties; prioritize employment and development of the talented;and provide favorable conditions for the disabled and the poor to access tocultural and vocational learning.

Article 62

1. Development of science and technology is a primary national policy, playing a keyrole in the country's socio-economic development.

2. The State shall prioritize investment and encouragement of organization andindividuals’ investment to scienti�c research, development, transfer, andeffective application of scienti�c and technological achievements; guarantee theright to conduct scienti�c and technological research; and protect the right tointellectual property.

3. The State shall provide favorable conditions for every one to participate in andenjoy bene�ts from scienti�c and technological activities.

Article 63

1. The State has a policy to protect the environment; manages, and effectively andstably use natural resources; protects the nature and biodiversity; takesinitiative in prevention and resistance against natural calamities and response toclimate change.

2. The State encourages all acts of protection of the environment, development anduse of new energy and recycled energy.

3. Organizations and individuals who cause environmental pollution, debilitatenatural resources and weaken biodiversity shall be strictly dealt with and mustbe responsible for remedy and compensation for damage.

CHAPTER IV. DEFENCE OF THE FATHERLAND

Article 64

To defend the socialist Vietnamese Fatherland is the business of the entire people.

The State shall consolidate and strengthen national defence by the entire people andthe people's security, the people's armed forces being regarded as the core, shalldevelop to the full the aggregate strength of the country to defend the nationalterritory, and shall contribute to the protection of peace in the region and in the world.

State organs, organizations, and individuals shall ful�l all their national defence andsecurity obligations.

Article 65

The people's armed forces must show absolute loyalty to the Fatherland, the People, theParty, and the State; their duty is to protect national independence and sovereignty, thecountry's unity and territorial integrity, national security and social order, to protect thePeople, the Party, the State, and the socialist regime and the fruits of the revolution, andto join the entire people in national construction and ful�llment of international duties.

Article 66

The State shall build a revolutionary people's army which shall be a well-trained regulararmy to be gradually modernized, have proper permanent forces, powerful reserves,


Provisions for intellectual property

Right to enjoy the bene�ts of science


Duty to serve in the military



and strong and comprehensive self-defence militia, and serves as the core of thebusiness of national defence.

Article 67

The State shall build a revolutionary people's police which shall be a well-trained regulararmy to be gradually modernized, and serves as the core of the business of nationalsecurity and social order, preventing and �ghting against crimes.

Article 68

The State shall develop to the full the people's patriotism and revolutionary heroism,educate the entire people in matters of national defence and security, build up thenational-defence industry to ensure proper equipment for the armed forces. It shallharmonize national defence with the economy and vice versa, enforce an appropriatepolicy with regard to soldiers' families, and seek to ensure proper material and spiritualliving conditions for of�cers and soldiers, national-defence workers and employees inconsistence with the nature of military and policing activities. It shall build powerfulpeople's armed forces and unceasingly reinforce the country's national-defencepotential.

CHAPTER V. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

Article 69

The National Assembly is the highest representative organ of the people and thehighest organ of State power of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

The National Assembly exercises constitutional and legislative powers, decidessigni�cant national affairs, and exercise supreme control over all activities of the State.

Article 70

The National Assembly has the following duties and powers:

1. To make and amend the Constitution; to make and amend laws;

2. To exercise supreme control over conformity to the Constitution, the law and theresolutions of the National Assembly, to examine the reports of the StatePresident, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the Government,the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuracy, the NationalCommission of Election, the State Audit, and other organs created by theNational Assembly;

3. To decide on the objectives, targets, policies, and duties of the national socio-economic development.

4. To decide on the fundamental national �nancial and monetary policies; to set,change, or abolish taxes; to decide on the separation of items of incomes andexpenditure between central budget and local budget; to decide on the safetylimit of national debt, public debt, and government debt; to decide on planning ofthe State budget and allocation of the central State budget, to approve theaccounts of the State budget.

5. To decide on the State's policies on nationalities and policies on religions;

6. To regulate the organization and activity of the National Assembly, the StatePresident, the Government, the People's Courts, the People's Procuracy, theNational Council of Election., the State Audit, local governments, and otherorgans created by the National Assembly.

Structure of legislative chamber(s)

Constitution amendment procedure



7. To elect, release from duty, remove from of�ce the State President and Vice-President, the Chairman of the National Assembly, the Vice-Chairmen andmembers of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the PrimeMinister, the President of the Supreme People's Court, the Head of the SupremePeople's Procuracy, the President of the National Council of Election, the Head ofthe State Audit, and the heads of other organs created by the NationalAssembly; to sanction the proposals of appointment, release from duty, removefrom of�ce the Vice-Prime Minister, Ministers and other members of theGovernment, judges of the People’s Supreme Court; sanction the list of membersof the Defence and Security Council and of the National Council of Election.

Upon election, the State President, the Chairman of the National Assembly, thePrime Minister, and the President of the Supreme People's Court must declareoath of allegiance to the Fatherland, the People, and the Constitution.

8. To cast a vote of con�dence on persons holding positions elected or approved bythe National Assembly.

9. To set up or suppress government ministries and government organs ofministerial rank; to establish, merge, divide, or adjust the boundaries of provincesand cities under direct central rule; to set up or disband special administrative-economic units; to set up or disband other organs in concordance with theConstitution and the statutes.

