Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals

Textbook and Colour Atlas

Bearbeitet vonHorst Erich König, Hans-Georg Liebich

überarbeitet 2013. Buch. 824 S. HardcoverISBN 978 3 7945 2833 2

Format (B x L): 22 x 30 cmGewicht: 3401 g

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In tro duc ti on and general anatomy _________ 1

H.-G. Liebich, G. Forstenpointner, W. Pérez and H.E. König

History of veterinary anatomy __________________ 1

Directional terms and planes of the animal body _ 6

Division of the animal body in organs and organ systems ____________________________ 6

Locomotor apparatus (apparatus locomotorius)___ 8

Skeletal system (systema skeletale) _________________ 8Osteology (osteologia)_________________________ 8

Skeletal design ____________________________ 8Forms of bony tissues_______________________ 9Architecture of bone________________________ 10Endosteum, periosteum _____________________ 11Bone regeneration _________________________ 12Supply of blood vessels and nerves to the bone___ 12Bone as an organ __________________________ 13Osteogenesis______________________________ 13Ossification_______________________________ 14Types of bone tissues _______________________ 16Bone functions ____________________________ 17

Arthrology (arthrologia) _______________________ 17Synarthroses ______________________________ 20True joints (articulationes synoviales) __________ 20

Muscular system (systema musculare) _______________ 23Myology (myologia) __________________________ 23

Development, degeneration, regeneration and adaptation of muscle fibres _______________ 24Architecture of skeletal musculature and the tendons____________________________ 25Forms of muscles __________________________ 27

Locomotion _________________________________ 27Accessory structures of muscles ______________ 28Functions of the synovial membrane ___________ 29

Contents

IX

General anatomy of angiology (angiologia) _____ 29

Organisation of the cardiovascular system ____________ 32Heart (cor) __________________________________ 33Pulmonary and systemic circulation ______________ 33Portal circulation _____________________________ 34Peripheral circulation__________________________ 34

Collateral arteries, terminal arteries and rete mirabile___________________________ 34Anastomoses, barrier arteries and sphincter veins _ 34

Vessels (vasa) __________________________________ 34Structure of the blood vessels (vasa sanguinea) _____ 34

Arteries (arteriae) __________________________ 35Arterioles ________________________________ 36Blood capillaries (vasa capillaria) _____________ 36Venules __________________________________ 36Veins (venae) _____________________________ 37

Lymphatic system (systema lymphaticum)____________ 38Lymphatic organs_____________________________ 38Functions of the lymphatic system _______________ 38Architecture of the lymphatic vessels(vasa lymphatica)_____________________________ 39

General anatomy of the nervous system (systema nervosum)____________________________ 39

Functions of the nervous system____________________ 40Architecture and structure of the nervous system_______ 40Nerve tissue (textus nervosus) _____________________ 40

Neurons ____________________________________ 41Glial cells (gliocytes, neuroglia) _________________ 41

Central nervous system(systema nervosum centrale, CNS)__________________ 41

Grey matter (substantia grisea) __________________ 42White matter (substantia alba)___________________ 43

Peripheral nervous system (systema nervosum periphericum, PNS)______________ 43

Nerves (nervi, neurons) ________________________ 43Motor and sensory roots ____________________ 43Ganglions (ganglia) ________________________ 43Somatic (voluntary) nervous system ___________ 44Vegetative (autonomic) nervous system_________ 45Nerve transmission of information_____________ 45Synapses _________________________________ 45

Barriers in the nervous system___________________ 47

General anatomy of the viscera_________________ 47

Visceral mucosa ________________________________ 47Epithelium __________________________________ 47Connective tissue layer of the epithelium __________ 48Muscle layer of the epithelium __________________ 49

Visceral connective tissue _________________________ 49Visceral motility ________________________________ 50Body cavities and their serous lining ________________ 50

1 Ax i al skel e ton (skel e ton ax i a le) _______ 53

H.-G. Lie bich and H.E. Kön ig

Skull _________________________________________ 53Ver te bral col umn or spine _________________________ 53Tho rax ________________________________________ 54

Skel e ton of the head ___________________________ 54

Skull, neu ral part (cra ni um, neu ro cra ni um) ___________ 54Oc cip i tal bone (os oc cip i tale) ___________________ 55Sphe noid bone (os sphe noid ale) _________________ 58

Pres phe noid (os praes phe noid ale) _____________ 58Ba sis phe noid (os ba sis phe noid ale)_____________ 59

Tem po ral bone (os tem po rale) ___________________ 59Fron tal bone (os fron tale) ______________________ 61Pa ri e tal bone (os pa ri e tale) _____________________ 62In ter pa ri e tal bone (os in ter pa ri e tale) ______________ 63Eth moid bone (os eth moid ale)___________________ 63

Skull, fa cial part (fa ci es, vis cer o cra ni um)_____________ 64Nasal bone (os nasale) _________________________ 65Lac ri mal bone (os lac rim a le)____________________ 65Zy go mat ic bone (os zy go mat i cum) _______________ 67Max il la_____________________________________ 67In ci sive bone (os in ci si vum) ____________________ 69Pal a tine bone (os pal at i num) ____________________ 70Vom er______________________________________ 71Pter y goid bone (os pter y goi de um)________________ 71Man di ble (man dib u la) _________________________ 71Hy oid bone, hy oid ap pa ra tus (os hy oi de um, ap pa ra tus hy oi de us) _______________ 73Par a na sal si nus es (si nus par a na sa les) _____________ 74

The skull as a whole ___________________________ 75

The skull of car ni vores ___________________________ 75Hy oid bone (os hy oi de um) _____________________ 80

Cav i ties of the skull of carnivores___________________ 80Cra ni al cav i ty (ca vum cra nii) ___________________ 80Na sal cav i ty (ca vum na si) ______________________ 81Par a na sal si nus es (si nus par a na sa les) _____________ 82

The skull of the horse ____________________________ 82Hy oid bone (os hy oi de um) _____________________ 87

Cav i ties of the equine skull_______________________ 88Cra ni al cav i ty (ca vum cra nii) __________________ 88Na sal cav i ty (ca vum na si) _____________________ 88Par a na sal si nus es (si nus par a na sa les) ____________ 89

Ver te bral col umn or spine (co lum na ver te bral is) _ 89

Cer vi cal ver te brae (ver te brae cer vi cales) ____________ 91Tho rac ic ver te brae (ver te brae tho rac i cae)____________ 94Lum bar ver te brae (ver te brae lum bales) _____________ 97Sacral vertebrae (ver te brae sa cra les)________________ 100Cau dal or coc cyg e al ver te brae (ver te brae cau da les)____ 105

