vessel glass || vessel glass

VESSEL GLASSAuthor(s): GLADYS D. WEINBERG and E. MARIANNE STERNSource: The Athenian Agora, Vol. 34, VESSEL GLASS (2009), pp. iii, v-vii, ix-xv, xvii-xxxiii, 1-31, 33-81, 83-191, 193-197, 199-214Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at AthensStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25734984 .

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THE ATHENIAN AGORA

RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS

CONDUCTED BY

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

VOLUME XXXIV

VESSEL GLASS

BY

GLADYS D. WEINBERG

AND

E. MARIANNE STERN

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 2009



PREFACE

This

volume publishes glass vessels found in the Athenian Agora between 1931, when the excavations began, and 1972, the year when the most recent fragment included in

Gladys Weinberg's manuscript was excavated. In the 1950s Homer A. Thompson, then direc tor of the Agora Excavations, invited Gladys D. Weinberg to publish the ancient glass finds from the Agora. She wrote several major articles on significant groups and objects (1961, 1962b, 1964) and was intent on completing the manuscript for a comprehensive volume on the finds when a stroke in 1995 deprived her permanently of most abilities to speak or write. She retained, however, all passive language skills and was amazingly adept at communicating her wishes. At her request and with the encouragement of Homer Thompson, I agreed to

complete the manuscript for her. It seems providential that some months before fate struck, my future coauthor had invited me to Columbia, Missouri, to discuss the final form of the volume, and in particular the internal organization of the material. We worked together about 10 days and arranged all her files and notes. Another circumstance that turned out to be providential was the discovery, much later, among my own records, of sketches of approxi mately 450 glass fragments from the Agora I had made, with Gladys Weinberg's permission, during a visit in 1977.

I received the manuscript and most of my coauthors's files in 1997. At that point, the

majority of the entries for the objects she had chosen for inclusion were written as well as

introductory sections to the early materials (core-formed vessels, Hellenistic conical and

grooved bowls, Early Roman ribbed bowls). Concordances, as well as a preliminary Sum

mary of Deposits, likewise existed. Gladys Weinberg's assistants had already computerized all these materials under her supervision. Her longtime friend and colleague at the University of Missouri, Osmund Overby, converted all the files into WordPerfect for my computer. My work began in the spring of 1999, but had to be suspended for most of the year 2000 while I translated and prepared for publication my volume on the Wolf Collection (2001). During this period, my coauthor remained very much interested in my progress and we were able to discuss my drafts of the sections on the cage cup 174 and on the vessels with zoned facet

cutting (195-202). Although I take full responsibility for the text as it now stands, and for the current arrange

ment of the material, it is clear that I cannot take credit for all of the work. This volume is very much the effort of two persons. For permission to retain this publication as the work of both of us, I am much indebted to the present director of the Agora Excavations, John McK. Camp.

My coauthor's original manuscript contained a selection of 340 pieces. While checking the entries in Athens in 2001, I reevaluated the inventoried glass fragments that had not been included. Of these, I selected some 60 pieces for addition to the Catalogue. In particular, I

made an effort to include all inventoried fragments from deposits, adding several significant fragments that had been inventoried after my coauthor's last working visit to the Agora.



vi PREFACE

I benefited greatly during my research for and writing of the remaining parts of this volume from machine-typed draft discussions and numerous handwritten and machine-typed notes

on individual pieces that I found in my coauthor's files. Over the years, she had worked on the glass from the Agora on an intermittant basis. She had reached independently many in

sights and conclusions that are common knowledge today because they have been published by colleagues. I stress this fact because these published sources are frequently cited here to provide background for conclusions and comparisons that were made earlier by Gladys

Weinberg but never published. Lastly, a word must be said about the illustrations accompanying this volume. Most were

made some 40 years ago. Not only are the names of many of the draftspersons and pho tographers lost, but they worked in different styles. All of the draftspersons were trained in

drawing pottery, not glass. As a result, only the drawings made by Anne Hooton in 2002-2003

attempt to keep the profiles open and show the flow of the glass. In cases of ambiguity (most of which have been resolved by new drawings), the reader is requested to turn to the text for an accurate description.

I would like to thank Gladys Weinberg and Homer Thompson for entrusting the comple tion of this volume to me. Sadly, neither of them lived to see the result. My special thanks are due to John Camp, for permission to study and publish the material and for his support in arranging funding from the Kress Foundation for two extended visits to Athens. From my first day in Athens, Jan Jordan and Sylvie Dumont, in the office of the Agora, facilitated my research in all possible ways. I am especially grateful to Jan, secretary of the Agora Excava

tions, for initiating me into the intricacies of finding one's way through the archives of the excavations and for fielding numerous questions not only during my visits in Athens but also after my return to the United States. When I took over the project, I received copies of drawings by Hero Athanassiades, Helen

Besi, Aliki Bikaki, and Marian Welker, and of Piet de Jong's magnificent watercolor of the inlaid mosaic glass plate 153, all of which were made under the supervision of Gladys Wein

berg. These have been supplemented with the additional drawings mentioned above by Anne

Hooton, to whom I am grateful for her painstaking work. She also executed the fine draw

ing of 203. Thanks go to Richard C. Anderson, who drew the Plan of the Agora showing the distribution of deposits containing glass, as well as the grid and the original sections (units of excavation). The photographs were taken originally by Robert Vincent Jr. and Eugene

Vanderpool Jr. Craig Mauzy and Angelique Sideris took new digital photographs of many of the objects included in the Catalogue. I would like especially to thank Angelique for her

patience and competence in rephotographing difficult pieces. Kyriake Moustaki made new

prints from existing negatives. Prior to photography, conservators Alice Paterakis, Julie Unruh, and Amandina Anastassiades

painstakingly reassembled several vessels and prepared new, protective boxes for storage of

the glass. In 1978, Richard Jones, then director of the Fitch Laboratory of the British School of Ar

chaeology at Athens, analyzed a selection of glass fragments from the Agora. Although the

analyses proper are still valid, the current state of research into the chemistry of ancient glass has made such advances that the accompanying essay interpreting the results had become

obsolete. There was no opportunity for new research. I am grateful to Alice Paterakis who

agreed to write, at my request and with Richard Jones's knowledge, a short introduction to

the analytical table published in this volume. Julie Unruh kindly supervised Leslie Weber's

attempts at analyzing the contents of the glass lamp 398. The results, unfortunately, were

inconclusive due to the lack of analytical equipment in the Agora's Conservation Laboratory. This project will have to await better times.

The dating of the Agora deposits containing glass owes much to John W. Hayes, who was

working in the Agora during both of my visits and freely gave of his time to discuss his still



PREFACE vii

unpublished revisions of dates. He also showed me the uninventoried context material stored in the basement of the Stoa of Attalos, which forms the backbone of all basic research in the

Agora. Several glass fragments in this volume owe their inclusion to his having rescued them from oblivion. I thank him for his generosity and for permission to cite his results.

In Athens, I extend special thanks to Judith Binder, a longtime friend from the days we both worked in the Kerameikos excavation. Not only did she read the introductory overview and annotate it with numerous useful suggestions, but she drew my attention to possible evidence of a glass workshop in the vicinity of the Sacred Gate. I thank Jutta Stroszeck for showing me

fragments of glass ingots and other vitreous materials excavated in the Kerameikos. I am grateful to colleagues and friends who allowed me to benefit from their expertise:

Erika Simon interpreted the figural scene on 203; Brigitte Klesse sent information on the

18th-century enameled beaker 404; and Emel Erten sent articles and copies of relevant publi cations from Turkey. Anastasios (Tassos) Antonaras of the Byzantine Museum in Thessaloniki

advised on the Ottoman-period glass fragments and Joanita Vroom analyzed the Ottoman

period pottery from deposit Q 5:1. Last, but not least, Camilla MacKay, then librarian of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, pointed me to English-language publications on medieval Athens.

I have several people in Columbia, Missouri, to thank. First are Barbara and Osmund

Overby for their generous hospitality and for making my visits to Gladys Weinberg as easy as

possible. Kathleen Slane provided useful information about the history of the glass project and helped to elicit more information from my coauthor; she also provided me offprints of her own articles publishing glass vessels from Corinth. Jane and William (Bill) Biers encour

aged me throughout with their interest in the project's progress and found funding for some of my visits.

As has been the case for the past 16 years, the Kelsey Museum of Archaeology and the Har lan Hatcher Graduate Library of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor have been my main source for scholarly publications. I am particularly indebted to the Harlan Hatcher Graduate

Library for providing at no cost photocopies of countless publications requested through interlibrary loan. Nearer to home, the Toledo Museum of Art Library has been a convenient resource for all sorts of queries. I am grateful to these institutions and to their staffs for the assistance given me over the years. I will sorely miss their generous service in the future.

My thanks are due to Robert Bridges, secretary of the American School of Classical Studies, for his assistance in making me a member of the School. Both authors' research for this volume

has benefited greatly from the excellent collection of books on ancient glass in the School's

library. I also thank the Gennadius Library, and the libraries of the German Archaeological Institute and the Ecole fran^aise d'Athenes for permission to consult books in their care.

During my visits to Athens I enjoyed the hospitality of the German Archaeological Institute, of the Netherlands Institute, and of the Danish Institute.

The two outside readers of the manuscript deserve thanks for making helpful suggestions for improvement. I thank the Publications Office of the American School of Classical Stud ies in Princeton, as I'm sure my coauthor would have as well. In this area, thanks are due

also to Bruce Hartzler at the Agora for figuring out how to convert the Greek, as well as the diacritics of my WordPerfect software, to a Unicode version.

The research and compilation of the manuscript for this publication were made possible through a generous grant from the Shelby White-Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications. My thanks are due to the Kress Foundation for enabling research in Athens.

I wrote this preface in October 2003, in Athens, but the research for this volume was com

pleted in August 2002 in Toledo, Ohio. Since that time I have updated some of the informa tion contained in this volume (Stern 2008, forthcoming a, forthcoming b).

E. Marianne Stern



CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii

INTRODUCTION 1

OVERVIEW 1

CONTEXTS AND SELECTED DEPOSITS 10

TERMINOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES 15

1. THE CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC PERIODS: 5TH CENTURY B.C. TO EARLY 1ST CENTURY A.D 19

CORE-FORMED VESSELS 19 MEDITERRANEAN GROUP I (1-3) 20 MEDITERRANEAN GROUP II (4-8) 20 MEDITERRANEAN GROUP III (9, 10) 21 GLASS STAND (11) 21

HELLENISTIC HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS 22 FLUTED AND GROOVED BOWLS 22

FLUTED BOWLS (12-16) 23 GROOVED BOWLS (17-35) 24

KANTHAROS (36) 25 BODY FRAGMENT (37) 26

CATALOGUE 27 2. THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE: 26 B.C. TO CA. A.D. 100 33

EARLY IMPERIAL HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS 33 MONOCHROME RIBBED AND LINEAR-CUT BOWLS 33

RIBBED BOWLS (38-58) 33 LINEAR-CUT BOWLS (59-62) 36

MOSAIC GLASS AND OTHER POLYCHROME VESSELS 36 MOSAIC RIBBED BOWLS (63, 64) 38 OTHER MOSAIC GLASS VESSELS (65-72) 38

NETWORK/RETICELLA GLASS (73) 39 GOLDBAND GLASS (74) 39

VESSELS WITH CERAMIC PROFILES (75-79) 40 VESSELS DECORATED WITH HIGH RELIEF (80, 81) 41 GLASS STOPPER (82) 42



x CONTENTS

EARLY IMPERIAL FREE-BLOWN VESSELS 43

DECORATED TABLEWARE 44

PINCHED-OUT RIBS (83-90) 44

INDENTS (91-96) 47

LINEAR CUTTING (97-103) 49

FACETS (104, 105) 51

UNDECORATED SHAPES IMITATING SILVER TABLEWARE 53

STEMMED CUPS (106-108) 54

SKYPHOI (109-112) 54

MODIOLI (113, 114) 55

TRULLAS (115, 116) 56

OTHER UNDECORATED TABLEWARE (117) 57

BULBOUS BOTTLES 57

POLYCHROME (118-121) 58

STRONGLY COLORED (122-127) 60

NATURAL BLUISH GREEN UNGUENTARIA (128-132) 62

MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS 63

RIMS (133, 134) 63

BASE RINGS (135-141) 63

HANDLES (142, 143) 64

SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL BOTTLES (144) 64

EARLY IMPERIAL MOLD-BLOWN VESSELS 64

VESSELS WITH MOLD-BLOWN INSCRIPTIONS (145, 146) 65

FINELY RIBBED BOWLS (147, 148) 66

KNOBBED BEAKERS (149, 150) 67

SMALL BOTTLES (151) 68

CATALOGUE 69

3. THE MIDDLE ROMAN EMPIRE: CA. A.D. 100-267 83

MIDDLE IMPERIAL HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS 83

MOSAIC GLASS VESSELS 83

SACKRAU GROUP (152) 83

EMBEDDED MOSAIC GLASS ELEMENTS (153) 84

COLORLESS CAST VESSELS (154-171) 87

VESSELS WITH INSCRIPTIONS IN RAISED RELIEF (172, 173) 89

CAGE CUPS (174) 89

MIDDLE IMPERIAL FREE-BLOWN VESSELS 92

CUPS AND BEAKERS 92

PLAIN AND LINEAR-CUT (175-183) 92

INDENTED (184-194) 93

ZONED FACET CUTTING (195-202) 94

BOWLS AND DISHES 96

BOWLS DECORATED WITH FIGURAL CUTTING (203) 96

BOWLS DECORATED WITH PINCHED TRAILS (204) 98

BOWLS WITH TUBULAR RIMS (205) 98

BOWLS AND DISHES WITH OUT-TURNED RIMS (206-212) 99



CONTENTS xi

BOWLS WITH HEAT-ROUNDED RIMS (213, 214) 100

BOWLS DECORATED WITH TUBULAR FOLDS (215) 100

GOBLETS 101

DECORATED WITH PINCHED-OUT RIBS (216) 101

KNOP STEMS (217-220) 101

SMOOTH STEMS (221, 222) 102 ROUND-MOUTHED BULBOUS JUGS (223-230) 102 BULBOUS FLASKS 104

WITH FUNNEL NECKS (231-235) 104 OTHER BULBOUS FLASKS (236) 105

UNGUENTARIA (237-246) 105 MISCELLANEOUS BODY FRAGMENTS 106

BASES (247-268) 106 HANDLE ATTACHMENTS (269) 108 DECORATED FRAGMENTS (270-274) 108

SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL STORAGE VESSELS 110

SQUARE BOTTLES AND BASE MOLDINGS (275-295) 110

SQUARE JARS (296-298) 115 CYLINDRICAL BOTTLES (299-303) 115

CATALOGUE 118 4. THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE: A.D. 267-396 135

LATE ROMAN FREE-BLOWN VESSELS 135 CUPS (304, 305) 135 CONICAL AND CONE-SHAPED VESSELS (306, 307) 135 BOWLS AND DISHES 136

WITH GROUND RIMS AND BLUE DOT DECORATION (308) 136 BOWLS WITH BROAD TUBULAR COLLAR RIMS (309, 310) 137 BOWLS WITH EXPANDED MOLD-BLOWN DECORATION (311, 312) 137

BULBOUS JUGS WITH FUNNEL MOUTHS (313-316) 138 BULBOUS JARS (317-320) 139 MISCELLANEOUS FORMS AND BODY FRAGMENTS 140

LIDS (321, 322) 140 DECORATED BODY FRAGMENTS (323, 324) 140 FUNNEL MOUTHS (325, 326) 141 HANDLES (327) 141

SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL BOTTLES 141 CYLINDRICAL BOTTLES 142

WITHOUT HANDLES (328) 142 WITH ONE AND TWO HANDLES (329-334) 142

CATALOGUE 143 5. THE LATE ANTIQUE PERIOD: A.D. 396-CA. 700 147

LATE ANTIQUE FREE-BLOWN VESSELS 147 BOWLS 147

WITH APPLIED DECORATION (335) 147 DECORATED WITH EXPANDED MOLD-BLOWN RIBS (336, 337) 147



xii CONTENTS

GOBLETS 148 FOOTED GOBLETS (338-342) 149 STEMMED GOBLETS (343-355) 149

BULBOUS FLASKS 150

TALL-NECKED FLASKS (356-363) 150 FLASKS WITH SHORT WIDE FUNNEL MOUTHS (364-366) 152

UNGUENTARIA (367) 152 LAMPS AND VESSELS SHAPED AS LAMPS 153

CONES (368-370) 153

BOWL-SHAPED LAMPS (371-380) 153

LAMPS SHAPED AS GOBLETS (381) 155

MISCELLANEOUS BODY FRAGMENTS 156

BASES (382, 383) 156

DECORATED FRAGMENTS (384) 156

SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL VESSELS 156

SQUARE BOTTLES AND BASE MOLDINGS (385-387) 156

CYLINDRICAL BOTTLES (388, 389) 158

CATALOGUE 160

6. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD AND LATER 167

BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE 9TH THROUGH 12TH CENTURIES 167

CUPS (390) 167

BOWLS (391) 168

FLASKS AND BOTTLES 168

BULBOUS (392-395) 168

LENTICULAR (396, 397) 169

BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE 13TH TO MID-15TH CENTURIES 170

TRUNCATED CONICAL BEAKERS (LAMPS) (398, 399) 170

BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE MID-15TH TO 18TH CENTURIES 170

BULBOUS BOTTLES AND FLASKS (400-402) 170

SQUARE BOTTLES (403) 172

ENAMELED BEAKERS (404) 173

CATALOGUE 174

DEPOSIT SUMMARIES 177

APPENDIX I: A LATE ROMAN GLASS FURNACE IN THE AGORA? 187

APPENDIX II: ANALYSIS OF GLASS IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA

by Alice Boccia Paterakis 189

CONCORDANCE OF INVENTORY AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS 193

INDEXES

GENERAL INDEX 199

INDEX OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES 207

INDEX OF TERMS, TECHNIQUES, AND MATERIALS 209



ILLUSTRATIONS

ILLUSTRATIONS

(following page 14)

1. Agora, glass lamp 2. Agora, deposit Q 13:1

3. Agora, deposit B 17:1. Cups and beakers

4. Agora, deposit B 17:1. Bowls

5. Agora, deposit B 17:1. Square and cylindrical botdes

6. Agora, deposit B 17:1. Dishes

7. Agora, deposit B 15:5. Cups

8. Agora, deposit B 15:5. Square bottle and jars

9. Agora, deposit M 17:1, layer VII

10. Agora, deposit M 17:1, layer XII

11. Agora, deposit O 13-14

12. Ribbed bowl, 42

13. Mosaic glass and other colored glasses, 68, 70-74, 78

14. Polychrome and monochrome blown glass, 106, 118, 124

15. Mosaic glass, 152, 153

16-18. Cage cup, 174

19. Bowl, 337

20. Goblet, 353

21. Lamp, 398

22. Enameled beaker, 404

23. Agora, partial plan of the Southeast Stoa showing location of possible glass furnace

24. Agora, plan of Late Roman furnace

25. Agora, remains of glass furnace (?)

TABLE

1. Element oxide content of Agora glass as weight percentage

FIGURES

1. Classical and Hellenistic. Glass stand. Fluted bowls. Grooved bowls

2. Hellenistic. Grooved bowls. Other shapes

3. Early Imperial. Ribbed bowls: deep



xiv ILLUSTRATIONS

4. Early Imperial. Ribbed bowls: shallow. Linear-cut bowls. Mosaic glass bowls

5. Early Imperial. Mosaic glass. Vessels with ceramic profiles. High relief. Stopper. Free-blown vessels decorated with

pinched-out ribs

6. Early Imperial. Beakers and cups: indented, linear-cut, facet-cut

7. Early Imperial. Tableware. Bottles. Unguentaria

8. Early Imperial. Rims. Bases. Handle. Square bottle. Mold-blown vessels

9. Middle Imperial. Mosaic glass vessels. Cast colorless fine ware

10. Middle Imperial. Cast colorless fine ware

11. Middle Imperial. Cast colorless fine ware

12. Middle Imperial. High relief. Cage cup. Free-blown cups and beakers: plain, indented

13. Middle Imperial. Cups decorated with zoned facet cutting. Figure-cut bowl

14. Middle Imperial. Bowls: pinched trail, plain, applied thread

15. Middle Imperial. Bowls. Goblets. Jugs. Flasks

16. Middle Imperial. Flask. Unguentaria. Bases

17. Middle Imperial. Snake-thread wall fragment. Bottles: square, cylindrical

18. Late Roman. Cups. Cones. Bowls

19. Late Roman. Jugs. Jars. Lid. Funnel mouth. Cylindrical bottles

20. Late Antique. Bowl. Goblets

21. Late Antique. Flasks. Lamps. Square base molding. Cylindrical bottles

22. Medieval and later. Cup. Bowl. Flask: ca. 9th-12th century. Lamps: ca. 14th-15th century. Flask. Beaker: 16th-18th

century

23. Plan of the Agora showing location of deposits containing glass vessels

PLATES

1. Classical and Hellenistic. Core-formed vessels: Mediterranean Groups I?III. Glass stand. Fluted bowls

2. Hellenistic. Fluted bowls. Grooved bowls with exterior grooves; with interior grooves

3. Hellenistic. Grooved bowls with interior grooves; with beaded rim; with exterior and interior grooves. Kantharos.

Lid? (interior) 4. Early Imperial. Ribbed bowls, deep: smooth rim, polished rim

5. Early Imperial. Ribbed bowls, shallow: polished rim. Linear-cut bowls

6. Early Imperial. Mosaic glass vessels

7. Early Imperial. Mosaic glass. Network. Goldband. Vessels with ceramic profiles

8. Early Imperial. Vessels with high relief. Stopper. Pinched-out ribs. Zarte Rippenschalen

9. Early Imperial. Globular jugs with pinched-out ribs. Indented beakers. Linear cutting

10. Early Imperial. Facet cutting. Stemmed cups. Skyphoi

11. Early Imperial. Modioli. Trullas. Bowl. Bottles. Amphoriskos. Base ring

12. Early Imperial. Bottles. Unguentaria. Rim. Bases. Handles

13. Early Imperial. Square or cylindrical bottle. Mold-blown vessels

14. Middle Imperial. Mosaic glass: Sackrau Group. Plate with embedded figural scene

15. Middle Imperial. Colorless cast vessels

16. Middle Imperial. Colorless cast vessels

17. Middle Imperial. Colorless cast vessels. Inscription in high relief. Figural cage cup

18. Middle Imperial. Blown cups and beakers: plain, linear-cut, indented

19. Middle Imperial. Zoned facet cutting 20. Middle Imperial. Bowls: figure cut (Lynkeus Group), pinched trails. Out-turned rims. Nicked rim coil. Bowls: applied

thread, plain, tubular fold

21. Middle Imperial. Goblets. Jugs 22. Middle Imperial. Flasks. Unguentaria

23. Middle Imperial. Bases: concave, flat, solid. Base rings: folded, applied, pinched-out toes

24. Middle Imperial. Lion-head handle attachment. Decorated body fragments. Square bottles

25. Middle Imperial. Square bottles. Base moldings



ILLUSTRATIONS xv

26. Middle Imperial. Square jars. Cylindrical bottles

27. Late Roman. Cups. Cone-shaped vessels. Bowls. Jugs

28. Late Roman. Jars. Lids. Decorated wall fragments

29. Late Roman. Funnel mouth. Handle. Cylindrical bottles

30. Late Antique. Bowls. Footed goblets

31. Late Antique. Stemmed goblets: three gathers, two gathers. Folded stem-cum-foot

32. Late Antique. Flasks: tall-necked. Funnel mouths. Unguentarium

33. Late Antique. Lamps: cones, bowl-shaped, internal wick holders

34. Late Antique. Internal wick holders: footed lamp, goblet. Bases. Wall fragment. Square bottles

35. Medieval and later. Cup. Bowl. Bulbous bottles. Flasks: lenticular. 9th-12th century

36. Medieval and later. Lamps: ca. 14th-15th century. Flasks. Bottles. Enameled beaker: 15th-18th century



BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Page number designations containing an asterisk distinguish

English and Hebrew sections in a Hebrew publication.

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Alekseeva, E. M., and T. M. Arsen'eva. 1966. "Glassware from

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Von Saldern, A. 1959. "Glass Finds at Gordion/'/GS 1, pp. 23

50.

-. 1965. German Enameled Glass: The Edwin J. Beinecke

Collection and Related Pieces, Corning. -. 1968. Ancient Glass in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,

Boston.

-. 1980. Ancient and Byzantine Glass from Sardis, Cam

bridge, Mass.

-. 1991. "Roman Glass with Decoration Cut in High

Relief," in Two Centuries, pp. 111-121.

Von Saldern, A., B. Nolte, R La Baume, and T. E. Haevernick.

1974. Glaser der Antike: Sammlung Oppenldnder (Exhibi tion catalogue, Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe, Ham

burg/ Romisch-Germanisches Museum, Koln), Ham

burg. Vroom, J. 2003. After Antiquity: Ceramics and Society in the

Aegean from the 7th to the 20th century A. C. (Archaeological Studies, Leiden University 10), Leiden.

Weinberg, G. D. 1961. "Hellenistic Glass Vessels from the

Athenian Agora," Hesperia 30, pp. 380-392. -. 1962a. "Evidence for Glass Manufacture in Ancient

Thessaly," AJA 66, pp. 129-133. -. 1962b. "An Inlaid Glass Plate in Athens Part I "JGS

4, pp. 28-36. -. 1964. "Vasa Diatreta in Greece,n JGS 6, pp. 47-55.

-. 1966. "Evidence for Glassmaking in Ancient

Rhodes," in Melanges offerts a K. Michalowski, ed. M. L.

Bernhard, Warsaw, pp. 709-712. -. 1970. "Hellenistic Glass from Tel Anafa in Upper

Galilee,'7GS12, pp. 17-27. -. 1973. "Notes on Glass from Upper Galilee,'7GS 15,

pp. 35-51.

-. 1975. "A Medieval Mystery: Byzantine Glass Produc

tion,"^ 17, pp. 127-141. -. 1987. "Specialized Production in a Late Roman Glass

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-. 1992. Glass Vessels in Ancient Greece: Their History Illustrated from the Collection of the National Archaeological

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Weinberg, G. D., V. R. Grace, G. R. Edwards, H. S. Robinson, P. Throckmorton, and E. K. Ralph. 1965. "The Antiky thera Shipwreck Reconsidered," TAPA 55.3, pp. 3-48.

Weinberg, S. S. 1988. "A Syro-Palestinian Bowl Type," Muse

22, pp. 64-74.

Welham, K., C. M.Jackson, andj. W. Smedley. 2000. "Co

lour Formation in Sealing Wax Red Glass," AnnAIHV14

(Venice/Milan 1998), Lochem, pp. 11-15.

Welker, E. 1974. Die romischen Glaser von Nida-Heddernheim, Frankfurt am Main.

Welzel, J. 1979. "Zur Schleiftechnik der romischen Diatreta,"

Gymnasium 86.5, pp. 463-473. -. 1994. Becker aus Flechtwerk von Kristall: Diatretglaser,

ihre Geschichte und Schleiftechnik, Hadamar. -. 1998. "Die Rekonstruktion eines Diatretglases nach

einem Scherbenfund,'7GS40, pp. 127-139.

Wheeler, M. 1964. Roman Art and Architecture, New York.

Whitehouse, D. 1981. "Notes on Late Medieval Glass in Italy," AnnAIHV & (London/Liverpool 1979), Liege, pp. 165 177.

-. 1987. "Medieval Glass from Tarquinia," AnnAIHVIO

(Madrid/Segovia 1985), Amsterdam, pp. 317-330. -. 1988. "A Recently Discovered Cage Cup,"/GS 30,

pp. 28-33. -. 1989a. "Begram, the Periplus, and Gandharan Art,"

JRA 2, pp. 93-100.



xxxii BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

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pp. 159-162. -. 1989c. "Begram Reconsidered," Kolnjb^, pp. 151

157.

-. 1990. "Late Roman Cameo Glass," AnnAIHV 11

(Basel 1988), Amsterdam, pp. 193-198. -. 1991. "Glassmaking at Corinth: A Reassessment," in

Foy and Sennequier 1991, pp. 73-82. -. 1993. "The Date of the 'Agora South Centre'

Workshop at Corinth," Archeologia medievale 20, pp. 659

662. -. 1996. "Another Late Roman Mold-blown Frag

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-. 1997a. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass

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Nylander, ed. B. Magnusson et al., Rome, pp. 367-375.

-. 1998a. Excavations at ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain, United

Arab Emirates) 1: The Glass Vessels, Leuven.

-. 1998b. Review of Menninger 1996, in AJA 102, pp. 639-641.

-. 1999. "The Date of the Glass from Karanis,"/GS41,

pp. 168-170.

-. 2000. "Ancient Glass from ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain,

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Williams, C. K., II, and O. H. Zervos. 1982. "Corinth, 1981:

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-. 1984. "Corinth, 1983: The Route to Sikyon," Hesperia 53, pp. 83-108.

-. 1993. "Frankish Corinth: 1992," Hesperia ?2, pp. 1

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Winter, T. 1996. "The Glass Vessels," in G. Avni and Z. Green

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Wiseman, J. 1972. "The Gymnasium Area at Corinth,

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Woolley, C. L., and D. R. Maclver. 1910. Karanog: The Romano

Nubian Cemetery, Philadelphia. Wosinski, J. F., and R. H. Brill, 1970. "A Petrographic

Study of Egyptian and Other Cored Vessels," in Studies in Glass History and Design (Papers Read to Committee

B Sessions of the 8th International Congress on Glass, Held in London, lst-6th July 1968), ed. R. J. Charles ton, W. Evans, and A. E. Werner, London, pp. 123

124.

Wright, K. S. 1980. "A Tiberian Pottery Deposit from Corinth," Hesperia 49, pp. 135-177.

Yalouris, N. 1990. "The Shipwreck of Antikythera: New

Evidence of Its Date after Supplementary Investigation," in EYMOYSIA: Ceramic and Iconographic Studies in Honor

of Alexander Cambitoglou, ed. J.-P. Descoeudres, Sydney,

pp. 135-136.

Young, R. S. 1951. "An Industrial District of Ancient Athens,"

Hesperia 20, pp. 135-288. Zevulun, U., and Y. Olenik. [1978] 1979. Function and Design

in the Talmudic Period (Exhibition catalogue, Haaretz

Museum), repr. Tel Aviv.

Zwierlein-Diehl, E. 1979. Dieantiken Gemmen des Kunsthistori

schen Museums in Wien 2, Munich.