10. To abrogate all formal written documents issued by the State President, theStanding Committee of the National Assembly, the Government, the PrimeMinister, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuracy, thatare inconsistence with the Constitution, the statutes, and resolutions taken bythe National Assembly.

11. To proclaim an amnesty;

12. To institute titles and ranks on the people's armed forces, in the diplomaticservice and other State titles and ranks; to institute medals, badges and Statehonors and distinctions;

13. To decide issues of war and peace; to proclaim a state of emergency and otherspecial measures aimed at ensuring national defence and security;

14. To decide on fundamental policies in external relations; to ratify or nullifyinternational treaties with respect to war and peace, national sovereignty,membership of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in important international andregional organizations, international treaties on human rights, citizen’sfundamental rights and duties, and other international treaties inconsistent withstatutes and resolutions taken by the National Assembly

15. To hold a referendum.

Article 71

1. The duration of each term of the National Assembly is �ve years.

2. Sixty days before the end of its tenure, a new National Assembly shall have beenelected.

3. In special cases, with the approval of at least two-thirds of its members, theNational Assembly can either reduce or prolong its period of tenure according tothe proposals by the National Assembly’s Standing Committee. The prolong of aterm of the National Assembly cannot exceed twelve months, except in the caseof war.

Article 72

The Chairman of the National Assembly shall preside over its sessions; authenticatethrough his signature the Constitution, laws and resolutions of the National Assembly;

Supreme court selection

Leader of �rst chamber

Head of state removal

Deputy executive

Head of state selection

Electoral commission

Cabinet selection

Attorney general

Cabinet removal

Advisory bodies to the head of state

Head of government selection

Supreme/ordinary court judge removal

Head of government removal

Standing committees

Oaths to abide by constitution

Constitutional interpretation

Emergency provisions

Power to declare/approve war

International organizations

International law

Treaty rati�cation

Referenda

Term length for �rst chamber




give leadership to the activities of its Standing Committee; organize the carrying out ofits external relations; maintain relationship with the Assembly delegates.

The Vice-Chairmen of the National Assembly shall assist the Chairman in the ful�llmentof his duties as required by him.

Article 73

1. The National Assembly’s Standing Committee is its permanent Committee.

2. The National Assembly’s Standing Committee is composed of the Chairman ofthe National Assembly, the Vice-Chairmen of the National Assembly, and themembers.

3. The Number of members of the Standing Committee shall be determined by theNational Assembly. A member of the Standing Committee cannot be at the sametime a member of the Government.

4. The Standing Committee of each legislature shall ful�ll its tasks and exercise itspowers until the election by the new legislature of a new Standing Committee.

Article 74

The Standing Committee of the National Assembly has the following duties and powers:

1. To prepare for, to convene, and preside over the sessions of the NationalAssembly;

2. To enact ordinances on matters entrusted to it by the National Assembly; tointerpret the Constitution, the law, and decree-laws;

3. To supervise the implementation of the Constitution, the law, the resolutions ofthe National Assembly, decree-laws, the resolutions of the Standing Committee;to supervise the activities of the Government, the Supreme People's Court, theSupreme People's Procuracy, State Audit, and other organs created by theNational Assembly.

4. To suspend the execution of the formal written orders of the Government, thePrime Minister, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuracythat contravene the Constitution, the law, the resolutions of the NationalAssembly; to report the matter to the National Assembly for it to decide theabrogation of such orders in its nearest session; to repeal the written orders ofthe Government, Prime Minister, the Supreme People's Court, the SupremePeople's Procuracy that contravene the decree-laws and resolutions of theStanding Committee;

5. To direct, harmonize, and co-ordinate the activities of the Nationalities Counciland the Committees of the National Assembly, to give guidance to, and to ensuregood working conditions for the Assembly delegates.

6. To propose to the National Assembly on election, release from duty, removalfrom of�ce of the State President, the Chairman of the National Assembly, theVice-Chairmen of the National Assembly, and members of the StandingCommittee of the National Assembly, Chairman of Nationalities Council,Chairmen of the Committees of the National Assembly, President of the NationalCouncil of Election, and Head of the State Audit.

7. To exercise supervision and control over, and to give guidance to the activities ofthe People's Councils; to annul wrong resolutions by the People's Councils ofprovinces and cities under direct central rule; to disband People's Councils ofprovinces and cities under direct central rule whenever such Councils causeserious harm to the interests of the people;

8. To decide on the establishment, merging, division, or adjustment of theboundaries of administrative units below the level of provinces and cities underdirect central rule.

Standing committees

Standing committees


Legislative oversight of the executive



Legislative committees


Head of state removal

Head of state selection







9. In cases where the National Assembly cannot meet, to decide on proclaiming thestate of war, and report it to the National Assembly for decision at its nearestsession;

10. To proclaim general or partial mobilization; to proclaim a state of emergencythroughout the country or in a particular region;

11. To carry out the National Assembly's external relations;

12. To approve the proposals of appointment and release of ambassadorextraordinary and plenipotentiary of Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

13. To organize a referendum as decided by the National Assembly.

Article 75

1. Nationalities Council comprises the Chairman, Vice-Chairmen, and members.The Chairman of the Nationalities Council is elected by the National Assembly;Vice-Chairmen and the members of Nationalities Council are approved by theNational Assembly’s Standing Committee.