Tho rac ic skel e ton (skel e ton tho ra cis) ____________ 105

Ribs (cos tae) __________________________________ 105Ster num ______________________________________ 108

Joints of the skull and trunk (su tu rae ca pi tis, ar tic u la tio nes co lum nae ver te bral is et tho ra cis) __ 108

Joints of the skull (syn chon dro ses cra nii) ____________ 108Joints of the ver te bral col umn, the tho rax and the skull (ar tic u la tio nes co lum nae ver te bral is, tho ra cis et cra nii) _ 109In ter vert e bral ar tic u la tions(ar tic u la tio nes co lum nae ver te bral is) _______________ 111

Lig a ments of the ver te bral col umn ______________ 112Ar tic u la tions of the ribs with the ver te bral col umn (ar tic u la tio nes cos to ver te bra les) ___________________ 115Joints of the tho rac ic wall (ar tic u la tio nes tho ra cis)_____ 115The ver te bral col umn as a whole___________________ 116

2 Fas ci ae and mus cles of the head, neck and trunk _______________________ 117

H.-G. Lie bich, J. Mai erl and H.E. Kön ig

Fas ci ae______________________________________ 117

Su per fi cial fas ci ae of the head, neck and trunk________ 117Deep fas ci ae of the head, neck and trunk ____________ 117

Cu ta ne ous mus cles (mus cu li cu ta nei) ___________ 118

Cu ta ne ous mus cles of the head (mus cu li cu ta nei ca pi tis) _ 118Cu ta ne ous mus cles of the neck (mus cu li cu ta nei col li) ___ 118Cu ta ne ous mus cles of the trunk (mus cu li cu ta nei trun ci) _ 119

Mus cles of the head (mus cu li ca pitis) ___________ 119

Fa cial mus cles (musculi faciales) __________________ 119Mus cles of the lips and cheeks (mus cu li la bio rum et buc ca rum) ___________________ 119Mus cles of the nose (musculi nasi) _________________ 123Ex traor bit al mus cles of the eye lids (mus cu li ex traor bit a les)__________________________ 124Mus cles of the ex ter nal ear (mus cu li au ric u lar es)______ 124Man dib u lar mus cles ____________________________ 125

Mus cles of mas ti ca tion _______________________ 125Su per fi cial mus cles of the man dib u lar space_______ 128

Spe cif ic mus cles of the head______________________ 129

X Contents

Mus cles of the trunk (mus cu li trun ci) ____________ 130

Mus cles of the neck (musculi col li) ________________ 131Mus cles of the back (musculi dor si) ________________ 135

Long mus cles of the neck and back______________ 136Short mus cles of the neck and back______________ 140

Mus cles of the tho rac ic wall (musculi tho ra cis) _______ 141Re spir a to ry mus cles__________________________ 141

Mus cles of the ab dom i nal wall (musculi ab dom i nis) ___ 144Rec tus sheath (va gi na m. rec ti ab dom i nis) ________ 147In gui nal ca nal (can a lis in gui nal is)_______________ 147

Mus cles of the tail (musculi cau dae)________________ 148

3 Fore limbs or tho rac ic limbs(mem bra tho rac i ca) __________________ 151

H.-G. Lie bich, J. Mai erl and H.E. Kön ig

Skel e ton of the tho rac ic limb (os sa mem bri tho rac i ci) _______________________ 151

Pec to ral gir dle (cin gu lum mem bri tho rac i ci) _________ 151Shoul der blade (scap u la) ______________________ 151

Skel e ton of the arm (bra chi um) ___________________ 155Skel e ton of the fore arm (skel e ton an te bra chii) ________ 158

Ra di us ____________________________________ 159Ul na ______________________________________ 161

Skel e ton of the ma nus (skel e ton ma nus)_____________ 162Car pal bones (os sa car pi)______________________ 162Met a car pal bones (os sa met a car pa lia)____________ 163Dig i tal skel e ton (os sa dig i to rum ma nus) __________ 164

Skel e ton of the manus (fore paw) in car ni vores________ 164Car pal bones (os sa car pi)______________________ 164Met a car pal bones (os sa met a car pa lia)____________ 164Dig i tal skel e ton (os sa dig i to rum ma nus) __________ 165

Skel e ton of the ma nus in the horse _________________ 166Car pal bones (os sa car pi)______________________ 166Met a car pal bones (os sa met a car pa lia)____________ 166Dig i tal skel e ton (os sa dig i to rum ma nus) _________ 169

Joints of the tho rac ic limb (ar tic u la tio nes mem bri tho rac i ci) _______________ 170

Ar tic u la tion of the tho rac ic limb to the trunk _________ 170Shoul der or hu mer al joint (ar tic u la tio hu meri) ________ 170El bow joint (ar tic u la tio cu bi ti) ____________________ 173

Ra di oul nar ar tic u la tions (ar tic u la tio ra di oul nar is prox i mal is et ar tic u la tio ra di oul nar is dis tal is) ______ 174

Ar tic u la tions of the ma nus (ar tic u la tio nes ma nus) _____ 175Car pal joints (ar tic u la tio nes car pe ae) ____________ 175

In ter met a car pal joints (ar tic u la tio nes in ter met a car pe ae) _ 179Pha lan geal joints _______________________________ 179

Pha lan geal joints of the car ni vores ______________ 180Met a car poph a lan geal joints _________________ 180Prox i mal in ter pha lan geal joints ______________ 180Dis tal in ter pha lan geal joints_________________ 180In ter dig i tal lig a ments ______________________ 180

Pha lan geal joints of the ru mi nants_______________ 180Met a car poph a lan geal joints or fet lock joints ___ 180Prox i mal in ter pha lan geal joints or pas tern joints _ 182Dis tal in ter pha lan geal joints or cof fin joints ____ 183Sup port of the dew claws ___________________ 184

Pha lan geal joints of the horse __________________ 184Met a car poph a lan geal joint or fet lock joint _____ 184Prox i mal in ter pha lan geal joint or pas tern joint __ 186Dis tal in ter pha lan geal joint or cof fin joint _____ 187Lig a ments of the car ti la ges of the dis tal pha lanx _ 190

Mus cles of the tho rac ic limb (mus cu li mem bri tho rac i ci) ____________________ 190

Deep fas ci ae of the tho rac ic limb __________________ 190Gir dle or ex trin sic mus cu la ture of the tho rac ic limb ___ 190