ABBREVIATIONS OF PERIODICALS AND SERIES

AA = Archaologischer Anzeiger

AAA = Ap%aioXoyiKa AvaXetcxa et; A6r]vwv (Athens Annals

of Archaeology) ActaArchHung

= Ada archaeologica Academiae scientiarum

Hungaricae

ADA] - Annual of the Department of Antiquities ofJordan

AF= Archaologische Forschungen AFAV- Association francaise pour Varcheologie du verre

AgoraPicBk = Excavations of the Athenian Agora: Picture

Book

AIHV= Association Internationale pour VHistoire du Verre

AJA = American Journal of Archaeology. The Journal of the Ar

chaeological Institute of America

AM = Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts,

Athenische Abteilung Anatolia = Anatolia. Revue annuelle de TInstitut d'archeologie de

TUniversite d Ankara

AnnAIHV = Annales du... Congres de VAssociation Internationale

pour VHistoire du Verre

AntK = Antike Kunst

AntW= Antike Welt. Zeitschrift fur Archaologie und Kulturgeschichte AquilNost

= Aquileia nostra

AR= Archaeological Reports (supplement to JHS) Archaeology

= Archaeology. An Official Publication of the Archaeo

logical Institute of America

Archaeometry =

Archaeometry. Bulletin of the Research Laboratory

for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University ArchCl =

Archeologia classica

ArchDelt = ApxocioXoyiKov AeXnov

ArchEph = ApxaioXoynd] 'Eyrijuepig

ArchErgMakThrak = To ApxcaoXoyiKO Epyo art] MaKeSovia

KCCl Qp&KJ] ArchErt =

Archaeologiai ertesitb

Arching =

Archaeologia iugoslavica

ArchJ= Archaeological Journal ArchKorrBl =

Archaeologisches Korrespondenzblatt ArchSchw= Archaologie derSchweiz. Mitteilungsblatt derSchweize

rischen Gesellschaft fur Ur- und Fruhgeschichte ArhVest - Arheoloski vestnik

ArqPort = O arqueologo portugues

Athenaeum = Athenaeum. Studi periodici di letteratura e storia

delVantichitd, Universita diPavia

Atiqot =

Atiqot. Journal of the Israel Department of Antiquities BABesch = Bulletin antieke beschaving. Annual Papers on Clas

sical Archaeology BaM =

Baghdader Mitteilungen BAR = British Archaeological Reports BAR-IS = British Archaeological Reports, International Series

BASOR = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BCH= Bulletin de correspondance hellenique BdA = Bollettino d'arte

Belleten - Belleten. Turk tarih kurumu

Berytus =

Berytus. Archaeological Studies

BICS= Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London

BJb = Bonner fahrbucher des rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn

und des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande

BMMA = Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York



BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xxxiii

BollMC = Bolletino dei Musei comunali di Roma BSA = Annual of the British School at Athens BullCom - Bullettino della Commissione archeologica Comunale

di Roma

CahByrsa - Cahiers de Byrsa

Dacia = Dacia. Revue d'archeologie et d'histoire ancienne

EECAA = Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology,

ed. P. C. Finney, Grand Rapids (in prep.) Erlsr

- Eretz-Israel

FolArch - Folia archaeologica. Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum T'orteneti

Muzeumdnak Evkdnyve Germania = Germania. Anzeiger der Romisch-Germanischen Kom

mission des Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts

Gymnasium =

Gymnasium. Zeitschrift fur Kultur der Antike und

humanistische Bildung HelvArch = Helvetia archaeologica

IEJ= Israel Exploration Journal

IJNA =

InternationalJournal of Nautical Archaeology and Under

water Exploration IMN= Israel Museum News

Iraq =

Iraq (British School of Archaeology in Iraq) IstMitt - Istanbuler Mitteilungen

JARCE=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt JAS

= Journal of Archaeological Science

JbRGZM=Jahrbuch des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums,

Mainz

JEA - The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

JGS - Journal of Glass Studies

JHS = Journal of Hellenic Studies

JRA = Journal of Roman Archaeology

JRS = Journal of Roman Studies

Kokalos = KcoKocXog. Studi pubblicati dalVIstituto di storia antica

delVUniversita di Palermo

Kolnjb = Kolner Jahrbuch fur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte

Latomus - Latomus. Revue d'etudes latines

LGPN - Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, Oxford, 1987

LIMC- Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich/ Munich 1974-1999)

MAAR - Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome

MEFR = Melanges d'archeologie et d'histoire de VEcole francaise

de Rome

Mesopotamia = Mesopotamia. Rivista di archeologia

MMAJ= Metropolitan Museum of Art Journal Mnemosyne

= Mnemosyne. Bibliotheca classica batava

Muse = Muse. Annual of the Museum of Art and Archaeology,

University of Missouri NSc = Notizie degli scavi di antichita OA - Oriens antiquus

OJA -

Oxford Journal of Archaeology Olba = Olba. Mersin Universitesi Kilikia arkeolojisini arastirma

merkezi yayinlari OlForsch = Olympische Forschungen OMROL = Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum

van Oudheden te Leiden

Op Arch - Opuscula archaeologica

Opus -

Opus. Rivista internazionale per la storia economica e

sociale delVantichita

PECS= R. Stillwell et al., eds., Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical

Sites (Princeton 1976) Pontica = Pontica. Studii si materiale de istorie, arheologie si

muzeografie, Constanta

POxy = The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, London 1898

Prakt= IJpccKTikcc rrjg dv Adr/vaig ApxaioXoyitcfjg 'Emipeiag

QDAP= Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine

Qedem= Qedem. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew

University of Jerusalem RANarb - Revue archeologique de Narbonnaise

RdA = Rivista di archeologia RDAC= Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus RM =

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Romische Abteilung

RStLig = Rivista di studi liguri

Saalbjb =

Saalburgjahrbuch. Bericht des Saalburg-Museums SovArch =

Sovetskaja archeologija StArch = Studia archaeologica StSard = Studi sardi

Syria =

Syria. Revue d'art oriental et d'archeologie TAPA = Transactions of the American Philological Association



INTRODUCTION

Any

systematic arrangement of glass presents a difficult problem as there are so

many options. In European studies, for example, it is common to catalogue glass by

shape, while other systems catalogue by stylistic or technical criteria. A major contribution of

the glass fragments from the Agora to the study of glass is that so many can be dated by their context. We felt, therefore, that the organization of the material according to time periods would be most appropriate. This approach takes full advantage of the major chronological fixed points in the Athenian Agora: the sack of the city by Sulla in 86 b.c. and the Herulian raid of a.d. 267, events that have left their imprint throughout the site.

This volume uses the following chronological labels:

Classical and Hellenistic: 5th to late 1st century b.c.

Early Imperial: 26 b.c. to ca. a.d. 100

Middle Imperial: ca. a.d. 100 to a.d. 267

Late Roman: a.d. 267 to a.d. 396

Late Antique: a.d. 396 to ca. a.d. 700

Medieval and Later

Excavators have used a variety of terminology in the past. On the definitions of these terms, which are cited in quotation marks in the present volume, see p. 18.

OVERVIEW

The following overview presents several interesting glass vessels excavated in the Athenian

Agora and their significance to our knowledge of the history of glass. The glass is discussed within the context of the history of the site. The first two sections of this overview are suc cinct for two reasons: First, the history and archaeology of the Athenian Agora in the Clas

sical, Hellenistic, and Early Roman periods are well known to students of classical archaeol

ogy and to interested visitors of the city because of the intrinsic importance of the site; the monuments in the ancient Agora currently visible all date from these periods. And second, the most significant glass vessels of the Late Hellenistic and Roman periods have been pub lished previously by my coauthor Gladys Weinberg (1961; 1962b; 1964). Moreover, in her introduction to the volume on the glass in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens

(1992), she has presented a masterly survey of the history of glass manufacturing in Greece from the Mycenaean through the Roman periods, which is still as valid as when it was pub lished.



2 introduction

The Classical and Hellenistic Periods

Glass was a commodity used throughout the Greek world in the Classical and Hellenistic

periods. Beginning shortly before 500 b.c., colorful core-formed bottles, made in eastern Greek sites such as Rhodes and perhaps in Macedonia as well, were in use throughout Greece, while colorless glass tableware became widely available in the second half of the 4th century b.c. Aristophanes' reference to the vaXiva ?K7rco(iaxa the Athenian envoys drank from at the

Persian court (Ach. 72-73) suggests that colorless glass tableware was still an exotic luxury in Athens when the play was performed in 425 b.c., but less than 25 years later such objects

were already present in the treasury of the Parthenon. The inventories of the Parthenon and the Asklepieion record glass vessels, glass jewelry, and even a glass ingot.1 The vessel shapes include an exaleiptron, one or two hydriae, a kylichnis, a kymbion, a rhyton, and an enigmatic object of glass and silver described only as koiA,ov, "hollow."

Seen against this background, it is surprising, to say the least, that the inventoried glass fragments from the excavations in the Athenian Agora include so few fragments of glass ves

sels dating to the Classical period: just three tiny fragments of core-formed vessels date from the 5th century (1-3). On the other hand, the Agora did produce a colorless glass stand for a core-formed vessel, the sole example known to date not found in a grave (11).

In the late 4th and early 3rd centuries, core-formed vessels were used less frequently than in the centuries immediately before and after. Most of the vessels dating to this period (Mediterranean Group II) were excavated on the Greek mainland. On a relative scale, the core-formed bottles from the Agora agree with this distribution pattern: out of a total of ten

fragments, five belong to this period (4-8). Although 26 b.c. is the conventional date for the

beginning of the Roman empire, all the core-formed glass is discussed together in Chapter 1, down to the end of production in the early 1st century a.d.

In light of the official dining facilities located near the Tholos, it is surprising that not one

scrap of colorless glass tableware in Achaemenid style has been inventoried.2 Vessels of this

kind have been found at many sites in Greece and appear to have been produced on Rhodes and in Macedonia from the late 4th or early 3rd century on. It is not until the late 2nd century b.c. that glass tableware becomes common in the Agora. Most vessels are monochrome, either

fluted or grooved bowls of the kind found throughout Greece and the eastern Mediterranean.

The vessels are commonly associated with production on the Syro-Palestinian coast, but the

increasing number of finds published from Greece may be an indication that certain classes, for example, some of the fluted bowls, were made in Greece. The Agora excavation produced a unique fluted bowl of colorless glass with a blue rim coil (12). Another apparently unique

shape is the cup-kantharos (36). Again there is a surprising omission from the Agora of certain

types of vessels: not one fragment of mosaic glass of this period has been inventoried.

The Early Roman Empire

While the blown technique quickly took over most of the glass industry in the early 1st century a.d. and made mass production possible, sagging and casting remained the preferred methods

for the production of luxury items. Many less pretentious bowls and plates likewise were made by the older techniques because these were often faster for open shapes and the vessels turned out

sturdier. The Agora produced a large number of vessels made by various hot-forming and mold

forming techniques (38-82); others are free-blown (83-144) or mold-blown (145-151).

Very few glass fragments of any kind have been found in the Agora in contexts of the 1st

century b.c., and not one of these can be dated more precisely within that century. Just one

1. For the inventories of the Asklepieion, see Aleshire 1989;

for the Parthenon, Harris 1995. On the glass dedications and

their role as evidence for glassworking in Classical and Early

Hellenistic Greece, see Stern 1999a.

2. On glass vessels in Achaemenid style, see Oliver 1970;

Triandaphyllides 2003a.



OVERVIEW 3

fragment (46) comes from a context the excavator dates to the "late Hellenistic" period. It is a ribbed bowl with polished rim, a feature suggesting it does not predate the rule of

Augustus. In fact, almost all the vessels of the Early Imperial period come from contexts of the 1st century a.d. and later.

A few ribbed bowls may have come from eastern Mediterranean workshops (38, 44), but most of the ribbed and linear-cut bowls have shapes that could have been made just as well in

Italy. An origin in Italy is particularly likely for those that are strongly colored. The same can be said of the mosaic glass and other polychrome vessels, of the vessels with ceramic profiles, and of the free-blown tableware. All these vessels are evidence for intensified trade contacts

with Rome in the Early Imperial period. The inventoried fragments provide no indication that glass was blown locally in this period. Two free-blown lenticular bottles (396, 397), found in a context attributed to the "early Roman period" by the excavator, are probably much later and are discussed in Chapter 6.

Mold-blown vessels are not particularly common in Greece, and vessels with mold-blown

inscriptions are rare throughout the ancient world. In this respect the Agora is exceptional: of the seven mold-blown fragments that have been inventoried and catalogued, two (145, 146) carry inscriptions in Greek and were almost certainly imported from the eastern Medi terranean. One of these preserves part of the signature of the most famous glassblower of

antiquity, Ennion, whose workshop was on the Syro-Palestinian coast.

The Middle Roman Empire

The Herulian raid of a.d. 267 provides some of the most firmly dated contexts in the Agora. The number of glass vessels that can be presumed to have been in use in that year and imme

diately before is unparalleled elsewhere. This period is the first in which we find glass vessels from the Agora actually associated with houses. The raid must have been sudden,3 for not

much was rescued from some houses, and as a result the remaining fragments show the kind of household equipment owned by prosperous families of the mid-3rd century (Ills. 3-8).

Among the vessels associated with the raid are numerous examples of the cast and cut

colorless fine wares that emerged in the late 1st century a.d. The origin or origins of these

high-quality wares have not yet been determined; they most likely were made in both the East and in the West, but no criteria have been developed to distinguish production centers.

Perhaps the most intriguing hot-formed vessel to have been excavated in the Agora is the curious plate made of monochrome blue canes featuring an embedded polychrome figural composition of mosaic glass (153), found in the South House in the Herulian destruction debris (111. 6). The fragments of a bicolored figural cage cup (174) were found on the floor of another room, perhaps in the same house (Ills. 7, 16-18). Since many other houses were

destroyed at this time, with much of the debris dumped into wells, there is a somewhat larger selection of shapes of the time than is indicated by the remains in the South House.

The majority of the vessel glass used in this period is free-blown. Among the vessels ap parently in use at the time of the destruction are a bowl with pinched-out toes (264), a cup or beaker with rounded rim (194), a goblet (218), and others probably of the same time, a one-handled jug (228), various bulbous bottles and flasks (234, 236, 272), the bottom of a square bottle or jar (289), and two square jars (296, 297). Other vessels may be of the same date, but the contexts are not definite. These are mentioned in the Catalogue. Some vessels whose context goes up to a.d. 267 may not have been in use until that date. In particular, the

period ca. 180-220/230 "is a problem area?i.e., the Agora fully built up, and little obvious change."4

3. On the raid, see Agora XXIV, pp. 1-2, "brief but savage." 4. John Hayes (pers. comm.).



4 introduction

Some of the Agora vessels found in the Herulian destruction filling provide new evidence for dating. Several shapes usually associated with 4th-century contexts are shown to have been used already in the third quarter of the 3rd century: the cage cup (174), three types of flasks with funnel necks (234-236), and vessels with funnel-shaped mouths and rim coils (229, 230, 301). 269, found in the Herulian destruction debris of a.d. 267, is the earliest evidence

currently available for handle attachments shaped like a lion head. A major change usually associated with the Late Roman period concerns the basic color

of glass used for blowing. In the Early and Middle Imperial periods the natural tint of the

glass was commonly bluish or bluish green. From the Late Roman period on, the dominant tint was green (yellowish or olive green) and the glass tended to contain more bubbles. This, combined with the fact that the change appears to have taken place during different periods in different parts of the ancient world, suggests that problems with refining were responsible, although fashion cannot be ruled out entirely. In Britain the change from blue and bluish

green tints to yellowish green began toward the end of the 3rd century;5 in southern France, in the 5th century.6 The glass of the Syro-Palestinian region appears to have been affected to a lesser degree by this color change and the preference for yellowish green tints seems to have been a relatively short-lived fashion.7 Although, for reasons explained below, the glass from the Athenian Agora does not lend itself to statistical analyses, it seems significant that of the 38 catalogued blown vessels associated with the Herulian raid and the ensuing cleanup, 26 are tints of green, as opposed to 9 bluish green, and 3 others (colorless or intentionally colored). Other (mid-) 3rd-century contexts produced an additional 13 greenish vessels; not one of the catalogued vessels from these contexts was bluish green. Two were of other tints. These numbers suggest that in the Agora the change from bluish green to yellowish green glass began around the mid-3rd century, just prior to the raid. It is uncertain whether this should be interpreted as indirect evidence for local manufacture. Nevertheless, it is inter

esting to note that a significant economic and artistic revival appears to have begun during the second quarter of the 3rd century, as is evidenced by high-quality Athenian pottery and

lamps that were exported all around the Mediterranean.8

Another major difference between the Early Imperial and the Middle Imperial periods is the decline of Italy in the Middle Imperial period as the prime supplier of the vessel glass used in Athens. By the mid-2nd century, deteriorating economic conditions in Italy,9 as opposed to favorable conditions in some of the provinces, had caused the initiative in glass produc tion to pass from Italy to the outlying provinces. Workshops in Spain, Gaul, Germany, and Britain supplied most of the glass used in western Europe; glassblowing flourished along the coasts of the Black Sea, and presumably elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean. Ordinary household goods probably were made locally throughout the empire. A few indented beakers found in the Agora are of unusual types (184-186), a circumstance that could point to local

manufacture, but there is no firm evidence for glassworking in Athens in this period. In the 2nd and 3rd centuries, the Athenians appear to have used glass that was imported

from several quarters. For example, the flasks with short flaring funnel necks rising from a

slight bulge at the junction with the body (231-233) are identified in this volume as eastern

Mediterranean, probably made in Asia Minor. Also pointing to Asia Minor are the vertically folded collar rims of the narrow-necked jug (224) and the squat cylindrical bottle (299). A

fine figure-cut bowl of the Lynkeus Group (203) may have come from Egypt. The tiny snake

5. Cool and Price 1995, pp. 11-12.

6. Foy 1995a, pp. 198-200.

7. Out of 92 vessels attributed to Syro-Palestinian workshops of the mid-4th to early 7th centuries, just 22 are tinted yellowish

green, and almost all of these date from the 4th century (cursory count based on vessels in the Ernesto Wolf collection; cf. Stern

2001, pp. 199-328, nos. 90-187). 8. Agora VII, pp. 17, 65-66. The date for the revival given

there is too early; it should be revised to ca. 225-250, Judith

(Perlzweig) Binder (pers. comm.). 9. On the crisis in Italy, its effects, and its probable causes,

see Panella 1993.



OVERVIEW 5

thread fragment (270) comes from a goblet(?) made in Pannonia. Several square vessels excavated in the Agora, bottles and jars, have base moldings that should help in identifying their origin. But at the current state of research, no exact parallel for any one of these base

moldings has been identified.

The Late Roman Empire

After the Herulian raid of a.d. 267, most of the area of the Agora lay outside the post-Herulian fortification wall that incorporated the back wall of the Stoa of Attalos (Agora XXIV, pi. 5). Many houses that had been inhabited without interruption since the 1st century a.d. fell into disuse. Wells excavated in the residential areas southeast of what once had been the civic cen

ter provide a significant fixed point for the history of glass. A "gigantic clean-up operation"10 caused an accumulation of debris to be dumped into these wells. As a result, very little glass can be assigned to the last third of the 3rd century. Whatever glass was used in this period probably differed little from that found in 4th-century contexts. By that time some wells began to be reclaimed as a source of water and the houses gradually were repaired and inhabited.

Several glass shapes that had been introduced shortly before a.d. 267, such as jugs, flasks, and cylindrical bottles with funnel mouths, were at their peak of use, as were certain glass styles, such as decoration with pinched trails. On the other hand, zoned facet cutting was in decline, and therefore all vessels decorated with this technique are discussed in Chapter 3.

In the latter part of the 4th century (following Constantine's death in a.d. 337), the Syro Palestinian littoral evolved into a major glass production area. It is commonly assumed that much of this glassware was exported, but it is not easy to assess just how much of the glass excavated in the Agora may have come from Syro-Palestinian centers rather than from other eastern Mediterranean workshops, as, for example, the linear-cut cylindrical bottles (332, 333), or from central Europe (Pannonia) as 323, a cup or bulbous jug decorated with abraded

geometric designs. Even more difficult to assess is how much, if any, of the glass was made locally. After the *

Herulian raid, metalworking, bronze casting, and other industrial activities that had flourished earlier on the south side of the Agora received a new impulse.11 The remains of what the exca vator believed to be a glass furnace in the Agora may date from this period (see Appendix I). In any case, the city developed into an industrial manufacturing center in the 4th century,

when "export of lamps to other parts of Greece, to Pannonia and to the eastern Aegean area was resumed on a large scale."12

With respect to fashion in glass tableware, the 4th century appears to have been a period of retrospection. Many decorative features of Early Imperial tablewares were revived, some times in a new form: horizontal wheel-cut grooves (linear cutting) (304, 305, 308, 332, 333), colored flecks, now in the form of blue dots (307, 308), strongly colored glass (310, 317). The predominance of yellowish green tints over bluish green observed among the blown ves sels associated with the Herulian raid and its cleanup continued, now intensified: 16 vessels discussed in Chapter 4 are in tints of green, 4 bluish green, and 5 colorless or intentionally colored.

The Late Antique Period

The Herulian raid of a.d. 267 was just the first of three major barbarian invasions that left their mark on the Athenian Agora. The appearance in a.d. 396 of the Visigoths under the

10. AgoraXXW, p. 13.

11. Agora XXIV, p. 80. 12. On the economic boom of the 4th century, see Agora

VII, pp. 20-22, 66-69, quote from p. 20.



6 INTRODUCTION

leadership of Alaric marks the end of the Late Roman period and the beginning of the Late

Antique. The Slavs attacked in 582. Just how much damage Alaric's troops did remains un known: the literary evidence suggests that Alaric left Athens largely unmolested,13 but Alison Frantz notes the destruction of several buildings, and deposits filled with destruction debris of the time have been found both inside and outside the area of the Agora.14 In any case, the Palace of the Giants is evidence of the speedy revival after Alaric's visit. Built ca. 410-425, possibly by Empress Eudocia who was a native of Athens, it is thought to have served as a

"private residence for a family whose members .. . would need to exercise numerous official

functions if they ever happened to be in Athens."15 A suite of rooms in the basement of the Southeast Court,16 thought to have been used by Christians in the second half of the 6th

century,17 produced several glass vessels (352, 374; cf. AgoraXXTV, pi. 72:b). In one of these rooms the excavators found on the original floor a destruction fill that can be dated to ca. 525-540. (On the fill, which contained many glass vessels, see pp. 14-15, O 13-14, room F, and 111. 11.) Elsewhere, as well, there was much building activity in the Athenian Agora in the early 5th century, "indicating a fair measure of prosperity in the city and an increased confidence in the future."18

From the early 5th century until 529, when an edict of Emperor Justinian effectively put an end to all teaching in Athens, the schools of philosophy and rhetoric that had flourished in previous centuries were dominated by the Neoplatonic School. It is tempting to associate one particular category of glass vessels with the activities of the school's members: the glass lamp with a fixed glass wick holder fused into the interior (372-380). Lamps of this type have been found in surprisingly large numbers in the Agora but are rare elsewhere outside the eastern Mediterranean. Their popularity in Athens could perhaps have resulted from the close contacts of the school's members with Damascus, Antioch, and other cities in Syria,

where they would have learned of this new technological invention.19 The Agora produced some of the earliest examples of these lamps: G 739 (111. 1) and 372 from an early-5th-century context (see also pp. 154-155 for a discussion of these lamps).

The Agora has produced an interesting range of glass vessels dated to this period. In ad dition to the lamps with fixed wick holders, there are three types of footed, stemmed gob lets (343-353); one was finished as a lamp with a fixed wick holder (381). A wall fragment decorated with applied threads dragged down into arches and with applied blue dots (335) merits mention, as does a square bottle featuring the name of Tryphon in the base molding (386). Commercial contacts with central and northwestern Europe, already in decline in the second half of the 4th century, probably ceased in the 5th century. It is difficult to determine

the origin of individual glass vessels. Generally speaking, the composition of the assemblage of glassware used in Late Antique Athens reflects the (eastern) Mediterranean koine.20 The

presence of glass lamps and footed, stemmed goblets is characteristic of assemblages of 5th to 7th-century material throughout the areas bordering the Mediterranean, whereas these

shapes are found rarely in northern and northwestern Europe. Lamps with internal wick

holders (372-381) and square bottles with base moldings (385-387) in the Agora assemblage are typically eastern Mediterranean. Several vessels excavated in contexts attributed to the 5th

and/or 6th centuries by the excavator appear to date from much later periods (391-393).

13. Cf. Zosimus's account of the event (Zos. 6.1-3) and

Alison Frantz's discussion of the evidence, Agora XXIV,

pp. 51-52.

14. AgoraXXW, pp. 53-54.

15. Fowden 1990, p. 498.

16. H. Thompson, in Agora XXIV, pp. 104-106, pi. 54:

rooms 33-41.

17. Agora XXIV, p. 91. The parts of the two Sigma tables on

which this interpretation is based come from the debris above

the cobbled floor in room A (Agora XXIV, pi. 54: room 41). 18. Setton [1955] 1975, pp. 249-250.

19. On the origin of the glass lamp with internal wick holder, see Stern 2001, pp. 262, 273.

20. Cf. Stern 2001, pp. 260-264.



OVERVIEW 7

After the Slavic invasion of 582 a modest recovery began at the turn of the century and reached its peak with the visit of Constans II in 662/3.21 The archaeological evidence suggests that the emperor's departure marked the beginning of a long period of decline that lasted until at least the end of the 8th century when the city of Athens was still important enough to provide two brides to the royal Byzantine court, Irene in 769 and Theophano in 807, both of whom became empresses. Although the 7th to 9th centuries are relatively obscure in the

archaeological record of Greece, "Byzantine chroniclers relate a number of important events

that link the history of the city on the Ilissus with the great capital on the Bosporus."22 The

Agora produced several goblets from this period (354, 355).

The Medieval Period and Later

Throughout the Middle Ages Thessaloniki and Corinth were the most important cities of Greece, and Athens became more of a backwater. The German historian Gregorovius notes

that after Theophano's rise to empress in the early 9th century, the city actually disappeared from the written record for over 350 years, a silence broken only once, when the Byzantine emperor Basilius II visited the city in 1018 after his victory over the Bulgarians and donated

many rich dedications to the Church of Mary, Mother of God (built into the Parthenon).23 The archaeological evidence, however, tells a different story. The late 9th/early 10th through the 12th/early 13th centuries appear to have been a period of "recovery and development, especially in the regions outside Constantinople."24 In a broader context, the 11th and 12th centuries were marked by internationalism and intensive trade contacts throughout the

Mediterranean, reaching as far as India.25

In the 1980s, Byzantine structures of the 9th to 12th centuries on the north side of the Agora yielded imported Corinthian pottery as well as domestic wares and coins.26 Earlier excavations had revealed the presence of a Byzantine settlement extending from section MM (just north of the present railway) to the south and more or less covering the Hill of Colonus to the north and to the south of the Hephaisteion. Section MM, in particular, was built up toward the end of the 11th century with spacious private houses, "although unelaborate in construction and ornamentation," which were destroyed several times until they were finally abandoned in the

early 14th century, possibly at the time of the Catalan occupation of the city in 1311.27 One of these richer houses produced a fine glass cup with expanded mold-blown decoration (390). Although an "industrial establishment with large vats and basins," perhaps for dyeing tex

tiles, was excavated in this area,28 the little manufacturing that was going on in Athens by the end of the 12th century was predominantly domestic in character, such as "the preparation of soap and the weaving of cassocks," and there were no skilled workers available.29 The last

Byzantine archbishop of Athens, the erudite Michael Choniates, also known as Akominatos,

paints a very bleak picture of the city in the last quarter of the 12th century. Even if he may have exaggerated due to his disappointment about the pitiful state of affairs in his new see, his letters to colleagues and friends provide many details not only about the intellectual im poverishment of the inhabitants (no such thing as flourishing schools of philosophy), but also about the hardships of daily life: there is a severe famine, attacks by pirates abound, and the most simple agricultural tools and implements are lacking. "The city is just a ruin," he

21. Agora XXIV, pp. 117, 119.

22. Setton [1955] 1975, p. 245. 23. Gregorovius [1889] 1962, vol. 1, pp. 162-163, citing

Cedrenus 2.475, Glykas 4.578, and Zonar. Lib. 17.9 on Basilius's visit.

24. Vroom 2003, pp. 62-63.

25. Goitein 1967.

26. Shear Jr. 1984, pp. 51-57; on the pottery, see also Vroom

2003, pp. 62-63.

27. Setton [1955] 1975, pp. 250-251. 28. Setton [1955] 1975, p. 251. 29. Setton [1944] 1975, p. 196.



8 INTRODUCTION

writes, for "the bellows has failed us, there is no worker in iron among us, no worker in brass, no maker of swords, things that were still preserved but yesterday and the day before."30

Until the Franks established themselves in Athens and on the Greek mainland in the early 13th century, cultural and artistic life in Greece was dominated by the Byzantine church and the imperial capital at Constantinople. Unfortunately, we know very little about the glass produced in that city. The simple vessel fragments that have been published from excavations in Istanbul are a far cry from the prestigious luxury products of the period found elsewhere in the Mediterranean. The glass finds from Saraghane suggest "discontinuity, with good evi dence of 'local' production only in the Late Roman period, around the 12th century, and from the late 16th century onwards."31

We are much better informed about the glass industry in the Islamic world under the Ab basid (750-1258) and Mamluk (1250-1517) rulers. New centers arose and older established centers continued to thrive in the Syro-Palestinian area and in Egypt. Four or five glass vessels from the Agora seem to have originated in one of these Islamic centers: two coarse bulbous

bottles (392,393), two lenticular bottles with narrow necks decorated with a series of crimped knobs (396, 397), and, perhaps, the delicate pattern-blown cup mentioned above (390). The

presence of these glass vessels within the Agora may perhaps be associated with a small Arab

(Moslem) community in the city in the 10th century.32 From the early 13th to the mid-15th century contacts with Europe increased. In the wake

of the Crusades Greece came under Latin rule (1204-1456). Athens was ruled first by the de la Roche family from Burgundy, then by the Catalan company, and finally by the Acciajuoli,

who came originally from Florence. During most of this time, however, the Dukes of Athens resided in Thebes, the wealthy commercial center of the Duchy, famous already in the 12th

century for its silk industry. Throughout this period, glass was a relatively common commodity. Elegant glass vessels

made in the Islamic East were treasured in the West, but much glass also was made in Europe. Fashions crossed religious and political boundaries and it is not always possible to distinguish between the products of Islamic, Byzantine, and European workshops. For example, glass from the South Center Workshops at Corinth has so many similarities to glass vessels found in Italy that David Whitehouse suggests it "may have been an offshoot of Italian glassmaking of the 13th or early 14th century, and not its antecedent."33 The similarities between glass ves

sels produced in widely separated workshops were due in part to the presence of glassmakers from Murano, as in the workshops of Crete and Constantinople, in the first half of the 14th

century.34

Unfortunately, none of this activity is reflected in the inventoried glass vessels from the

Agora; they include not even one of the typical 13th- and 14th-century types of glass originat ing in Corinth.35 In this connection it is perhaps relevant to note that the fine-ware pottery

made and used in the Duchy of Athens throughout the 13th and 14th centuries is "mark

edly different from [the] pottery available in Frankish towns in the Peloponnese."36 Just two

identical beaker-shaped glass lamps can be assigned to this period (398, 399), but they may have been antiques by the time they were deposited. One of the lamps appears to have been

30. Lambros 1880, p. 12 (Michael Choniates, EpistulaSA), trans. Setton [1944] 1975, p. 196.

31. Hayes 1992, p. 399. On Byzantine glass, see Philippe

1970; Grabar 1971; 6zgumii? 2000, p. 136 (English summary). On Ottoman glass factories in Istanbul in the 16th century and

later, see Eyice 1969, pp. 174-176.