2. The Nationalities Council studies and makes proposals to the National Assemblyon issues concerning the nationalities; supervises and controls theimplementation of policies on nationalities, the execution of programmes andplans for socio-economic development of the highlands and regions inhabited bynational minorities.

3. The Chairman of the Nationalities Council shall be invited to sit in on theGovernment’s meetings at which are discussed ways of putting into effectpolicies on nationalities. In promulgation of decisions related to nationalitiespolicies, the Government must consult the Nationalities Council.

4. The Nationalities Council has also other duties and powers as assigned to theCommittees of the National Assembly in clause 2 of Article 76.

Article 76

1. A Committee of the National Assembly comprises a Chairman, vice-chairmen,and members. The Chairman is elected by the National Assembly; The Vice-Chairmen and the members are approved by the National Assembly’s StandingCommittee.

2. The Committees of the National Assembly check draft laws, make proposalsconcerning laws, draft decree-laws and other drafts, and reports entrusted tothem by the National Assembly or its Standing Committee; supervise within thebounds determined by law; make proposals concerning issues within their �eldsof activity.

3. The establishment and removal of the Committees are decided by the NationalAssembly.

Article 77

1. The Nationalities Council and the Committees of the National Assembly canrequire members of the Government, the President of the Supreme People'sCourt, the Head of the Supreme People's Procuracy, Head of State Audit, relatedindividuals to report or supply documents on certain necessary matters. Those towhom such requests are made must satisfy them.

2. It is the responsibility of State organs to examine and answer the proposalsmade by the Nationalities Council and the Committees of the National Assembly.



Referenda



Legislative committeesLegislative oversight of the executive




Article 78

In case of need, the National Assembly creates provisional committees to examine andcheck a proposal or investigate a certain problem.

Article 79

1. The deputy to the National Assembly represents the will and aspirations of thepeople of his constituency and of the people of whole country.

2. The deputy to the National Assembly must maintain close ties with the electors;submit himself to their control; collect and faithfully re�ect their views andaspirations for the consideration of the National Assembly and the State bodiesand organizations concerned; maintain regular contacts with and make reports tothe electors on his own activities and the National Assembly's; answer therequests and proposals of the electors; examine, activate and keep track of theway citizens' complaints and denunciations are dealt with, and give guidance andassistance to citizens seeking to exercise their rights of complaints anddenunciations.

3. The deputy to the National Assembly shall popularize and mobilize the people toimplement the Constitution and the laws.

Article 80

1. The deputy to the National Assembly has the right to interpellate the StatePresident, the Chairman of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, CabinetMinisters and other members of the Government, the President of the SupremePeople's Court, and the Head of the Supreme People's Procuracy, and Head ofthe State Audit.

2. The interpellated of�cials must give an answer at the current session; in case aninquiry is needed, the National Assembly may decide that the answer should begiven to its Standing Committee or at one of its own subsequent sessions, or mayallow the answer to be given in writing.

3. The deputy to the National Assembly has the right to request State bodies,organizations, and individuals to answer questions on matters concerning theirduties. The heads of these bodies, organizations, or individuals have theresponsibility to answer questions put by the deputy within the time limit set bythe law.

Article 81

A member of the National Assembly cannot be arrested or prosecuted without theconsent of the National Assembly and, in the intervals between its sessions, without theconsent of its Standing Committee; in case of a �agrant offence and the deputy is takeninto temporary custody, the organ effecting his arrest must immediately report the factsto the National Assembly or its Standing Committee for it to examine them and take adecision.

Article 82

1. The deputy to the National Assembly must be responsible to the exercise of thedeputy duties, and is entitled to membership of the Nationalities Council andCommittees of the National Assembly.

2. It is the responsibility of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, thePrime Minister, the Ministers, the other members of the Government, and theother State organs to create the necessary conditions for the deputy to theNational Assembly to ful�ll his duty.


Standing committeesImmunity of legislators




3. The State shall ensure the expenditure for the activity of the deputy to theNational Assembly.

Article 83

1. The session of the National Assembly is public. In case of need, according to thesuggestions of the State President, the National Assembly’s StandingCommittee, the Prime Minister, or at least two-thirds of its members, theNational Assembly can decide on a conclave.

2. The National Assembly shall hold two sessions each year. When so required bythe State President, the Prime Minister, or at least one-third of the totalmembership of the National Assembly, National Assembly shall holdextraordinary session. The Standing Committee convenes the session of theNational Assembly.

3. The �rst session of the newly-elected National Assembly shall be convened sixtydays after its election at the latest; it shall be opened and presided over by thechairman of the outgoing Assembly until the election by the incoming Assemblyof its chairman.

Article 84

1. The State President, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, theNationalities Council and Committees of the National Assembly, theGovernment, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuracy, theState Audit, The Central Committee of the Vietnam Fatherland Front and thecentral bodies of its member organizations have the right to submit draft laws tothe National Assembly and draft ordinances to the National Assembly’s StandingCommittee.