Su per fi cial lay er of the ex trin sic mus cu la tureof the tho rac ic limb __________________________ 190Deep lay er of the ex trin sic mus cu la ture of the tho rac ic limb __________________________ 193

In trin sic mus cu la ture of the tho rac ic limb ___________ 196Mus cles of the shoul der joint___________________ 196

Lat er al shoul der mus cles ___________________ 197Me di al shoul der mus cles ___________________ 199

Mus cles of the el bow joint_____________________ 200Mus cles of the ra di oul nar joints ________________ 202Mus cles of the car pal joint_____________________ 203Mus cles of the dig its _________________________ 205

Short dig i tal mus cles ______________________ 220Spe cial mus cles of the dig its of car ni vores _____ 222

4 Hind limbs or pel vic limbs (mem bra pel vi na) ____________________ 223

H.-G. Lie bich, H.E. Kön ig and J. Mai erl

Skel e ton of the pel vic limb (os sa mem bri pel vini) _ 223

Pel vic gir dle (cin gu lum mem bri pel vini) ____________ 223Il i um (os il i um) _____________________________ 223Pu bis (os pu bis) _____________________________ 227Is chi um (os is chii) ___________________________ 227Ac e tab u lum ________________________________ 228Pel vis _____________________________________ 229

Pel vic cav i ty __________________________________ 231Skel e ton of the thigh (skel e ton fem o ris) _____________ 232Knee cap (pa tel la) ______________________________ 236Skel e ton of the leg (skel e ton cru ris) ________________ 237

Tib ia______________________________________ 238Fib u la _____________________________________ 239

Skel e ton of the hindfoot (skel e ton pe dis) ____________ 239Tar sal bones (os sa tar si)_______________________ 239

Ta lus (os tar si tib i a le) ______________________ 242Cal can eus (os tar si fib u lare)_________________ 242

Met a tar sal and dig i tal skel e ton (os sa met a tar sa lia et os sa dig i ti pe dis)____________ 244

XIContents

Joints of the pel vic limb (ar tic u la tio nes mem bri pel vini) _________________ 245

Sa cro il i ac joint (ar tic u la tio sa cro il i a ca) _____________ 245Cox o fem o ral or hip joint (ar tic u la tio cox ae)__________ 246Sti fle joint (ar tic u la tio ge nus) _____________________ 248

Fem o rot ib i al joint (ar tic u la tio fem o rot ib i al is)______ 248Fem o ro pa tel lar joint (ar tic u la tio fem o ro pa tel la ris) __ 250Ti bio fib u lar joints ___________________________ 254

Ped al joints (ar tic u la tio nes pe dis) __________________ 254Tar sal joint or hock (ar tic u la tio tar si) ____________ 254Met a tar sal and pha lan geal joints ________________ 259

Mus cles of the pel vic limb (mus cu li mem bri pel vini) ______________________ 259

Fas ci ae of the pel vis and the pel vic limb ____________ 259Gir dle or extrinsic mus cu la ture of the pel vic limb _____ 259In trin sic mus cu la ture of the pel vic limb _____________ 264

Rump mus cles ______________________________ 265Caudal muscles of the thigh____________________ 267Me di al mus cles of the thigh____________________ 270In ner pel vic mus cles _________________________ 272Mus cles of the sti fle__________________________ 276Mus cles of the crus __________________________ 278

Cra ni o la ter al mus cles of the crus _____________ 279Cau dal mus cles of the crus__________________ 284

Short dig i tal mus cles _________________________ 288

5 Stat ics and dy nam ics_________________ 289

J. Mai erl, G. Weissengruber, Chr. Peham and H.E. Kön ig

Architecture of the trunk ______________________ 289

Thoracic limb ________________________________ 289

Pelvic limb ___________________________________ 292

Gaits________________________________________ 293

6 Body cavities _________________________ 295

H.E. Kön ig, W. Pérez and H.-G. Lie bich

Positional stability of the organs in the body cavities ___________________________ 295

Thoracic cavity (cavum thoracis) __________________ 296Mediastinum (mediastinum) ___________________ 296

Lymph nodes of the mediastinum ____________ 299

Abdominal and pelvic cavity(cavum abdominalis et pelvis) ____________________ 299

Peritoneal cavity (cavum peritonei)______________ 301Pelvic cavity (cavum pelvis) ___________________ 303

7 Di ges tive sys tem(ap pa ra tus di gest o ri us)_______________ 307

H.E. Kön ig, P. Sótonyi, J. Ruberte and H.-G. Lie bich

Mouth and phar ynx __________________________ 307

Oral cav i ty (ca vum or is) _________________________ 307Pal ate (pal a tum) _______________________________ 308Tongue (lin gua, glos sa) __________________________ 309Sub lin gual floor of the oral cav i ty _________________ 313Sal i vary glands (glan du lae sal i va ri ae) ______________ 314

Pa rot id sal i vary gland (glan du la par o tis)__________ 315Man dib u lar sal i vary gland (glan du la man dib u la ris) _ 315Sub lin gual sal i vary glands (glan du lae sub lin gua les)_ 316

Mas ti ca to ry ap pa ra tus ___________________________ 316Teeth (den tes)_______________________________ 316

Struc ture of the teeth ______________________ 316Den ti tion of the horse______________________ 320Den ti tion of the cat________________________ 323Den ti tion of the dog _______________________ 323Den ti tion of the pig _______________________ 325Den ti tion of the ox ________________________ 325

Tem po ro man dib u lar joint (ar tic u la tio tem po ro man dib u la ris) _______________ 327Mus cles of mas ti ca tion _______________________ 327

Phar ynx (ca vum pha ryn gis) ______________________ 327De glu ti tion (swal low ing)______________________ 329Lym phat ic struc tures of the phar ynx (ton sils) ______ 329

Mus cles of the hy oid ap pa ra tus____________________ 330Up per mus cles of the hy oid ap pa ra tus____________ 330Low er mus cles of the hy oid ap pa ra tus ___________ 331

Cra ni al part of the al i men ta ry ca nal (oesophagus and stom ach) ____________________ 332

Oesophagus ___________________________________ 332Struc ture of the oesophagus____________________ 332

Stom ach (gas ter, ven tric u lus) _____________________ 333Sim ple stom ach _____________________________ 333

Struc ture of the gas tric wall _________________ 333Spe cies-spe cif ic var i a tions of the sim ple stom ach _ 335Blood sup ply and in ner va tion _______________ 338Po si tion of the stom ach and omenta___________ 339