32. On inscriptions and other finds indicating an Arab

(Moslem) presence in Athens in the 10th century, see Setton

1954, pp. 318-319.

33. Whitehouse 1993, p. 662.

34. Han 1981, p. 198, quoting Han and Zecchin 1975.

35. In view of Gladys Weinberg's personal interest in this

period, it is probably safe to assume that no material resem

bling the finds from medieval Corinth was excavated in the

Athenian Agora while she was working on the glass finds (late

1950s to 1995). 36. MacKay2001,p. 179.



OVERVIEW 9

re (?) used as a reliquary; it was found in a boxlike hollow beneath the foundation of the south

apse of the Church of the Hypapanti and still contains its original contents and sealing. In the eastern Mediterranean the availability of glass vessels ceased with the capture of

Damascus in 1400 by Tamerlane, who carried off the best glassmakers to his capital at Sa markand. In 1453 Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks and Athens followed in 1456. Glass became a rare commodity in the Levant, and the little glass that was available in the second half of the 15th and 16th centuries came from Europe, in particular from Venice37 and Ragusa (the medieval name of Dubrovnik), where specialized shapes of glass vessels were made "pour la Turquie."38 The importance of Dubrovnik and of Corfu (under Venetian rule), where glass was manufactured, with brief interruptions, from the 14th to the end of the 16th

century, is beginning to emerge.39 There is archival evidence for exports from Dubrovnik

by ship to Greek destinations where the Venetians held power, for example, to Euboia and Chios,40 but it remains a question how much of this production was exported to mainland Greece, and whether any at all reached Athens. After the Turkish conquest, Athens seems

to have sunk yet again into oblivion, at least among European scholars. In 1573 the German classicist Martin Crusius actually sent an official query to Constantinople to inquire whether the city still existed at all.41

It was not until the late 16th century that the glass industry in the East began a modest revival. Glass bottles in a Venetian style were blown in Istanbul, though perhaps by Italian

glassblowers,42 and an Italian appears to have been teaching the art of glassblowing in Shiraz, in Persia.43 Many elegant glass bottles subsequently made in Persia are of types that originated or were revived during the reign of Shah Abbas I (1587-1628). Nevertheless, much high quality glass was being imported still from the West, from Venice and also from Spain and Bohemia.

With one exception, all the inventoried vessels from the Agora dating to this period are bottles and flasks. This predominance of bottles and flasks is in strong contrast with Italy and

Europe, where the main output of glass workshops from the Early Medieval period onward consisted of drinking vessels.44 One of the reasons for this discrepancy may have been a dif ference in dining habits between the East and West,45 for although the use of glass tableware increased with the rise of a new prosperous class in the Ottoman empire in the 16th and 17th centuries, and in those areas of Greece that had strong connections with Venice, as

for example in Corfu,46 in the early 19th century there were still no drinking glasses on the dinner tables of many Greeks and Turks in Athens and Attica.47 A nearly complete enameled beaker (404), painted in central Germany, illustrates not only Western dining habits, but also the renewed interest in Athens by northern Europeans in the 18th century.

37. On glass imports into the eastern Mediterranean, see

Charleston 1964; Rogers 1983.

38. Han 1985, pp. 257-258.

39. Han 1981, p. 198.

40. Han 1985, p. 260.

41. M. Crusius Turcograecia 7.10.18, cited in Gregorovius [1889] 1962, vol. 2, pp. 413-414.

42. Rogers 1983, pp. 250-251. On the glass industries of

Constantinople and other centers in the European part of the

Ottoman empire during the 16th and 17th centuries, see Eyice 1969, pp. 177-179; Han 1985, p. 258; Atasoy 1990 (research in Turkish archives); Bakinr 1990 (decorated windowglass);

Ozgumus, 2000, pp. 137-140 (English summary). Several minia tures in the Surname-i Humayun depict glassblowers and related

subjects: see Canav 1985, frontispieces (glassblowers at work on a wheeled platform; glassblowers showing off their pieces

at court); Ozgumus. 2000, p. 75, fig. 52 (jugglers performing with trays of glass vessels). The Turkish traveller Evliya Qelebi

(1660s) mentions several glass workshops in Istanbul. 43. Honey 1946, p. 69.

44. See Baumgartner and Krueger 1988; Henkes 1994. 45. On the differences in dining habits, see Vroom 2003,

pp. 335-357.

46. Cf. Vroom 2003, p. 350, fig. 12.6: Stephanos Tzankarolas, Icon of the Life of St. Alexios, after 1571, Antivouniotissa Museum, Corfu.

47. Compare the illustrations of a Greek dinner table at

Eleusis, based on a drawing by Otto Magnus von Stackelberg, ca. 1831, and an engraving of a Turkish dinner table in the house of the Voivode of Athens by Louis Dupre, ca. 1825, depicted by Vroom 2003, p. 352, fig. 12.13 and fig. 12.12, respectively.



10 introduction

CONTEXTS AND SELECTED DEPOSITS

The decision to designate a specific locus as a deposit is taken by individual excavators or researchers. The dating of these deposits is constantly refined as different categories of

materials are published. As a result, many deposits can provide important information on the dating of individual objects and the development of typochronologies. This is the case

especially when the accompanying context finds have been analyzed by pottery specialists, such as John Hayes or Susan Rotroff.

These context finds are not inventoried and thus do not appear in the Agora's archives.

After each season of digging, pieces that appear to the excavator and/or to specialists who are available for consultation to be significant are inventoried and entered into the excavator's

notebooks and/or the pottery notebooks. The rest of the material is stored by excavated section in the basement of the Stoa of Attalos, in boxes and tins. It is in these containers that new discoveries are being made on a regular basis. For example, when Murray McClellan was

checking boxes of context materials he discovered additional fragments of the Agora cage cup (174) published earlier by Gladys Weinberg. Likewise, John Hayes has rescued several

significant glass fragments from oblivion. Neither Gladys Weinberg nor I have sifted through the context materials of inventoried

glass fragments. In the spring of 2001 John Hayes invited me to accompany him to the base ment where he sifted through boxes, the contents of which he was analyzing in order to refine the date of one of his key deposits for Roman pottery. If the contents of those boxes are an

indication, there is still an overwhelming amount of interesting, identifiable glass waiting for "excavation" in the basement of the Stoa of Attalos.48

Although large amounts of context pottery, coins, glass fragments, and other materials have been salvaged from each dig, much material has been discarded or returned to the pit it came from. For this reason the material that has been stored cannot be used to quantify the amount or proportions of glass vessels used in any particular period, let alone the frequency with which a particular vessel type may have occurred.

Most of the contexts provide little or no information on the circumstances of the glass objects' uses in antiquity. This is due both to the nature of the site and to the objectives of

the excavators. Research into the context pottery and other materials, however, is ongoing and may, in the future, shed light on the date and/or find circumstances of some of the glass

objects included in this volume. For example, Barbara Tsakirgis is currently researching the context materials from a group of Classical houses excavated on the slopes of the hills sur

rounding the Agora, and Camilla MacKay is working on pottery from houses of the 13th-16th centuries.

As explained in the Preface, an effort has been made in this Catalogue to include all inven

toried glass fragments that were found in deposits. The plan (Fig. 23) shows the grid and the

approximate location of the original sections, as well as the location of deposits containing

glass in the area of the Agora. They are rarely physically "closed deposits." The majority are

stratified wells and dumps and, as a result, may contain intrusions from later layers or re

sidual material from an earlier period. For example, the large funnel mouth decorated with a tubular fold below the rim (326) cannot be dated earlier than the late 3rd to 4th century,

although it comes from deposit N 20:5, fill 4b, assigned to the 1st and 2nd centuries a.d.

The following discussion may serve to illustrate some of the issues connected with the

deposits that have produced fragments of vessel glass. A summary of all deposits providing vessel glass can be found on pp. 177-186.

48. For a rough impression of the uninventoried glass frag ments from one of the deposits, see p. 183, M 19:1.



contexts and selected deposits 11

The Early Roman Empire

The single deposit that produced the largest number of Early Imperial glass fragments is a dumped filling in a cistern shaft leading to an underground water channel (Q 13:1; 111.

2). Both Henry Robinson (Agora V) and Susan Rotroff (Agora XXIX) give the date of the

deposit as early 1st century a.d.; the glass fragments agree with that date. As was fashionable in the first half of the 1st century a.d., the glass is strongly colored and made in a variety of

techniques. If the core-formed alabastron (9) has been attributed correctly to Grose's Class

III:C,49 it is probably residual in this deposit. Alabastra of this class were common in the 2nd and early 1st centuries b.c. One example from Samothrace is from a tomb attributed to ca.

25 b.c.,50 but David Grose suggests that this tomb, which also contained an intact goldband alabastron, "may be earlier than the Augustan period."51 The core-formed alabastron from

the Agora might be an eastern Mediterranean (or Punic) import. The rest of the glass from this deposit looks as though it came from the West, presumably

from Italy. 48 is a ribbed bowl, a shape that was introduced in the Late Hellenistic era and became a leitform of the Augustan period and of the first half of the 1st century a.d. The

Agora fragment is transparent purple streaked colorless near the bottom of the fragment; the interior is decorated with a single horizontal groove. When the artisan smoothed the exterior of the rim by polishing?a refinement not yet encountered on Late Hellenistic

specimens?he or she erased the top of one rib. 97 is a horizontally grooved hemispherical cup of the type known as a Hofheim cup, not to be confused with the ceramic vessel of this name. In use by the Late Augustan period, the glass Hofheim cup is one of the earliest shapes made by blowing, yet another leitform of Early Imperial times. The Agora cup is transparent golden brown. 99 and 100 are translucent deep blue beakers decorated with lightly incised horizontal lines. The rims probably were lightly ground. Although they are more numerous in Tiberian and Claudian contexts, beakers of this type, too, were in use by the Augustan period. Fine rotary scratches on the interior and exterior of 100 suggest that this piece may have been mold-pressed rather than blown. The small polychrome bottle 119 is decorated with an embedded opaque white thread wound spirally around the body (and presumably around the neck); the interaction between the opaque white and transparent blue glass of the vessel creates a marbled effect, in imitation of mosaic glass. Several bottles of this type came to light in Samothrace in graves attributed to the last quarter of the 1st century b.c., but elsewhere they are found in contexts of the early 1st century a.d. and later.

The Middle Roman Empire

Many vessel fragments were found in wells and other relevant contexts (E 5:4; P 8:1; Q 7:3; S 19-20:1), but some of the best evidence is offered by those found on the floors of private houses. Two deposits show the kind of household equipment owned by prosperous families of the mid-3rd century; they contained an interesting array of glass vessels, some unique or rare, others common household ware. Most of the common ware are shapes known through out the Roman empire.

B17:l (Ills. 3-6) A large array of glass vessels abandoned during the Herulian raid of a.d. 267 was found on the floors of the "South House," a house on the northeast slope of the Hill of the Nymphs.

49. Grose 1989, p. 123, fig. 88; cf. Harden 1981, pp. 124-125, nos. 326-330.

50. Dusenbery 1967, p. 37, no. 3, fig. 4: "Augustan period";

SamothraceXl, pp. 1066-1067: "ca. 25 b.c.e."

51. Grose 1989, p. 123, n. 77.



12 introduction

Many vessels lay on the floor of a small room "marked by its furnishings as a kitchen or larder. In one corner ... lay a tumbled mass of kitchen equipment: cooking pots and the upper portions of large jars that had been used as pot stands, glazed bowls, pitchers of terracotta and of bronze, a whole set of delicately blown drinking glasses, a great iron spatula, a marble mortar and in it a marble pestle for grinding herbs, terracotta lamps, the carved bone handle of some iron implement probably a table knife, a large plump jar for the storage of wine or

oil. . . . The date of the disaster is indicated by a purseful of 34 bronze coins found among the broken crockery ... no doubt that the authors of the destruction were the Herulian invaders of a.d. 267."52

Seven or eight cups and beakers with lightly ground rims (111. 3) are of extremely thin glass, almost colorless. These simple drinking vessels, originating in the first half of the 1st century a.d. and especially common among the tableware of western Europe in the late 3rd and 4th

centuries, belong to the longest-lived shapes of the Roman Empire. Most have indented sides,

making them easy to hold. 184-186 have an unusual design, with two rows of indents: eight small indents around the lower body and an uncertain number around the upper body. The vessels themselves appear to be carinated, with the lower wall tapering sharply to a flattish

base, a shape known from several findspots in the Mediterranean, but the walls of these cups are not indented and there is little evidence for dating them. Ten vessels are small bowls of

various kinds (111. 4); three standing on a high folded base ring (255, 256, 258); one on a ring of pinched-out toes (264), a technique known from Dura Europos, where the finds predate the city's abandonment in a.d. 256. Five dishes and plates were found (111. 6), several quite

large. One is a unique plate made of monochrome mosaic glass decorated with embedded,

polychrome mosaic glass elements: a fisherman in the center surrounded by fish (153). Two

vessels are of fine, cast colorless plates (157, 171), and two are common bluish green (212,

214). The cast colorless dishes probably were antiques at the time of the Herulian destruction.

Studies by Jennifer Price and David Grose conclude that the main period of use of this class

of tableware was in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries,53 but similarly shaped colorless ves

sels have been found also in late-2nd- to mid-3rd-century contexts as at Augst.54 The one- and

two-handled cylindrical bottles (111. 5) were storage vessels. The one-handled bottle (301) is

an early example of a funnel mouth decorated with a rim coil, a type of mouth that became

standard in the late 3rd and 4th centuries.

Judging from this list, it would seem that glass vessels were used less commonly than one

might expect. Complete "dinner services" would have been of pottery.55 Glass cups were used

for drinking, jugs to pour liquids from, and dishes and bowls to serve foods such as fruit and

nuts.

B 15:5 (Ills. 7, 8) A second deposit associated with the Herulian raid of a.d. 267 (B 15:5) comes from the floor

of another room, perhaps from the same house on the Hill of the Nymphs. Over the years a number of archaeologists excavated in this area and it is not clear whether they refer to

the same structure (they were not always certain themselves). The houses in this area were

often rebuilt, split into parts, and then combined again. This particular deposit is of interest

because it contained the fragments of the cage cup (174) published by Gladys Weinberg in

1964. As explained above, Murray McClellan found two more fragments of the cup some

years later when he was sifting through containers of context materials. The new photo shows

52. Thompson 1949, pp. 217-218, pi. 41.

53. Price 1987c, pp. 72-78; Grose 1991, pp. 12-18.

54. Rutti 1991, vol. 1, pp. 41-42, Forms AR 13-25.

55. Compare the assemblages at Karanis described by

Harden 1936, pp. 34-38.



contexts and selected deposits 13

eight fragments, all but one of those preserved. The ninth is a tiny fragment of a strut which was sent to the Corning Museum of Glass for analysis.56

Because of some doubts as to whether such an early date was acceptable for this vessel, John Hayes kindly reassessed the context pottery of this deposit in 1993.

A small number of the pieces saved are post-Herulian, and date to the late 3rd/early 4th

century:

a) the rim of a jug of the style of Agora V, L 26 and M 220; b) a lamp fragment related to Agora VII, no. 1552 (dated to the late 3rd/early 4th

century);

c) a catalogued lamp from that deposit, Agora VII, no. 1495, which is dated to the second half of the 3rd century.

There is nothing later than the early 4th century a.d.57

It is, therefore, not likely that the cage cup was a later intrusion. Gladys Weinberg writes that it is difficult to imagine what such a luxury vessel would be doing "in the ruins of a rich man's house. Especially, since recovery after the raids was slow."58

The other glass vessels from this deposit include several fragments of cups of Isings 1957, Form 96 (178,179), which originally were thought to belong to the cage cup (111. 7). They are

very similar to the cups found in deposit B 17:1. The upper part of a one-handled square bottle (284), a fragmentary square jar with a base molding featuring a swastika (296), and a complete square jar, decorated on the underside of the bottom with a quatrefoil in low relief (297) were also found (111. 8). In the western provinces of the Roman empire the majority of square bottles

belong to the period ca. 70-120/30, but the number of specimens found in contexts of the second half of the 2nd century indicates that they remained in use "until the later second if not into the early third century."59 The latest fragments of square bottles in the northwest come from disturbed burials in Cumbria, Britain, dated ca. a.d. 220/30-270/80.60 In addition to the square bottles from B 15:5 the Agora produced two more square bottles from Herulian con texts (285,295), evidence that in Athens such bottles were still in common use after the mid-3rd

century.

The Late Roman Empire

One of the stratified wells in the Athenian Agora (M 17:1; 111. 9) produced "a total of 342 complete or nearly complete pots plus a large number of lamps and objects of clay, metal, bone, stone, wood, and glass." Known in the literature as Group M, this material "had accu

mulated . . . over a period of at least five centuries during which the well was in normal use as a water source."61 With the exception of one or two brief interruptions, the well seems to have been in continuous use from the mid-1 st century a.d. into late antiquity. Almost every layer contained glass.

Analysis of the vessel glass fragments suggests that layer VII, originally assigned to the early 4th century based on the pottery, may contain material that dates from the mid- or second half of the 4th century. In particular, the fragments of two conical glass vessels (306, 307) can not be dated much earlier than ca. a.d. 360, and the same applies to the blue-dot decoration of 307. The extreme tall neck of the cylindrical bottle 330 likewise suggests a date later in

56. Brill 1964, p. 58; 1999, vol. 1, pp. 78, 80, nos. 392, 393; vol. 2, pp. 144, 145.

57. Jan Jordan to Gladys Weinberg (pers. comm. 1993). 58. Notes in the manuscript for this volume.

59. Cool and Price 1995, p. 184.


61. AgoraV, pp. 82-120, quotes from p. 82.



14 introduction

the 4th century. John Hayes, who is currently preparing the volume on the local and coarse Roman wares excavated in the Agora, has revised the date of layer VII:

On the basis of comparison with other Agora deposits I am now suggesting a later date for

layer VII: mid-4th century (say 330/40-360). It seems to me that little was happening in the

Agora area (outside the late defensive wall) in the period ca. 280-330, and that the pottery and coin sequence and major rebuilding (the late houses) really belongs to the mid-4th

century and later. After that I see a pretty unbroken sequence until ca. 520-530, rubbish

dumping until ca. 550+, and little activity in the later 6th century apart from a few destruc tion contexts of the 580s (e.g., the Late Roman Water-Mill debris).62

The Late Antique Period

Henry Robinson originally proposed an early-6th-century date for layer XII of the well at

M 17:1 (111. 10),63 but John Hayes notes that

the 5th- and 6th-century end of the sequence [of Group M] looks as if it ought to be com

pressed toward the earlier end . . . ca. a.d. 500 (say 480-520) for the African Red Slip bowl

(discolored) M 349, and the Phocean (Late Roman "C") one M 350, assigned ... to layer XIII. My feeling is that the Late Roman build-up stops around 520-540, like that in neigh boring wells and the occupation of associated houses; layer XIV is distinct, and much later.

I would compress the chronology for layers X-XIII (i.e., from about a.d. 400 onward);

M 349-350 are the hinge for this, with good comparanda available.64

Based on John Hayes's observations, deposit M 17:1, layer XII, can be assigned to the second

half of the 5th century. Most of the glass vessels are stemmed goblets with Late Antique folded

stem-cum-foot. In addition, this layer produced fragments of two cylindrical bottles. The first

is a large bottle of pale yellowish green glass. One translucent dark blue ribbed handle and

part of the bottle's shoulder are preserved (327), but the bottle probably had two handles as

was common in the 4th century. If so, this particular fragment may be residual. The second

bottle, pale green, is much smaller and may have been handleless; only the lower part is

preserved (389).

013-14, Room F (III 11) In room F of the basement suite of the Palace of the Giants,65 the excavators found on the

original floor a destruction fill that is remarkably uniform. It was not designated as a deposit, but has been treated as such in this Catalogue. The glass was found in the middle of the room

on a beaten earth floor over bedrock together with "a good deal of rubbish . . . fragmentary

wine jars, bases of drinking glasses, lamps and sea shells of various kinds, apparently left by the last residents."66 The excavators suggested a date of 500-550, which John Hayes was able

to narrow down to ca. 525-540.

The inventoried glass finds include two flasks with different types of funnel mouths (362,

365), three types of goblets, two types with blown foot: 339, 340, and G 569-G 570 (cf. 341), and one with the Late Antique folded stem-cum-foot (353), and three wick holders from

62. John W. Hayes (pers. comm.). I thank John Hayes for

permission to use and cite his comments before the publica tion of his volume.

63. AgoraV, p. 114.

64. John Hayes to Gladys Weinberg (pers. comm.).

65. AgoraXXTV, pi. 54, room 37.

66. Jan Jordan (pers. comm.), quoting the excavator's

notebook.



Illustration i . Agora, glass lamp, G 739, with internal wick holder,

early 5th century a.d., from deposit K 1:4. Scale 1:1

119 (G524)

Illustration 2. Agora, deposit q 13:1, early 1st century a.d. Scale 1:2

Illustration 3. Agora, deposit B 17:1. Cups and beakers. South House, Herulian destruction of a.d. 267. Scale 1:2



264 (G 338) 271 (G 375) 258 (G 356)

Illustration 4. Agora, deposit B 17:1. Bowls. South House, Herulian destruction of a.d. 267. Scale 1:2

295 (G 346) 302 (G 358)

Illustration 5. Agora, deposit B 17:1. Square and cylindrical bottles. South House,

Herulian destruction of a.d. 267. Scale 1:2



214 (G357)

Illustration 6. Agora, deposit B 17:1. Dishes. South House, Herulian destruction of a.d. 267.

Watercolor of 153 by Piet de Jong. Scale 1:2, except where indicated



174 (G 547a-e + G 675a, b)

178 (G 547h) 179 (G 547i)

Illustration 7. Agora, deposit B 15:5. Cups. Herulian destruction of a.d. 267. Scale 1:2

296 (G 676) 297 (G 546)

Illustration 8. Agora, deposit B 15:5. Square bottle and jars. Herulian destruction of a.d. 267. Scale 1:2



305 (G 153) 306 (G 150) 307 (G 151)

330 (G 149)

Illustration g. Agora, deposit M 17:1, layer VII. Mid-4th century a.d. Scale 1:2

346 (G144)

348 (G316)

350 (G315)

347 (G313)

X JL 349 (G314)

351 (G312)

0

327 (G146)

389 (G145)

Illustration io. Agora, deposit M 17:1, layer XII. Second half of 5th century a.d. Scale 1:2



339 (G 572) 340 (G 571) 353 (G 573)

373 (G 578) 374 (G 576) 375 (G 577)

Illustration i i. Agora, deposit O 13-14. Palace of the Giants, basement suite, room F. Ca. a.d. 525-540. Scale 1:2

Illustration 12. Ribbed bowl 42 (G 606). 1st century a.d. On exterior (left): slanting toolmark in rim; surface pits not

aligned; feather cracks along edges. On interior (right): surface pits aligned; feather cracks along edge. Scale 2:1



70 (G 284)

73 (G 163) 78 (G 174) 74 (G 33)

Illustration 13. Mosaic glass; reticella glass; goldband glass; opaque fine ware. First century a.d. Scale 2:3

118 (G 137) 106 (G 506)

Illustration 14. Polychrome and monochrome blown glass. First century a.d. Scale 2:3

124 (G 177)



152 (G258 + G212) 153 (G541)

Illustration 15. Mosaic glass; mosaic glass with mosaic glass elements embedded in surface.

Probably mid-3rd century a.d. Scale 1:2, except where indicated

Illustration 16. Cage cup 174 (G 547a-e + G 675a, b). Mid-3rd century a.d. Scale 1:1

View 1

Illustration 17. Cage cup 174, fragment h (G 675b). Wall of interior cup with strut. View 1: bicolor strut and smooth exterior of the inner cup. View 2: smooth interior side of the strut with blunt angle.

View 3: exterior of strut with diagonl cutting. Scale 1:1



Fragment a (G 547a), view 1. Bird.

Back: interior of inner cup.

Fragment a, view 2. Bird. Front:

cut details of cage.

Fragment a, view 3. Long, curving smooth

strut along breast of bird and hollow

space between the two struts.

Fragment a, view 4. Long, curving

smooth strut along wing of bird.

Fragment d (G 547d), view 1. Leaf.

Front: cut details of cage.

Fragment d, view 2. Leaf. Back: smooth

interior of cage with curving strut.

Fragment g (G 675a), view 1. Branch with leaf. Front: cut details of cage.

Fragment g, view 2. Branch.

Exterior of bicolored strut

with diagonal cutting.

Fragment e (G 547e). Part of leaf and stem. Exterior of bicolored

strut with diagonal cutting.

Illustration 18 Cage cup 174 (details). Scale 2:1



398 (G 168)

Illustration 21. Lamp with removable disk.

Probably 14th century a.d. Scale 1:2

404 (G616)

Illustration 22. Enameled beaker.

Mid-18th century a.d. Scale 1:1



LATE ROMAN

GLASS FURNACE

^^^^^>"^^^^^A ^ ^ ^

CUTTING IN BEDROCK ^ ̂ a *\ \\ ̂ - - ̂ >.--;:,.":;;v'

^^^^^ ^ ^ " ^ \^^^ \

L "M BEDR0CK - rSlJ

^?x?fP^\?\ \

DISTURBED WALL

BYZANTINE

WALL -^^^^^^0000^^^^^^

'-i_j-x^f

I_I-1-?I-1 ?

0 1 2 3 4 5 M.

Illustration 23. Agora, partial plan of the Southeast Stoa showing location of possible glass furnace



CONCRETE & RUBBLE

BEDDING OF EARLIER

FOUNDATION WALL

w '4

p- >

WALL OF FURNACE

PITHOS

NORTHERN LIMIT OF FURNACE

STUCCO CORNER OVER TILE FLOOR

BEDROCK

5 M.

REMAINS OF BURNING RED BRICK DUST

CONCRETE & RUBBLE FOOTING OF EARLER FOUNDATION WALL

STUCCO CORNER OVER TILE FLOOR

RED FIRE DUST

BEDROCK

Illustration 24. Agora, plan of Late Roman furnace. After sketches by R. Ross Holloway.

Illustration 25. Agora, remains of glass furnace (?)



TERMINOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES 15

bowl-shaped lamps (373-375). Originally fused to the center of the floor of the lamp, these

sturdy tubular wick holders are usually all that remained after the thin-walled lamp broke

(111. 1). There are many more wick holders from other findspots in the Agora. Lamps of this

type are not common in the West. In fact, the Athenian Agora is the westernmost findspot known to me. The wick holders are so numerous (nine included in this volume) that I would like to suggest that these lamps were made locally. If not, they were imported, probably from a Syro-Palestinian workshop.

TERMINOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES

Inventory Number

Catalogue numbers in boldface are followed by Agora inventory numbers, which consist of an uppercase G (for Glass) and a number. Other uppercase letters indicating a general class of objects that appear in this Catalogue are:

B = bronze

L = lamp

P = pottery

Nonjoining fragments of incomplete vessels sometimes have been assigned lowercase letters. At times fragments that seemed to belong together when they were first inventoried were later discovered to have come from two or more different pieces. In such cases, there are

either separate catalogue entries, for example, G 547h (178) and G 547i (179), or individual

fragments are listed in the entry, as, for example, for 167.

Sometimes objects found and inventoried separately, and thus having different inventory numbers, were later found to join or belong to the same object. In the Catalogue, their numbers are linked with a plus sign (+): for example, G 547a-f + G 675a, b (174).

Bibliography

References to previous publication follow the inventory number and are listed chronologi cally.

Context

The findspot of the piece follows on the next line. This is either a 20-meter square of the Agora grid preceded by the word "area," or a deposit. For a plan of the Agora showing the grid and the location of deposits producing glass vessels, see Figure 23. The deposits are iden tified by an alphanumerical reference to the grid square followed by a colon and a number. For example, the deposit name B 13:1 means that this particular deposit happened to be the first deposit found and labeled from the 20-meter square B 13; B 13:7 was the seventh

deposit found and labeled in that square. A list of deposits containing glass vessels and a

summary characterizing the nature of the deposits can be found in the Deposit Summaries, pp. 178-186.

If the findspot is not a deposit, the reference to the grid is based on information in the excavators' notebooks. If no information was forthcoming, the location of the "section" in which the piece was found is given. From the beginning of the excavations in 1931, the



16 INTRODUCTION

Agora has been excavated by sections, or individual lots, numbered consecutively in the Greek alphabet as they became available for excavation. (For a plan of the Agora showing these excavation sections, see Agora XXVI, pi. 35.) Because these lots have irregular borders,

the sections may cover part(s) of one or more squares of the-grid. A short description of the

findspot follows. In those cases where it is necessary to define the layer of a particular deposit or is deemed

relevant for locating the actual findspot, the pottery-lot storage number is cited: a Greek letter indicating the excavation section, followed by the type and number of the container, for example, section 00, container B 538 (B = Box; T = Tin).

Another abbreviation used in this section is POU, which stands for Period of Use.

Dimensions

Dimensions are given in meters. The following abbreviations are used:

H. = height

p.H. =

preserved height. If a fragment can be positioned properly (i.e., resting on an actual

surface or with rim horizontal) this measurement is the preserved height of the piece. For

floating wall fragments that cannot be positioned accurately, p.H. refers to the height of the sherd.