2. Members of the National Assembly may present motions concerning laws,ordinances, draft laws, and draft ordinances to the National Assembly and theNational Assembly’s Standing Committee.

Article 85

1. Laws and resolutions of the National Assembly must be approved by themajority of its members; the making and amending the Constitution, and decisionon prolonging and reducing its tenure, and removing from of�ce one of itsmembers must be approved by at least two-thirds of its total membership.

The ordinances and resolutions of the Standing Committee of the NationalAssembly must be approved by more than half of its membership.

2. Laws and ordinances must be made public �fteen days following their adoption atthe latest, except in case the decree-laws are presented by the State Presidentfor review.

CHAPTER VI. THE STATE PRESIDENT

Article 86

The State President is the Head of State and represents the Socialist Republic ofVietnam internally and externally.

Public or private sessions

Standing committees

Extraordinary legislative sessions

Standing committees


Initiation of general legislation

Removal of individual legislators

Constitution amendment procedure

Name/structure of executive(s)Foreign affairs representative

Head of state selectionHead of state term lengthLegislative oversight of the executive



Article 87

The State President shall be elected by the National Assembly from among itsmembers.

He is responsible to the National Assembly for his work and reports to it.

His term of of�ce follows that of the National Assembly. At the end of the latter's tenurehe shall continue in of�ce until a new President of the State is elected by the newlegislature.

Article 88

The State President has the following duties and powers:

1. To promulgate the Constitution, laws and ordinances; to propose to the NationalAssembly Standing Committee to revise its ordinances within ten days from thedate these ordinances were passed; if such ordinances are still voted for by theNational Assembly Standing Committee against the State President'sdisapproval, the State President shall report it to the National Assembly fordecision at its nearest session;

2. To propose to the National Assembly to elect, release from duty, remove fromof�ce the Vice-President of the State and the Prime Minister; on the basis ofresolutions of the National Assembly, to appoint, release from duty or dismissDeputy Prime Ministers, Ministers and other members of the Government;

3. To propose to the National Assembly to elect, release from duty, remove fromof�ce, the President of the Supreme People’s Court and the Head of the SupremePeople’s Procuracy; on the basis of resolutions of the National Assembly, toappoint, to release from duty, and to remove from of�ce, judges of the SupremePeople’s Court; to appoint, to release from duty, and to remove from of�ce,judges of other courts and Vice-Head of the Supreme People’s Procuracy, andprocurators of the Supreme People’s Procuracy; to grant pardons; on the basis ofresolutions of the National Assembly, to proclaim an amnesty;

4. To decide on the award of medals, badges, State prizes and State honors anddistinctions; to grant Vietnamese nationality, release from Vietnamesenationality, restore Vietnamese nationality, or deprive of Vietnamese nationality.

5. To have overall command of the armed forces and hold the of�ce of Chairman ofthe National Defence and Security Council; to decide on conferment, promotion,demotion, and deprivation of army rank of general, commander-in-chief, vice-commander-in-chief, and naval commander-in-chief; to appoint, to release fromduty, and to remove from of�ce, chief of the general staff, and Chairman ofPolitical Head Of�ce of Vietnamese People’s Army; on the basis of resolutions ofthe National Assembly or of the National Assembly’s Standing Committee, toproclaim or remove the decision on the state of war; on the basis of resolutions ofthe National Assembly’s Standing Committee, to issue order on generalmobilization or limited mobilization, to declare or remove the state of emergency;in cases where the National Assembly Standing Committee cannot meet, todeclare the state of emergency nationwide or in a locality;

6. To accept foreign ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary; on the basis ofresolutions of the National Assembly’s Standing Committee, to appoint and recallambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Socialist Republic of Vietnam;to decide on the conferment of titles and ranks on the ambassadorial title; todecide on negotiation and conclusion of international treaties in the name of theState; to submit to the National Assembly for rati�cation and termination ofinternational treaties as provided by clause 14 of Article 70; to decide onrati�cation, joining, or termination of other international treaties in the name ofthe State.

Head of state powers

Cabinet selection


Deputy executive

Cabinet removal

Head of government removalOrdinary court selection

Supreme court selection

Attorney general


Power to pardon

Requirements for birthright citizenship

Conditions for revoking citizenship


Selection of active-duty commanders


Designation of commander in chief



International law

Foreign affairs representative




Article 89

1. The National Defence and Security Council consists of a Chairman, ViceChairmen and other members who are approved by the National Assemblyunder the nomination of the State President.

2. The National Defence and Security Council shall operate as a collegium and takeits decisions by a vote of the majority.

3. The National Defence and Security Council proposes to the National Assembly todecide on the state of war, and in case the National Assembly cannot meet,proposes to the National Assembly’s Standing to decide on that; mobilizes allforces and potentialities of the country for national defence; exercises specialduties and powers entrusted by the National Assembly in case of war; decides onthe participation of the armed forces in activities contributing to the protectionsof peace in the region and in the world.

Article 90

The State President is entitled to attend sessions of the Standing Committee of theNational Assembly and sessions of the Government.

The State President has the right to request the Government to hold meeting to discusson issues which in the consideration of the State President is necessary to exercise hisduties and authorities.

Article 91

The State President shall issue orders and decisions for the accomplishment of his dutiesand the exercise of his powers.

