vi & vii sem theory dr. k.a. narayan
TRANSCRIPT
Chief Minster of the 5th Biggest Country in the world.
India in World PopulationThe Population of India increased by 181 million during the decade 2001 – 2011. The absolute addition is slightly lower than the population of Brazil. The fifth most populous country in the world.
Density of Population
http://censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Provisional_Population_Total_link/PDF_Links/popden.html
Demographic Cycle
Trends in CBR and CDR, 1901-2011
Source:Demographic-Transition-in-India
Trends in life expectancy, 1901-2010
Trends in CBR, TFR, TMFR, 1970-2011
• Total fertility rate. The number of children who would be born per woman if she/they were to pass through the childbearing years bearing children according to a current schedule of age-specific fertility rates.
• Net reproduction rate: the number of daughters a woman would have in her lifetime if she were subject to prevailing age-specific fertility and mortality rates in the given year
Trends in Age Specific FertilityRates
Population and Decadal Growth rate
Impact of Policy on Population
How Policy Influences Family Formation
Demographic Changes in India and China
Regional Variations in theTransition• The transition has not been uniform across the country.• Both fertility and mortality differ considerably across states
(and also within states)• As a result the pace of transition has also varied
Implications of Regional Variationsin the TransitionVariations in the level of fertility, mortality and changes in these have implications for regional population growth and for demographic dividendGrowth would vary by states. States that have already achieved replacement level fertility would experience only some growth due to momentum. Kerala and Tamil Nadu would not grow much.Populations of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan are likely to double during the first half of the century.These states and many other states, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and some small states would grow because fertility is yet to reach replacement level and later due to momentum.
• A comparative picture of three regions,1. Four southern states2. Seven north-central states (U.P., Bihar, M.P., Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand)3. Remaining states/union territories,
Some demographic Indicators, India, andThree Regions, 1971, 1991, and 2011
Population (in millions) in India and threeregions, 1901-2011, and projected to 2051
Factors Influencing fertility
Total Fertility by Religion
Population Policy
Population Policy
• "A deliberate attempt by government to influence one or
more of the key demographic parameters, fertility, mortality
and migration" (Isaacs, Cairns and Heckel, 1991).
How policy interventions could impact on demographic objectives
Nutrition and health improvements
mortality, especially infant
and child mortality
life expectancy
industrial, infrastructural and locational policies
constraints and incentives facing
entrepreneurs and individuals
Location of businesses and
families
Patterns of fertility
Desired Family
Size
General Edn.
Health edn.
Provision of
Services
MAJOR POPULATION CONCERNS OF GOVERNMENTS IN 2009, ISSUES OF SIGNIFICANCE TO AT LEAST HALF OF ALL GOVERNMENTS IN 2009,BY LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENTWorld World More
developedLess Developed
HIV/AIDS 87 77 90Infant and child mortality 70 81Maternal mortality 66 79Size of the population of working age
62 59 63
Adolescent fertility 57 65Low life expectancy at birth 55 62Population ageing 55 79 Pattern of spatial distribution 51 58Low Fertility 61 High Fertlity 50
Reduced Size of Working Population
Increased Size of Working Population – More Jobs
UNDP: World Population Policies 2009/ST/ESA/SER.A/293
Why Population Policy - Concern in the developing worldHigh Rates of Population Growth
How to Reduce
employment and basic social services
Provide to all their inhabitants
Climate change
To Combatfood shortages
prevent
ease mounting pressure on renewable and non-renewable energy resources,
What Population Policy requires• Many of these Governments have also realized that• effective implementation of population policy requires • the creation of an institutional framework • that ensures the integration of population variables• into development planning • with adequate mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation.
National Family Planning Programme• launched in 1952 with the objective of “reducing birth rate to the
extent necessary to stabilise the population at a level consistent with the requirement of the national economy.”
POPULATION POLICY OF 1976 the government of India declared the first comprehensive population
policy on 16th april,1976.