Diam. = diameter

est. Diam. = estimated diameter

Th. = thickness

av. Th. = average thickness. In cases where thickness varies considerably due to the manufac

turing process, a range is given.

max. dim. = maximum preserved dimension

W. = width

L. = length

Description

Weathering: Weathering affects not only the appearance of the glass, it can also provide clues to the composition of the material and the circumstances of its disposal. All weathering is

a deterioration of the glass itself. In severe cases weathering can eat through the wall and

create a hole or cause the wall to disintegrate. Types of weathering encountered in the glass

from the Agora include iridescence, pitting, and dulling. (On pitting and the alignment of

pits, see p. 23 and 111. 12.) The surface of the glass can flake or crizzle, or be covered with

a dull black or enamel white layer that consists of devitrified glass and is thus part of the

object itself. Sometimes the color of the glass can only be determined by removing part of

this layer. Blowing spirals, made visible through the weathering process, are actually caused

by impurities in the batch of the glass. Stress in the depositional environment can cause

a so-called feather crack, a relatively wide, deep crack that forms the spine with narrower,

shallower side branches (see PL 16, 161). Often, the glass will fracture along the spine

(111. 12). Years of burial in moist conditions can produce the equivalent of etching in spine and side branches.67

67. On feather cracks, which can occur in vessels and in

window glass, see Newton, Holloway, and Hench 1981, pp. 356,

360-361, figs. 1, 3.



terminology and organization of catalogue entries 17

Color: Color refers to the original color of the glass,68 not to its present state affected by weathering. No uniform method for describing color exists. In the present catalogue all

color descriptions have been rephrased in order to avoid major discrepancies in green and blue tints as perceived by Gladys Weinberg and myself. Unless otherwise indicated, the glass from the Agora is transparent.

Luxury ware: A term frequently used to refer to vessels made of purposefully colored or de colorized glass. Produced in specialized workshops and usually traded in small quantities, as can be seen from the size of preserved ingots,69 colored raw glass was much more expensive than naturally colored glass that was tinted bluish green, olive green, or amber due to iron

particles in the sand from which the raw glass was made. Diocletian's Price Edict (PE), issued in a.d. 301, our most important source for the prices of Roman glass, lists prices for decolor

ized and naturally tinted raw glass, the vessels made from these glasses, and for two qualities of window glass (PE 16.1-6).70

Fabric: Terms used to describe fabric are intended to identify the quality of the glass when the artisan had finished making the object. All observations regarding bubbles, etc. are presented as seen under a lOx magnifying glass. The chemical composition has been determined for a select number of objects chosen by Gladys Weinberg and analyzed by Richard Jones (see Appendix II).

Shape: Shape is described from top to bottom, as is customary with glass vessels because the

finishing of the rim is the most defining part of a blown vessel. Depending on the shape of the vessel, the parts may include rim, edge of rim, mouth, neck, shoulder, body, stem, foot, base (standing surface), and handle. Most of the terms used to describe these parts are self

explanatory.

The following are idiosyncratic to glass:

Pontil scar: The scar left on the underside of a blown vessel that has a heat-finished rim. Dur

ing blowing, the vessel's mouth is attached to the blowpipe. In order to shape the mouth and heat-finish the rim, the glassblower must separate the piece from the blowpipe. He or she

usually attaches the bottom of the vessel to the glass collar remaining on the blowpipe or to a hot wad of glass at the tip of a solid metal rod known as a pontil or punty. The wad of glass acts as an adhesive between vessel and tool. After completion, the artisan removes the vessel

from the pontil. The shape and size of the pontil scar depend on the tool used and on the

shape and size of the wad of glass at its tip.

Kick, kicked base: A deeply concave base pushed up and in with a pointed tool.

COMPARANDA

Similar pieces from the Agora are listed first, with bibliography if they have been published. Published comparanda from elsewhere are cited, usually in the text discussions of each chap ter preceding the actual catalogue entries.

68. On the color chemistry of ancient glasses, see R. H. Brill

and J. W. H. Schreurs, in G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 269-278. 69. On glass ingots from sites in western Asia, see Barag

1985, pp. 107-111; from the Uluburun wreck off the Turkish

coast, Nicholson, Jackson, and Trott 1997, pp. 143-153; an

ingot dedicated in the Athenian Asklepieion in 339/8 B.C., Stern 1999a, pp. 23-24. On ancient trade and the connections

between primary workshops producing raw glass and secondary

workshops producing objects, see Nenna 2000; Foy and Nenna

2001, pp. 21-66, 101-112.

70. Giacchero 1974. On PE 16.1-6 and on PE 16.7-9 listing colors, tentatively identified as colored glass mosaic cubes, see

Stern 1999b, pp. 460-466.



18 introduction

Date

The conventional date of the object, based on comparanda from elsewhere, is followed within

parentheses by the date of the context in the Agora. The date of the context comes either from the Deposit Lists, from notes on inventory cards (hand writing not identified), or from notes in the Pottery Notebooks, into which lots were entered at the end of each excavation season. (Wherever possible I checked the dates noted on inventory cards against the notes in the Pottery Notebooks.) The correctness of these dates depends on the expertise and care of the excavator. The piece in question sometimes appears to have been either intrusive or residual in a lot of a much earlier or later date.

The interpretation of the dates provided in the sources mentioned above is complicated by the fact that excavators in the Agora in the past have defined some currently accepted terms differently. Therefore, I have opted to cite in quotation marks all chronological labels

provided by the Deposit Lists, Notebooks, and anonymous comments on inventory cards. In the Agora it is now the convention to regard "Late Roman" and "Late Antique" as syn

onymous for the entire period from a.d. 267 to ca. 700, as in Agora XXIV. Contrary to this

convention, in this volume Late Roman and Late Antique denote sequential periods, the reason being that Late Roman has become the common label for all Roman glass of the mid 3rd through the 4th centuries,71 whereas the glass of the 5th century and later is known under various names (Frankish/Merovingian, Anglo-Saxon, Late Antique, Byzantine), depending on the geographical area.

71. On the continuation of Late Roman glassblowing tradi

tions into the first half of the 5th century in the areas bordering the Mediterranean, see Foy and Hochuli-Gysel 1995 for south

western France; Sternini 1995 for Italy; Stern 2001, pp. 260-261,

265-266, and nos. 144-151 for the eastern Mediterranean.



1

THE CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC PERIODS

5TH CENTURY B.C. TO EARLY 1ST CENTURY A.D.

CORE-FORMED VESSELS

The production of glass vessels by forming them on a core mainly of clay was the technique most used from earliest times (about 1500 b.c.) until the 1st century a.d. This technique is

represented at the Agora by only a few fragmentary bottles, all of well-known types. Ten have

been inventoried and catalogued (1-10); six of them are from meaningful contexts.

The first comprehensive work on core-formed glass was published in 1940 by Poul Fossing, who did not live long enough to continue this research. His pioneer achievement remained

the primary source for nearly 30 years. Birgit Schlick-Nolte's fundamental work on Egyptian

Dynastic core-formed glass appeared in 1968; Dan Barag's publication on Mesopotamian glass in 1970.1 Donald Harden established a typology for core-formed glass of the Classical Greek

period, based on form and decoration, in his publication of the British Museum's collection

(1981). This was amplified and revised by Murray McClellan in 1984 and further refined by David Grose in a catalogue of glass in the Toledo Museum of Art (1989).

In addition to descriptive works, scientific studies have been conducted on the cores. In 1966 Dominick Labino reproduced some core-formed bottles. His cores were chiefly of clay; in order to discourage forgery he did not reveal the exact composition.2 Two important ana

lytical studies, both appearing in 1970, showed that cores of Egyptian bottles included both

clay and organic material,3 the latter used perhaps to lighten the weight of the core. One

may note that many broken core-formed vessels that show the interior have a sandy inner

surface, sometimes even remains of sand (quartz grains). This feature, occasionally no more

than a sandpaperlike texture, accounts for the term "sand-core," widely used until the term

"core-formed" was adopted. The manufacturing process of these vessels began by coating the core with a layer of glass

that would become the body of the vessel. Dipping, winding, and mold-forming, all of which

are feasible with modern furnace technology, have been suggested as methods for applying the glass to the core. In the late 1990s Dudley Giberson successfully formed vessels on a core

by coating a wetted core with crushed glass,4 an attractive method because of its simplicity and because it requires very little pyrotechnological ability. In whatever manner ancient

glassworkers formed the bodies of the vessels, the decorative threads were definitely wound.

Murray McClellan observed that the threads usually spiral counterclockwise in the Archaic and Classical periods and clockwise in the Hellenistic period. The change in direction must have resulted from a change in the winding technique; several suggestions have been put forward.5 After completion of the vessel the glassworker then scraped out the core.

1. Nolte 1968; Barag [1970] 1988. 2. Labino 1966.

3. Bimson and Werner 1970; Wosinski and Brill 1970.

4. Stern 1998a, pp. 187-188,200-203; 1998b; 2002b, pp. 356

359. Stern and Schlick-Nolte (1994, pp. 30-44) discuss the

technical details of extant core-formed vessels from 1500 to

the 1st century B.C.

5. Stern 1996; R. Lierke and B. Schlick-Nolte in Lierke 1999,

pp. 32-34.



20 THE CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC PERIODS

The 10 Agora fragments do not offer any new chronological or technological informa tion. They fit into the established classification, dating from the 5th to the 1st century B.C. Three vessels (1-3) belong to Mediterranean Group I; five (4-8) to Mediterranean Group II; and two (9, 10) to Mediterranean Group III. The relatively large number of vessels from the Agora assigned to Mediterranean Group II, one-half of the inventoried fragments, merits attention in view of the fact that of the entire corpus this group comprises far fewer vessels than those of Mediterranean Groups I and III. The Agora fragments of Mediterranean Group II include three alabastra, one hydriske, and one thick-walled unguentarium (8) of Grose's Class II G, an eastern Mediterranean class for which an Anatolian origin has recently been

suggested.

Mediterranean Group I (1-3)

The workshops of Group I (mid-6th to end of 5th/early 4th century) produced four shapes, each of which imitates a shape common in contemporary Attic pottery: the alabastron, the

amphoriskos, the oinochoe, and the aryballos. Most vessels have a dark ground, usually trans

lucent blue with applied thread decoration in opaque turquoise blue, opaque yellow, and

opaque white, but there are numerous examples with an opaque white ground decorated

with dark purple threads. The threads are applied in straight revolutions, usually dragged up and down to form zigzags around the middle of the body of the vessel.

Numerically, Group I is the largest and also the most homogeneous with regard to shape, color, and decorative pattern. It had long been thought that these bottles were Phoenician or

Egyptian, but more recent studies have shown convincingly that the vessels of Mediterranean

Group I, at least, are Greek. Finds range from Ionia northward to the Black Sea coasts and west as far as Spain. Most recently, Marie-Dominique Nenna has updated the distribution maps of core-formed vessels;6 she is currently reexamining the issue of the location of workshops in the Classical period, one of which is thought to have been on Rhodes7 with, perhaps, an

additional manufacturing center in northern Greece.8

Mediterranean Group II (4-8)

In recent years, a gap of about two generations between the end of the production of Mediterranean Group I and the earliest vessels assigned to Group II (mid-4th to late 3rd

century B.C.) has been hypothesized,9 but continuity of shapes, at least in the early stage of Group II, suggests that the glassworkers responsible for the revival of core-forming had been trained in Group I workshops. The alabastron remained the most common shape; the amphoriskos soon went out of production; and the oinochoe became larger and less

elegant. Four completely new shapes appeared: the hydriske, the stamnos, the lentoid ary

ballos, and the unguentarium (thick- and thin-walled). The old zigzag patterns were rarely made; instead, festoons, inverted festoons, and feather patterns dominate. The threads of

Groups II and III are almost invariably wound clockwise instead of counterclockwise as previ

ously.

Numerically, Group II is small, about one-quarter the size of Group I. Findspots are no

longer concentrated in the eastern Greek world, but on mainland Greece and in central

and southern Italy. Nevertheless, Pavlos Triandaphyllides suggests that Rhodian workshops

6. Delos XXXVII, pp. 23-33; see also Arveiller-Dulong and

Nenna 2000, pp. 13-22.

7. Haevernick [1960] 1981, pp. 88-90; Weinberg 1966; Tri

andaphyllides 2003b, pp. 131-132.

8. Despina Ignatiadou (pers. comm.). Compare the rich finds

from Pydna (Ignatiadou 1993) and from Sindos (Sindos 1985).

See also Ignatiadou 1998; Trakosopoulou 2002, pp. 82-83.

9. McClellan 1984, pp. 77-79; Grose 1989, p. 115.



core-formed vessels 21

continued to produce core-formed vessels in this period.10 Murray McClellan was the first to

propose that one of the production centers may have been located in northern Greece, in

Macedonia.11

Between the mid-3rd and mid-2nd centuries no new shapes appear to have been invented. The few core-formed vessels that were produced were variations of older shapes, such as

thick-walled unguentaria of Grose's Class II:G and amphoriskoi of Class III:A, vessels that are found predominantly at eastern Mediterranean sites with a concentration in Anatolia, where

they may have originated.12

Mediterranean Group III (9, 10)

Around the middle of the 2nd century b.c. or shortly thereafter, the art of core-forming once

more experienced a vigorous revival. Styles, shapes, and techniques were relatively homog enous, suggesting that the workshops of Mediterranean Group III (mid-2nd century b.c. to first decade of 1st century a.d.) were located in proximity to each other. Two forms dominate: alabastra and amphoriskoi. Both were traditional for core-formed glass, but most shapes were

radically new. The alabastra have fusiform bodies with a marked carination about two-thirds down. The earliest amphoriskoi of Group III were, like their predecessors, miniatures of

contemporary storage and transport amphoras, most of which had elongated bodies and tall vertical handles. Thread decoration continued the feather patterns, festoons, and inverted

festoons fashionable in Group II. Many glass amphoriskoi have baroque S-shaped handles. The use of transparent to translucent glass for handles and knobbed bases was new, a kind

of glass that was common in hot-formed vessels produced on the Syro-Palestinian coast, but

not used previously in core-forming. To judge from the number of extant vessels, the output of Group III workshops was much

larger than that of Group II. The distribution pattern of Late Hellenistic core-formed vessels has been compared to that of Hellenistic grooved bowls made on the Syro-Palestinian coast

(see 22-35). Frequently found in the Greek islands, these later core-formed vessels probably were made on Cyprus,13 and possibly also on Rhodes.14 They are not common on mainland

Greece. The two fragments from the Agora (9,10) are a welcome addition to the distribution

map.

Glass Stand (11)

More interesting than the vessel fragments is a stand of colorless glass for an amphoriskos (11). When in use, these scent bottles required support. Stands exactly like this have been found (usually with the vessels they were meant to support) in graves on the Greek mainland

and islands, as well as in Greek colonies. Those that have been published come from Qandarli (ancient Pitane, on the coast of Asia Minor), Rhodes, Samos, Thasos, Brauron, Tanagra,

Ypati (near Lamia), Apollonia, and Ampurias.15 All these stands are exactly alike in form and approximately the same size. Some can be dated by the associated vessels to the early 5th century b.c. They are colorless, with a yellow or green tinge. It was thought previously that they were carved from blocks of raw glass, but probably they were made by casting and finished by grinding and polishing.

10. Triandaphyllides 2003b, p. 137. 11. McClellan 1984, pp. 79, 322-325; so also Ignatiadou

2002, p. 64.

12. Jones 1995, p. 31.

13. McClellan 1984, pp. 326-327.

14. Triandaphyllides 2003b, pp. 136-137. 15. Weinberg 1992, p. 94, no. 37 (from Tanagra), no. 38

(from Ypati, near Lamia), with full bibliographical refer ences to other examples. See also Freyer-Schauenburg 1973,

pi. XVIIIra (from Candarh).




The number of stands found is small compared with the quantities of amphoriskoi; some

may have been overlooked in excavating, or they may have been made of perishable materi als. The Agora example is the only one that has not been found in a grave; it is badly dam

aged. The quality and color of the material appear similar to the glass from Phidias's workshop

in Olympia,16 to the Achaemenid-type glass vessels found at various Greek sites,17 and to the

glass decoration on the great shield in "Philip's tomb" at Vergina;18 also comparable are the

glass inlays that decorated funeral couches and other furniture.19 In Etruscan graves of the

same period, core-formed amphoriskoi have been found with stands of beaten gold.20 These

stands are cylindrical, topped with a broad rim, often with filigree or relief decoration. They conceal the lower part of the vessels, and while adding an element of richness, they lack the

elegance of the simple Greek stands.

HELLENISTIC HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS

Fluted and Grooved Bowls

While core-forming was suitable for the production of closed vessels, casting and sagging were

methods by which bowls and other open shapes could be made.21 Cast vessels appeared as

early as the 8th century B.C. in Mesopotamia, and soon they were being produced in other

parts of the ancient world. Hemispherical bowls found at Nimrud are among the earliest, but almost at the same time similar ones appeared as far west as Crete (Fortetsa) and even

Italy (Palestrina). A cast and cut bowl excavated at Gordion (Turkey) hints at a more sophis ticated production of which little is known as yet. By the 5th century glass casting was being carried on somewhere in the eastern Mediterranean, then largely under Achaemenid rule, and therefore these vessels have been named "Achaemenid." Fine bowls with elaborate cut

decoration (imitating metal examples) continued through the 4th century, and appeared in Greek lands as well, in such relatively large numbers as to suggest that some were made

there.22 But it was not until the 2nd century B.C. that large-scale production was undertaken.23

The pieces found in the Agora date from this century and later. ,

Glass seems to have been more popular than other material for drinking vessels?it was

more attractive than pottery and less expensive than metal, and it did not affect the taste

of wine. The large numbers of fragments found at some Hellenistic sites suggest that their

fragility may also have been an attraction; to smash one's cup during a convivial feast could

be a sign of wealth and prestige (Mart. Epigr. 12.74)!

Casting was a time-consuming process;24 innovative glassmakers discovered a quicker way

to produce most of the bowl forms. A chunk of glass could be melted into a disk shape,25 the

16. OlForsch XVIII.2.

17. Triandaphyllides 2000b; 2003b. 18. Andronikos 1988, pp. 134-140.

19. Ignatiadou 2002, pp. 65-67; 2003.

20. Harden 1981, pp. 80,91, nos. 174A, 227A; Kunstmuseum

Luzern 1981, pp. 48-49, nos. 72 (Cerveteri), 73 (Etruscangrave),

85-86 (findspot unknown); Siviero 1959, p. 14, no. 23, pi. 25,

dated late 6th century B.C. on the basis of associated objects.

Amata (1996, p. 151) illustrates two gold stands with amphorisks

said to be from Enna and its vicinity, on Sicily.

21. The most comprehensive account of glassworking

techniques before the invention of blowing can be found in

Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 19-81 (including extensive

bibliography). 22. For production in Rhodes, see Triandaphyllides 2000a;

2000b, pp. 128-169; 2003b. For Greek Macedonia, see Ignatia

dou 1997, 2000, 2002, and 2004. 23. The most comprehensive account of glass made from

the Bronze Age through the Hellenistic period (including ex

tensive bibliography) is to be found in Grose 1989, pp. 45-57,

73-81, 185-197. For the Classical and Hellenistic periods, see

Delos XXXVII and, with additional literature, Arveiller-Dulong

and Nenna 2000.

24. On lost-wax casting, see Schuler 1959; Stern and Schlick

Nolte 1994, pp. 50-53. See also discussion of 36.

25. Stern 1993b.



HELLENISTIC HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS 23

hot disk then placed on a ceramic former mold, shaped as a hemisphere or cone. There it could be sagged until it reached the desired shape.26 The tool marks seen in the rim area of

sagged bowls (see 111. 12, left) suggest that they were hot-formed on slowly rotating molds, a

process that occasionally created rotary scratches on the interior.27 In the past, these rotary scratches consistently have been interpreted as polishing marks because it was thought that the vessels were cast and then finished by grinding and polishing on the wheel and that the decorative grooves or flutes were cut later. When the surface is heavily weathered and pit ted, as is the case with the fragments excavated in the Agora, all one can see is an alignment of surface pits (see 111. 12, right). It is impossible to distinguish whether this resulted from unintentional scratching or from polishing.28

This production apparently began in the Syro-Palestinian area; thousands of fragments of such vessels were found at Tel Anafa, a site in Upper Galilee.29 Surface collecting at Ha

goshrim, a few miles to the north, also furnished many examples, including fragments of bowls spoiled during manufacture.30 A factory certainly must have been operating in the

vicinity, and doubtless other production centers existed in the region. The Agora excavations produced relatively few such bowls, but useful chronological infor

mation can be elicited from them. Some offer slightly earlier dates than are provided by the Tel Anafa pieces.

The bowls are conical, hemispherical, or segmental; a few are ovoid or carinated. The main

shapes have been classified by David Grose into four groups: fluted, grooved, linear-cut, and ribbed.31 All four kinds have been found in the Agora. The fluted and grooved bowls are discussed in this chapter, the linear-cut and ribbed bowls in Chapter 2.

Fluted Bowls (12-16)

Fluted bowls (Grose's Group B) are represented by 12-16. This shape is deep, with a slightly flaring rim; it has a series of horizontal grooves and ridges on the exterior, and below these shallow vertical flutes cut (possibly cast) into the surface, extending almost to the bottom.

An engraved star, a rosette, or a design of three concentric circles is often found on the bot tom (none at the Agora). The interior looks wheel-polished. Four of the bowls are shades of green or yellow; one is colorless.

12 is unusual in that it has an added rim: a dark blue (cobalt) ring, roughly rectangular in section. No other monochrome vessel with a contrasting rim of this kind seems to have been

discovered.32 Frederic Schuler (letter of June 17, 1978) suggested the following method for

creating the rim: "A closed mold was prepared with an opening at the top. (The bowl would be cast upside down.) Blue glass frit was added first and 'shaken down'; then the mold was heated, melting the frit to form a ring at the bottom of the cavity. Small bits of clear glass were then added to the heated mold, and as this melted down, it filled the mold and sealed onto the blue glass ring." Although the height of the rim varies considerably, the junction between the blue and the colorless glass is so clean that it seems to preclude the hypothesis that either the bowl or the rim were made from crushed glass. It seems more probable that the rim was made by coiling a trail of blue glass around the edge of a clear glass disk, either

26. Cummings 1980, pp. 23-25, 85-86; Stern and Schlick

Nolte 1994, pp. 66-71.

27. On the cause of rotary scratches, see Lierke and Lindig 1997. For a good description and illustrations of the difference between rotary scratches and polishing marks, see Lierke 1995a,

p. 42, figs. 2, 3.

28. On aligned surface pits, caused by corrosion, see Pilosi and Wypyski 2002, pp. 101-104. Despite my own doubts I have retained the term "wheel polished" in my coauthor's text.

29. Weinberg 1970. The final publication, by D. F. Grose, is in preparation.

30. Weinberg 1973.

31. Grose 1979; 1989, pp. 193-195, 244-247. 32. Fragments of two monochrome green vessels with twisted

opaque blue and white rims are mentioned in Stern 1993a,

pp. 51-52, the one from Heis, in Somalia, thought to be Late

Hellenistic, the other from Ras Ibn Hani on the Syrian coast, from a 5th-century a.d. context.




before sagging (or wheel-molding) or after, while the bowl was still hot enough for the coil to adhere.

12, 13, and 14 were found in various 2nd-century B.C. contexts; 15 and 16 in lst-century B.C. contexts. These dates agree with those of the bowls found at Delos and Anafa in contexts

of the late 2nd and early 1st century B.C.33 One bowl (13) is probably earlier, before 150 B.C.

Two of the seventeen fragments recorded at the Unexplored Mansion in Knossos come from

mid-2nd- to early-lst-century B.C. contexts.34 It seems clear that these bowls had metal pro

totypes, but more useful for chronology is their resemblance to ceramic "long-petal bowls,"

which have been found in quantity and can be well dated. Their shape is exactly like that of

the glass bowls, and while the decoration of the ceramic bowls was cast, not cut, the effect

produced is not dissimilar. The long-petal bowls are now believed to have come to Athens

shortly after the middle of the 2nd century B.C. and to have ceased somewhat before the end

of the 1st century B.C.35

Fluted glass bowls have been found at various sites in the Mediterranean36 and some with

out provenance are in museum collections. By far the majority were excavated in Greece.

In addition to those mentioned and illustrated in a preliminary publication,37 there is a

magnificent intact brown bowl found in a tomb near Pylos, datable probably to the mid-2nd

century B.C., and other examples are known from Delos, Elis, Antikythera, Knossos, Amorgos,

and Kos (unpublished).38 Following Grose (1979) the bowls are usually associated with the

Syro-Palestinian glass industry.

Grooved Bowls (17-35)

Grooved bowls made by sagging (Grose's Group A) are represented by 17-35. Five fragments are decorated with horizontal grooves on the exterior (17-21). Like the fluted bowls, most of

these have slightly flaring rims, which is why in their first publication flutes were presumed for 17-20 (none are preserved). However, a recent publication of the glass from Delos shows

that such vessels were sometimes decorated with bands of horizontal grooves only,39 like the

better-preserved 21, a deep ovoid bowl with slightly incurving rim, for which parallels likewise

exist in Delos.40 As was the case with the vertically fluted bowls, the glass bowls decorated

with external horizontal grooves may derive ultimately from Achaemenid Persian metalware.

Horizontal ribbing and fluting entered the Greek repertoire in the early 5th century B.C.,

following Achaemenid Persian luxury wares, and appeared sporadically throughout the 5th

and 4th centuries.41 19-21 are the usual shades of pale green and brown, but 18 is golden

yellow, and one tiny piece, 17, is dark bluish green, an unusual color in this category, but

noted also in Knossos. Four of the five bowls are from 2nd-century B.C. contexts; 17 possibly

from before 180 B.C. Similar fragments are known from Corinth, Amorgos, Knossos, and

Delos.42

The commonest bowls have horizontal grooves on the interior (22-34). Most of the bowls

are hemispherical (22, 23)43 or rounded conical (24-31) in imitation of the Late Hellenistic

33. DelosXXXVll, pp. 91-93.

34. Price 1992, p. 419, nos. 17a, 18.

35. Agora XXII, pp. 35-36. In a discussion of the long-petal

bowls (Callaghan 1982) it was suggested that the bowls came

from Asia Minor to Corinth before reaching the Athens market.

Thus a date of about 165 B.C. was proposed. 36. Nenna (Delos XXXVII, p. 91) lists finds from the Black

Sea coast, Turkey, Israel, Cyprus, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Italy, and

Greece.

37. Weinberg 1961.

38. Papathanasopoulos 1967 (Pylos); DelosXXXVll, pp. 90

93, nos. C216-238; Weinberg 1992, pp. 102, no. 56 (Elis), 105,

nos. 64,65 (Antikythera); Price 1992, p. 419, nos. 14-19 (Knos

sos); Triandaphyllides 2002b, p. 95, fig. 4 (Amorgos). 39. Nenna 1993, p. 14, fig. 3:e, f; Delos XXXVII, pp. 82-84,

nos. C160-172.

40. Delos XXXVII, pp. 77-79, nos. C108-127.

41. Miller 1997, pp. 147-150.

42. Corinth XII, p. 93, nos. 584-586. For Amorgos, see Tri

andaphyllides 2002b, p. 94, figs. 2, 3. For Knossos, see Price

1992, p. 419, nos. 22-26 in shades of light green and brown

from 2nd- to lst-century b.c. contexts and nos. 27-29, strongly

colored, from contexts dated early to mid-lst century a.d. For

Delos, see Nenna 1993, p. 14, fig. 3:c-h.

43. Compare an intact bowl from a tomb at Yalova, Messenia:

ArchDelt2l, B'l (1966 [1968]), p. 165, pi. 163.



HELLENISTIC HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS 25

silver drinking cup called mastos,44 a shape that was particularly popular on the Syro-Pales tinian coast, where it also was made in pottery,45 glass, and wood.46 32 has a slightly flaring rim; 33 an unusual everted rim marked by a broad single groove on the interior. All these would have had rounded bottoms; they are by far the commonest types of grooved bowls. The glass bowls were made on the Palestinian coast, and perhaps as well elsewhere in the Mediterranean. In addition to the finds from Tel Anafa and Hagoshrim mentioned above, many such bowls have been published from Jerusalem,47 Beirut,48 and Turkey.49 Although the widest distribution of these bowls is in the eastern Mediterranean, some have been noted farther west: in Cyrenaica, Italy, Carthage, Spain, and even in northern France.50 In Greece, hundreds of fragments of grooved bowls came to light at Delos and fragments have been found also elsewhere on the islands and the mainland.51 A workshop in Rhodes produced undecorated, crude hemispherical bowls in the late 2nd and early 1st centuries B.C., appar

ently a local imitation of the Syro-Palestinian grooved specimens.52

Eight of the Agora fragments are various shades of brown; one is yellowish green; two are purple. The hemispherical shape may be earlier than the conical form: a fragment of a hemispherical bowl was excavated at Ashdod (Israel) in a locus "not later than the mid second century B.C.,"53 and 22 is dated by context to before ca. 145 B.C. The conical bowls

24-29 come from deposits of the late 2nd century B.C.; the others from later contexts. It is

generally believed that manufacture of the grooved bowls did not continue much after the mid-lst century B.C.54

34 is one of a small number of bowls having a row of "beading" inside below the rim; this effect was produced by making notches at intervals on a horizontal ridge. Clearly an imita tion of metal, this feature is found also in pottery. The subject has been treated in detail, and similar glass bowl fragments have been cited from Ashdod, Samaria, and Crete.55 Others, still

unpublished, have been found at Maresha and Caesarea. Fragments of six such bowls are

known from Delos.56 Some of these bowls can be dated by context to the second half of the 2nd century B.C.

35, with exterior and interior grooves, has a flaring rim and is unusually thin-walled.57 Two such bowls, both opaque blue, are known from Delos,58 and a similar bowl, opaque blue, with grooves on the outside only, is in the Vatican.59

Kantharos (36)

In addition to the fluted and grooved bowls, there are a few fragments from the Agora of monochrome cast vessels datable within Hellenistic times. Early cast glass vessels appear to have been individual pieces; casting was not yet used to create multiples. Both the wax model

44. Strong 1966, pp. 108-109, fig. 24; Oliver 1977, pp. 84-85, no. 47; Salomonson 1982, p. 171. A silver mastos was recovered from the Antikythera shipwreck, see Weinberg 1992, discussion of no. 53.

45. Pottery mastoi have been excavated elsewhere, as in the

Agora (Agora XXII, p. 92, no. 405), but are much less common

outside Palestine.

46. Hadas (1994, p. 5*, p. 9, fig. 14:15) publishes a wooden mastos from Engedi, decorated with grooves on the exterior.

47. Ariel 1990, pp. 150-151, figs. 27, 33.

48. Jennings 2000.

49. Lightfoot 1993b.

50. Most of these traveled west probably by ship on the

Mediterranean Sea; it is not always possible to determine whether individual finds from shipwrecks were merchandise or personal possessions, e.g., the conical grooved bowls from a

shipwreck at Cape Camarat, southern France (Foy and Nenna

2001, pp.103-105). 51. Delos XXXVII, p. 68; Samothrace XI, pp. 1071-1072,

no. XS-516.

52. Triandaphyllides 2002a, pp. 32-33, fig. 8. 53. Barag 1971, p. 202, no. 2, fig. 105:1, pi. 98:1. 54. Grose 1979, pp. 57-58.

55. S. S. Weinberg 1988. Two pottery bowls from Gezer can

be dated by context to the mid-2nd century B.C. On metal bowls with beaded decoration, see Strong 1966, pp. 108-109.