Article 92

The Vice-President of the State shall be elected by the National Assembly from amongits members.

He shall assist the State President in the performance of his duties and may bedelegated by him to perform certain tasks.

Article 93

When the State President is incapacitated for work over a long period of time, the Vice-President shall act as President.

In case of vacancy of the State Presidency, the Vice-President shall be acting Presidentuntil the election of a new President by the National Assembly.

CHAPTER VII. THE GOVERNMENT

Article 94

The Government is the executive organ of the National Assembly, exercise theexecutive power, and is the highest organ of State administration of the SocialistRepublic of Vietnam.

The Government is accountable to the National Assembly and shall make its reports tothe National Assembly, its Standing Committee, and the State President.


Deputy executive

Head of state replacement

Establishment of cabinet/ministers




Article 95

1. The Government shall be composed of the Prime Minister, the Deputy PrimeMinisters, the Ministers, and heads of organs of ministerial rank.

The structure and numbers of members of the Government are decided by theNational Assembly.

The Government shall operate as a collegium and take its decisions by a vote ofthe majority.

2. Prime Minister is the head of the Government, is accountable before theNational Assembly on the activities of the Government and assigned duties, andshall report to the National Assembly, the National Assembly’s StandingCommittee, and the State President on the activities of the Government and thePrime Minister.

3. The Deputy Prime Ministers shall assist the Prime Minister in the performance ofhis duties, as required by him, and are accountable to the Prime Minister. In theabsence of the Prime Minister, one of his Deputies shall be delegated by him todirect the work of the Government.

4. The Ministers and Heads of organs of ministerial ranks shall be personallyaccountable to the Prime Minister, the Government, and the National Assemblyon their respective �elds and branches, and shall be, together with othermembers of the Government, collectively accountable for the activities of theGovernment.

Article 96

1. To organize the implementation of the Constitution, the laws, resolutions of theNational Assembly, the ordinances and resolutions of the National Assembly’sStanding Committee, and decrees, decisions of the State President.

2. To initiate and build policies, and to propose them to the National Assembly, andthe National Assembly’s Standing Committee for decision or to decide on thesepolicies according to its authorities to exercise its duties and authorities asprovided by this Article; to propose draft laws, and draft state budget and otherprojects to the National Assembly; to propose the draft ordinances to theNational Assembly’s Standing Committee.

3. To exercise uniform management of the economy, culture, society, education,medicine, science, technology, environment, information, media, internationalrelations, national defence, national security, and social order and security; toexercise the decisions on mobilization and the state of emergency and carry outall other necessary measures to protect the country and to safeguard the liveand the property of the people.

4. To propose to the National Assembly to create and remove ministry and organsof ministerial rank, and to establish, merge, divide, or adjust the boundaries ofprovinces and cities under direct central rule, and to set up or disband specialadministrative-economic units; to propose to the National Assembly’s StandingCommittee to establish, merge, divide, or adjust the administrative boundariesbelow provinces and cities under direct central rule.

5. To exercise the uniform management of the national bureaucracy; exercise themanagement of cadres, civil servants, of�cials, and public service in state organs;to exercise the work of inspection and examination, and handling of citizen’scomplaint and denouncement; to �ght against authoritativeness and corruptionin the state apparatus; to direct the work of the ministries, the organs ofministerial rank and the organs of the Government, the People's Committees atall levels; to guide and control the People's Councils in their implementation oftheir legal duties and authorities.


Name/structure of executive(s)

Powers of cabinet




6. To protect the rights and interests of the State and society, human rights, andcitizen’s rights; ensure social order and security.

7. To negotiate and conclude international treaties in the name of the State asdelegated by the State President; to negotiate, sign, ratify and accede tointernational treaties in the name of the Government, except the internationaltreaties proposed to the National Assembly for approval as provided by clause14 of Article 70; protect the interests of the State, the legitimate interests ofVietnamese organizations and citizens in foreign countries.

8. To coordinate with Central Committee of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front andthe central bodies of socio-political organizations in the exercise of its duties andauthorities.

Article 97

The tenure of the Government is the same as that of the National Assembly. When thelatter's tenure ends the Government shall continue in of�ce until the new legislatureestablishes a new Government.

Article 98

The Prime Minister is elected by the National Assembly among its members.

The Prime Minister has the following duties and powers:

1. To direct the work of the Government; to direct the construction of policies andthe organization of implementation of the laws.

2. To direct and to be accountable to the activities of the national administrationfrom the central to local level, and to ensure the unity and thoroughness of thenational administration.

3. To submit to the National Assembly for approval proposals on appointment,release from duty or dismissal of Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers and heads oforgans of ministerial rank; To appoint, release from duty, or dismiss Vice-Ministers and of�cials of equal rank of ministries and organs of ministerial rank;to approve the election, release from duty, secondment, and dismissal ofChairmen and Deputy Chairmen of People's Committees of provinces and citiesunder direct central rule.

4. To suspend or annul decisions, directives and circulars of Cabinet Ministers andother Government members, decisions and directives of People's Councils andChairmen of People's Committees of provinces and cities under direct centralrule that contravene the Constitution, the law, and other formal writtendocuments of superior State organs; to suspend the execution of resolutions ofPeople's Councils of provinces and cities under direct central rule that contravenethe Constitution, the law, and formal written orders of superior State organs; atthe same time to propose to the Standing Committee of the National Assemblyto annul them.

