654 UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM.—VICTORIA UNIVERSITY.

The subjects of the Fourth Examination are—Medicine,Clinical Medicine and Psychological Medicine, Surgery and (Clinical Surgery, Midwifery and Diseases of Women andChildren. ’

For the degree of Bachelor in Surgery (B. S’. ) every can- c

didate must have passed the examination for the degree of Bachelor in Medicine of the University of Durham and musthave attended one course of lectures on Operative Surgery and one course on Regional Anatomy. Candidates will be ’.

required to perform operations on the dead body and to give proof of practical knowledge of the use of surgical instru- iments and appliances.

For the degree of Master in Surgery (M.S. candidatesmust not be less than twenty-four years of age and must satisfy the University as to their knowledge of Greek. Incase they shall not have passed in this subject at thePreliminary Examination in Arts for the M.B. degree theymust present themselves at Durham for examination init at one of the ordinary examinations held for this pur-pose before they can proceed to the higher degree of M.S.They must also have obtained the degree of Bachelor inSurgery of the University of Durham and must have beenengaged for at least two years subsequent to the dateof acquirement of the degree of Bachelor in Surgery, inattendance on the practice, of a recognised hospital, or inthe naval or military services, or in medical or surgicalpractice.The subjects of examination are :-Principles and Practice

,of Surgery, Surgical Pathology, Surgical Anatomy, SurgicalOperations, Clinical Surgery.

For the degree of Doctor in Medicine (M.D.) candidatesmust be not less than twenty-four years of age and mustsatisfy the University as to their knowledge of Greek. In- case they shall not have passed in this subject at the

(Preliminary Examination in Arts for the M.B. degree theymust present themselves at Durham for examination in itat one of tne ordinary examinations held for this purpose’before they can proceed to the higher degree of M.D.

They must also have obtained the degree of Bachelor inMedicine of the University of Durham and must have beenengaged for at least two years subsequently to the dateof acquirement of the degree of Bachelor in Medicine inattendance on the practice of a recognised hospital, or in themilitary or naval services, or in medical and surgical prac-tice, Each candidate must prepare an Essay, which must be’typewritten, based on original research or observation, onsome medical subject selected by himself, and approved ofby the Professor of Medicine and must pass an examinationthereon, and must be prepared to answer questions on the’other subjects of his curriculum so far as they are related tothe subject of the Essay.

The University of Durham has instituted a special examina-tion whereby the degree of Doctor of Medicine may beobtained without residence. Candidates shall not be under40 years of age ard shall have been in active practice for15 years as registered medical practiticners. They shall,produce certificates of moral character from three registeredmembers of the medical profession, and if they have notpassed an examination in Arts previously to the ProfessionalExamination in virtue of which they have been placed on theRegister, they shall be required to pass in Classics andMathematics. Candidates who have passed an examinationin Arts previously to being placed on the Register arerequired to pass an Examination in L%tin. Tbev will be-examined in the Principles ard Practice of Medicine,including Pavchological Medicine, Hygiene, and Thera-peutics, the Principles and Practice of Surgery, Midwife:y.and Diseases of Women and Children, Pathology (Medicaland Surgical), Anatomy (Medical and Surgical). Medical.Jurisprudence, and Toxicology. The fee will be 50guineas, of which 20 guineas will be retained if thecandidate fails to satisfy the examiners.

Candidates for any of the above degrees must give at least.33 days’ notice to Professor Howden, Secretary, College ofMedicine, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

VICTORIA UNIVERSITY.

Colleges of the University: Owens College, Manchester;University College, Liverpool; and Yorkshire College,’Leeds.

Matriculation, which consists in signing the UniversityRegister, must precede entry upon any course of study in a’College of the University, if that course is to be countedtowards the required minimum of attendance for a degree.

Those only can matriculate who are registered students of aCollege of the University.Four degrees in Medicine and Surgery are conferred by the

Victoria University-viz., Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelorof Surgery (M.B. and Ch.B.), Doctor of Medicine (M.D.),and Master of Surgery (Cb.M.).