Com plex stom ach ___________________________ 341Ru men _________________________________ 344Ret ic u lum _______________________________ 345Oma sum ________________________________ 346Ab o ma sum ______________________________ 347Gas tric groove (sul cus ven tri cu li) ____________ 347Omen ta _________________________________ 347

XII Contents

Blood sup ply ____________________________ 349Innervation ______________________________ 350Lymph nodes ____________________________ 350

In tes tine _____________________________________ 350

Struc ture of the in tes ti nal wall ____________________ 351In ner va tion of the in tes tine _______________________ 352Blood sup ply of the in tes tine _____________________ 352Small in tes tine (in tes ti num ten ue)__________________ 354

Du o de num _________________________________ 354Je ju num ___________________________________ 355Il e um _____________________________________ 358

Large in tes tine (in tes ti num cras sum) _______________ 359Caecum ___________________________________ 359

Caecum of the horse_______________________ 359Caecum of the pig and ru mi nants_____________ 361

Co lon _____________________________________ 361Co lon of the horse ________________________ 362Co lon of the pig __________________________ 363Co lon of the ru mi nants_____________________ 363

Rec tum____________________________________ 364Anal ca nal and ad ja cent struc tures ______________ 364

Glands as so ci at ed with the al i men ta ry ca nal ____ 364

Liv er (he par) __________________________________ 364Weight ____________________________________ 365Form, po si tion and spe cies-spe cif ic var i a tions _____ 365Struc ture___________________________________ 368Blood sup ply _______________________________ 369In ner va tion_________________________________ 371Lym phat ics_________________________________ 371Lig a ments _________________________________ 371Bile ducts __________________________________ 373

Gall blad der (ves i ca fell ea) _______________________ 374Pan cre as _____________________________________ 374

Pan cre at ic duct sys tem of the dif fer ent spe cies _____ 376

8 Re spir a to ry sys tem(ap pa ra tus res pir a to ri us)_____________ 377

H.E. Kön ig and H.-G. Lie bich

Func tions of the re spir a to ry sys tem ________________ 378

Up per re spir a to ry tract________________________ 379

Nose (rhin, na sus) ______________________________ 379Apex of the nose ____________________________ 379Na sal car ti la ges (car ti la gines na si) ______________ 382Na sal ves ti bule (ves tib u lum na si) _______________ 382

Na sal cav i ties (ca va na si) ________________________ 383Na sal con chae (con chae na sa les)________________ 383Na sal mea tus es (mea tus na si) __________________ 384

Par a na sal si nus es (si nus par a na sa les) _______________ 384

Low er re spir a to ry tract ________________________ 387

Lar ynx _______________________________________ 387Car ti la ges of the lar ynx (car ti lag i nes lar yn gis) _____ 387

Ep i glot tis (epiglottis) ______________________ 387Thy roid car ti lage (car ti la go thy roi dea) ________ 388Ary ten oid car ti lages (car ti lag i nes ary taen oid e ae) _ 388Cri coid car ti lage (car ti la go cri coi dea) _________ 388

La ryn ge al cav i ty (ca vum lar yn gis) ______________ 388Ar tic u la tions and lig a ments of the lar ynx _________ 389Mus cles of the lar ynx_________________________ 389Func tions of the lar ynx _______________________ 390Blood sup ply and in ner va tion of the lar ynx _______ 390

Tra chea (tra chea)_______________________________ 393Lung (pul mo) _________________________________ 393

Struc ture of the lungs_________________________ 396Bron chi al tree (ar bor bron chi al is) ____________ 396Lobes of the lung (lo bi pulm o nis) ____________ 397

Blood ves sels _______________________________ 398Lymph nodes _______________________________ 398In ner va tion_________________________________ 398

9 Uri nary sys tem (or ga na uri nar ia)____ 399

H.E. Kön ig, J. Mai erl and H.-G. Lie bich

Kid ney (neph ros, ren)_________________________ 399

Lo ca tion of the kid neys__________________________ 401Shape of the kid neys ____________________________ 401Struc ture of the kid ney __________________________ 401Func tion al units of the kid ney_____________________ 402Blood sup ply __________________________________ 404Lym phat ics ___________________________________ 406In ner va tion ___________________________________ 406

Re nal pel vis (pel vis re nal is) ____________________ 406

Ure ter (ureter)________________________________ 408

Uri nary blad der (ves i ca uri nar ia) ______________ 409

Ure thra (ure thra) _____________________________ 410

10 Male gen i tal or gans (or ga na gen i ta lia mas cu li na) ________ 413

H.E. Kön ig and H.-G. Lie bich

Tes tis (or chis)_________________________________ 413

Struc ture of the tes tis____________________________ 415

XIIIContents

Epi di dy mis___________________________________ 416

Def er ent duct (duc tus def er ens) ________________ 416

In vest ments of the tes tis________________________ 417

Vag i nal proc ess (pro ces sus vag i nal is) and sper mat ic cord (fu nic u lus sper mat i cus) _____ 418

Po si tion of the scro tum ________________________ 419

Blood sup ply, lym phat ic drain age and in ner va tion of the tes tis and its in vest ments______ 419

Ure thra______________________________________ 421

Ac ces so ry gen i tal glands (glan du lae gen i ta les ac ces so ri ae) ______________ 421

Ve sic u lar gland (glan du la ve sic u la ris) ______________ 421Pros tate gland (pros ta ta) _________________________ 423Bulb our e thral gland (glan du la bulb our e thral is) _______ 423

Pe nis ________________________________________ 424

Pre puce (prae put i um) ___________________________ 427Mus cles of the pe nis ____________________________ 428Blood sup ply, lym phat ic drain age and in ner va tion of the ure thra and the pe nis _______________________ 428Erec tion and ejac u la tion _________________________ 428

11 Fe male gen i tal or gans (or ga na gen i ta lia fem i ni na)__________ 429

H.E. Kön ig, J. Plendl and H.-G. Lie bich

Ova ry (ovar i um) _____________________________ 429

Po si tion, form and size of the ova ries _______________ 431Struc ture of the ova ries __________________________ 431

Ovar i an fol li cles_____________________________ 432Cor pus lu te um ______________________________ 433

Uter ine tube (tu ba ute ri na) ____________________ 439

Mes o var i um, me sos al pinx and ovar i an bur sa _________ 439

Uter us (met ra, hys te ra)________________________ 440

Struc ture of the uter ine wall ______________________ 442

Va gi na ______________________________________ 444

Ves ti bule of the va gi na (ves tib u lum va gi nae) _________ 444

Vul va________________________________________ 446

Lig a ments (ad nexa)___________________________ 447

Mus cles _____________________________________ 449

Blood sup ply, lym phat ic drain age and in ner va tion __________________________________ 449