56. Nenna 1993, pp. 16-17, fig. 6; Delos XXXVII, p. 89, nos. C210-215.

57. Gladys Weinberg suggested it may be of Italian origin. 58. Delos XXXVII, p. 83, nos. C163, C164.

59. Oliver 1972, p. 21, fig. 6.



26 the classical and hellenistic periods

and the mold were destroyed in the process: the wax model when the artisan burned it out of the mold in preparation for casting, and the mold after he or she had fired the piece. The mold itself would have been made of plaster or some other soluble material that could be broken away carefully and washed off the fired vessel. Well known in metal as well as pottery, the cup-kantharos with a broad flange below the rim

was made predominantly from ca. 275 to 215 b.c.; several pottery vessels dated ca. 275-260 have been excavated in the Agora.60 36 seems to be the only example of this shape recorded in glass. The shape must have been difficult to cast; it is unlikely that many were produced. Susan Rotroff notes that the cup-kantharos "appears as a motif on moldmade bowls begin

ning in ca. 225 [b.c] , which suggests that it continued to be made, in silver if not in clay, at least until the early last quarter of the 3rd century [b.c.]."61 The cup-kantharoi of pottery and silver were tall-stemmed drinking vessels, and our glass vessel may likewise have been stemmed. However, the relatively large diameter of the rim suggests that it did not serve for drinking, but rather was a mixing bowl for wine and water. The fragment comes from a context dated 4th century to ca. 180 b.c., and it could well be coeval with the pottery and metal cup-kantharoi dated to the second quarter of the 3rd century b.c.

Body Fragment (37)

37 is a fragment so small that it could be considered as either from a carinated(?) bowl or a

lid. The delicate, colorless material is of very fine quality. It was recorded by the excavator as

having been found in a 4th-century b.c. context. While this date appears rather startling, it

may be correct, for the fragment shows nothing inherently incompatible with such a date.

However, the fill was disturbed, and it is possible that the piece can be dated a good deal later.62

60. Agora XXIX, pp. 250-251, nos. 85, 89, 90. For silver ex

amples and for the development of the shape, see Pfrommer

1987, pp. 3-24.

61. Agora XXIX, p. 89.

62. The context has been reevaluated and is now considered

to date from the mid-4th century to ca. 180 B.C. with very few

later disturbances.



27

CATALOGUE

CORE-FORMED VESSELS

Mediterranean Group I

1 (G 634) Amphoriskos PL 1

J5:2 P.H. 0.02; Diam. base knob ca. 0.02; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0017. Base and lower body. Iridescence, pitting. Translucent light blue. No remains of core, but inte

rior rough, presumably from manufacturing technique with crushed glass (no indication of trailing). Pointed

body protruding as a boss in the center of the underside of the slightly concave, wound base. Tool marks on upper part of base.

Grose 1989, p. 112, Class I:B; p. 126, Form 1:1. Late 5th century b.c. (context of 430-400 b.c.).

2 (G 183) Aryballos PI. 1 Area O 20 P.H. 0.017; Th. 0.002.

Wall fragment. Iridescence and pitting. Blue; one opaque white thread between two opaque

yellow threads, melted into surface.

Grose 1989, p. 112, Class I:B, subclass. Mid-5th century b.c. (context mid-5th century b.c.).

3 (G 566) Aryballos (?) PI. 1 Area I 13 P.H. ca. 0.018; Th. 0.002.

Fragment of body, no finished edge. Dulled surface. Dark blue; yellow and turquoise blue threads melted

into surface.

Grose 1989, p. 112, Class I:B. Late 5th or early 4th century b.c. (context 5th-4th

century b.c.).

Mediterranean Group II

4 (G 453) Alabastron PI. 1 McClellan 1984, pp. 236, 341, pi. 25. J 11-1 P.H. 0.04; Th. 0.004.

Fragment of body. Severe pitting. Translucent dark blue with white spots of scum.

Feather pattern of light blue or opaque white. McClellan 1984: Type III.A.iii, no. 2; Grose 1989,

pp. 117-119, Class II:A.

Probably 350-325 b.c. (context of 400-325 b.c.).

5 (G 326) Alabastron PI. 1 D 16:1 P.H. 0.024; Diam. rim 0.05; Th. rim and neck 0.004. Rim disk and small part of neck. Iridescence; severe

pitting. Translucent to opaque brown containing impurities.

Broad flat rim disk; cylindrical neck. Grose 1989, pp. 117-119, Class II:A; p. 127, Form 11:1.

Mid- to late 4th century b.c. (from Byzantine deposit above homogeneous fill of 325-275 b.c.).

6 (G 485) Alabastron PL 1 McClellan 1984, pp. 239, 341, pi. 26. Area 112 PH. 0.024.

Fragment of body. Iridescence, severe pitting. Original color indistinguishable, now appearing

golden, from iridescence. Inverted festoon decoration

in opaque glass. McClellan 1984: Type III.A.iv, no. 1 (dated 325-300

b.c.); Grose 1989, pp. 117-119, Class II:A. Late 4th century b.c. (context late 4th century b.c.).

7 (G 499) Hydriske PI. 1 Area K-O 15 PH. 0.015; Diam. base 0.017; Th. 0.0015. Base and part of body. Surface pitted. Dark blue; yellow thread melted in at upper end. Harden 1981, pp. 114-115; McClellan 1984,

pp. 111-112: Type III.E.i; Grose 1989, pp. 120-121, Class II:E; p. 128, Form 11:1.

Late 4th century b.c. (context 2nd century b.c.).

8 (G 186) Unguentarium PI. 1 McClellan 1984, pp. 289, 341, pi. 34. Area O 19 P.H. 0.07; Th. at shoulder 0.003. Lower neck, body, and foot, mended from several

fragments. Severe pitting. Translucent dark blue with opaque yellow thread.

Ovoid body with smooth transition to stemmed foot. Spi ral thread begun as a thick trail on lower body, dragged to form a pattern of festoons and ribs on body.

McClellan 1984: Type IV.C.ii.2 (dated 250-150 b.c.); Grose 1989, pp. 121-122, Class IPG; p. 128, Form 11:2; cf. cat. nos. 159-161.

3rd-2nd century b.c. (context 1st century a.d.).

Mediterranean Group III

9 (G 525) Alabastron 111. 2, PI. 1 Q13:l P.H. 0.028; Diam. 0.024; Th. 0.009.

Fragment of neck. Surface pitted. Translucent deep bluish green, appearing black.

Remains of pale-ochre-colored core inside. One thick

opaque yellow and two thinner opaque white threads melted flush into surface, most of the white thread fallen off; the application point of the yellow thread preserved.

Grose 1989, p. 123, Class IILC (probably); p. 128, Forms III.T-4. On the date, see p. 11, discussion of de

posit Q 13:1. Thea Haevernick once suggested that this




fragment might be of Punic origin. For Punic vessels, see

Fossing 1940, p. 57; Harden 1981, p. 125. 2nd or early 1st century B.C. (context early 1st century

A.D.).

10 (G 538) Amphoriskos PI. 1 McClellan 1984, pp. 277, 341, pi. 32. Area O 11-12 P.H. 0.075; Diam. rim 0.033.

Upper part preserved (one handle missing). Heavy silver weathering. A considerable amount of brown sand

inside.

Translucent light greenish blue; handle transparent light green. Irregularly shaped rim disk, tool marks on rim and neck; cylindrical body. No trace of winding of

body visible along breaks. Opaque white (?) thread begin ning on rim, spiraling down clockwise, pulled into feather

pattern on upper body. Vertical handle from shoulder to

upper neck.

Harden 1981, p. 131, no. 352, Mediterranean Group 3, Form 7Aiii.a.l; McClellan 1984: Type IV.B.iii.l; Grose

1989, pp. 123-124, Class III:E; p. 129, Form III:2A. 1st century b.c. (context as late as 5th century a.d.).

Glass Stand

11 (G 517) Stand for core-formed Fig. 1, PI. 1

amphoriskos

Q8:l P.H. 0.01; internal Diam. 0.02.

Lower edge broken off. Iridescence.

Colorless with yellow tinge; fine material with tiny spherical bubbles. Top (small end) ground off flat and

smooth; bottom beveled around the opening; the whole surface polished.

5th century b.c. (context of 425-400, with some

contamination of the third quarter of the 4th century b.c.).

HELLENISTIC HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS

Fluted Bowls

Rim Coil

12 (G 236) Fluted bowl Fig. 1, PL 1

Weinberg 1961, p. 391, no. 1. D 19:2 P.H. 0.06; est. Diam. rim 0.136; Th. rim 0.0038, Th.

wall at lowest point 0.002.

Fragment of rim and wall. Dulling and severe pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior and on exterior of

rim; no alignment in fluted area.

Colorless with greenish tinge. Cobalt blue rim, ground to become rectangular in section and the same thickness

as adjacent clear glass. Two shallow horizontal grooves out

side, 0.014 below rim. Below these, shallow vertical flutes,

probably mold-formed, possibly cut, fading to top. Second half of 2nd century b.c. (context late 2nd to

early 1st century b.c.).

Plain Rim

13 (G 466) Fluted bowl PL 1

H-K12-14, terrace area 3, strosis b

Max. dim. 0.018; Th. 0.002.

Wall fragment. Silver weathering. Pale yellowish tinge. Shallow, sharply cut vertical flut

ing on the convex exterior (chipped along one edge). Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 90: 2B. Context of 4th century to ca. 180 b.c., with small

amount of "late Hellenistic" material.

14 (G 535) Fluted bowl PL 1

Weinberg 1961, p. 391, no. 4. C18:3 P.H. 0.027; Th. ca. 0.003.

Wall fragment. Slight iridescence; surface pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Pale green. Shallow vertical flutes with narrow, slightly

deeper flutes between them, cut off at the top by polish ing of exterior of rim.

Cf. Debs XXXVII, p. 90: 2B. Late 2nd century B.C. (context late 2nd century

B.C.).

15 (G 72) Fluted bowl Fig. 1, PI. 2

Weinberg 1961, p. 391, no. 3. Area E 6 P.H. 0.042; est. Diam. rim 0.13; av. Th. wall 0.0037.

Fragment of rim and wall. Flaking surface and flaking silver weathering, severe pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior and on exterior of rim.

Colorless, pale green tinge. Shallow vertical flutes, flat and wide, rather like 12; probably wheel-cut; possibly cast. Narrow horizontal ridge on outside of rim, two shallow horizontal grooves farther down. Two broad shallow

grooves inside below rim.

Cf. Debs XXXVII, p. 90: 2B. Second half of 2nd century B.C. (context "late Hel

lenistic").

16 (G 253) Fluted bowl Fig. 1, PL 2

Weinberg 1961, p. 391, no. 2. B 22:4, upper fill P.H. 0.065; est. Diam. rim 0.14; Th. rim 0.005, Th. wall

at lowest point 0.004.

Fragment of rim and wall. Pitting; pits aligned hori

zontally on interior and on exterior of rim, vertically in

fluted area.

Colorless, slight pale green tinge. WTieel-cut vertical

flutes, deeper, narrower, and sharper than those of 12;

tops ground off by concave horizontal molding between

fluting and rim. Four narrow horizontal grooves around

outside of rim: one just below the edge of the rim, two farther down, and the fourth at the junction of the rim and the concave molding.

Cf. Debs XXXVII, p. 90: 2B. Second half of 2nd century B.C. (context 1st century

B.C.).



CATALOGUE 29

Grooved Bowls

Horizontal Grooves on the Exterior

Flaring rim

17 (G 462) Grooved bowl PL 2

Weinberg 1961, p. 391, no. 5. H-K 12-14, area north 3, under strosis b

P.H. 0.015; est. Diam. rim 0.10; Th. ca. 0.002.

Fragment of rim and wall. Slight pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior and exterior.

Dark bluish green. Probably hemispherical; two nar row horizontal grooves outside below the rim.

Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 82: ID. Context of 4th century to ca. 180 b.c., with small

amount of "late Hellenistic" material.

18 (G 20) Grooved bowl Fig. 1, PL 2

Thompson 1934, p. 427, no. E 159, figs. 110, 113; Weinberg 1961, p. 391, no. 6.

F15:2 P.H. 0.035; est. Diam. rim 0.14; Th. rim 0.003, Th. wall


Fragment of rim and wall. Slight iridescence, pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior and exterior.

Translucent dark golden yellow. Two narrow horizon

tal grooves outside below rim; three close-set grooves farther down.

Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 82: ID. Second half of 2nd century b.c. (context of 150-110

b.c.).


Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 8. N 19:1, unknown depth P.H. of rim fragment 0.025; est. Diam. rim 0.11; Th.

all pieces ca. 0.004.

Three fragments, one from rim, two from wall. Slight pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior and exte rior.

Pale green. The rim fragment has two narrow hori

zontal grooves outside; the triangular wall fragment has

two pairs of horizontal grooves outside; the other wall

fragment is plain. Cf. DelosXXXVll, p. 82: ID.

Probably second half of 2nd century b.c. (context of 125 b.c or earlier to early 1st century a.d.).

20 (G 296) Grooved bowl Fig. 1, PL 2 Weinberg 1961, pp. 391-392, no. 7. Area B-C 16, Building H, above floor P.H. 0.043; Diam. rim 0.155; Th. 0.004-0.005.

Fragment of rim and wall. Iridescence and pitting;

pits aligned horizontally on exterior below rim. Brown. Flaring, sharp-edged rim. Four narrow hori

zontal grooves outside, starting 0.023 below rim.

Cf. DelosXXXVll, p. 82: ID. Mid- to late 2nd century b.c. (context 5th-6th century

a.d.).

Incurving rim


Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 10. C 18:3

RH. 0.087; est. Diam. rim 0.125.

Fragments of rim and wall. Traces of white weather

ing, pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior and exterior.

Light brown. Three sets of horizontal grooves outside. The tool used to cut the grooves apparently slipped at one point: see upper right of photo.

Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 77: IB. Late 2nd century B.C. (context late 2nd century

B.C.).

Horizontal Grooves on the Interior

Hemispherical 22 (G 526) Grooved bowl Fig. 1, PL 2

Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 9. R12:5 P.H. 0.051; est. Diam. rim 0.135; Th. wall near rim

0.004, at lowest point 0.0018.

Fragment of rim and wall. Traces of silver weather

ing, iridescence, pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Translucent light yellowish brown. Two narrow hori zontal grooves inside.

Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 84: IF. Before ca. 145 B.C. (context 2nd century, before ca.

145 B.C.).

23 (G 387) Grooved bowl Fig. 1, PL 2 Area F 13 P.H. 0.052; est. Diam. rim 0.15; Th. wall near rim 0.005,


Fragment of rim and wall. Surface pitted; pits aligned horizontally on interior and on edge of rim.

Light purple. Two horizontal grooves inside. From the same context comes G 388, similar shape

but brown in color.

Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 84: IF.

Probably late 2nd century B.C. ("early Roman" con

text).

Conical

24 (G 556) Grooved bowl Fig. 1

Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 15. AreaM 17 P.H. 0.05; est. Diam. rim 0.135.

Two fragments of rim and wall. All surfaces pitted; pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Brown. Two horizontal grooves inside.

Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 70: 1A. Late 2nd century B.C. (context late 2nd century

B.C.).

25 (G 537) Grooved bowl Fig. 2, PL 2 Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 12. C 18:3 P.H. 0.054; Diam. rim 0.162; Th. rim 0.0033-0.0039,

Th. wall at lowest points 0.002-0.003.

Fragments of rim and wall (possibly from two almost identical bowls). Flaking surface, silver weathering, iri descence, pitting.

Light brown. Two horizontal grooves inside below rim.





B.C.).


Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 11. C18:3 P.H. 0.06; est. Diam. 0.15.

Fragment of rim and wall. All surfaces pitted; pits aligned horizontally on interior to 0.01 below rim.

Light brown. Seven horizontal grooves inside.


B.C.).


Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 13. C 18:3 P.H. 0.04; Th. ca. 0.005.

Fragment of rim and wall. Traces of white weathering, pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Light brown. Three horizontal grooves inside, below rim.


B.C.).


Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 14. C 18:3 P.H. ca. 0.052.

Fragment of wall, no finished edge. Flaking surface, iridescence, severe pitting; surface pits aligned horizon

tally on interior.

Purplish, fading to colorless toward bottom. Faint horizontal grooves inside near top of fragment (recorded

by Gladys Weinberg, no longer visible). Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 70: 1A. Late 2nd century B.C. (context late 2nd century

B.C.).


Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 16. AreaM 17 P.H. 0.035; Th. 0.002-0.004.

Fragment of rim and wall. Severe pitting; surface pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Yellowish green. Two horizontal grooves inside below

rim.


B.C.).

30 (G 368) Grooved bowl Fig. 2, PL 3 Area B-D 18-19, from filling under floor of House N,

east of Great Drain, west branch

P.H. 0.045; est. Diam. rim 0.15; Th. wall 0.005.

Fragment of rim and wall. Iridescence, pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Yellowish brown. Two horizontal grooves inside below rim.

Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 70: 1A.

Late 2nd or early 1st century b.c. (context 1st century a.d.; cf. Young 1951, p. 274).

31 (G 295) Grooved bowl Fig. 2, PL 3 Area B-C 16, Building H, above floor P.H. 0.039; est. Diam. rim 0.175; Th. rim 0.0056, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Traces of white weathering,

pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior. Brown. Two horizontal grooves inside below rim.

A fragment of a similar bowl, G 56, also brown but with thinner walls, was found in a "late Roman" context

(Southwest Fountain House). Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 70: 1A. Late 2nd or early 1st century b.c. (context 5th-6th

century a.d.).

With slightly flaring rim

32 (G 225) Grooved bowl Fig. 2, PL 3 N 20:1 (POU) P.H. 0.05; est. Diam. rim 0.18; Th. rim 0.004, Th. wall


Fragment of rim and wall. Pitting; horizontally aligned pits and rotary scratches on interior and on exterior of

rim area.

Reddish purple, with unintentional dark streaks (not homogenously melted). One deep horizontal groove inside below rim.

Late 2nd or early 1st century b.c. (context of 1-50

a.d.).

With everted rim

33 (G 603) Grooved bowl Fig. 2, PL 3 Area E-H 17-20 P.H. 0.025; est. Diam. rim 0.16; Th. wall 0.004.

Fragment of rim and wall. Flaking surface, severe pit

ting; pits aligned horizontally on edge and interior of rim.

Light brown. One horizontal groove inside, 0.01 below rim. Flaring rim.

Late 2nd or early 1st century b.c. (?) (context Herulian debris of a.d. 267).

With beaded rim

34 (G 328) Grooved bowl Fig. 2, PL 3 AreaD 17 P.H. 0.028; est. Diam. rim 0.17-0.18; Th. rim 0.003.

Fragment of rim and upper wall. Severe pitting.

Light purple, not homogeneous. Thin angular rim; wall thickens just below and has an interior horizontal

ridge at the thickest point (Th. 0.005). The ridge is "notched" at close intervals, producing a beaded effect.

A plain horizontal groove 0.01 below. Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 89: 2A. Second half of 2nd century b.c. ("early Roman" con

text).

Horizontal Grooves on the Exterior and Interior

35 (G 586) Grooved bowl Fig. 2, PL 3 1-0 15:1, layer IV (a 4) P.H. 0.032; est. Diam. rim 0.12; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0004.



CATALOGUE 31

Two joining fragments of rim and wall. Iridescence; surface pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Yellowish brown. Unusually thin walls. Shallow groove inside just below rim; three grooves outside mid-body.

Cf. Delos XXXVII, p. 83, nos. C163, C164. Before 125 b.c. (context before 125 b.c).

Kantharos

36 (G 467) Kantharos Fig. 2, PL 3

Weinberg 1961, p. 392, no. 17. H-K 12-14, terrace area 3, strosis d

Max. dim. 0.047; est. Diam. rim 0.19.

Fragment of rim and wall. Slight weathering and pit ting; pits aligned horizontally on upper edge of rim and on underside of flange.

Colorless, pale green tinge. Broad flange below the

rim, curving out and downward. In appearance the glass is like that of 11 (a stand for an amphoriskos).

Cf. ceramic cup-kantharoi, dated ca. 275-260: Agora

XXIX, pp. 250-251, nos. 85, 89, and 91; Corinth VII.3, pp. 73-74, nos. 375-376.

Ca. 275 b.c. or later (context of 4th century to ca.

180 b.c., with a small amount of "late Hellenistic" mate

rial) .

Body Fragment

37 (G 391) Fragment Fig. 2, PL 3 Area Q 8, filling in floor of Square Market Building Max. dim. 0.043; est. Diam. 0.10.

Wall fragment. Milky weathering and pitting. Almost colorless, pale green tinge. Wheel-cut ridge

just below the very thin upper edge, apparently broken off. Perhaps from a lid or carinated(?) bowl.

Context of mid-4 th century to ca. 180 b.c. with very few later disturbances.



2

THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE

26 B.C. TO CA. A.D. 100

EARLY IMPERIAL HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS

Monochrome Ribbed and Linear-cut Bowls

A significant difference between the grooved and fluted bowls discussed above and those of Grose's Groups C and D is the flat or slightly concave bottom (never convex) found only on the two latter groups. Since these bowls stand without support, they could serve as tableware, replacing pottery bowls, not just for banquets but for daily use. This characteristic alone can

explain the wide diffusion of Groups C and D. Another important feature is the ribbing; it ensured that a bowl would not easily slip from the hand and also strengthened the walls, making the bowls less likely to break.1

Ribbed Bowls (38-58) The date of the earliest ribbed bowls (Grose's Group C) has not yet been established beyond doubt. David Grose originally suggested that they appeared in the second half of the 1st cen

tury b.c., at about the same time as the linear-cut bowls.2 Subsequently, he revised this date

upward,3 based on the fragments excavated at Tel Anafa that had been attributed to levels dated between 95 and 80 b.c., but it now appears that all the ribbed bowls from Anafa come from later, Roman layers, dated ca. a.d. 10-30.4 Undatable fragments from Hagoshrim ap

pear to represent an experimental, earlier(?) production phase.5 Fragments from Ashdod are thought to predate the end of the 2nd century b.c.6 In Delos, the ribbed bowl makes its first appearance in the second quarter of the 1st century b.c.7 Most of the Agora fragments date from the Augustan period and later.

Although they originated in the eastern Mediterranean, ribbed bowls soon spread all over western Europe (as other types did not) and became standard in the entire Roman empire. Whereas they seem to disappear in the eastern Mediterranean around the middle of the 1st century a.d., in the West, ribbed bowls continued to be produced into the late 1st century. Among the latest finds are hundreds of fragments from Augsburg, in Germany, apparently part of a large wholesale contingent of glass that was damaged before it could enter the retail circuit;8 eight shallow ribbed bowls were for sale in a shop at Herculaneum when the city was

1. See Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 78-79, for a third

advantage of the ribbed bowls; they may have been easier to

produce than smooth-walled bowls.

2. Grose 1979.

3. Grose 1989, p. 195.

4. Further excavation and study of the site of Tel Anafa,

following the publication of a preliminary article on the glass

(Weinberg 1970), have necessitated a revision of the dates of the

linear-cut and ribbed bowls excavated there. A later occupation

of the site was not previously recognized. Grose now believes that ribbed bowls are a Roman invention that came to the East

(pers. comm.). 5. Weinberg 1973.

6. Barag 1971, p. 202, no. 8, from stratum 4, assigned to the 2nd century B.C.

7. Nenna 1993, pp. 18-19; Delos XXXVII, pp. 103-105. 8. Rottloff 1996, pp. 163-170, fig. 1.



34 the early roman empire

destroyed in a.d. 79.9 In the Agora, ribbed bowls appear occasionally in contexts as late as the 2nd and 3rd centuries a.d. (41, 43, 49, 58) and one fragment (44) was found with lamps of the first half of the 4th century a.d.10 While the term "ribbed" applies to all the Group C bowls, there are many variations in the

shape of the vessels and the ribs. At first, when the bowls were being made chiefly in the East, shapes varied a great deal: they could be shallow or deep, the ribs could be in high relief or

only slightly raised. The rims are usually smooth, occasionally exhibiting slanting (see 111. 12, left) or horizontal tool marks. Some have horizontal grooves on the interior; others do not. As time went on, the shape became more standardized, and by the 1st century a.d. ribbed bowls had become more common in the West than in the East. These are the so-called pillar-molded bowls, which have a mechanical appearance, indicating mass production.11 This improved appearance could be explained by evolved skills and the development of better tools, for close inspection reveals that these highly standardized bowls still have the same irregularities as the earlier ones with uneven ribs. We propose to call these bowls standard ribbed. Unlike the bowls with uneven ribs, the standard ribbed bowls are often bluish green, strongly colored

monochrome, or polychrome (see 63, 64), the interior grooves are narrow, and the exterior

of the rim is frequently ground and polished. Six bowls have a narrow horizontal groove on the interior, just below the edge of the rim (50, 53-55, 57, 58). Sylvia Funfschilling notes that this detail probably originated in the eastern Mediterranean, and was then adopted in the West.12 The strongly colored monochrome and polychrome bowls were in use primarily during the first half of the 1st century a.d.

The bowls with uneven ribs are usually colorless, or are in shades of yellowish green or yel lowish brown; the interior grooves are broad. In 1989 Grose argued that they were made in the early to mid-lst century b.c. as a part of the Syro-Palestinian production, but the signifi cance of all of these variations for provenance and for chronology is still a subject of debate.

Recently, Marie-Dominique Nenna has suggested that a group of bowls with short uneven

ribs, assigned by Grose to the 1st century a.d., date to the second quarter of the 1st century b.c.13

In recent years many ribbed bowls from both Eastern and Western sites have been pub lished. The latest are the presentations of material from Delos,14 Knossos,15 Turkey,16 Beirut,17

Jerusalem,18 Augst, a rich settlement near Basel, Switzerland,19 and Colchester.20 The majority of the bowls from the Eastern sites and from Greece have uneven ribs; those from Augst and Colchester are standard ribbed bowls. In Greece the largest number of ribbed bowls comes from the Unexplored Mansion at Knossos:21 One hundred and twenty-six fragments of bowls

with uneven ribs are mostly from Augustan contexts; fragments of 33 standard ribbed bowls come from Augustan to Neronian contexts. Delos produced 60 pieces assigned to four differ ent types, among which the standard ribbed bowls are poorly represented.22 Other examples,

9. On the shop: De Franciscis 1963; Stern 1999b, p. 471

(erroneously stated ten ribbed bowls). On the bowls: Scatozza

Horicht 1986, pp. 27-30, nos. 3-10.

10. Compare 2nd- and early-3rd-century finds at Augst: Rutti

1991, p. 29, fig. 8,

11. Isings 1957, Form 3a (shallow bowls), Form 3b (deep

bowls), Form 3c (with short ribs on the middle of the wall).

Grose (1989, pp. 244-246) offers a succinct account of the

development of the ribbed bowl. The most current discussion

of the standardized bowls can be found in Cool and Price 1995,

pp. 15-26.

12. Cf. Funfschilling 1987, p. 91.

13. Delos XXXVII, p. 109; cf. Grose 1989, p. 246.

14. Nenna 1993, pp. 1S-19, fig. 10; Debs XXXVII, pp. 103

111.

15. Price 1992, pp. 420-421, nos. 53-68 (with uneven ribs)

and nos. 69-72 (with standardized ribs). 16. Lightfoot 1993b, pp. 27-36.

17. Jennings 2000.

18. Ariel 1990, pp. 150-151, figs. 28, 33.

19. Rutti 1991. In this well organized, comprehensive ac

count it is stated (pp. 339-340) that the ribbed bowls found

at Augst and Kaiseraugst account for more than half the total

vessels of the early 1st century a.d., and that at the end of the

century they still comprise a third of all the vessels found. The

extensive bibliography includes all previous publications of

importance. 20. Cool and Price 1995, pp. 15-26.

21. Price 1992, pp. 420-421; for additional ribbed bowls

from Knossos, see Hayes 1971, pp. 272-274, pi. 41; Carington Smith 1982, p. 270.

22. Nenna 1993, p. 19: "tres faiblement represented."



early imperial hot-formed and mold-formed vessels 35

some of which have standardized ribs, have been published from Akanthos,23 Amorgos,24 Argos,25 Corinth,26 Eretria,27 Mytilene,28 ancient Ioron,29 Philippoi,30 Samos,31 Samothrace,32

Siphnos,33 Tarrha,34 Thera,35 and Thessaloniki.36

The Agora has produced relatively few ribbed bowls, but even these few present a number of different shapes and considerable variation in details. About twenty examples (38-58) are

sufficiently well preserved to be of significance. (63 and 64 are mosaic ribbed bowls.) The contexts are 1st century b.c. to the late 1st century a.d., except for some found in much later

or in disturbed contexts. One fragment (46) comes from a "Late Hellenistic" context,37 but

the polished rim almost certainly indicates a date in the Augustan period or later. Among the latest are 43, 50, and 53 with standardized ribs. Generally we have used the contexts for

dating, being unable to distinguish any real criterion by which to assign narrower limits for the dates.38

The colors of the catalogued pieces are: bluish green (5 examples), brown of various shades

(6), light or pale green (3), dark blue (2), one each of deep purplish blue, olive green, light yellowish green, purple colorless, and greenish colorless.

The ancient method, or methods, of producing ribbed bowls has long been discussed, and various theories have been proposed. It is more or less agreed that the process involved

sagging a disk onto a ceramic former mold, but the rest of the procedure is not clear. Several

experiments have been conducted, all with some degree of success, but none accounts for

the many variations in form, method of finishing, et cetera.39 A theory recently proposed, and followed by actual experimentation, involves rotating the heated bowl upside down on a turntable and striking it at intervals with a metal rod.40 This method explains the variations and anomalies that occur, for example, the ribs slanting in one direction or another, the S curves of some ribs, and the differing lengths of many ribs. The rims were created when the

glassworker stemmed the flow of the glass by pressing the edge of the bowl against the mold; sometimes the pressing tool left horizontal or slanting indents on the exterior of the rim (see 111. 12, left, cf. 41 and 42). Vertical tool marks continuing the ribs up into the rim (39,42) are an indication that the artisan pressed the rim before striking the ribs. The tops of the ribs and

valleys of 38 are rounded off in a wavy line, an indication that the glass was still moving after the rim had been smoothed by tooling. Often the weathering pits on the interior are aligned (see 111. 12, right) as on the Hellenistic grooved bowls (see p. 23). Rather poorly made bowls

may be earlier than the better finished products, or they may be contemporaneous, made by less expert craftsmen.

The Catalogue lists the deep bowls first, then the shallow bowls. Most of the deep bowls have smooth rims, occasionally with tool marks. Not one bowl is the same: one has short

slanting ribs (38), one has shallow thin ribs (40), one has uneven thick ribs (44), and 45, the only one made of natural bluish green glass, has regularly spaced ribs reaching down to the bottom of the bowl. Five deep bowls have polished rims: 46-48 are colored, while 49 and 50 are natural bluish green.