All candidates for degrees in Medicine and Surgery arerequired to pass an examination called the PreliminaryExamination (Faculty of Medicine), or to have passed suchother examination as may be recognised by the Universityfor this purpose. 2

Degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.-Before admission to the degree or M.B. or Ch.B. candi-dates are required to present certificates that they will

graduation and that they have pursupd the courses ofhave attained the age of 21 years on the day ofstudy required by the University Regulations during a

period ot not less than five years subsequently to thedate of their registration by the General Medical Council,two of such years having been parsed in a College of theUniversity, and one year at least having been passed in aCollege of the University subsequently to the date of pass-ing the First M.B. Examination. All candidates for thedegrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgeryare required to satisfy the examiners in the several subjectsof the following examinations : the First Examination, theSecond Examination, and the Final Examination.

The First Examination.-The subjects of examination areas follows : (1) Chemistry ; (2) Elementary Biology; (3)Physics. Candidates must have attended during at least oneyear courses both of lectures and of laboratory work in eachof the above-named subjects. The Examination is dividedinto two parts: Part 1. Physics and Chemistry; Part 2,Biology ; and the candidates may pass in these partsseparately.

TJae Second Examination.-The srbjects of examinationare as follows :-A : (1) Anatomy ; (2) Physiology. includingPhysiological Chemistry and Histology; B : (3) MateriaMedica and Pharmacy. Candidates may pass in A or Bseparately.

The Final Examination.-The subjects of examinationare as follows :-(1) Pharmacology ard Therapeutics. (2)General Pathology and Morbid Anatomy. (3) ForensicMedicine and Toxicology, and Public Health. (4) Obstetricsand Diseases of Women. (5) Surgery, Systematic. Clinicaland Practical. (6) Medicine, Systematic and Clinical, in-eluding Mental Diseases and Diseases of Children.

Candidates may either present themselves in all the sixsubjects of examination on the same occasion or may passthe examination in two parts, the first part consisting oftwo or three of the subjects (1), (2) and 3), the second partof the remaining subjects.Candidates who fail to satisfy the examiners in the first

part must either present themselves again in the subjects asselected or in all the three subjects of the First part or in allthe six subjects of examination.

Candidates for the first part of the examination must havecompleted the fourth winter of medical study.Candidates for the second part ef the examination, or for

the whole examination, must have completed the fifth yearof medical study.Degree oj Doctor of Medicine.-Candidates are not eligible

for the degree of Doctor of Medicine unless they havepreviously received the degrees of Bachelor of Medicire

2 The examinations at present recognised are:—1. Graduation inthis or some o’her university of the United Kingdom, provided thatLatin has formed part of one of the Degree Examinations. 2. LondonMatriculation. 3. Higher Certificate of the Oxford and CambridgeSchools Examination Board. (Certificates must show that the canoi-date has satisfied the Examiners in Latio, Elementary and AdditionalMathematics, English or History, and in either Greek, French. orGerman. The Mechanical Division of Natural Philosophy will satisfythe requirements in Mechanics) 4. Senior Oxford Locals (Honours).Certificates must show that the candidate has satisfied the Examinersin Latin, Pure Mathematics, English Essay, English History, and ineither Greek, French, German, or Spanish. Applied Mathematics(Section D) or Mechanics and Hydrostatics (Section E) will satisfy therequirements in Mechanics.) 5. Senior Cambridge Locals (Honours).(Certificates must show that the candidate has satisfied the Examinersin Latin, Euclid, and Algebra, English Composition, and EnglishHistory, and in either Greek, French, German, or Spanish. AppliedMathematics (Section H) or Statics, Dynamics, and Hydrostatics(Section K) will satisfy the requirements in Mechanics). Provided thatthe subjects included in each of the above examinations shælincludeall the subjects required by the General Medical Council. If Mechanicshas not been included among the subjects of examination, an approvedexamination in that subject must be passed before the candidate passesthe First M.B. Examination, The Board of Studies has discretionarypower to accept other examinations of at least equal standard.

655UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM.-UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH.

and Bachelor of Surgery and, at least one yearhas elapsed since they passed the examination forthosa degrees. Candidates for the degree of Doctorof Medicine are required to present a printed Dis-sertation embodying the results of personal observationsor original research, either in some department ofmedicine or of some science directly relative to medicine.No candidate will be admitted to the degree unless hisDissertation shall have been recommended by theGeneral Board of Studies to the Council for acceptance.Candidates may be examined on any subject connectedwith their dissertations.

Degree of Master of Surgery.-Candidates are not eligiblefor the degree of Master of Surgery unless they have pre-viously received the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine andBachelor of Surgery and at least one year has elapsed sincethey passed the examination for those degrees. The subjectsof examination are as follows : (1) Surgical Anatomy ;(2) Surgery ; (3) Operative Surgery ; (4) Clinical Surgery ;(5) Ophthalmology ; (6) Pathology and Bacteriology.

UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM.

The University of Birmingham grants the degrees of M.B.,B.Ch., M.D., M.Cb., and also a B.Sc., and a degree and adiploma in Pablic Health. In order to obtain any of these

degrees it is necessary that a student shall have passed atleast the first four years of his curriculum in attendance uponthe classes of the University. .

Degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery -The student mu’t have passed either the MatriculationExamination ef the University or one of the followingexaminations, which will be accepted in lieu thereof, for thepresent: (a) the previous examination of the University ofCambridge ; ; (b) responsions of the University of Oxford ;(c) the Matriculation Examination of any other University inthe United Kingdom; (l) the leaving Certificate (Higher)cf the Oxford and Cambridge Boards ; (e) the Oxford orCambridge Junior Local Examinations (First or Second ClassHonouK); (f) the Oxford or Cambridge Senior L)calExamination (Honours) ; or (g) the College of PreceptorsExamination for First Clas Certificate. A MatriculationExamination will be held on June 3,d, 1901, and succeedingdays. First Examination.—Part 1 : Elementary Biology.One course of lectures and practical work. Part 2 :

Chemistry and Physics. One year’s lectures with practical work. Second Examination.-Anatomy and Physiology.Two winter’s and one summer’s Dissections with lectures in

Anatomy, and one winter course and one summer course of ’,lectures and practical work in Physiology. Third EKamina-tion.-Materia Medica and Pharmacy. One course oflectures and practical work. Fourth Examination (at thepnd of the fourth year) -Pharmacology, Pathology,Forensic Medicine, and Pablic Health. Two years’ hospitalwork must have been accomplished and the following courseattended. Medicine and Surgery (two each). Hygiene andPublic Health, Pathology, Therapeutics and Pharmacology,Midwifery, Gynaecology, and Forensic Medicine. FinalExamination.-Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, Gynaecology,Mental Diseases, and Ophthalmology. Attendance on

general hospital fcr a year after the passing of the fourthexamination, also attendance at fever hospital, lunatic

asylum, vaccination, and courses of Ophthalmology, Medicaland Surgical Anatomy and Operative Surgery.Degrees oi Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery,-

Candidates for either of these degrees will be required e tber(a) to present a thesis embodying original observations insome subject; embraced in the medical curriculum andapproved by a board of medical examiners to whom thethesis will subsequently be submitted, on the report of whichboard the degree will be awarded or withheld (the candidatewill be examined on the subject which he has chosen for histhesis and the examiners may require to see the notes of

, original observations on which tbe thesis is based) ; or

(b) to pass a general examination (written and practical) inMedicine or Surgery, according to the degree desired, and,in addition, to show special proficiency in any one of thefollowing subjects to be chosen by the candidate. For thedegree of M.D. : (a) Infectious Diseases. (b) Diseases of theChest, (e) Diseases of the Abdomen, (d) Nervous Diseases,(e) Diseases of Children, (f) Midwifery, (g) Pathology,(h,) Bacteriology, (i) Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology,(j) Public Health, (k) Mental Diseases, or (l) Diseases of thebkin. For the degree of M.Cb. : (a) Regional Surgery,

(b) Gynæcolcgy, (c) Ophthalmology, or (rl) Diseases of the-Ear. Nose, and Tbroat.