5. To decide and direct the negotiation of, to direct the conclusion of and joining,international treaties within the duties and authorities of the Government; toorganize the implementation of international treaties in which Socialist Republicof Vietnam is a member.

6. To make regular reports to the people through the mass media on major issuesto be settled by the Government and the Prime Minister.

Article 99

1. Minsters and heads of organs of ministerial rank are members of theGovernment, preside ministries and organs of ministerial rank, direct the work ofministries and organs of ministerial rank; shall be responsible for State

International law



Head of government powers

Cabinet removal

Cabinet selection



Federal review of subnational legislation

National vs subnational laws


International law



1. administration in the �elds and branches under their respective authority; toorganize and monitor the implementation of the laws in their respective �eldsand branches throughout the country.

2. Minsters and heads of organs of ministerial rank shall report to the Governmentand the Prime Minister; to exercise a regime of report to the people on issuesunder their respective management.

Article 100

The Government, the Prime Minister, minsters and heads of organs of ministerial rankshall issue legal documents to exercise their duties and authorities, review theimplementation of these documents, and handle illegal documents in concordance withthe law.

Article 101

The Chairman of the Central Committee of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and theheads of socio-political organizations shall be invited to attend the sessions of theGovernment when relevant problems come up for discussion.

CHAPTER VIII. PEOPLE’S COURT ANDPEOPLE’S PROCURACY

Article 102

1. The people’s courts are the judicial organ of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,exercising the judicial power.

2. The people’s courts comprise the Supreme People's Court and other courtsestablished by law.

3. The people’s courts are responsible for the protection of justice, human rights,citizen’s rights, socialist regime, interests of the State, and legal rights andinterests of organizations and individuals.

Article 103

1. Trials before People's Courts shall be attended by people's assessors, except thecase of trials with reduced procedure

2. The trials of the judges and assessors are independent and shall only obey thelaw; the interference into the trials of the judges and assessors by bodies,organizations, and individuals is strictly prohibited.

3. The People's Courts shall hold their hearings in public. In special cases necessaryto the protection of state secrecy, �ne customs and beautiful habits of the nation,the protection of adolescents, and the protection of private secrecy according tothe legitimate requirement of the persons concerned, the people’s courts canhold their hearings in closed door.

4. The People's Courts shall try their cases collegially and their decisions shall be inconformity with the will of the majority, except the cases of the trials withreduced procedure.

5. The principle of institute legal proceeding against is guaranteed in trials.

6. The regime of hearing in �rst instance and hearing and appeal is guaranteed.

Structure of the courts

Jury trials required

Judicial independence

Privileges for juveniles in criminal process

Right to public trial

Right to appeal judicial decisions



7. The right of the internee and the defendant to be defended is guaranteed; theright of the persons concerned to defend their legitimate interests is guaranteed.

Article 104

1. The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial organ of the Socialist Republicof Vietnam.

2. The Supreme People's Court supervises and directs the judicial work of othercourts, except the cases provided by the law.

3. The Supreme People's Court exercises the summarization of the practice oftrials, and ensure the uniform application of law in trials.

Article 105

1. The term of the President of the Supreme People’s Court is consistent with theterm of the National Assembly. The appointment, release from duties, andremoval from of�ce of presidents of other courts are provided by the law.

2. The President of the Supreme People's Court is responsible and makes hisreports to the National Assembly and, when the latter is not in session, to itsStanding Committee and to the State President. The regime of report ofpresidents of other courts is provided by the law.

3. The appointment, approval, release from duties, and removal from of�ce, term ofjudges, and the election and term of assessors are provided by the law.

Article 106

The sentences and decisions of the People's Court which have acquired legal effect mustbe respected by organs, organizations, and individuals; they must be seriously compliedwith by the organs, organizations, and individuals concerned.

Article 107

1. The people's procuracies shall exercise the power to prosecution and controljudicial activities.

2. The people’s procuracies comprise the Supreme People’s Procuracy and otherprocuracies provided by the law.

3. The people’s procuracies are responsible for the protection of law, human rights,citizen’s rights, socialist regime, interests of the State, and legal rights andinterests of organizations and individuals, thus contributing to ensuring that lawsare strictly and uniformly observed.

Article 108

1. The term of the Head of the Supreme People’s Procuracy is consistent with theterm of the National Assembly. The appointment, release from duties, andremoval from of�ce of heads of other procuracies and procurators are providedby the law.

2. The Head of the Supreme People's Procuracy is responsible and makes hisreports to the National Assembly and, when the latter is not in session, to itsStanding Committee and to the State President. The regime of report of heads ofother procuracies is provided by the law.

Right to counsel

Supreme court powers

Ordinary court selection


Supreme court term length

Ordinary court selection

Ordinary court term length


Attorney general

Attorney general

Attorney general



Article 109

1. A People's Procuracy is directed by its Head. The Heads of inferior Procuraciesare subject to the leadership of the Heads of superior Procuracies. The Heads ofProcuracies at all levels are subject to the overall leadership of the Head of theSupreme People's Procuracy.