23. From Akanthos: Trakosopoulou 2002, p. 84, fig. 12.

24. From Amorgos: Triandaphyllides 1999, p. 107, figs. 14,15. 25. From Argos: ArchDelt 23, B'l (1968 [1969]), p. 128,

pi. 70; Seve 1980, pp. 317-318, no. 39.

26. Corinth XII, pp. 95-96, nos. 595-603; Wright 1980, p. 163, nos. 122, 123, fig. 8; Slane 1986, p. 301, no. 146, pi. 69.

27. From Eretria: ArchDelt 29, B'2 (1973-1974 [1979]), p. 464, pi. 301.

28. Price and Cottam 2000, pp. 58-59, fig. 1.

29. From ancient Ioron: Antonaras and Anagnostopoulou

Chatzipolichoroni 2002, p. 114, fig. 2. 30. From Philippoi: ArchDelt 30, B' (1975 [1983]), p. 285,

pi. 193.

31. SamosXW, pp. 163-164, figs. 275, 276.

32. Dusenbery 1967, p. 39, no. 10, fig. 11; Samothrace XI,

p. 1072, no. S148-11, from a context of ca. 25 B.C.

33. From Siphnos: Mackworth Young 1949, p. 88, pi. 31.

34. From Tarrha: Buechner 1960, p. 110, no. 1, pi. 36.

35. From Thera: Gerousi 2002, p. 134, fig. 1.

36. From Thessaloniki: Mavromichali 2001, p. 136, pi. 8.

37. The anonymous reader clarified that in this particular instance "Late Hellenistic" does not mean pre-Sullan.

38. This statement, made by Gladys Weinberg, is in my opin ion still valid. I retain the dates given in her manuscript.

39. Cummings 1980, pp. 26-30; this method is discussed by Grose 1989, pp. 245-246. See also Penkert 1963.

40. Lierke 1991; 1993a; 1999, pp. 51-55; Stern and Schlick Nolte 1994, pp. 72-79.




All of the shallow bowls preserving the rim have polished rims; it is therefore safe to assume that the missing rims of 51 and 52 were polished. Two bowls are colored (51, 58), one is col orless (52), and the rest are shades of blue and green. The shapes are slightly more uniform: all but one (56) have a narrow groove at the inside edge of the rim, and the spacing of the ribs is relatively regular. The majority have long ribs, reaching to the bottom of the bowl; two bowls have short ribs around the middle of the wall: vertical on 57, slanting on 58.

Linear-cut Bowls (59-62)

David Grose has named the bowls of Group D (59-62) "linear-cut" in order to distinguish them from the grooved bowls of Group A (17-35). They also have interior grooves, but their

walls are thinner, and the bottoms are almost flat. Most vessels are monochrome; polychrome

examples are rare.41 Three main shapes have been distinguished: wide shallow bowls, deep bowls with slightly bulbous walls and flaring rims, and hemispherical bowls with straight rims. Grose points out that the profiles of these bowls are quite like those of some ribbed bowls

(Group C); he assigns them a later starting date, the last third of the 1st century b.c., and he believes they lasted through the first third of the 1st century a.d.42 However, production may have begun earlier, around the middle of the century. 62 was found in the filling of a

cistern containing material of 110-50 b.c. with several 3rd-century b.c. pieces and one Late

Roman intrusion.

In addition to numerous eastern Mediterranean sites, excavations throughout Italy and

the western Mediterranean have produced quantities of linear-cut bowls.43 Finds from ship wrecks in the western Mediterranean are evidence that the bowls were objects of long-distance trade.44 The largest number of linear-cut bowls published from Greece comes from the

Unexplored Mansion at Knossos where more than 70 fragments were found in Augustan to

mid-1 st-century contexts; more were found in tombs.45 An unspecified number of fragments have been noted at Amorgos,46 Mytilene,47 Patras, and Samothrace.48 Delos produced five

fragments;49 Corinth two;50 the Agora four. Manufacture in the West (probably Italy) may be assumed for two strongly colored Agora bowls: 59 is reddish purple and 60 deep blue. Such

vivid colors are not common for Eastern sites.

Mosaic Glass and Other Polychrome Vessels

The Early Imperial hot-formed and mold-formed polychrome glassware continued fashions

begun in the Hellenistic period. The polychrome ware is divided into mosaic glass, network/

reticella glass, and goldband glass. Mosaic glass vessels were among the finest luxury ware of the Early Roman Empire. They

continued a fashion trend begun in the eastern Mediterranean in the Hellenistic period. Many designs imitate the veining of precious stones or even strive to improve upon nature.

41. For a translucent purple bowl with mosaic glass decora

tion fused to the interior, see Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994,

pp. 268-269, no. 71.

42. On linear-cut bowls: Grose 1989, p. 247.

43. Price (1992, p. 420) gives full bibliographical references for finds from North Africa (Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Carthage, and Cherchel), southern France, and Spain; Funfschilling

(1999) gives additional references to finds from Carthage and

the northwestern provinces. See Delos XXXVII, p. 112, for refer

ences to eastern Mediterranean findspots. 44. Stacks of linear-cut bowls were recovered from the

Tradeliere wreck near Antibes: Feugere and Leyge 1989; Foy

and Nenna 2001, p. 105.

45. Price 1992, p. 420, nos. 42-52, with references to more

examples from Crete. For finds from tombs at Knossos, see

Hayes 1971, p. 261, nos. 58, 60, and p. 272, nos. 31, 32, 42 (nos.

40, 41 with shallow relief on the outside?).

46. Triandaphyllides 1999, p. 107, fig. 14; 2002b, p. 96,

figs. 5, 6.

47. Price and Cottam 2000, p. 59.

48. Dusenbery 1967, p. 39, nos. 9, 11, 12; Samothrace XI,

pp. 1072-J076, nos. S178-9 (62.SN.284-12), S148-12 (57.818),

and S151-22 (57.564), respectively. 49. Nenna 1993, p. 18; Delos XXXVII, p. 112, with men

tions of unpublished examples from Rethymnon, Tenos, and

Philippoi. 50. Corinth XII, p. 93, no. 587, fig. 6; Wright 1980, p. 163,

no. 125, from a Tiberian pottery deposit.




The most important assemblages of Hellenistic mosaic glass come from Canosa (where the

date is disputed), from Delos (an important, free-trading port from 166 until it was sacked in

88 and 69 b.c.), and from a ship that sank at Antikythera ca. 70-60 b.c.51 In addition to the

vessels just mentioned, there is a magnificent intact bowl with a spiral pattern from a tomb

near Pylos, datable probably to the mid-2nd century b.c.52 Delos produced more fragments

belonging to the Antikythera group of mosaic glass than all other sites combined. Other sites

in Greece producing this type of mosaic glass are Palaiokastro, Naxos, Amorgos, Knossos, and

Herakleion.53 67, decorated with a twisted rim coil, may belong to the Antikythera group. Some scholars believe that mosaic glass vessels came originally from Alexandria; it seems

certain, however, that from some point in the 1st century b.c. the main production centers

were in Italy. Grose maintains that glass manufacturing in Rome began with colorful, cast

vessels rather than with blown ones; the evidence is convincing.54 In Italy, the production of

mosaic glass continued until about the mid-lst century a.d. Mosaic glass of this period is not

common in Greece. In addition to the fragments from the Agora (63-72), fragments have been noted at Corinth,55 Knossos and Tarrha on Crete,56 and at Thessaloniki57 and ancient

Ioron58 in northern Greece.

Created from slices of polychrome mosaic glass rods, the patterns of the vessels extend

through the thickness of the wall; the inside and outside surfaces, however, do not always

correspond exactly because the manufacturing process of the vessels tended to distort the

mosaic glass slices. Most of the techniques for creating polychrome mosaic rods and bars

by cold bundling and by hot forming are well understood,59 but the method or methods of

making vessels with slices from these rods have not yet been explained satisfactorily. Cast

ing and sagging have both been proposed and several experiments have been conducted.60

Casting, in theory, might have been a viable method for creating patterns made from sec

tions of rods with small diameters, but striped mosaic and more intricate composite patterns probably required a two-step process in which a preformed disk containing the design was

sagged, presumably over a former mold.61 Tool marks seen on the exterior just below the rims of some hemispherical mosaic glass bowls are similar to those on the grooved, linear

cut, and ribbed bowls discussed above (111. 12, left). The tool marks are evidence that the ancient glassworker manipulated the glass while it was hot, an operation that is not possible with modern methods of sagging in a kiln. It has recently been suggested that such bowls were hot-formed (sagged) on a rotating mold.62

51. On the date of the shipwreck, based on coins found

when the wreck was reinvestigated in 1976: Yalouris 1990. On

the glass from the wreck: Weinberg et al. 1965; Weinberg 1992,

pp. 28-33, nos. 58-75. On Hellenistic mosaic glass vessels: Oliver

1968; Grose 1989, pp. 189-193, 194-197. On the glass from

Canosa: Oliver 1968; Harden 1968; Grose 1989, pp. 185-191; Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 97-115. On the glass from

Delos: Nenna 1993; DelosXXXVLl, pp. 37-41.

52. Papathanasopoulos 1967, pp. 192-193, pi. 66; color

pis. 5, 6.

53. Most of the mosaic glass from these sites is unpublished: see Nenna 1993, p. 13 and n. 8; Delos XXXVII, pp. 50-51. For

Herakleion, see ArchDelt20, B'3 (1965[1968]), p. 555, pi. 698:p, an intact, footed mosaic bowl with a spiral pattern and inserted

tesserae.

54. Grose 1986a, pp. 70-74.

55. Wright 1980, p. 163, no. 124.

56. A small strip mosaic fragment from Knossos has been

published by Hayes 1971, p. 253, no. 32; for Knossos, see also

Price 1992, pp. 418, 439, nos. 10-12, pi. 336; for Tarrha, see

Buechner 1960, p. 113, no. 20.

57. Mavromichali 2001, p. 136.

58. Antonaras and Anagnostopoulou-Chatzipolichoroni 2002, p. 115, fig. 3.

59. Goldstein 1979, p. 30, fig. 5 (cold bundling); Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 55-61, figs. 76-86 (hot forming) and

figs. 87-90 (coldbundling). Grose 1989, p. 34, fig. 11, illustrates

a modern Venetian technique. 60. Goldstein 1979, pp. 29-31; Cummings 1980, pp. 30-31;

Grose 1989, pp. 32-33.

61. Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 65-66; cf. W. Guden

rath, in Tait 1991, pp. 220-221, figs. 47-58.

62. Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 70-71; Lierke 1999,

pp. 43-44. Dudley Giberson is currently experimenting with

techniques more closely related to core-forming. See also

I. Matushima, in Okayama Orient Museum 2001, pp. 50-51, figs. 1-10, for a convincing reconstruction of a striped mosaic glass bowl created on a preformed core. This Japanese reconstruc

tion, executed with a modern gas jet, could just as well have

been accomplished using a bead and core-forming furnace

as designed by Giberson (cf. Giberson 1998, pp. 15-21. The

furnace is also illustrated in Stern 1996, p. 31, fig. 13; 1999b,

p. 446, fig. 5; 2002b, p. 358, figs. 12, 13).




Grose offers a classification of Early Imperial mosaic glass. Striped mosaic glass vessels made from lengths (segments) of rod (66) belong to Family II (often finished with a twisted rim

coil), those with spirals (63, 67, and 68) and most marbled designs with wavy lines (64, 65) belong to Family I. The patterns made from sections of composite bundled canes belong to

Family IV (70-72).63 65 has a marbled pattern that was particularly favored for ribbed bowls because the more it

was deformed, the more interesting the marbling became (compare 64). Stripes and spirals continue Hellenistic patterns. Good parallels for the marbled and spiral patterns came to

light at Vindonissa in Switzerland. Like the Agora fragments, these examples are dated in the 1st century a.d. Sections of hot-formed rods with concentric overlay motifs appear in 69, 71, and 72. The cold-bundled rods of 70 are cased in a thick layer of colorless glass with a yellow tinge to create an unusual, startling composite pattern of large dark spots on a light ground. In 71 the rods are bundled to form rosettes (millefiori pattern); in 72 they are bundled to form composite motifs and create a random pattern imitating Egyptian serpentine. Such

composite designs are innovations dating to the Imperial period. The mosaic glass excavated in the Agora probably was made in Italy and thus is evidence

for intensified trade contacts between Athens and the West, especially with the city of Rome in the late 1st century b.c. and the 1st century a.d.

Mosaic Ribbed Bowls (63, 64) Two small fragments of mosaic ribbed bowls, one with spirals (63), the other with marbled decoration (64), are all of this type that has been inventoried in the Agora. The type was common in the West but conspicuously absent in the Syro-Palestinian area and rare else

where in the eastern Mediterranean,64 although it did occasionally reach the Persian Gulf,65

Afghanistan,66 and even China.67 These polychrome ribbed bowls probably were made in

Italy. Thessaloniki produced fragments of several mosaic ribbed bowls,68 Corinth and Knossos one fragment each,69 and an unspecified number were excavated in Mytilene.70 Most mosaic

ribbed bowls are of the standard variety; they were used (and presumably made) predomi nantly in the first half of the 1st century a.d., but are found occasionally in Flavian and later

contexts.71 The Agora fragments agree with these dates.

Other Mosaic Glass Vessels (65-72)

The majority of the Agora fragments come from smooth-walled vessels (65-72), but are too

small to identify particular shapes. The broad overhanging rim of 69 is exceptionally large; it

is paralleled by a fragment of unknown provenance in the Toledo Museum of Art.72 These two

vessels are the only representatives of this shape known to me. The pattern of large, irregular concentric spots is seen in the Sackrau group of mosaic glass (3rd century a.d., see discussion

of 152). The Agora fragment comes from a disturbed context and may, therefore, date from

the 3rd or 4th century a.d. The same applies to 72, likewise from a disturbed context. The

serpentine pattern was common again in 4th-century a.d. Egyptian mosaic glass.73

from a tomb at Ganjiang, Jiangsu Province, dated a.d. 76.

68. Mavromichali 2001, p. 136, pi. 9.

69. CorinthXll, p. 96, no. 604; Price 1992, p. 439, no. 10, from

a mid- to late-2nd-century a.d. context at Knossos.

70. Price and Cottam 2000, p. 58.

71. On mosaic ribbed bowls from controlled excavations:

Berger [1960] 1980, pp. 10-11; Rutti 1991, p. 126; Cool and Price 1995, pp. 15-16.

72. Grose 1989, pp. 325-326, no. 530 (with a mosaic pattern

similar to 72). 73. Nenna 2002, pp. 155-156.

63. Grose 1989, pp. 241-262.

64. Finds have been noted at Dura Europos (Clairmont

1963, p. 26, no. 101) and Quseir al-Qadim (Meyer 1992, p. 17,

no. 1). 65. During Caspers 1980, p. 14, fig. 6a, pis. 25,26, from Bah

rain; Whitehouse 1998a, pp. 22-25, nos. 52-61, from ed-Dur;

2000, pp. 96-98, nos. 25-32, from ed-Dur.

66. Hackin and Hackin 1939, p. 62, no. 311 (165), fig. 61

(also published in Menninger 1996, p. 26, pi. 6:1), from Be

gram; Marshall 1951, vol. 2, p. 688, no. 9; vol. 3, pi. 209, from

Taxila.

67. An 1984, pi. 3:5 (also published in An 1991, p. 6, fig. 1),




Network/Reticella Glass (73)

Network glass, also known as lacework or reticella glass, represents another technique with

roots in the Hellenistic period that was transformed by glassworkers in Italy. The network coils are usually thick trails of colorless glass around which are twisted thinner threads of opaque glass creating a design of spirals or pseudo-crosses on the surface.74 Coils with opaque white and opaque yellow spirals are the most common. While Hellenistic glassworkers made net work vessels by winding (coiling) one or more twisted coils around a rotating mold,75 as can be seen in vessels from Canosa, Delos, and from the Antikythera wreck, vessels of the Early Imperial period were often made from short parallel rods laid next to each other to form a

striped disk which was then perhaps sagged over a former mold,76 similar to the striped mo saic designs discussed above (see p. 37). The rims of both coiled and striped network vessels

usually are finished with twisted coils of contrasting colors. Whereas the earlier, coiled vessels appear to have originated in the eastern Mediterranean,

the striped vessels of Grose's Family II probably were made in the West. The latter are thought to have been produced for only a short time.77 Vessels of this kind are not numerous, and are very rare in the eastern Mediterranean.78 The Agora produced one rim fragment (73). It is too small to determine beyond doubt whether it is from a striped or coiled bowl. If it is of the striped kind (which seems most probable in view of the mid-1 st-century a.d. date of the context), this is the first evidence that striped reticella ware was known in Greece. The vessel probably came from Italy.

Goldband Glass (74) Goldband glass is a sophisticated variation of striped mosaic glass. One or more stripes con sist of a layer of gold foil encased between two layers of colorless glass. Like the mosaic and network vessels discussed above, goldband glass originated in the eastern Mediterranean in the Hellenistic period, where it was used predominantly for closed vessels such as alabastra.79 Grose distinguishes between Early Imperial goldband vessels and their Hellenistic predeces sors by shape and color combinations.80 In addition to closed shapes such as bottles and

pyxides, which are well known in this technique, Early Imperial goldband glass also includes several open shapes, including wide shallow bowls and smaller, deep bowls that usually are footed. Most if not all of the Early Imperial goldband vessels are thought to have been made in Italy, but have been excavated as far away as Panticapaeum and the Taman peninsula; a

tomb at Gorgippia produced a magnificent intact shallow bowl that was already an antique at the time of its disposal.81 Delos and Knossos each produced one fragment.82

Grose dates the production of Early Imperial goldband glass to the first half of the 1st

century a.d., but the discovery of a fragment at Bethisy (Oise), in France, in a context dated

74. The often-reproduced drawing showing two thin threads

wound crosswise around a glass rod is misleading (first present ed by Grose 1983, p. 42; also Grose 1989, p. 35, fig. 15). In reality, the thin threads do not cross each other, each thread spirals in the same direction, but because the spirals are on opposite sides of the transparent rod or coil they create the illusion of crosses. On the manufacture of this and other network designs, see Lierke 1991, p. 312, figs. 2a and b; Stern and Schlick-Nolte

1994, pp. 55-56, figs. 70-73.

75. On the technique: Lierke 1991; 1999, pp. 40-41,

figs. 83-84; Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 54-55, 71-72. 76. Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 65-66, figs. 103-106;

Lierke 1999, pp. 41, fig. 87.

77. Grose 1989, p. 253, figs. 133, 134.

78. Nenna notes just one fragment located in the Greco Roman Museum, Alexandria, inv. no. 24622 (unpublished: Delos

XXXVII, p. 53, n. 82). 79. Cf. two alabastra, one almost intact, from Samothrace:

SamothraceXl, pp. 1070-1071.

80. On Hellenistic and Roman goldband glass: Grose 1989,

pp. 196-197 and 261, respectively. 81. The goldband bowl from Gorgippia, tomb 2 (dated

2nd to mid-3rd century a.d.) is now in the Krasnodar Museum of History and Archaeology, no. KM 7719/7, see Leskov and

Lapushnian 1987, p. 177, no. 272, color pi. p. 67. Fragments of similar wide goldband bowls from unknown findspots are in the Toledo Museum of Art: Grose 1989, pp. 337-338, nos. 599, 600. Additional goldband vessels from Panticapaeum are published by Kunina 1997, pp. 268-269, nos. 95 (bottle), 97 (pyxis), 98 (bottom of bottle).

82. Delos XXXVII, p. 54, no. B89; for Knossos, Price 1992,

p. 439, no. 9.



40 THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE

45/40-35/30 b.c.83 suggests an earlier beginning date, more consistent with that of banded

glass intaglio gems (presumed to be made in Italy, in the same workshops), production of which peaked in the second half of the 1st century b.c.84

The colors and shape of 74 indicate a production in Italy. It comes from a conical bowl with a wide convex rim. A rim fragment of a similar bowl is in the Corning Museum of Glass.85 This shape also was made in closely related luxury wares such as striped mosaic glass. The

Agora bowl probably had a small base ring like an almost complete bowl from Istria.86 A

fragmentary outsplayed base ring of a large goldband vessel was excavated at Knossos, and

another, unpublished, comes from Rhodes.

Vessels with Ceramic Profiles (75-79)

A distinct family of strongly colored monochrome vessels is characterized by angular shapes reminiscent of Early Imperial pottery prototypes; the common examples generally have ce ramic parallels. Grose divides them into two groups: Monochrome Translucent Colored Fine

Wares, which were probably made in Italy and have no apparent Hellenistic predecessors, and Monochrome Opaque Colored Fine Wares, a less homogenous class which includes vessels that appear to continue Late Hellenistic shapes. The location of the workshop or workshops producing the monochrome opaque vessels has not yet been determined.87

Until recently vessels with ceramic profiles were thought to have been cast in two-part molds and finished by lathe-turning. However, recent experiments suggest that some shapes were made by pressing a lump of hot glass into a rotating mold with a plunger that shaped the interior of the vessel, a technique closely related to that employed in creating moldmade

pottery. This hypothesis offers an explanation for certain flaws seen on the interior of some

straight-walled vessels, such as folds and rotary scratches, which are less easily understood if the vessels were cast.88

Some of the Agora fragments are of well-known types (75, 76), while others seem to be

unique or rare (77-79). 75 and 76 are typical examples of the strongly colored translucent

Early Imperial vessels that have been found in the West, and less often in the East. Both are

emerald green, one of the four colors usually associated with the translucent fine wares. The other colors are shades of intense blue and blue-green. A few vessels are made of decolor

ized glass (see 163). These standard forms were made between approximately a.d. 10 and 60.

In addition to the pieces from the Agora, three complete or nearly complete vessels were

excavated at Corinth, two of which were emerald green.89 Delos yielded one fragment.90 These

are further evidence for importation from Italy in this period. 77, a unique rim fragment of a translucent light green bowl with a serrated edge, is dated

by context to the 1st century a.d. While the closest comparisons in glass (without serrated

edge) date from the first half of the 1st century a.d.,91 the rim molding appears to be derived from Italian terra sigillata, fragments of which are dated ca. 30-20 b.c.92 The rim of a large,

83. Berger and Jouve 1980.

84. Stern 2001, p. 360, no. 207.

85. Goldstein 1979, p. 206, no. 567, pi. 42.

86. The bowl is now in Pula, Archaeological Museum of Istria,

no. 5395: Trasparenze imperiali 1997, p. 171, no. 144. Related in

shape is a footed goldband bowl in the Oppenlander Collection:

Von Saldern et al. 1974, p. 104, no. 276, ills. pp. 103, 105.

87. Grose 1989, pp. 254-256. On the translucent wares,

see also Grose 1991, pp. 1-11. Bibliographical references are

included here for objects not discussed by Grose.

88. Lierke 1993b; 1995a.

89. Corinth XII, p. 98, nos. 620, 621, emerald green. Slane

1986, pp. 301-302, no. 147, a light green cylindrical pyxis from

a cellar fill dated ca. a.d. 25-75.

90. Debs XXXVII, p. 113, no. C310.

91. Compare the rim molding of a greenish translucent,

nearly straight-walled deep bowl from a Tiberian-Claudian

context at Magdalensberg: Czurda-Ruth 1979, p. 20, no. 22,

pi. 1. Another angular grayish green colorless rim, perhaps from ajar, was excavated at Knossos (Augustan-Neronian): Price 1992, p. 444, no. 91.

92. For comparable sigillata fragments, see Goudineau 1968,

pp. 46, 263, 284 (type Fellmann I a); Schindler and Scheffeneg

ger 1977, pi. 3:13, dated before 15-10 b.c.




opaque red glass dish from Samaria, Israel (diam. ca. 0.40, from an Augustan context),93 is decorated with nicking and appears from its drawing to have a serrated edge, but the rim itself is concave, rather than convex as in the Agora fragment, which most likely was imported from Italy, as were 75 and 76.

78 is an opaque turquoise blue beaker, less common than transparent ones, the shape of which is not among the usual varieties. The production of monochrome opaque wares ap

pears to have begun in the first half of the 1st century b.c. Workshops may have specialized in certain colors. Whereas vessels and mosaic tesserae of a particular shade of opaque blue are numerous on Delos and may have been produced there,94 opaque red is the dominating color of vessels excavated in the Sudan.95 The straight walls and low carination at the junc tion of wall and base of the Agora vessel are characteristic. A comparable glass beaker, dark blue with similar moldings on the carination, was excavated in a Roman tomb at Patras,96 and another, turquoise blue, from an unknown findspot, is in the Archaeological Museum in

Bologna.97 This shape was made in blown glass as well.98 Both the hot-formed and the blown

glass beakers probably originated in northern Italy. They copy ceramic thin-walled beakers that were popular in northern Italy in the Augustan period; the shape was also produced in sigillata. Local ceramic copies are found as late as the Neronian period. The Agora also

provided a ceramic beaker.99

79 is a wall fragment decorated with sharp angular ridges circling the vessel horizontally. It is probably from a bulbous drinking cup similar to the cups excavated in the royal cemeter ies of Kush in tombs dated mid-lst century b.c. to the first (or second?) quarter of the 1st

century a.d.100 The cups from Kush, however, are opaque red, while the Agora cup is trans

lucent yellowish brown. Cups decorated with horizontal ridges are known from Tel Anafa

(opaque red),101 Cosa, and the Regia at Rome (both colorless),102 the latter dating from the last decades of the 1st century b.c. to ca. a.d. 10. The fragment from the Agora confirms

a date for these cups in the second half of the 1st century b.c. or the very early 1st century a.d. Where the cups were made is not known. The largest contingent was excavated in the

Sudan, suggesting the possibility of production in Egypt,103 but the ridges and shape suggest a relationship to vessels with ceramic profiles, a group that was more common in the West than in the East.

Vessels Decorated with High Relief (80, 81)

Glass vessels with ornamentation in high relief are not particularly common. Most scholars believe the relief was carved into thick-walled vessels, similar to the manner in which stone cutters worked. Axel von Saldern explains the method used in the 17th century in Germany and relates it to Roman times.104 He maintains that almost all glass vessels, those of "luxury"

93. Crowfoot 1957, pp. 407-408, no. 12 (Q2114), fig. 93. On

opaque red glass vessels from Greece, see note 95 below.

94. Nenna 1993, p. 15; Delos XXXVII, p. 208.

95. Dunham 1957; cf. Stern 1981. On the color chemistry of opaque red glass, which was notoriously difficult to make

and to reheat for forming into objects, see Brill and Cahill

1988; Welham, Jackson, and Smedley 2000. In addition to the

objects cited in these publications, one may note a magnificent intact plate from Panticapaeum: Kunina 1997, p. 259, no. 63; see also note 93 above. In Greece, opaque red vessels dating to the Early Imperial period have been published from Palaio

kastro in Thessaly (Arvanitopoulos 1912, pp. 109-110, fig. 14), from Macedonia (Weinberg 1992, pp. 112-115, no. 78), from

Delos (Nenna 1993, p. 14) and from Knossos (Price 1992,

p. 440, no. 29). 96. Papastolou 1985, pp. 28-29, pi. 21:p.

97. Meconcelli Notarianni 1979, pp. 50-51, no. 37.

98. Compare a transparent dark blue beaker from a tomb of a.d. 10-30 at Muralto Passalli: Carazzetti and Biaggio Simona

1988, p. 42, no. 11. On the blown group, see Biaggio Simona

1991, pp. 69, 70.

99. Marabini Moevs 1973, pp. 102-104, Form XXXIII; she

quotes a ceramic beaker P 21731 from the Agora, deposit R:10:l

(early 1st century a.d.). Compare also Fortunati Zuccala 1979,

pp. 71-72, fig. 59:1, from Gropello Cairoli (Pavia); and Mayet 1975, pp. 50-51, Form XII, pi. XXII (mainly Augustan).

100. Stern 1981, pp. 37-38, fig. 1, nos. 6-13.

101. David Grose (pers. comm.). 102. Grose 1977, pp. 18-19, no. 5, n. 45.

103. Stern 1981, pp. 43-50.

104. Von Saldern 1991.




quality as well as more ordinary pieces, had prototypes in metal and/or semiprecious stone, since glass was a less-expensive material. This hypothesis is probably true if a good many exceptions are allowed.105 As Gladys Weinberg noted, the outlines of the relief on the Agora fragments are "neat and sharp, not mechanical in appearance." Their appearance suggests that the relief was not created by cutting and grinding, but rather by mold-forming. Recently, Rosemarie Lierke has suggested that early vessels with high relief were made by pressing a

lump of hot glass into a rotating mold that had the decorative design hollowed out of the wall. Her experiments show that this method, closely related to the method used to produce vessels with ceramic profiles, would have been feasible.106 Finishing touches could have been added by grinding and polishing.

From the Agora, two maddeningly small fragments of beautiful bowls are examples of this class. They are similar in shape, as far as one can tell. Both are decorated with lanceolate leaves

in high relief, but otherwise they are quite different, 80 being thin-walled and colorless and 81 thick-walled, translucent purple, and perhaps less expertly made. 80 is fairly well dated

by context?the filling of a cistern containing lst-century b.c. material (110-50 b.c.) with several 3rd-century b.c. pieces and one Late Roman intrusion. Wreaths of leaves circling the

vessel horizontally, better known from Hellenistic silver, also appear in sandwich gold-glass.107 The design occurs in half-sunken, half-protruding relief on a transparent bluish green cup from the Antikythera wreck (ca. 70-60 b.c.),108 and similar fragments have come to light in a

Late Hellenistic deposit at Kos (unpublished). Wreaths were en vogue again when colorless

glass with high relief became fashionable in the last quarter of the 1st century a.d. and in

the 3rd century a.d. Three tall glass beakers decorated with oak foliage in high relief, one

from Rome, one from Begram in Afghanistan, and one from Nijmegen in the Netherlands, are dated to the late 1st century a.d.;109 a conical bowl decorated with a papyrus motif in

high relief was found near St. Albans, in England, in a pit closed around a.d. 150.110 Several

skyphoi excavated in the Rhineland were found in late-3rd- to mid-4th-century graves.111 The

Agora vessels may have been decorated with an olive or laurel wreath as seen on a shallow

trulla excavated at Merida, Spain, and tentatively assigned to the 1st or early 2nd century a.d.112 81 has no good context; one might guess a 2nd- or 3rd-century a.d. date.

Glass Stopper (82)

Not many glass stoppers for bottles have been found; a single one from the Agora (82) can

be dated to the 1st century b.c. A similarly shaped object, perhaps a glass stopper, was exca

vated in the destruction layer of a.d. 70 in Jerusalem; a second, more elongated sea green

glass stopper comes from a lst-century a.d. context at Cologne (camp of the Roman Rhine

fTeet).113 The Agora stopper was cast in a two-piece mold and was not polished; the seam

where the mold halves joined is visible. The only other stopper found in the Agora was a

small pinecone, still in place in the neck of a jug (315). During the Second World War the

pinecone disappeared?perhaps as the result of a desperately hungry mouse!