12 Or gans of the car di o vas cu lar sys tem(sys te ma car di o vas cu lare) ___________ 451

H.E. Kön ig, J. Ru berte and H.-G. Lie bich

Heart (cor)___________________________________ 451

Per i car di um ___________________________________ 452Po si tion and size of the heart _____________________ 453Shape and surface topography of the heart ___________ 453Com part ments of the heart _______________________ 454

Atria of the heart (atria cor dis) _________________ 454Right atri um (atri um dex trum) _______________ 454Left atri um (atri um sin is trum) _______________ 455

Ven tri cles of the heart (ven tri cu li cor dis) _________ 455Right ven tri cle (ven tric u lus dex ter) ___________ 455Left ven tri cle (ven tric u lus sin is ter) ___________ 456

Struc ture of the car di ac wall ______________________ 457Blood ves sels of the heart ________________________ 460Con duct ing sys tem of the heart____________________ 461In ner va tion of the heart __________________________ 462Lym phat ics of the heart__________________________ 462Func tions of the heart ___________________________ 462

Ves sels (va sa) ________________________________ 463

Ar ter ies of the pul mo nary cir cu la tion _______________ 463Ar ter ies of the sys tem ic cir cu la tion ________________ 463

Cra ni al branch es of the aor tic arch ______________ 465Bra chi o ce phal ic trunk _____________________ 465

Tho rac ic aor ta and ab dom i nal aor ta _____________ 470Ex ter nal il i ac ar tery _______________________ 470In ter nal il i ac ar tery ________________________ 473

Veins (ve nae)__________________________________ 475Cra ni al ve na ca va (vena ca va cra ni al is) and its trib u tar ies ____________________________ 475Veins of the head and neck ____________________ 475Azy gous vein (vena azy gos) ___________________ 475Veins of the tho rac ic limb _____________________ 476Veins of the pel vic limb _______________________ 477Cau dal ve na ca va (vena ca va cau dal is) ___________ 478Por tal vein (vena por tae) ______________________ 479

Arteries and veins of the dig it _____________________ 480

XIV Contents

13 Im mune sys tem and lym phat ic or gans (or ga na lym pho po et i ca) _____________ 481

H.E. Kön ig, R. Fries, P. Paulsen and H.-G. Lie bich

Lymph ves sels (va sa lym phat i ca) _______________ 481

Lymph nodes (lym pho no di, no di lym phat i ci) ____ 482

Lymph nodes of the head ________________________ 483Pa rot id lymph cen tre _________________________ 484Man dib u lar lymph cen tre______________________ 484Ret ro phar yn ge al lymph cen tre__________________ 484

Lymph nodes of the neck ________________________ 484Su per fi cial cer vi cal lymph cen tre _______________ 484Deep cer vi cal lymph cen tre ____________________ 484

Lymph nodes of the tho rac ic limb__________________ 485Ax il la ry lymph cen tre ________________________ 485

Lymph nodes of the tho rax _______________________ 485Dor sal tho rac ic lymph cen tre___________________ 485Ven tral tho rac ic lymph cen tre __________________ 485Me di as ti nal lymph cen tre _____________________ 486Bron chi al lymph cen tre _______________________ 486

Lymph nodes of the ab do men ____________________ 487Lum bar lymph cen tre_________________________ 487Coe li ac lymph cen tre _________________________ 487Cra ni al mes en ter ic lymph cen tre ________________ 487Cau dal mes en ter ic lymph cen tre ________________ 488

Lymph nodes of the pel vic cav i ty and the pel vic limb __ 488Il i o sa cral lymph cen tre _______________________ 488Iil io fem o ral lymph cen tre _____________________ 488Inguinofemoral lymph cen tre (lym pho cen trum in gui nofemorale) ______________ 489Is chi al lymph cen tre (lym pho cen trum is chi ad i cum) _ 489Pop li teal lymph cen tre (lym pho cen trum pop li teum) _ 489

Lymph-col lect ing ducts ________________________ 489

Thy mus (thymus) _____________________________ 490

Spleen (lien, splen) ___________________________ 494

Blood sup ply, lym phat ic drain age and in ner va tion of the spleen _________________________ 494Func tion _____________________________________ 494

14 Nerv ous sys tem (sys te ma nerv o sum) __________________ 495

H.E. König, I. Misek, Chr. Mülling, J. Seeger and H.-G. Liebich

Cen tral nerv ous sys tem (sys te ma nerv o sum cen trale)___________________ 495

Spi nal cord (me dul la spi nal is)_____________________ 496Shape and po si tion___________________________ 496Struc ture___________________________________ 497

Grey mat ter (sub stan tia gris ea) ______________ 497White mat ter (sub stan tia al ba) _______________ 499

Re flex arcs of the spi nal cord __________________ 500Brain (en ceph a lon) _____________________________ 500

Rhom ben ceph a lon ___________________________ 501My e len ceph a lon __________________________ 501

Me dul la ob lon ga ta _____________________ 501Me ten ceph a lon ___________________________ 502

Pons_________________________________ 502Cer e bel lum ___________________________ 502Med ul lary ve la (ve la med ul lar ia) and rhom boid fos sa (fos sa rhom boi dea)_____ 503

Mes en ceph a lon _____________________________ 504Pros en ceph a lon _____________________________ 505

Di en ceph a lon ____________________________ 505Func tions of the diencephalon ____________ 508

Te len ceph a lon____________________________ 508Rhin en ceph a lon _______________________ 509Lim bic sys tem_________________________ 509Ne o pal li um and ce re bral hem i spheres ______ 509In ter nal or gan i sa tion of the hem i spheres ____ 510Func tions of the te len ceph a lon ____________ 512

Path ways of the cen tral nerv ous sys tem _____________ 514As cend ing path ways _________________________ 514

Gen er al so mat ic af fer ent path ways ___________ 514Af fer ent path ways of the sense or gans_________ 515

De scend ing path ways ________________________ 517So mat ic mo tor path ways ___________________ 517Py ram i dal sys tem _________________________ 518Ex tra py ram i dal sys tem_____________________ 518

Cen tral au to nom ic nerv ous sys tem _________________ 519Vis cer al path ways ___________________________ 519