2. When exercising the power of the power to prosecution and controlling judicialactivities, procurators shall obey the law and are subject to the leadership of theHead of the People’s Procuracy.

CHAPTER IX. THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Article 110

1. The administrative units of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are distributed asfollows:

The country is divided into provinces and cities under direct central rule.

The province is divided into districts, provincial cities, and towns; the cityunder direct central rule is divided into urban districts, rural districts,towns, and units of similar level.

The district is divided into communes and townlets; the provincial city andthe town are divided into wards and communes; the urban district isdivided into wards.

Special administrative-economic units are created by the NationalAssembly.

2. The establishment, removal, merging, division, or adjustment of the boundariesof administrative units must be carried out with the consultation of the opinion ofthe local people in concordance with the process and procedure provided by thelaw.

Article 111

1. Local governments are organized in administrative units of Socialist Republic ofVietnam.

2. Local governments consist of People’s Council and People’s Committee whichshall be organized consistent with the features of rural areas, cities, islands, andspecial administrative-economic units provided by the law.

Article 112

1. Local governments organize and ensure the implementation of the Constitutionand the laws at local area; deal with local issues provided by the law; and aresubject to the examination and supervision of superior state organs.

2. The duties and authorities of local governments shall be determined on the baseof differentiation of powers between central state organs and local state organsand between different ranks of local governments.

3. In case of need, local governments are delegated to exercise some duties ofsuperior state organs with the conditions guaranteed necessary to exercisethose duties.

Municipal governmentSubsidiary unit government

Federal review of subnational legislation



Article 113

1. The People's Council is the local organ of State power; it represents the will,aspirations, and mastery of the people; it is elected by the local people and isaccountable to them and to the superior State organs.

2. The People's Council shall decide on local issues provided by the law; supervisethe conformity to the constitution and the laws at local area and theimplementation of the resolutions of the People’s Council.

Article 114

1. The People's Committee elected by the People's Council is the latter's executiveorgan, the organ of local State administration, and responsible to the People’sCouncil and superior state organs.

2. It is the People's Committee’s responsibility to implement the Constitution andthe laws at local area, to organize the implementation of the resolutions of thePeople's Council and to exercise duties assigned by the superior state organs.

Article 115

1. The deputy to the People's Council represents the will and aspirations of the localpeople; he must maintain close ties with the electors, submit himself to theircontrol, keep regular contact with them, regularly report to them on his activitiesand those of the People's Council, answer their requests and proposals; look intoand activate the settlement of the people's complaints and denunciations. It isthe duty of the deputy to the People's Council to urge the people to abide by thelaw and State policies, the resolutions of the People's Council, and to encouragethem to join in State administration.

2. The deputy to the People's Council has the right to interpellate the Chairman ofthe People's Council, the Chairman and other members of the People'sCommittee, the President of the People's Court, the Head of the People'sProcuracy, and the heads of organs under the People's Committee. Theinterpellated of�cials must answer this interpellation within the time determinedby law. The deputy to the People's Council has the right to make proposals tolocal State organs. The of�cials in charge of these organs have the responsibilityto receive him, and to examine and settle the issues raised in his proposals.

Article 116

1. The People's Council and the People's Committee shall make regular reports onthe local situation in all �elds to the Front and the mass organizations; shall listento their opinions and proposals on local power building and socio-economicdevelopment; shall cooperate with them in urging the people to work togetherwith the State for the implementation of socio-economic, national-defence, andsecurity tasks in the locality.

2. The Chairmen of the Vietnam Fatherland Front committee and the heads ofmass organizations in the locality shall be invited to attend sessions of thePeople's Council and to attend meetings of the People's Committee at the samelevel when relevant problems are discussed.



CHAPTER X. THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OFELECTION AND THE STATE AUDIT

Article 117

1. The National Council of Election is an organ created the National Assembly,responsible for organization of election of the National Assembly. It shall directand orientate the work of election of the People’s Councils at all levels.

2. The National Council of Election comprises a President, vice-Presidents, andmembers

3. The details of organization, duties and authorities of the National Council ofElection, and the number of its members shall be provided by the law.

Article 118

1. The State Audit is an organ created by the National Assembly, shall actindependently and only obey the law. It exercises the audit of the managementand use of public �nance and property.

2. The Head of the State Audit presides the State Audit, elected by the NationalAssembly. The term of Head of the State Audit shall be provided by the law.

The Head of the State Audit is responsible and makes his reports of the result ofaudit to the National Assembly and, when the latter is not in session, to itsStanding Committee.

3. The details of the organization, duties, and authorities of the State Audit shall beprovided by the law.

CHAPTER XI. THE EFFECT OF THECONSTITUTION AND THE AMENDMENT OFTHE CONSTITUTION

Article 119

1. The Constitution is the fundamental law of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, andhas the highest legal effect.

All other legal documents must conform to the Constitution.

All actions violating the Constitution shall be dealt with.

2. The National Assembly, its organs, The State President, the Government, thePeople’s Courts, the People’s Procuracies, other state organs, and the entirepeople are responsible to protect the Constitution. The mechanism ofconstitutional protection shall be provided by the law.