The main aim to bring down the birth rate from 35 per thousand to 25 per thousand .
state government were allowed to enact legislative measures regarding compulsory sterilisation .
Indians were against compulsory sterilisation , but this policy created awareness about small family norm.
REVISED POPULATION POLICY OF 1977• “ family planning policy” as “ FAMILY WELFARE POLICY” • family planning programme to be implemented on voluntary basis • attention to the rights of women and health of the children
FEATURES • The public motivated and induced to undertake various measures of
birth control• The minimum age of marriage raised to 18 years for females and 21
years for males• Registration of marriages was suggested to be made compulsory• Use of education system to create awareness of the population
problem in youngsters and raising education levels of females• Use of media for spreading the message of family planning among the
rule of masses
• Provision of monetary compensation to those adopting permanent measures for birth control
• exemption in corporate taxes for private business corporation promoting birth control measures
• Population education in educational institution with general education
NEW NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000• The government of India announced its new national population
policy on February 15, 2000.• commitment of government towards voluntary consent of citizens
while availing reproductive health care service.• policy framework to meet the reproductive and child health needs of
the people of India for the next ten years
TARGETS• To achieve zero growth rate of population by 2045• To reduce infant mortality rate to below 28 per thousand live births by
2012• To reduce maternal motility rate to below 1 per 1000 live births• To reduce birth rates to 21 per thousand by 2010• To reduce total fertility rate to 2.1 by 2010• It is estimated that the population of India will be 126.4crore by 2016
FEATURESORGANISATIONS
NATIONAL SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC GOALS
STRATERGIC THEMES
FREEZING THE NUMBER OF SEATS IN LOK SABHA
PROMOTIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL MEASURES
Grounds on which abortion is permitted: • (1) to save the woman's life;• (2) to preserve physical health;• (3) to preserve mental health; • (4) rape or incest;• (5) foetal impairment; • (6) economic or social reasons; • (7) on request.
Reasons for Abortion in Different Countries
Reasons for Abortion in Different Countries
12th Five Year Plan - RMNCH+A • defined the national health outcomes and the three goals • Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 25 per 1,000 live births by
2017• Reduction in Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) to 100 per 100,000 live
births by 2017• Reduction in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 2.1 by 2017
Total Fertility Rate (TFR
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20132.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3
Strategies under family planning programme in the country
Policy Level Service LevelTarget free approach More emphasis on spacing methodsVoluntary adoption of Family Planning Methods Assuring Quality of services
Based on felt need of the community Expanding Contraceptive choices
Children by choice and not chance
Current family planning programme under public sector
Spacing Methods Limiting MethodsIUCD 380 A and Cu IUCD 375 Female Sterilization:Injectable Contraceptive DMPA (Antara) Laparoscopic
Combined Oral Contraceptive (Mala-N) Minilap
Centchromen (Chhaya) Emergency Contraceptive Pill (Ezy Pill) Male Sterilization:
Progesterone-Only Pill (POP) No Scalpel VasectomyCondoms (Nirodh) Conventional Vasectomy
Thrust areas under family planning programme:
• Emphasis on Spacing methods like IUCD• Revitalizing Postpartum Family Planning including PPIUCD in order to
capitalise on the opportunity provided by increased institutional deliveries. Appointment of counsellors at high institutional delivery facilities is a key activity.• Strengthening community based distribution of contraceptives by
involving ASHAs and Focussed IEC/ BCC efforts for enhancing demand and creating awareness on family planning• Availability of Fixed Day Static Services at all facilities.
• Emphasis on minilap tubectomy - logistical simplicity - requires only MBBS doctors and not post graduate gynaecologists/ surgeons.• A rational human resource development plan for IUCD, minilap and
NSV • Ensuring quality care in Family Planning services • Increasing male participation and promoting Non scalpel vasectomy• Demand generation by IEC• Strong Political Will and Advocacy at the highest level, especially in
states with high fertility rates
Thank You