105. On the relationship between glass, precious stones, and

metals, see also Vickers 1996; E. M. Stern 1997.

106. Lierke 1995a, p. 53, figs. 25-30; 1999, pp. 100-104.

107. Corning Museum of Glass, no. 71.1.5: Goldstein 1979,

p. 175, no. 459.

108. Athens, Nat. Arch. Mus. no. 23712: Weinberg 1992,

p. 105, no. 62.

109. Beaker from Rome: Pirzio Biroli Stefanelli 1981-1983,

pp. 3-7. Beaker from Begram: Delacour 1993, pp. 62-63,

figs. 25-26. Beaker from Nijmegen: Koster 1989; Koster and

Whitehouse 1989. To these one may add a small fragment ex

cavated at Fishbourne (context of ca. a.d. 75-100): Harden and

Price 1971, pp. 333-335, no. 30, fig. 138. On the date, see also

Harden, in Harden et al. 1987, p. 190, discussion of no. 100.

110. Harden 1945, pi. IX:A.

111. Follman-Schulz 1989, pp. 50-51, nos. 2, 3.

112. Price 1974, pp. 76-77, fig. 2:3; see also vessel fragments

formerly in the Greau collection: Von Saldern 1991, pi. XXIX:b.

One may compare a silver bowl in the Hildesheim treasure: Von

Saldern 1991, pi. XXIXx.

113. On the possible stopper from Jerusalem, not identified

as such by the excavator, see Ariel 1990, pp. 156-157, no. G 31

(on the date, see p. 151); for the stopper from Cologne, see

Fremersdorf 1958a, p. 55, pi. 124:h. Stern (1995, p. 31, n. 64)

lists Roman stoppers of various materials, including glass.



early imperial free-blown vessels 43

EARLY IMPERIAL FREE-BLOWN VESSELS

In recent years, much has been written about the beginnings of glassblowing. The earliest evidence comes from Jerusalem, where a group of inflated glass tubes, which were pinched closed at one end and inflated through the other, is assigned to the first half of the 1st century b.c. Some of these tubes were expanded into tall-necked bulbous bottles and have flaring rims; some were decorated lengthwise with colored threads and then twisted and expanded.114 Literary evidence likewise suggests that glassblowing was invented in the Syro-Palestinian area. Writing around a.d. 70, Pliny (HN36.193) already refers to flatu ftguratur, "shaping by breath," as one of three techniques for producing glass vessels for which the city of Sidon

(in modern Lebanon) had been famous quondam, "at one time."

It is generally assumed that commercial glassblowing began in the Early Augustan period.115 A tall-necked spherical bottle excavated at Engedi, Israel, in a cemetery abandoned ca. 40 b.c. is one of the earliest blown vessels preserved.116 A large number of early blown vessels

comes from burials in Samothrace, the dates of which have recently been revised to ca. 25 b.c. based on the waste from the workshop in Jerusalem.117 Among the glasses dated ca. 25 and the last quarter of the 1st century b.c. are five zarte Rippenschalen (compare 84-88), seven bottles decorated with embedded thread(s), also known as "blown colorband bottles" (cf. 119), eight thread-wound bottles (cf. 120), and many tubular and bulbous unguentaria (cf. 125) resembling clay unguentaria known from contexts of the second half of the 1st

century b.c. to the mid-1st century a.d. The exact date of the first appearance of the pottery

unguentaria has not been established, but it may have been as early as ca. 50-40 b.c. The

relationship between the clay and glass bottles, or whether there is any relationship at all, has

long been debated because the contexts in which the clay bottles are found seem to predate those of the earliest glass unguentaria.118 Elsbeth Dusenbery stresses the clay bottles' "structural affinities with glass bottles, such as constrictions at the bases of their necks"119 and suggests that they imitate tube-blown glass unguentaria like those from Jerusalem, for which a date in the first half of the 1st century b.c. has been established. If indeed glass bottles provided the

inspiration for the clay unguentaria, tube-blown bottles must have been sufficiently known and tube-blowing itself must have been commercially viable, even if it was no more than a local or regional enterprise.

Elsbeth Dusenbery notes that in some glass unguentaria "the walls of the necks . . . are

uniform and thicker than those of the bodies" and she explains this by tube-blowing.120 She

suggests that there was "an intermediate step in the development of glassblowing between the

blowing of tubes and the gathering of a blob of molten glass on a blowpipe.... An extension of the glass tube could have been made by sealing a metal pipe to one end and then proceed ing with the pinching of the other end of the bottle." The next stage for larger shapes and faster production would have been the replacement of the glass tube by a gather of molten glass from the crucible, and the final stage would have been the invention of the pontil.

Some years ago I proposed a reconstruction of the development of glassblowing techniques following a similar sequence but with different intermediate stages: tube-blowing, attach

ing a chunk of glass to a glass or ceramic tube and later to a metal pipe, gathering molten glass, and finally the use of a solid pontil rod (punty) to attach to the bottom of the vessel so the glassblower could heat-finish the mouth and rim after separating the piece from the

114. Avigad 1972, pp. 198-200, site J; 1980, pp. 186-192; Israeli 1991.

115. Grose 1977; 1982, pp. 27-28; Stern 1999b, pp. 441 444.

116. Harden 1969, p. 47, n. 18; for the shape, cf. Stern 1977,

pp. 31,149, no. 5, pi. 10.

117. SamothraceXl, p. xxiv.

118. Anderson-Stojanovic (1987, pp. 110-114) discusses the

evidence and scholarly debate.

119. SamothraceXl, p. 1060.

120. SamothraceXl, p. 1061. Stern (1995, pp. 65-66) mentions the possibility that the first commercially blown unguentaria and small bottles may have been made by expanding glass tubes.




blowpipe.121 By the Flavian period all these elements were in place and the recycling of bro ken glass became common practice. In the East, the technique of sealing a chunk of glass to a blowpipe may have persisted into the Late Roman period; it is described in a Greek poem preserved on a 3rd-century a.d. papyrus122 and in a poem attributed to Mesomedes of Crete

(first half of the 2nd century a.d., Anth. Gr. 16.323). When the chunk is softened by the heat, it can be blown just like a gob of molten glass.

Several common unguentaria and less common beakers from Samothracian tombs attrib

uted to the first quarter of the 1st century a.d. exhibit pontil scars (the shapes of the scars are not described). If the dates assigned to the burials are correct, these would be the earliest

pontil scars known. A few pontil scars at Magdalensberg predate a.d. 45,123 but the pontil was not used universally even in the Flavian period.124 None of the Agora glasses from contexts before a.d. 100 exhibits pontil scars.

To judge from excavated finds, glassworkers in Italy and the western provinces of the Ro man empire were more prolific than eastern Mediterranean artisans, who appear to have

concentrated on mold-blowing and the development of the multipart glassblower's mold (see 145-151). In Italy and the West, strongly colored blown vessels, monochrome and polychrome, competed with hot-formed and mold-formed luxury wares. The glass from the Agora reflects this general picture. The earliest blown vessels come from Augustan contexts, but cannot be dated more precisely. Like most of the hot-formed and mold-formed vessels, the majority of

the early free-blown glass appears to come from workshops in Italy and western Europe; the

few mold-blown vessels can be divided equally between Western and Syro-Palestinian types. One would expect that at least some of the glass would have been produced locally, in

Athens or elsewhere on mainland Greece, but the evidence for glass production in Greece

during the Roman Imperial period is scant. While it is beyond the scope of this volume to

discuss the remains of Roman-era glass furnaces in Greece, "numerous fragments, some quite

large, of glass basins discarded from some nearby glass factory" have been reported from

Corinth in destruction debris and cleanup of the very end of the 2nd or early 3rd century in a terraced building used for domestic and industrial functions.125

Decorated Tableware

The techniques employed in decorating glassware are classified as either "hot" or "cold" de

pending on whether the artisan decorates the glass when it is hot (ribs, threads, indents) or

cold (wheel-cutting, facet-cutting, painting, etc.), in which case the artisan need not be the

actual glassblower. Intricate forms of cold decoration, such as figural cutting and painting, most likely were executed by specialized artisans. Finds at the Jalame workshop in Israel126

provide evidence that linear cutting (horizontal grooves and wheel-incisions) was done in

the glassblowers' workshops.127

Pinched-out Ribs (83-90)

Cups and rhytons 83 is probably from a relatively rare type of tall cup with nearly straight walls that was in use

in the third quarter of the 1st century a.d. Characteristic are the narrowly spaced vertical

ribs and the well-defined horizontal ridge along the upper ends of the ribs. Fragments of two

121. Stern 1995, pp. 37-44; 1999b, pp. 442-454.

122. POxy, vol. 50, no. 3536; see Coles 1983, pp. 57-59. See

Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 28,84-85, figs. 156-171; Stern

1995, pp. 36-37; 1997, p. 206. On chunk gathering in studios

today, see Stern 1993b, pp. 22-24.

123. Stern 1999b, p. 450.

124. Stern 1999b, p. 448, figs. 9, 10.

125. Williams and Zervos 1984, p. 90. For indirect evidence

from northern Greece, and the possibility that glass unguentaria were produced locally, see De Tommaso 1993; Weinberg 1962a.

126. G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 89-98.

127. Stern 2001, p. 24.




such cups came to light during excavations of the Roman Baths in the Agora of Thessaloniki, where they date from before the end of the 1st century a.d.128 They seem to have been found at Mytilene as well.129 Similar fragments are reported from Ephesus and Beirut.130 Other

examples, more complete, are known from Italy (Pompeii) and south Russia.131 Fragments from Vindonissa, in Switzerland, are not so narrowly datable.132

Another, more exotic possibility is that the Agora fragment comes from the upper part of a rhyton decorated with narrowly spaced, pinched-out vertical ribs beginning at some dis tance below the rim. Two magnificent rhytons, one each in museums in Adria and Aquileia,

were probably unearthed in northern Italy.133 Controlled excavations in southern Italy134 and Tunisia135 produced two more of these vessels; the southern Italian one was found in a

Ist-century a.d. tomb. All these vessels are true rhytons with a second small aperture at the

tip; each ends in a horned snail's head. A Flavian grave on Siphnos produced fragments of a footed, smooth-walled glass rhyton ending in a snail's head.136 Both rhyton shapes imitate metal examples.

Glass rhytons were already made long before the invention of blowing. An inventory list of the Athenian Asklepieion mentions a glass rhyton that was dedicated between 268/7 and

245/4 b.c. (IGll2 1534B and 1535).137 A 5th- to 4th-century b.c. cast colorless glass rhyton was excavated in the vicinity of Persepolis.138

The Agora fragment is translucent golden yellow, an unusual color which is also that of the blown rhytons in Adria and Aquileia. The color has been noted also in monochrome fine wares made in Italy.139 The shape and color of the Agora fragment suggest an origin in northern (?) Italy.

Ribbed cups (zarte Rippenschalen) One of the earliest blown shapes that may have been used as tableware is the zarte Rippenschale, a cup decorated with thin sharp ribs (Isings 1957, Form 17; Goethert-Polaschek 1977, Trier Form 4; Riitti 1991, Form AR 28). In order to distinguish the shape from earlier hot-formed ribbed bowls (see 38-58, 63, 64), the German name, coined by Thea Haevernick in 1958,140 has been adopted in English literature. The cups have been much studied.141 The last count

by Sophia van Lith (1994) totaled 750 examples, and their numbers are steadily increasing. Made in strong colors (translucent brown, blue, purple), as well as in natural bluish green and decolorized glass, the polychrome cups are usually decorated with opaque white trails; others are opaque white with translucent blue trails. A large subgroup (about one-fifth of all

catalogued pieces) is monochrome, without added trails. There is no real difference between the distribution of monochrome and polychrome cups, although monochrome examples seem to be less common in Italy and northwest Europe. All five vessels excavated in the Agora are polychrome: two are purple (84, 85), two yellowish brown (86, 87), and one is opaque white with translucent blue thread (88).

128. Mavromichali 2001, p. 134, pi. 4, fig. 3. Corinth XII,

p. 97, no. 605 and/or 609 are perhaps from similar vessels.

129. Price 2002, p. 125, fig. 3:3.

130. Mentioned by Price 2002, p. 125.

131. Examples in Naples: Spinazzola 1928, pi. 228, top row, fifth from right; in Adria: Bonomi 1996, p. 127, no. 289, color

pi. VI; and in the Hermitage: Kunina 1997, p. 315, no. 302, color fig. 168, from Nymphaion.

132. Berger [1960] 1980, p. 84, no. 219, pis. 14, 18 (trans lucent blue).

133. For the rhyton in Adria, see Bonomi 1996, p. 199, no. 449, color pi. VI (findspot unknown); for Aquileia, see

Calvi 1968, p. 107, no. 259, color pi. 19:1.

134. T. Schojer, in Taranto 1988, p. 489, no. 37.12c, from

Contrada di Corti Vecchie.

135. Fendri 1964, p. 45, fig. 7 (in the Archaeological Mu seum in Sfax).

136. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 89, grave 14(12), pi. 32:2. 137. On this rhyton, see Stern 1999a, pp. 32-33, 46.

138. Tehran, Archaeological Museum, no. 7846: Von Saldern

1991, pi. XXX:d.

139. Grose 1989, p. 304, no. 413.

140. Haevernick [1958] 1981, pp. xi-xxviii; [1967] 1981, pp. 171-179.

141. Van Lith 1977, pp. 29-38; Czurda-Ruth 1979, pp. 43

47; Biaggio Simona 1986; 1991, pp. 71-74; Cool and Price 1995, p. 57.




The cups are made almost invariably of thin glass; the rim is vertical or everted with an

unworked, rough edge (sometimes lightly ground); the shoulder and walls are convex; and the bottom is flat. The majority are hemispherical (ca. 0.05 m to 0.08 m high with the diam eter at the rim ca. 0.08 m), but squat and deep examples have been noted. The spiral trail is broad at the point of application on the center of the base and is wound up to the shoulder where it ends in one or more thin, horizontal revolutions. The trails often appear curved or

hooked because the glassblower pinched out the ribs after applying the trail. This operation pressed the trail into the ribs and cooled the glass locally so that it no longer moved as the vessel was expanded to its full size. Between the ribs the trail frequently became so thin that it disappeared into the wall. On many cups the ribs are connected at the top by arches. Swiss researchers have suggested that these vessels may have been made by mold-blowing.142

Thea Haevernick originally proposed a mid-1 st-century a.d. date for the zarteRippenschalen, but it is now generally accepted that they were made throughout the first half of the 1st century a.d. (possibly beginning in the late 1st century b.c.)143 and that production ceased around or shortly after the middle of the 1st century a.d. The Agora fragments fall within this range but cannot be dated more precisely. Examples from Augustan contexts have been noted at

Magdalensberg, Morgantina, and Vitudurum. Four cups from Samothrace are from contexts

assigned to 25 b.c. Haevernick's conclusions regarding origin and distribution of this shape have stood the test of time. The greatest concentrations of finds are in northern Italy and

Switzerland (Ticino) and the northern Adriatic area (Dalmatia and Illyria). It is very likely that workshops in these regions produced the majority of the cups. They were widely traded.

Close business and trade contacts between Aquileia and Magdalensberg, on the one hand, and between Illyria and the northern coast of the Black Sea, on the other, may explain the

number of cups recorded from the Black Sea regions;144 others were found in Turkey and

Cyprus.145 By far the most cups come from Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Britain, and beyond (suggesting trade on the Rhine downriver to military and civil settlements along the empire's border), but they were also in use in Libya and on the northern coast of Africa, as well as in Iberia (Spain and Portugal).

In Greece many sites produced zarte Rippenschalen. Examples have been published from

Corinth (one monochrome blue and one polychrome);146 Megara (monochrome blue);147 Kabeirion, Thebes (polychrome);148 Mitropoli, Thessaly (polychrome);149 ancient Ioron in

Macedonia (polychrome);150 Patras (polychrome);151 Delos (colorless);152 Mytilene (a mini

mum of 9 polychrome and 39 monochrome cups);153 Nisyros (polychrome);154 Samothrace

(seven monochrome cups, five in shades of blue, one purple, and one brown);155 and Crete

(five polychrome cups from Neronian and later contexts at Knossos156 and ten? cups from

tombs at Sphakaki Pankalochorion).157

Globular jugs A distinct group of short-necked globular jugs is characterized by a wide flaring mouth and

a short loop handle from shoulder to rim (Isings 1957, Form 57) .158 The handles of many

142. Funfschilling 1985, p. 117; Biaggio Simona 1986; Rutti

1988, p. 31.

143. Grose 1982, p. 28.

144. Those in the Hermitage, mostly from Panticapaeum, have recently been republished by Kunina 1997, pp. 295-297,

nos. 204-211. On trade connections, see DeMaine 1983.

145. On eastern Mediterranean finds, see Stern 2001, p. 47,

discussion of no. 24.

146. CorinthXIl, p. 96, nos. 607, 608.

147. Weinberg 1992, p. 121, no. 90.

148. Haevernick 1981, pi. 44:2.

149. ArchDeltSb, B'l (1980 [1988]), p. 269, pi. 117.

150. Antonaras and Anagnostopoulou-Chatzipolichoroni

2002, p. 115 (two specimens, not illustrated).

151. ArchDeim, B'2 (1973-1974 [1979]), p. 369, pi. 235. 152. Delos XXXVII, p. 116, no. D5.

153. Price and Cottam 2000, p. 61, fig. 2.

154. Cup from Nisyros, quoted in CorinthXIl and by Haever

nick [1958] 1981, pp. xi-xxviii.

155. Dusenbery 1967, pp. 44-45, nos. 33, 34; SamothraceXl,

pp.1076-1078. 156. Price 1992, pp. 424-425, nos. 121-124.

157. ArchDelt 44, B'2 (1989 [1995]), p. 458, pi. 253. 158. On the shape, see Cool and Price 1995, pp. 130-131.




vessels are simple loops,159 but often they are more elaborate, terminating in a pinched pro jection at one or both ends, or even thrusting horizontal spurs along the edge of the rim.160 Handles with pinched projections probably copy silver jugs as known from Pompeii.161 If the associations with Pompeian silver and Italian thin-walled pottery are justified, the glass vessels

may have originated in Italy and been copied by glassblowers in other areas. The finds from Pompeii show that these vessels were made in glass before a.d. 79. The

polychrome vessels recently published from cemeteries at Panticapaeum and Nymphaion162 probably date from the mid- or third quarter of the 1st century when colorful thread-wound and marbled wares were still fashionable. The shape is found even in contexts of the first half of the 2nd century. Some of the later vessels were finished on a pontil.

The vessels exist in widely varying sizes (H. 0.05-0.20 m), an indication that as tableware

they probably served more than one purpose. Whereas large vessels, H. 0.13 m or higher, are too diverse and their findspots too widely spread to suggest one particular production center, several regional versions of the small vessels, with a height of ca. 0.05-0.07 m, have

been identified. A small group found in northwestern Italy probably imitates thin-walled

pottery drinking cups; made of undecorated, colorless or natural bluish green glass, their bodies are truncated conical.163 A group from southern Spain is more numerous.164 The jugs from Nymphaion and Panticapaeum are so similar to each other that they must have been

made in one area, presumably somewhere in the West.

Vessels of 0.10 m and taller are known from the Rhineland, two ribbed and one plain;165 from northern Italy, with pinched vertical ribs, said to be from Lugone di Said;166 from Dalmatia, one ribbed, one plain;167 from Hungary, ribbed;168 from Sardinia, plain;169 and from Cyprus, thread-wound.170 In addition to spirally wound threads and vertical or slanting pinched ribs, decorative techniques include linear cutting.

The Agora produced one large jug decorated with vertical ribs (89) and a handle of a similar

jug, with horizontal spurs along the rim (90). In Greece, an undecorated jug was excavated in a Roman tomb at Galaxidi171 and several small loop handles with pinched projections, perhaps from similarly shaped jugs, come from Hadrianic contexts at Knossos.172 The vessels from Greece are most similar to those from northern Italy and the Rhineland.

Indents (91-96)

Decoration with indents appeared almost simultaneously on pottery and glass cups in the second quarter of the 1st century a.d., but did not become common in glass until the second half of the 1st century. It was occasionally copied in silver tableware.173 In the 1st and early 2nd centuries, cups and beakers decorated with indents were common in Italy and the Ro man provinces of western Europe, but not in the Syro-Palestinian region. Usually the vessels used in Italy and the Mediterranean have a tubular folded base ring and are somewhat taller than those found in the north.174 Most cups and beakers have four large indents, or a greater

159. E.g., Kunina 1997, p. 317, nos. 312-315, from southern Russia.

160. Vessels from Pompeii cited by Isings 1957, Form 57; from southern Spain by Price 1987a, pp. 35-36, fig. 4.

161. Cf. Maiuri 1933, pis. 53-54.

162. Kunina 1997, p. 317, nos. 312-315. 163. Biaggio Simona 1991, pp. 90-91.

164. Price 1987a, pp. 35-36, fig. 4.

165. Fremersdorf 1958b, pis. 14, 17, 59.

166. Stella 1987, p. 63, no. 102a, color ill. p. 53, formerly Valdini collection.

167. Plesnicar-Gec 1972, p. 256, grave 795:7, pi. CCX, from

Emona northern necropolis, vertically ribbed; Zara, Archaeo

logical Museum, no. 701: Trasparenze imperiali 1997, p. 181,

no. 169, plain. 168. Barkoczi 1966-1967, p. 70, figs. 25:1, 33:1, from

Szony. 169. Cagliari, National Archaeological Museum, no. 101941:

Stiafhni and Borghetti 1994, p. 129, nos. 338, 339, pis. 58-59. 170. Fitzwilliam 1978, p. 52, no. 102a.

171. Threpsiades 1972, p. 197, pi. 76:oc.

172. Price 1992, p. 453, nos. 256-258, pi. 347. 173. Calvi 1965a, p. 207.4, fig. 10 (a silver cup from Pompeii,

House of Menander). Compare an indented bronze beaker - from an

early-2nd-century grave in the Kerameikos, Athens:

Stroszeck 2000, p. 475, fig. 24.

174. On the technique, see G. D. Weinberg 1988, p. 36,

fig. 3-11.




number of long narrow indents (see 192).175 The rims are almost always lightly ground or unworked. Clasina Isings (1957) discusses the flat-bottomed cups under Form 32, those with base rings under Form 35.

It is generally assumed that these beakers and cups were drinking vessels. However, some

may have served as containers for scents or cosmetics, as is suggested by the presence of a coin impression on the bottom of an indented beaker excavated in the harbor of Zaton.176

Luigi Taborelli (1992b) lists additional indented beakers with coin impressions. By the mid-2nd century, indented cups and beakers were used throughout the Mediter

ranean. Large numbers were found in Cyprus and southern Turkey (Cilicia); the vessels ap pear to be less common in Syria, Palestine, and southern Russia.177 The indents vary in size,

shape, number, and placement. Tool marks indicate that the glassblowers used a variety of

techniques to create this decoration. Criteria for distinguishing chronology and geographical origin have yet to be established. The cups and beakers from the Agora are discussed in this

publication in the chapters on the Early Imperial (91-96) and Middle Imperial (184-193)

periods, according to the dates of their contexts. The Agora produced several indented beakers with cylindrical or slightly convex walls from

1st- to mid-2nd-century contexts. The bases are flat or slightly concave (91), or with tubular folded base rings (92, 93), or solid with an internal thickened ring along the edge (96).178 None have pontil scars. The walls usually are decorated with four large indents (92-96); 91 has six or more irregularly spaced indents.

Three rims are preserved (92, 94, 95). They are thickened and rounded by heat, with a

horizontal tool mark along the interior. Most of the upper part of 93 is missing, but the rim

probably was finished the same way. All four vessels probably had heat-rounded rims and tubu lar folded base rings. As 92 shows, the absence of a pontil scar is not an absolute indicator of a

ground or unworked rim. Vessels without pontil scars can have heat-rounded rims. Indented

beakers with heat-rounded rims and tubular folded base rings have been published from Corinth (1st century) ,179 Oropos (very similar to 95) ,180 Malesina (near Lamia) ,181 Samothrace

(1st century),182 and Thera (probably 2nd century).183 The Kabeirion near Thebes produced a large number of indented beakers on tubular folded base rings, but the rims have not been

preserved and the beakers cannot be dated independently.184 A beaker with eight narrow in

dents, now in the Corning Museum of Glass, carries a paper label inscribed "ATHENS/1891 ."185

Although smooth-walled beakers frequently have rounded rims and tubular folded base rings, as, for example, at Samothrace,186 indented beakers with rounded rims and tubular folded

base rings were not common in any period. Even on Cyprus where indented drinking vessels

were particularly common,187 not one appears to combine these two features.

175. For a general discussion of indented beakers in the

West, see Cool and Price 1995, pp. 69-71. For indented vessels

(including other shapes) in the East, see Stern 2001, p. 26.

176. Gluscevic 1994-1995, pp. 237, 242, no. 12, showing "the

reverse of a coin of Hadrian with an image of a temple facade

and the legend KOINON BEI0YNIAC." Compare the bottom of a vessel (beaker?) found in the vicinity of Ficarolo in the

Po Valley, impressed with the same image (Busing 1991). On

glass bottles impressed with coin images and their relation with

the cosmetics and scent industries and with imperial taxes, see

Taborelli 1982b; 1985. 177. On the findspots, see Stern 1977, pp. 61-64.

178. On vessels with solid bases, see note 231 below.

179. Wiseman 1972, p. 18, no. 6, pi. 9, with multiple long, narrow indents and thickened, heat-rounded rim; Slane 1986,

pp. 301-302, no. 148, fig. 20:148, with twelve long, narrow

indents and heat-rounded rim, from a context of a.d. 25-75.

Previously published indented beakers from Corinth with tubular

base rings have pontil scars (CorinthXll, pp. 101,103, nos. 645

648); they probably date from the 2nd century or later.

180. AnhDelt49, B'l (1994 [1999]), p. 76, pi. 31; for asecond

example from Oropos, see Pologiorgi 1998, p. 42, no. 7, pi. 12,

center, from tomb 13, dated second half of 1st century a.d.

181. ArchDeltbO, B'l (1995 [2000]), pp. 334-335, pi. 119. 182. SamothraceXl, pp. 1085-1086, no. S212-D, with a solid

base(?) andfour(?) indents.

183. Dragendorff 1903, pp. 286-287, fig. 481:u, "probably 2nd century"; compare fig. 481 :t with four or six indents, from

Sellada necropolis, grave 76, p. 56, fig. 184.

184. Haevernick 1981, p. 123, pi. 40.

185. Whitehouse 1997a, p. Ill, no. 169.

186. SamothraceXl, p. 1081-1082, no. S205-15.

187. See Cesnola 1903; Vessberg 1952; Harden 1958; Oliver

1983; Nicolaou 1984; Oliver 1992; Sternini 1998.




The rim of the flat-bottomed beaker (91) has not been preserved. It may well have been

heat-rounded, like that of a beaker from Corinth.188 Other sites in Greece producing flat bottomed indented cups and beakers (finishing of the rim not noted) are Antikyra (Boiotia) ,189 Thessaloniki,190 ancient Ioron,191 Delos,192 Knossos,193 Samos,194 Samothrace,195 and Thera.196

Indented cups with heat-rounded rims were common in Cilicia (Turkey).197 Perhaps Greek customers were partial to rounded rims. The overall shape of the vessels from Greece, how

ever, suggests that they did not originate from the same workshop (s) as those in Cilicia.

Linear Cutting (97-103) Hofheim cups and related vessels

Named after an important findspot in Germany, the small, bulbous Hofheim cup, not to be confused with the ceramic vessel of this name, is one of the earliest glass drinking vessels made in the West.198 Although production began prior to the establishment under Claudius of the Roman legionary fort at Hofheim, the vessels are referred to as Hofheim cups because

they were excavated in relatively large numbers at this site and Ritterling discussed them in detail in the excavation report.199 The shape copies thin-walled ceramic cups that became fashionable in Italy at the beginning of the Augustan period, characterized by horizontal

grooves.200 In use by the Late Augustan period, the glass cups were most common under Tiberius and Claudius. They are approximately the same height as the diameter of the rim

(ca. 0.05-0.08 m). Early cups have relatively straight walls; later ones are more bulbous with the walls curving inward at the rim. Cups with a sharp pointed kick pushed up in the center of the floor became common in the Flavian period. The glass is generally thick and sturdy; the rim is always ground. Translucent bluish green is the most common color, but many are

made of translucent, strongly colored glass: deep blue, purple, brown, emerald green, and red. One relatively large subgroup is made of two layers of glass (also known as overlay or cased glass). The inside of these cups is opaque white; the outside a translucent color. This

technique is still employed by glassblowers today to intensify the color of translucent glass. The variety of decorative techniques covers the full range of possibilities, from polychrome

flecks to applied threads and chips of glass, figural painting, and even cameo glass, but the vast majority are monochrome and are decorated with simple horizontal wheel-cut grooves. Michel Feugere (1992) and Sophia van Lith (1994) have independently classified the linear cut patterns.

These simple grooved cups evidently were affordable to many; about the same number came to light in soldiers' barracks as at camp headquarters. They were used widely not only at Roman military forts but also in civil settlements throughout the Roman empire, from the coasts of the Black Sea to Portugal and Spain and from Libya to Britain (one cup was excavated as far from the Roman empire as the Persian Gulf) ,201 but no catalogue has been

compiled.202 They appear to be less common in Palestine and Egypt.203 A wall painting from

188. CorinthXll, p. 101, no. 644.

189. AR1988-1989, pp. 44-45, fig. 56, from a Roman tomb of the 1st to early 2nd century (also published in ArchDelt 35, B'l [1980 (1988)], pp. 262-264, pi. 114:5).

190. ArchDelt2l, B'2 (1966 [1968]), p. 336, pi. 351:5. 191. Antonaras and Anagnostopoulou-Chatzipolichoroni

2002, pp. 115-116, fig. 8.

192. Delos XXXVII, p. 116, D6 with four indents and D7 with five.

193. Price 1992, p. 448, no. 176, pi. 344: Flavian (1), early 2nd century (10), later 2nd century (3).

194. SamosXW, p. 165, fig. 278a.

195. Samothrace XI, p. 1089, no. S220-7, with unworked rim, context probably second quarter to mid-lst century a.d. (also

published in Dusenbery 1967, p. 47, no. 45, fig. 45). 196. Dragendorff 1903, p. 18, grave 16, fig. I7:a. 197. Stern 1984, pp. 135-136; 1989b, p. 587. 198. Isings 1957, Form 12; Goethert-Polaschek 1977, Trier

Form 4; Riitti 1991, Form AR 34.