Article 120

1. The State President, the National Assembly’s Standing Committee, or at leasttwo-third of entire Assembly deputies have the right to propose the making of


Constitution amendment procedureStanding committees



1. constitution and amendment of the Constitution. The National Assembly shalldecide on the making of constitution and amendment of the Constitution uponthe approval of two-third of entire Assembly deputies.

2. The National Assembly shall create the Committee of Constitutional Drafting.The components, the number of members, duties, and authorities of theCommittee of Constitutional Drafting shall be decided by the National Assemblyaccording to the proposal of the National Assembly’s Standing Committee.

3. The Committee of Constitutional Drafting drafts, organizes the collection ofpeople’s opinion, and submits to the National Assembly the draft constitution.

4. Constitution shall be enacted with the approval of two-third of entire Assemblydeputies. The referendum on the Constitution shall be decided by The NationalAssembly.

Referenda



Topic index

A

15

17, 23

17, 23, 28

B

8

C

17, 23, 26

17, 23, 26

6

15

23

17, 22, 31

17, 19

D

17, 23, 24

23

13

13

13, 16

E

17, 19, 31

10

17, 19, 23

8

10

6

8

8

24

22

F

26, 29

6

22, 23

15

10

10

10

9

10

10

Access to higher education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Advisory bodies to the head of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Attorney general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Binding effect of const rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cabinet removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cabinet selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Claim of universal suffrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Compulsory education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conditions for revoking citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Constitution amendment procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Constitutional interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Deputy executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Designation of commander in chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Duty to obey the constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Duty to pay taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Duty to serve in the military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electoral commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eligibility for �rst chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Emergency provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Equality regardless of �nancial status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Equality regardless of gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Equality regardless of nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Equality regardless of political party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Equality regardless of social status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Establishment of cabinet/ministers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Extraordinary legislative sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Federal review of subnational legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

First chamber selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Foreign affairs representative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Free education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Freedom of assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Freedom of association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Freedom of expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Freedom of movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Freedom of press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



10

G

8

H

26

17, 23

17, 23, 26

23

17, 19

24

17, 19, 22

22

9

I

21

9

22

6

7, 17, 23, 25, 26

7, 17

J

27

27

L

17, 18, 19

19, 20, 21, 22

19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25

11, 12

M

5, 6, 7

5

6, 19, 26, 29

N

22, 25

8

8

8

26

O

18

6

23, 28

28

14

Freedom of religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General guarantee of equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Head of government powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Head of government removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Head of government selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Head of state powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Head of state removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Head of state replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Head of state selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Head of state term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Human dignity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Immunity of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inalienable rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initiation of general legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Integration of ethnic communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

International organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Judicial independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Jury trials required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Leader of �rst chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Legislative committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Legislative oversight of the executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Limits on employment of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mentions of social class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Motives for writing constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Municipal government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Name/structure of executive(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

National anthem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

National capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

National �ag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

National vs subnational laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oaths to abide by constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Of�cial or national languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ordinary court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ordinary court term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ownership of natural resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



P

5, 6, 7

17, 19, 23, 24

23

25

5

5

11

27

9

11

11

9

11, 14

11

9

12, 13, 16

6

13

12

16

22

R

12, 15

5

5, 6, 7, 15

9, 12, 13, 16, 25

10, 17, 19, 31

9

12

6, 22

8, 23

5

10

10

27

11

11, 27

6, 8, 12

12, 16

11, 13

12

12, 15

10

7

9

11

9

Political theorists/�gures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Power to declare/approve war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Power to pardon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Powers of cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preferred political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Presumption of innocence in trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Privileges for juveniles in criminal process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prohibition of cruel treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prohibition of double jeopardy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prohibition of slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prohibition of torture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Protection from expropriation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Protection from false imprisonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Protection from unjusti�ed restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Protection of environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Protection of language use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Protection of stateless persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Provision for matrimonial equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Provisions for intellectual property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Public or private sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reference to art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reference to country's history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reference to fraternity/solidarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reference to science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Referenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Regulation of evidence collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Regulation of marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Removal of individual legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Requirements for birthright citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Restrictions on political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Restrictions on voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right of petition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to appeal judicial decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to choose occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to enjoy the bene�ts of science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to establish a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to found a family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to join trade unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to own property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



11, 27

11

15

11

11, 14

11, 15

12

S

6

23

5

17, 19, 21, 22, 31

12, 15

15

12, 15

17

27

6, 19, 26, 29

28

17, 23

28

17, 23, 28

T

9

18

17, 23, 25, 26

5

U

10

Right to public trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to safe work environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to shelter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to speedy trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to transfer property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Right to work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rights of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Secret ballot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Selection of active-duty commanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Source of constitutional authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Standing committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

State support for children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

State support for the disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

State support for the elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Structure of legislative chamber(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Structure of the courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Subsidiary unit government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supreme court powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supreme court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supreme court term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Supreme/ordinary court judge removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Term length for �rst chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Treaty rati�cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of government envisioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultra-vires administrative actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viet nam's constitution of 1992 with amendments through 2013

Documents