Me nin ges of the cen tral nerv ous sys tem _____________ 520Spi nal du ra ma ter (du ra ma ter spi nal is)___________ 521Cra ni al du ra ma ter (du ra ma ter en ce pha li) ________ 521Arach noid mem brane (ar ach noi dea) _____________ 521Ce re bral and spi nal pia ma ter (pia ma ter en ce pha li et spi nal is) ________________ 523

Ven tri cles and ce re bro spi nal flu id__________________ 524Blood ves sels of the cen tral nerv ous sys tem__________ 525

Blood ves sels of the spi nal cord ________________ 525Blood ves sels of the brain _____________________ 526

Pe riph er al nerv ous sys tem (sys te ma nerv o sum per i pher i cum) ______________ 528

Ce re bro spi nal nerves and gan glia __________________ 528Cra ni al nerves (nervi cra ni a les) ___________________ 529

Ol fac to ry nerve (I) (nervus olfactorius)___________ 529Op tic nerve (II) (fas cic u lus op ti cus) _____________ 529Oc u lo mo tor nerve (III) (nervus oculomotorius) ____ 529Troch le ar nerve (IV) (nervus trochlearis) _________ 529Tri gem i nal nerve (V) (nervus trigeminus)_________ 531

Oph thal mic nerve (V1) (nervus ophthalmicus) __ 531Max il lary nerve (V2) (nervus maxillaris) _______ 532Man dib u lar nerve (V3) (nervus mandibularis) ___ 533

XVContents

Ab du cent nerve (VI) (nervus abducens) __________ 535Fa cial nerve (VII) (nervus facialis) ______________ 535Ves tib u loc och le ar nerve (VI II)(nervus vestibulocochlearis) ___________________ 537Glos so phar yn ge al nerve (IX) (nervus glossopharyngeus) ____________________ 537Vagus nerve (X) (nervus vagus) ________________ 538Ac ces so ry nerve (XI) (nervus accessorius) ________ 542Hyp o glos sal nerve (XII) (nervus hypoglossus) _____ 542

Spi nal nerves (nervi spi na les) _____________________ 542Cer vi cal nerves (nervi cer vi cales) _______________ 542Bra chi al plex us (plex us bra chi al is) and nerves of the tho rac ic limb _________________ 542

Su pras cap u lar nerve (nervus suprascapularis) ___ 545Mus cu lo cu ta ne ous nerve (nervus mus cu lo cu ta ne us) __________________ 545Ax il la ry nerve (nervus axillaris) _____________ 546Ra di al nerve (nervus radialis) _______________ 546Me di an nerve (nervus medianus) _____________ 547Ul nar nerve (nervus ulnaris)_________________ 547In ner va tion of the dis tal limb ________________ 547Ven tral branch es of the tho rac ic nerves ________ 550

Lum bar nerves (nervi lum bales) ________________ 551Il io hy po gas tric nerve (nervus iliohypogastricus)_ 554Il i o in gui nal nerve (nervus ilioinguinalis)_______ 554Gen i to fem o ral nerve (nervus genitofemoralis) __ 554Lat er al cu ta ne ous fem o ral nerve (nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis)____________ 554Fem o ral nerve (nervus femoralis) ____________ 555Ob tu ra tor nerve (nervus obturatorius) _________ 555

Sa cral nerves (nervi sa cra les) __________________ 555Lum bo sa cral plex us (plex us lum bo sa cral is) _______ 555

Cra ni al glu teal nerve (nervus glutaeus cranialis) _ 555Cau dal glu teal nerve (nervus glutaeus caudalis) _ 556Cau dal fem o ral cu ta ne ous nerve (nervus cutaneus femoris caudalis) ___________ 556Pu den dal nerve (nervus pudendus) ___________ 556Cau dal rec tal nerves (nervi rec ta les cau da les) ___ 560Sci at ic nerve (nervus ischiadicus) ____________ 560Com mon fib u lar nerve (nervus fibularis communis)_________________ 560Tib i al nerve (nervus tibialis) ________________ 560

Pe riph er al au to nom ic nerv ous sys tem (sys te ma nerv o sum au to nom i cum)______________ 562

Struc ture of the au to nom ic nerv ous sys tem __________ 562Sym pa thet ic sys tem __________________________ 563

Sym pa thet ic trunk (trun cus sym phat i cus) ______ 563Par a sym pa thet ic sys tem_______________________ 566In tra mu ral sys tem ___________________________ 568

15 En do crine glands (glan du lae en do cri nae) ______________ 569

H.E. Kön ig and H.-G. Lie bich

Pi tu i tary gland (hy po phy sis or glan du la pi tu i tar ia) _____________ 569

Pin e al gland (ep iph y sis ce re bri or cor pus pin e a le, glan du la pin e al is) _____________ 571

Thy roid gland (glan du la thy roi dea) ____________ 571

Po si tion and form of the thy roid gland ______________ 572Blood sup ply, lym phat ic drain age and in ner va tion_____ 573

Par a thy roid glands (glan du lae par a thy roid e ae) _ 575

Spe cies-spe cif ic var i a tions _______________________ 575Blood sup ply, lym phat ic drain age and in ner va tion_____ 575

Ad re nal glands (glan du lae ad ren a les or su pra re na les)__________ 575

Func tion _____________________________________ 577Blood sup ply, lym phat ic drain age and in ner va tion_____ 578

Par a gan glia _________________________________ 578

Pan cre at ic is lets (in su lae pan cre at i ci) ___________ 578

Gon ads as en do crine glands __________________ 578

16 Eye (or ga num vi sus)__________________ 579

H.-G. Lie bich, P. Sótonyi and H.E. Kön ig

Eye ball (bul bus oc u li) _________________________ 579

Shape and size of the eye ball _____________________ 579Di rec tion al terms and planes of the eye ball __________ 580Struc ture of the eye ball __________________________ 580

Fi brous lay er of the eye ball (tu ni ca fi bro sa bul bi)___ 581Scle ra __________________________________ 581Cor nea _________________________________ 581

Vas cu lar lay er of the eye ball (tu ni ca vas cu lo sa or me dia bul bi, uvea) __________ 582

Cho roid (cho roi dea, uvea) __________________ 583Cil i ary body (cor pus cil i are) ________________ 584Iris_____________________________________ 585In ner va tion of the iris and the cil i ary body _____ 587

In ner lay er of the eye ball (tu ni ca in ter na bul bi, ret i na) ___________________ 587