Fees.-Matriculation, £2; First Examination, £5 ; SecondExaminatinn, 5 ; Third Examination, £1; Fourth Examina-tion, E3 ; Final Examination, £5.

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH.Four Degrees in Medicine and Surgery are conferred by

the University of Edinburgh-viz., Bachelor of Medicine(M.B.), Bachelor of Surgery (Ch.B.), Doctor of Medicine-(M.D.), and Master of Surgery (Ch.M.). The degree ofBachelor of Surgery cannot be conferred on any person.who does not at the same time obtain the degree of Bachelorof Medicine, and similarly the degree of Bachelor of Medicine.is not conferred on any person who does not at the same-time obtain the degree of Bachelor of Surgery.

Subject to regulations to be made from time to time

by the University Court, the University may also conferdiplomas in special branches of medical and surgicalpractice on graduates of the University in Medicine andSurgery.

Before commencing his medical studies each student mustpass a preliminary examination in (1) English, (2) Latin,(3) Elementary Mathematics, and (4) Greek or French orGerman : Provided always that, in the case of a candidate’whose native language is not English, an examination inthe native language of the candidate may be substituted,for one in either French or German, and an examination inany other classical language for one in Latin or Greek.No one is admitted to the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine’

and Bachelor of Surgery who has not been engaged in Medicaland Surgical study for five years. No course of lectures.will be allowed to qualify unless the lecturer certifies thatit has embraced at least 100 lectures, or 50 lectures, asmay be required by the regulations, and that the student-has also duty performed the work of the class.

Candidates for the degrees of M.B. and Ch.B. must have’attended for at least three academic years the medical andsurgical practice either of the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, orof a general hospital elsewhere which accommodates notfewer than EO patients and possesses a distinct staff ofphysicians and surgeons. They must have attended ClinicalSurgery during a course or courses extending over not less.than nine months. These courses may be canducted by theprofessor of clinical surgery, or by professors or lecturersaopointed for the purpose by the University Court, or bythe ordinary surgeons of the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh,or of a general hospital defined and recognised as herein-before provided, and shall consist of regular instruction atthe bedside, along with clinical lectures. A similar courseof clinical medicine during a course or courses extendingover not less than nine months is required. The candidate-must have attended a course of instruction in Mental Diseasesgiven by the University Lecturer, or by a recognisedTeacher, consisting of not less than six Class-room’

meetings for lectures and demonstrations and ten

meetings in the Wards of a recognised Asylum for theinsane. The candidate must have attended a course of25 meetings on Practical Pharmacy in a universityor recognised school of medicine, or have dispensed drugs-for a period of three months in a hospital or dispensary, orin an establishment recognised by the PharmaceuticalSociety. The candidate must have attended for at least sixmonths, by apprenticeship or otherwise, the out-practice of ahospital, or the practice cf a dispensary, or of a physician orsurgeon, or of a member of the London or Dublin Societyof Apothecaries. He must have acted as clerk in themedical wards and dresser in the surgical wards of a publichospital for a period of six months in each case ; and mustalso have availed himself, to such an extent as may be*required by the Senatus, with the approval of the UniversityCourt, of opportunities of studying at a hospital or

dispensary, Post-mortem Examinations, Fevers, Diseases ofthe Eye, Operative Surgery, and one of the three following,viz.-Diseases of Children, and Diseases of the Larynx, Ear;and Nose, and Diseases of the Skin, or such other special!’departments as may from time to time be determined. The,candidate must have attended, under the superintendence of’a registered medical practitioner, twelve cases of labour,or such additional number as the Senatus, with the sanctionof the University Court, may from time to time determine or have attended for three months the practice of a lying-in hospital, or of the maternity department of a general