Pig ment ed lay er (stra tum pig men to sum ret i nae) _ 587Neu ral lay er (stra tum nerv o sum ret i nae) _______ 587Central area of the retina (ar ea cen tral is ret i nae) _ 589Central striateform area of the retina(ar ea cen tral is stri ae form is retinae) ___________ 589Nu tri tion of the ret i na______________________ 589

XVI Contents

Op tic nerve (ner vus op ti cus) ___________________ 589Struc tures of the in ner eye _____________________ 589

Lens (lens) ______________________________ 589Cham bers of the eye ball (cam e rae bul bi) and aque ous hu mour (hu mor aquo sus)_________ 590Vit re ous body (cor pus vi treum) ______________ 591

Ad nexa of the eye (or ga na oc u li ac ces so ria) ____ 591

Or bit (or bi ta) __________________________________ 593Fas ci ae and ex trin sic mus cles of the eye ball _________ 593Eye lids (pal pe brae) _____________________________ 595Lac ri mal ap pa ra tus (ap pa ra tus lac rim al is) ___________ 596

Blood sup ply and in ner va tion__________________ 599

Blood ves sels of the eye _________________________ 599In ner va tion of the eye and its ad nexa _______________ 600

Vis u al path ways and op tic re flex es_____________ 600

17 Ves tib u loc och le ar or gan (or ga num ves tib u loc och le are)________ 601

H.-G. Lie bich and H.E. Kön ig

Ex ter nal ear (au ris ex ter na)____________________ 601

Au ri cle (au ric u la) ______________________________ 602Ex ter nal acous tic mea tus (mea tus acus ti cus ex ter nus) __ 603Tym pan ic mem brane (mem bra na tym pa ni) __________ 603

Mid dle ear (au ris me dia)______________________ 604

Tym pan ic cav i ty (ca vum tym pa ni) _________________ 604Au di to ry os si cles (os sic u la au di tus) ________________ 604Au di to ry tube (tu ba au dit i va, Eu sta chian tube) _______ 607

In ter nal ear (au ris in ter na)_____________________ 610

Ves tib u lar lab y rinth (pars stat i ca lab y rin thi)__________ 611Sac cule (sac cu lus) and utri cle (utric u lus) _________ 612Sem i cir cu lar ducts (duc tus sem i cir cu lar es) ________ 612

Coch le ar lab y rinth (pars au dit i va lab y rin thi) _________ 612Coch le ar duct (duc tus coch le ar is) _______________ 613Or gan of Cor ti (or ga num spi rale) _______________ 614

18 Com mon in teg u ment (in teg u men tum com mune) ___________ 615

S. Reese, K.-D. Bu dras, Chr. Mül ling, H. Bra gul la, and H.E. Kön ig

Sub cu ta ne ous lay er (sub cu tis, tela sub cu ta nea) __ 616

Skin (cu tis) ___________________________________ 616

Dermis (co ri um) _______________________________ 617Ep i der mis (epidermis)___________________________ 617Blood sup ply of the skin _________________________ 619Nerves and sense or gans of the skin ________________ 620

Hairs (pili) ___________________________________ 621

Hair types ____________________________________ 621Pat terns of hair ________________________________ 623Shed ding _____________________________________ 623

Skin glands (glan du lae cu tis) __________________ 624

Spe cial ised forms of skin glands___________________ 624

Mam ma ry gland (mam ma, uber, mas tos) _______ 625

Sus pen so ry ap pa ra tus of the mam ma ry glands ________ 625Struc ture of the mam ma ry glands __________________ 625Blood sup ply __________________________________ 626

Ar ter ies ___________________________________ 627Veins _____________________________________ 627

Lym phat ic sys tem ______________________________ 627In ner va tion ___________________________________ 627

Neu ro hor mo nal re flex arc _____________________ 628De vel op ment of the mam ma ry gland _______________ 628Lac ta tion _____________________________________ 629Mam ma ry glands (mam ma) of car ni vores ___________ 630Mam ma ry glands (mam ma) of the pig ______________ 630Ud der (uber) of small ru mi nants___________________ 631Bo vine ud der (uber) ____________________________ 631Equine ud der (uber) ____________________________ 632

Foot pads (to ri)_______________________________ 632

Dig it (or ga num dig i tale)_______________________ 633

Func tion _____________________________________ 633Seg men ta tion__________________________________ 634Horny en clo sure of the dis tal pha lanx (cap su la un gu la ris) _____________________________ 634

Wall (par i es cor neus, lam i na) __________________ 634Base sur face (fa ci es sol e ar is)___________________ 634

De cid u ous horn shoe (cap su la un gu lae de cid ua) ______ 636Modification of the different segments ______________ 636

Sub cu tis (tela sub cu ta nea) _____________________ 636Dermis (co ri um)_____________________________ 636Ep i der mis (epidermis) ________________________ 637

Vi tal lay ers of the ep i der mis_________________ 637Horn (stra tum cor ne um) ____________________ 637Struc ture of the horn-cell junc tion ____________ 638Tu bu lar horn _____________________________ 638Func tions of the horn ______________________ 638

Claw (un guic u la)_______________________________ 638Ca nine claw ________________________________ 638

Form of the claw _________________________ 639Seg ments of the claw ______________________ 639Blood sup ply ____________________________ 641Lym phat ic drain age _______________________ 642In ner va tion ______________________________ 642

XVIIContents

Fe line claw_________________________________ 642Blood sup ply ____________________________ 643Lym phat ic drain age _______________________ 643In ner va tion ______________________________ 643

Hooves (un gu la) of ru mi nants and pigs _____________ 643Def i ni tion__________________________________ 643Bo vine hooves (un gu la)_______________________ 643

Form of the hooves________________________ 644Func tions _______________________________ 644Seg ments of the hoof ______________________ 644Blood sup ply ____________________________ 648Lym phat ic drain age _______________________ 651In ner va tion ______________________________ 651

Hoof (un gu la) of the small ru mi nants ____________ 653Blood sup ply and in ner va tion _______________ 653

Hoof (un gu la) of the pig ______________________ 653Blood sup ply and in ner va tion _______________ 653

Equine hoof (un gu la) ___________________________ 653Def i ni tion__________________________________ 653Shape of the hoof____________________________ 655Wall (par i es cor neus, lam i na) __________________ 655Base sur face (fa ci es sol e ar is)___________________ 655Seg ments of the hoof _________________________ 656

Per i o plic seg ment (lim bus)__________________ 656Cor o na ry seg ment (co ro na) _________________ 657Wall seg ment (par i es)______________________ 659Sole seg ment (sol ea)_______________________ 660

Foot pad (to rus dig i tal is) ______________________ 660Frog (cu neus un gu lae) _____________________ 661Heel bulbs (to rus un gu lae) __________________ 661

Sus pen sion of the dis tal pha lanx ________________ 661Blood sup ply _______________________________ 662

Ar ter ies _________________________________ 662Veins ___________________________________ 662

Lym phat ic drain age __________________________ 662In ner va tion_________________________________ 662

Tho rac ic limb ____________________________ 662Pel vic limb ______________________________ 663

Hoof bi o me chan ics __________________________ 663Horn pro duc tion_____________________________ 663

Horn (cor nu) _________________________________ 663

Bo vine horn (cor nu) ____________________________ 664De vel op ment of the horn ______________________ 664Cor nu al proc ess (pro ces sus cor nu al is)____________ 664Pneu ma ti sa tion of the cor nu al proc ess ___________ 664Horn sheath ________________________________ 664

Cor nu al sub cu tis (tela sub cu ta nea)____________ 664Cor nu al dermis (dermis cor nus)______________ 664Cor nu al ep i der mis (ep i der mis cor nus) _________ 664

Blood sup ply _______________________________ 665Lym phat ic drain age __________________________ 665In ner va tion_________________________________ 665

Horn (cor nu) of the small ru mi nants________________ 666Cor nu al proc ess (pro ces sus cor nu al is)____________ 666Horn sheath ________________________________ 666Blood sup ply and in ner va tion __________________ 666

19 Topographical-clinical anatomy _____ 667

H.E. Kön ig, P. Sótonyi, A. Probst, J. Maierl, Chr. Aurich, Chr. Mülling and H.-G. Lie bich

Head (caput)_________________________________ 667

Stratigraphy___________________________________ 667Regions ______________________________________ 667

Nasal region________________________________ 667Oral region and chin region ____________________ 667Buccal region_______________________________ 668Infraorbital region ___________________________ 668Masseteric region____________________________ 669Orbital region_______________________________ 669Intermandibular region _______________________ 671Temporal region_____________________________ 671

Clinical applications ____________________________ 671Digestive organs of the head ___________________ 672

Oral cavity ______________________________ 672Teeth ___________________________________ 672

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses ______________ 673Pharynx ___________________________________ 674Larynx ____________________________________ 674Cranial nerves ______________________________ 675Guttural pouch of the horse ____________________ 677Eye _______________________________________ 678Ear _______________________________________ 679Brain _____________________________________ 680

Neck (collum) ________________________________ 680

Stratigraphy___________________________________ 680Regions ______________________________________ 681

Parotid region_______________________________ 681Ventral region of the neck _____________________ 682Prescapular region ___________________________ 682Dorsal region of the neck______________________ 683

Clinical applications ____________________________ 683Thyroid gland_______________________________ 684Trachea____________________________________ 684Larynx ____________________________________ 684Oesophagus ________________________________ 684Intervertebral disc ___________________________ 684

Thorax ______________________________________ 685

Visible and palpable bony structures________________ 685Superficial thoracic and muscular grooves ___________ 685Stratigraphy___________________________________ 685Regions ______________________________________ 685Organs of the thoracic cavity _____________________ 685

Lungs _____________________________________ 685Dome of the diaphragm _______________________ 686Heart _____________________________________ 686

Clinical applications ____________________________ 687Blood vessel supply to the heart ________________ 687Persistent right aortic arc ______________________ 687Persistent ductus arteriosus in the dog____________ 687

XVIII Contents

Abdomen____________________________________ 687

Visible and palpable bony structures________________ 690Blood vessels__________________________________ 690Innervation ___________________________________ 691Lymph nodes __________________________________ 691Stratigraphy___________________________________ 691Regions ______________________________________ 691

Cranial abdominal region _____________________ 691Hypochondriac region _____________________ 691Xiphoid region ___________________________ 696

Middle abdominal region______________________ 696Lateral abdominal region __________________ 696Umbilical region__________________________ 696

Caudal abdominal region______________________ 697Pubic region _____________________________ 697Inguinal region ___________________________ 697

Clinical applications ____________________________ 697Abdominal hernia ___________________________ 697Laparoscopy________________________________ 697Laparotomy ________________________________ 697Castration__________________________________ 699Surgery of the copulatory organ ________________ 700Examination of the udder______________________ 700Rectal examination __________________________ 700

Examination of cattle ______________________ 700Examination of the horse ___________________ 701Examination of the pig _____________________ 704

Forelimb or thoracic limb (membra thoracica) ___ 704

Regions ______________________________________ 704Scapular region _____________________________ 704Shoulder joint and axillary regions ______________ 705Lateral brachial region________________________ 706Medial brachial region________________________ 706Elbow region _______________________________ 707Forearm region______________________________ 708

Cranial forearm region _____________________ 708Medial forearm region _____________________ 708Caudal forearm region _____________________ 708

Carpal region _______________________________ 708Metacarpal region and the digital regions _________ 708

Clinical applications ____________________________ 712

Hindlimb or pelvic limb (membra pelvina) ______ 713

Regions ______________________________________ 713Gluteal region and hip joint region ______________ 713Perineal region______________________________ 714Femoral region______________________________ 714Knee or stifle regions_________________________ 716Crural regions ______________________________ 716Tarsal region _______________________________ 716Metatarsal region ____________________________ 717Phalangeal regions___________________________ 717

Clinical applications ____________________________ 718

Palpable bony structures ______________________ 722

Projection of the organs onto the body surface __ 724

Organs of the abdominal cavity ___________________ 724Right lateral body wall of the dog _______________ 724Left lateral body wall of the dog ________________ 724Right lateral body wall of the pig _______________ 725Left lateral body wall of the pig ________________ 725Right lateral body wall of the ox ________________ 726Left lateral body wall of the ox _________________ 726Right lateral body wall of the horse______________ 727Left lateral body wall of the horse_______________ 727

20 Sectional anatomy and imaging processes ___________________ 729

E. Ludewig, G. Oechtering, Chr. Mülling,A. Probst, S. Kneissl, M.-C. Sora, R. van den Hoven and H.E. König

Plastination in science_________________________ 729

Imaging processes____________________________ 740

Radiology ____________________________________ 740Nuclear medicine diagnostic processes______________ 741Radiodiagnostics _______________________________ 742Computer tomography (CT) ______________________ 742Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ________________ 743Ultrasound diagnostics __________________________ 745Equine endoscopy ______________________________ 745

Literature __________________________________ 755

Glossary of terms _________________________ 762

Index ______________________________________ 770

XIXContents