199. Ritterling 1912, p. 365, Form 1, fig. 93.

200. Marabini Moevs 1973, pp. 106-111, Form XXXVI.

201. Whitehouse 1998a, pp. 55-56, no. 122.

202. For general discussions of Hofheim cups, see Van Lith

1977, pp. 23-29; Czurda-Ruth 1979, pp. 37-43; Cool and Price

1995, pp. 56,58 (various polychrome techniques), 64-68 (bluish

green and monochrome). 203. For eastern Mediterranean findspots, see Stern 2001,

pp. 45, 73.




Herculaneum depicts a glass Hofheim cup upside down on top of a pottery jug,204 but the vessels themselves have not yet been published from Pompeii and Herculaneum. Sophia van Lith suggests they may have been made somewhere outside Italy, perhaps in southern Gaul.205 Finds in the harbors of Narbonne (southern France)206 and Zaton (Croatia)207 are evidence that they were shipped by sea through the Mediterranean.

Linear-cut Hofheim cups are usually thought to be blown, but some are covered with fine scratches on the exterior and described as "wheel-polished." These vessels probably were not blown because the exterior of a blown vessel (like the interior) is always glossy and does not require polishing. Some of the thick-walled, early Hofheim cups perhaps were made by mold-pressing, a technique suggested for the overlay cups.208

The Agora produced two fragments of linear-cut cups: 97 (probably mold-pressed) is a

typical Hofheim cup, while 98 may be a variant. Other findspots of Hofheim cups in Greece include Corinth,209 Thessaloniki,210 Regio Didymoteichou,211 Delos,212 Knossos,213 Mytilene,214 and Samothrace.215

Beakers with ground rims

Beakers with ground rims (Isings 1957, Form 29) are closely related to the linear-cut cups. The beakers were made in three basic shapes: cylindrical, ovoid, and truncated conical.216 The majority has a flat or slightly concave base, but, like the Hofheim cups, the ovoid beakers of the second half of the 1st century a.d. occasionally have high kicked bases. The range of decorative techniques is small: no colored flecks, no painted decoration. Variations appear to be limited to the arrangement of the linear-cut lines and the color of the glass, which is bluish green or strongly colored monochrome (opaque or translucent). The beakers usu

ally are found in Tiberian and Claudian contexts. The truncated conical beaker may have

been the earliest variant made in glass. A single rim fragment of an amber-colored beaker was excavated at Magdalensberg in a Late Augustan context.217 Whereas the cylindrical and

truncated conical beakers have parallels in slightly earlier thin-walled pottery,218 the ovoid

beaker does not.

The Agora produced two fragments of linear-cut beakers, both of them strongly colored blue. They appear to be regional (?) variants of the canonical forms. 99 is cylindrical with

slightly concave walls; the rim is not preserved. A few undecorated beakers with concave walls have heat-rounded rims. One was excavated at Samothrace,219 and others at Vasa (Cyprus)220 and Tripoli (Libya) ,221 Although the rim of the Agora beaker is not preserved, bands of light linear cutting around the body and the strongly colored glass suggest that it belongs with a

small but growing group of beakers with everted, lightly ground rims. The best comparison

204. Naumann-Steckner 1991, pi. XXIII:a.

205. Van Lith 1994, p. 261. -

206. Feugere 1992, pp. 185-191.

207. Gluscevic 1986, p. 264, pi. IV:2.

208. On mold-pressing, see Lierke 1995b, p. 259, fig. 16:a, b;

1996, pp. 198-200, figs. 22, 26.

209. CorinthXll, p. 101, nos. 638 (probably flat bottomed),

639 (with pointed kick), both from lst-century contexts.


211. Triandaphyllos and Terzopoulou 1995, p. 485, fig. 19.

212. Delos XXXVII, pi. 35:D2.

213. Price 1992, p. 446, nos. 140-143, no. 143 with pointed kick.

214. Price and Cottam 2000, p. 59, fig. 2:3.

215. Dusenbery 1967, pp. 45-46, nos. 35-37, dated Augustan and first half of 1st century a.d.; SamothraceXl, pp. 1081, 1086,

redated first quarter of 1st century b.c. to first quarter of 1st

century a.d.

216. On the type: Berger [1960] 1980, pp. 43-44; Czurda

Ruth 1979, pp. 95-99; Van Lith 1983, pp. 241-242; Rutti 1991,

Form AR 35; Cool and Price 1995, pp. 68-69; Stern 2001,

pp. 46-47, nos. 19-22.

217. Czurda-Ruth 1979, p. 99.

218. Marabini Moevs 1973, pp. 73-74, Forms XI ovoid and

XII truncated conical, both with horizontal grooves at center

body. 219. SamothraceXl, pp. 1086-1087, no. S216-3, attributed to

the first quarter of the 1st century a.d., greenish with rolled-in

rim and pontil scar.

220. Harden 1958, p. 52, fig. 21:a (before a.d. 250).

221. Price 1985a, p. 75, no. 24, fig. 6:2. The parallels quoted

by Price differ from the Agora fragment; they have base rings or kicked bases with pontil scars, or the rims are polished, or

the walls have a different profile.




known to me is a straight-walled beaker excavated at Corinth that Clasina Isings cites as an

example of Form 30;222 it comes from a lst-century b.c to lst-century a.d. context. Similar

cylindrical linear-cut beakers were excavated in the Synagogue at Delos,223 on Naxos,224 and

on Thera.225 Several examples exist in Turkish museums, the reason for Chris Lightfoot to

suggest they were made in "workshops located in western Anatolia."226

100 is ovoid with just one lightly incised horizontal line at its widest diameter. Related beakers came to light in the Roman Baths at Thessaloniki227 and Samothrace.228 Several such beakers excavated from the harbor of Zaton (Croatia)229 are evidence for a Mediterranean seaborne trade. The beakers were made in the West, but they are found throughout the eastern Mediterranean.230 It is not clear whether all of these were imports.

101 preserves the slightly everted, ground rim of a straight-walled beaker. The strongly colored translucent yellowish brown glass suggests a close relation to linear-cut beakers al

though it probably was not wheel-cut because more than half of its height is preserved and there is no decoration.

Some of these early linear-cut beakers have base rings (cf. Isings 1957, Form 34). The base

ring can be a tubular fold tooled from the lower body of the vessel or it can be solid (tooled or

applied as a separate disk). The solid bases have round edges and are flat on the underside.231 The interior usually features a solid dome in the center of the floor or a thickened ring along the edge (see 96,103). The Agora produced two beakers with bases of this type. 102 has a care

fully tooled, tiny hole in the center of the base from which a small thin-walled bubble rises on the inside. Similar bases have been noted in Early Imperial contexts at Ephesus and Mytilene (unpublished) .232 The Agora vessel is bluish green with walls spreading toward the bottom.

The profile is similar to that of a pale bluish green beaker from Samothrace (assigned to the first quarter of the 1st century a.d.), without, however, the same treatment at the center of

the base.233 103 is bulbous. On the interior, the solid base takes the form of a thickened ring surrounding a small depression. The linear-cut decoration is deep. A translucent yellowish brown beaker from Magdalensberg predates a.d. 45.234 In Greece, solid bases from beakers that may or may not be linear-cut are known from the Kabeirion at Thebes.235

Facets (104, 105)

When clear colorless glass imitating rock crystal became fashionable around a.d. 70 (on colorless glass, see p. 87), Roman artisans developed facet cutting, a new technique of surface decoration. The earliest facet-cut drinking services date from the last third of the 1st and the

early 2nd centuries a.d. Concave oval and circular facets, meant to be seen from the exterior, cover large surfaces of the vessel's exterior. These close-set facets frequently overlap at the

edges, creating a wide range of diamond and hexagon shapes that enhance the sparkle of the surface, presumably in an attempt to improve upon the shimmer of rock crystal vessels, the walls of which preferably were left smooth, according to Pliny (HN37.28).236

222. CorinthXII, p. 103, no. 651.

223. DelosXXXVLl, p. 116, no. D3, 1st to 2nd century a.d.

224. ArchDelt32, B'l (1977 [1984]), pp. 309-310, pi. 180. 225. Dragendorff 1903, p. 54, grave 70, fig. 180; Gerousi

2002, p. 136, fig. 5, from a lst-century grave at Perissa.

226. Lightfoot 1989, p. 23, nos. 12-14, pi. 3:1-3.

227. Mavromichali 2001, p. 134, fig. 5, pi. 6.

228. SamothraceXl, pp. 1086-1089, no. S219-19, dated ca.

a.d. 25.

229. Gluscevic 1986, pp. 260-262, form 6, pi. 111:1-6.

230. Compare a beaker from Cyrene: Oliver 1990, p. 97, no. 109, fig. 2 (lst-century a.d. context). For eastern Mediter ranean findspots, see Stern 2001, p. 77, no. 19.

231. On vessels with solid bases, see also Van Lith 1978-1979,

pp. 60-61; Cool and Price 1995, p. 68; Stern 2001, pp. 46-47. 232. Mentioned by Barbara Czurda-Ruth and Jennifer Price

at the ROCT glass workshop in Leuven, 2002. Price (1992,

pi. 345:203) illustrates a beaker with hollow domed center from Knossos, but with a much wider opening in the center of the base.

233. SamothraceXI, p. 1085, no. S212-C.

234. Czurda-Ruth 1979, p. 102, no. 763.

235. Haevernick 1981, p. 127, no. V2393, pi. 41:6.

236. An exception to the rule is a facet-cut skyphos of rock

crystal from a tomb at Vetralla (second half of 2nd century a.d.); see La Regina 1998, p. 277 (ill.). Perhaps the cutting was meant to disguise a flaw, as Pliny recommended (HN37.28; see

E. M. Stern 1997, p. 201).




Facet-cut tableware has been studied by Hans Norling-Christensen (1968), Andrew Oliver

(1984), and Andrea Rottloff (1998). Although conical beakers represent the most common

shape in drinking services, other shapes exist, for example, skyphoi, narrow-mouthed bag shaped jugs, and trullas.237 The vessels have been found from Afghanistan and China238 to

Portugal and Scandinavia. Large numbers come from Begram in Afghanistan, as well as from sites in Switzerland and Germany; over fifty are known from Britain.239 Oliver's list includes

examples from Egypt240 and inland Syria (Dura), but very rarely from the north coast of the Black Sea, the Syro-Palestinian littoral, and the north coast of Africa (though none from

ed-Dur) ,241 This is surprising because Mediterranean seaborne trade in these vessels is docu

mented by finds in the harbor of Zaton (Croatia).242 A possible explanation might be that the distribution of these vessels was associated predominantly with the Roman military.243

Many scholars assume an Eastern origin for the faceted series.244 The close connection of

Oliver's Group I with the western Roman empire, and in particular with the Roman military, suggests rather that they were made in workshops in the West.245 Of the vessels listed by Oliver,

only those belonging to his Group II have a wide distribution. Even these vessels, however, with the exception of the hoard from Begram, are not numerous outside the western European provinces of the Roman empire. Just one of the Group I beakers was found outside western

Europe (no. 18, from Karanis). Workshops in the West and in the East practiced facet cutting in the 2nd and 3rd centuries (see 195-201). Andrew Oliver remarks that the vessels are "almost certainly" blown,246 but Donald Harden

and Jennifer Price offer as a deciding criterion whether the interiors are smooth or ground; if

smooth, they must be blown.247 The reality of manufacturing, however, may have been more

complex. Some of the vessels were probably hot-formed by mold-pressing in rotating molds, a technique that did not always leave telltale rotary scratches on the interior.248 Artisans who

produced undecorated vessels (blanks) and those who cut the glass probably belonged to different guilds. Their workshops were not necessarily near each other. Beakers of the same

shape were facet-cut, painted, and/or decorated simply with a few horizontal wheel-cut

grooves.

Truncated conical beakers

Andrew Oliver divides the truncoconical facet-cut beakers (Isings 1957, Form 21) into two

groups.249 In Group I, the zone of faceting has been left raised above the level of the un

decorated zones bordering the rim and foot. In Group II, there is a ridge below the faceting and a ridge, or sometimes merely an offset above it, separating the zone of faceting from the

plain, undecorated band above. Both groups feature a splayed foot and a secondary ridge immediately below the rim. The predominant forms of conical beakers are short and tall.

237. For an overview of the shapes, see Rottloff 1998,

pp. 292-293, figs. 7, 8.

238. A fragment of a facet-cut beaker was excavated at Lou

Ian, Xinjiang: Taniichi 1990.


240. To these one may add examples from Quseir al-Qadim

(Meyer 1992, pis. 5:76-85; 12:291); Berenike (Hayes 1995, p. 40,

fig. 16:6-7); Tebtynis and Douch (Nenna 2003b, pp. 359-360,

figs. 1-3). 241. For two small fragments from Cyrene, see Oliver 1990,

p. 96, nos. 102, 103.

242. Gluscevic 1986, pp. 256-257, pi. 1:3-6.

243. Welker (1974, p. 59) noted that the facet-cut beakers

are more heavily concentrated on military and former military sites than on civilian sites. The same situation obtains in Britain,

see Cool and Price 1995, p. 73.

244. Berger [1960] 1980, p. 70; Welker 1974, pp. 59-60; Oliver 1984, p. 40; Rutti 1988, p. 57.

245. So also Rottloff (1998, p. 289), who suggests a workshop

may have existed north of the Alps. 246. So also Cool and Price (1995, p. 72).

247. Harden and Price 1971, p. 331; however, all the facet-cut

beakers from Fishbourne are blown (p. 337).

248. Lierke (1995a, pp. 54-56) argues that facet-cut vessels

described as ground on the interior were actually made by

mold-pressing in a rotating mold. Lierke (2003, p. 351) suggests

manufacturing in reusable two-piece molds.

249. Oliver 1984, p. 36. See also Berger [1960] 1980,

pp. 67-74; Harden and Price 1971, pp. 339-344; Rutti 1988,

pp. 54-57; Cool and Price 1995, pp. 71-75. On facet-cutting in

general: E. M. Stern 1997, pp. 202-204 (surface facets).




Group II outnumbers Group I by three to one, suggesting manufacture over a longer period. The archaeological evidence is consistent with this hypothesis. Whereas vessels belonging to Group I usually are not found in contexts later than the end of the 1st century a.d., the vessels of Group II were still in use in the first half of the 2nd century. Their production ap pears to have begun slightly later than that of Group I.

The Agora produced one fragment of a conical beaker (104) from a 2nd- to mid-3rd

century context. Andrew Oliver assigned it to his Group II, short form. A short beaker found in northern Italy, perhaps at Velleia,250 has two rows of elongated oval facets (appearing hex

agonal through overlap) instead of the circular facets seen in the Agora beaker. Nontouch

ing, circular facets appear on a fragment from Knossos251 and on a tall beaker of unknown

provenance in the Brooklyn Museum.252 In addition to the Agora fragment, Oliver lists Greek finds of facet-cut beakers from the Kabeirion at Thebes253 and from Corinth.254 To these may be added the finds from Knossos (Group II) from Flavian and 2nd-century contexts.255

Shallow bowls, trullas

The Agora produced three fragments of a shallow bowl that may have been a trulla (105). The context is uncertain, possibly associated with the Herulian destruction of a.d. 267. The design in the center of the underside distinguishes it from facet-cut bowls associated with 3rd-century contexts. Whereas the latter usually show one large central facet on the bottom, from which

deep circular facets radiate,256 the facets on the Agora fragments radiate from a circular ridge enclosing a small knob in the center of the bottom, a design imitating lathe-cut metal ves sels.257 The only other example known to me of a facet-cut bowl with raised concentric ridges on the bottom is a glass trulla from Nijmegen, in the Netherlands.258 Andrea Rottloff suggests that two fragmentary glass bowls in Naples, likewise showing a design radiating from raised concentric ridges, should be reconstructed as trullas.259 Instead of facets they are decorated

with broad, sinuous channels. Several vessels belonging to Group I are decorated with similar sinuous channels and abstract designs. Examples are known from Pompeii, Vindonissa, and

findspots in Britain. They date from the mid- to third quarter of the 1st century.

Undecorated Shapes Imitating Silver Tableware

In the 1st century (ca. a.d. 10-70), several Early Imperial glass vessels imitating fine silver tableware were executed in older techniques such as mosaic glass and goldband glass, or in

strongly colored monochrome glass. Luxury glass tableware of this kind has been excavated

predominantly in Italy and western Europe, as well as at southern Russian sites that relied

heavily on imports from Italy. In the course of the 1st century, colored tableware went out of fashion and these expensive vessels began to lose social distinction as they became avail able in less costly, free-blown natural bluish green glass.260 All the fragments from the Agora belong to the latter category. Whereas the chalice and krater (the one without handles, the

250. Ceselin 1996-1997, pp. 172, 186, no. 21, pi. IV:21. 251. Price 1992, p. 446, no. 133.

252. The Brooklyn Museum, Dept. of Egyptian and Classical

Art, no. 04.23 (Oliver 1984, p. 37, fig. 8). 253. Oliver 1984, p. 57, no. 88 (also published in Haevernick

1981, pi. 44). 254. Oliver 1984, p. 58, no. 102. One may add a nearly com

plete, tall beaker from Corinth: CorinthXll, p. 100, no. 641.

255. Price 1992, pp. 445-446, nos. 130-134.

256. Compare shallow facet-cut bowls: Haberey 1962,

p. 406, fig. 4:1, from Bruhl (ca. a.d. 290); Barkoczi 1968, p. 72,

fig. 42:3, from Brigetio (ca. a.d. 300). Deep bowls are known from Augst: Rutti 1991, vol. 2, p. 64, no. 1254, pi. 54 (found

with pottery dated 200-300); and from Aquincum: Barkoczi

1986, pp. 168-171, figs. 2-5, cf. Barkoczi 1988, p. 66, no. 44,

pi. IV. The central facet of a bowl from Panticapaeum(P) is

approximately the same size as the surrounding facets: Kunina

1997, p. 319, no. 333.

257. Compare a bronze trulla from Siphnos, tomb 5(25): Mackworth Young 1949, pi. 27:3.

258. Isings 1964a, p. 175, no. 3, fig. 3.

259. Rottloff 1998, p. 294. One of the two bowls in Naples is

depicted by Norling-Christensen 1968, p. 423, fig. 12. 260. On the devolution of status goods, see Miller 1997,

p. 253.




other with, are both discussed by Isings 1957, at Form 36a), the kantharos (Isings Form 38), and the skyphos (Isings Form 39) were drinking vessels, the modiolus (Isings Form 37) and the trulla (Isings Form 75) were used predominantly for serving food.

Stemmed Cups (106-108) A stepped rim as seen in 106 is found on several lst-century shapes of tableware (ca. a.d.

20-70). An example of this can be seen on the chalice/krater, the one-handled modiolus, and the kantharos.261

107 has a slightly concave, slender body. The fragments preserve the two small horizontal

loop handles characteristic of the two-handled chalice (Isings 1957, Form 36a). Clasina Isings notes that Italian specimens have rather straight walls, while the walls of vessels from the

provinces are usually concave. Frequently referred to as kraters, vessels of this shape often stand on a tall, blown foot attached directly to the bowl, but a spreading foot with an inter

mediate knop as seen in 108 is also known, for example, from Dalmatia.262 Luxury kraters

frequently are made of strongly colored translucent glass or are decorated with polychrome flecks melted into the surface;263 often the rims are set off with an added rim coil. J. H. C.

Kern (1956) discussed flecked kraters, but glass kraters have not yet been studied together as a group. Kraters made of luxury glass have been excavated in Slovenia264 and Dalmatia,

and specimens with alleged findspots can be found in various museums.265 A flecked krater in Boston was acquired in Athens,266 but the plain bluish green fragment from the Agora (107) appears to be the first firm archaeological evidence that this glass shape was used in

Greece.

The kantharos (Isings Form 38) and the handleless cup on a bead stem (Isings Form 40) are characterized by a gently curving rounded bottom, with the foot usually separated from

the bottom by a knop. 108 could be from either shape.

Skyphoi (109-112) The skyphos, originally a simple wooden vessel, was later made in more costly materials.267

The earliest glass skyphoi date from the early (?) 2nd century b.c. Four shapes have been

identified.268 Three of these are associated with Canosa hoards:269 two are deep ovoid bowls, with either a high foot or a high foot and smooth short stem; the third is a shallow bowl

standing on a simple low base ring (appearing to be the latest). Examples are known from

the Antikythera wreck and from Delos.270 The fourth type is a direct imitation of silver ves

sels; it has a delicate, elaborately molded foot and stem, and is usually thought to have been

created in the second half of the 1st century b.c., but may have originated in the first half of

that century.271 In the late 1st century b.c. and early 1st century a.d. skyphoi were produced in many types of Early Imperial luxury glass: cameo glass, mosaic glass, cast colorless, and

monochrome translucent fine wares. An unusual opaque pink skyphos is made from glass

261. On the stepped rim, see Rutti 1988, pp. 61-62. For

examples in Italian sigillata, see Conspectus 1990, pp. 165-171,

Rl-3.

262. Ravagnan 1994, p. 203, no. 401, pi. XIV.

263. On the technique, see Stern 2001, pp. 25, 38.

264. From Emona: Petru 1972, pis. XVIII:141, LXXXIV52; 1974, p. 26, pi. 111:2 (also published in Plesnicar-Gec 1972,

pi. CCXI, grave 798). 265. Leiden, Rijksmuseumvan Oudheden, nos. 11935/11.1,

K 1947/12.3, both allegedly from southern Russia: Kern 1956;

Hermitage, St. Petersburg, from an old collection, findspot un

known: Kunina 1997, p. 291, no. 184; Corning Museum of Glass,

no. 64.1.3: Whitehouse 1997a, p. 211, no. 363; Toledo Museum

of Art, no. 1923.2404: Riefstahl and Keefe 1969, p. 26.

266. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts: Von Saldern 1968,

pi. 21.

267. Scheibler 2000, p. 20. On the shape, see also Trowbridge

1930, pp. 166-167; Hilgers 1969, pp. 274-276. 268. Oliver 1967, pp. 30-31; ZHos XXXVII, pp. 100-101. 269. Skyphoi in Canosa hoards: Stern and Schlick-Nolte

1994, pp. 97-99, figs. 176, 178, 179. 270. Skyphos from Antikythera wreck, dated ca. 70-60

B.C.: Weinberg 1992, p. 103, no. 58; skyphoi from Delos: Delos

XXXVII, pp. 100-101, nos. C269-273.

271. Delos XXXVII, p. 101.




containing tiny particles of gold. A few skyphoi carry decoration in high relief (see discussion of 80); others are facet-cut.272

The earliest contexts providing free-blown skyphoi (Isings 1957, Form 39) date from the Tiberian period.273 Like their Hellenistic predecessors, the bowls of these skyphoi are shallow and cylindrical or deep and ovoid. They stand on simple low base rings. The handle spurs are pinched flat. Blown skyphoi were still common in Pompeii, but it is not clear how long into the Flavian period they remained in use.

Several glassblowers used pincers with stamps to impress their name and sometimes their

origin?Sidon?on the handles.274 As most of the handles with stamped signatures have been found in Rome, and elsewhere in Italy, it has been suggested that these glassblowers had their

workshops in Rome and/or northern Italy rather than in Sidon.275 1 have suggested elsewhere that these men may be credited with having introduced the art of glassblowing to Rome and the West.276

One stamped handle, bearing the name Ariston, was excavated at Corinth.277 The Agora

produced one stamped handle (109) with an illegible two- or three-line inscription; the second handle of this skyphos was not inscribed. Three other handles are likewise plain (110-112) in a characteristic angular M shape, often seen in silver skyphoi, with horizontal spurs at the

upper and lower ends. Two are bluish green; one is brown. A fragmentary brown spur handle was excavated in a Tiberian context at Corinth;278 another, color unknown, at the Kabeirion, Thebes.279 A grave at Axos (near Rethymnon, Crete) produced a complete vessel.280

Variations among the shapes of the vessels suggest that several workshops produced this

type of skyphos. A regional variant with a curved body and open base ring appears to have been blown in southern Spain.281 The shape is thought to have originated in an eastern Mediterranean workshop, because many stamped handles add "Sidon" or "Sidonian" to

the glassblower's name. The glassblowers may have added the toponymic precisely because

they had emigrated from Sidon to the West (presumably to Rome).282 Blown skyphoi, with or without stamped handles, have yet to be published from the Syro-Palestinian coast. The

findspot farthest east appears to be Tarsus in Turkey.283

Modioli (113, 114) Modioli (Isings 1957, Form 37) have been studied by J. H. C. Kern and by Thea Haever nick.284 Most modioli have straight walls which are either cylindrical or taper down to a base

ring. A single circular handle is attached usually to the upper half of the wall. Modioli often have a stepped rim or a decorative horizontal rib created by a tubular figure-eight fold just below the rim. Many variations in shape and execution have been noted, an indication that several workshops must have produced these vessels. Findspots appear to be concentrated

272. Skyphos of cameo glass: Getty Museum, no. 84.AF.85, see Harden et al. 1987, pp. 68-69, no. 31; of goldband and

mosaic glass: Oliver 1967, pp. 27-33; translucent monochrome:

e.g., Bonomi 1996, pp. 200-201, no. 451 from Adria, Canal Bi anco tomb 34; skyphos with gold particles: Grose 1989, p. 307, no. 429; with decoration in high relief: Harden et al. 1987,

p. 189, no. 99, from a 3rd-century a.d. grave; facet-cut: Oliver

1984, p. 45, fig. 17 (cup in St. Louis Art Museum, no. 247:52). 273. On the date: Czurda-Ruth 1979, p. 56, n. 190.

274. On the Sidonian glassblowers who stamped skyphos handles: Stern 1995, pp. 68-69. To those signing only in

Greek one may add Gaios, on a handle stamped Taioq enoiei

from Tarsus in Turkey (Goldman 1950, p. 401, no. 14). New

finds of such handles are published frequently but all seem to

be from Italy and western Europe: e.g., Hochuli-Gysel 1993,

p. 83 (from southwestern France); Feugere 1992, pp. 193-194

(from Narbonne); Sagui, Bacchelli, and Pasqualucci 1996,

p. 218, fig. 3 (from Rome); Whitehouse 1997a, pp. 93-98, nos. 135-142 (from unknown findspots, handles stamped with the names of Artas, Eirenaios, and Neikon). Del Vecchio 1998 lists 83 specimens, all, presumably, from Rome and environs.

275. Del Vecchio (1998) makes a convincing case for Artas's

workshop having been located in Rome.

276. Stern 1999b, p. 444.

277. CorinthXll, p. 103, no. 650.

278. Wright 1980, p. 163, no. 126, fig. 8.

279. Haevernick 1981, p. 122, no. 204: V 20, pi. 43:11.

280. ArchDeim, B'3 (1965[1968]), p. 566, pi. 710. 281. Price 1987a, p. 34.

282. Stern 1995, pp. 68-69.

283. Goldman 1950, p. 401, no. 14, with stamped handle

reading TaXoq eTioiei (see note 274 above). 284. Kern 1963; Haevernick [1978] 1981, pp. 367-374.




in Italy and western Europe, but the shape is also known from Romania, southern Russia, and a few finds from Palestine. The Agora produced fragments of two modioli (113, 114). These are the first examples to be published from Greece that can be identified without a doubt as modioli. Three rims with elaborate tubular folding from Knossos could, in theory, come from other vessel types (see discussion of 133). For the shape of 113 one may compare

modioli from Herculaneum,285 Emona in Slovenia,286 and Dobroudja/Baraganu in Romania

(with a lightly stepped rim) .287 The name modiolus is a diminutive of the Latin modius, a measuring vessel of ca. 8.75 liters

for solids such as grains and for liquids such as olive oil. In Latin literature the modiolus is referred to as a drinking cup,288 but analyses of burial contexts at Emona suggest their primary function may have been to serve food.289 In western Europe, modioli often were reused as

burial urns, presumably because of the vessel's association with Sarapis and rebirth.290 The modius as an attribute of gods of the netherworld became associated with Sarapis. Originally an Egyptian god, Sarapis in his Hellenized form wore a modius as a crown.

Trullas (115, 116) The earliest glass trullas (Isings 1957, Form 75b) are luxury vessels made in goldband glass,291 mosaic glass, monochrome translucent glass, and cameo glass; later luxury editions were

facet-cut (105) or decorated with snake-thread. The shape is characterized by a single long horizontal handle like that of a saucepan.292 The bowl can be deep (Isings Form 75b) or

shallow (Isings Form 75a); the deep bowl is the earlier of the two, appearing in the first half of the 1st century a.d.

No comprehensive study of the glass trulla exists, but the vessels have been discussed by

Sophia van Lith and Simonetta Biaggio Simona.293 The plain blown vessels have a folded base

ring (mentioned by Isings; compare an example from a grave in Ticino)294 or a flat bottom

(e.g., an example excavated at Poetovio in a burial dated to the end of the 1st to early 2nd

century a.d.) ,295 The bowl itself is usually cylindrical (compare a deep cylindrical bronze trulla

from Athens),296 but deep hemispherical examples also are known297 (compare a pottery

example from the vicinity of Olympia) ,298 The handle is horizontal and flat, widening out

toward the tip like a fish tail. The Agora produced two such handles of natural bluish green

glass (115, 116). Other sites in Greece producing trulla handles are Delos299 and Knossos, where remains of at least six free-blown trullas with horizontal ribbon handles have been

identified, mostly from Flavian to Hadrianic contexts.300 A fluted, solid glass trulla handle from Samothrace has been assigned to the first quarter of the 1st century a.d.,301 but the

earliest datable free-blown examples with thin flat handles are from Pompeii; production

probably continued into the early 2nd century. Trullas have been found predominantly at Western sites and in the Black Sea region, but

Cyprus and Asia Minor have occasionally yielded vessels of this shape.302

285. Scatozza-Horicht 1986, p. 42, no. 70.

286. Plesnicar-Gec 1972, pi. CLX, grave 700:3.

287. Irimia 1987, p. 113, fig. 3:2.

288. Hilgers 1969, pp. 67-68, 223-225. 289. DeMaine 1990, p. 143. Compare the still-life wall

painting from the House of Julia Felix at Pompeii depicting a

silver modiolus with a ladle laid across the top (Wheeler 1964,

p. 202, color fig. 188).

290. Stern 2001, p. 48.

291. E.g., a trullafrom Herculaneum: Scatozza-Horicht 1986,

pp. 37-38, no. 54, pis. X, XXVII.

292. On the shape: Trowbridge 1930, p. 167; Hilgers 1969,

pp. 291-293.

293. Van Lith 1978-1979, pp. 99-100; Biaggio Simona 1991,

pp. 89-90.

294. Biaggio Simona 1991, pp. 89-90, no. 6.1.

295. Subic 1974, p. 60, pi. VI:52.

296. Cylindrical bronze trulla from Athens: ArchDeltTl, B'l

(1972 [1976]), p. 117, pi. 76. 297. Deep hemispherical trullas: Maccabruni 1983, pp. 38

39, no. 10; Bucovala 1968, p. 36, no. 27, from a tomb at Tomi.

298. Deep hemispherical pottery trulla from Olympia:

ArchDelt2l, B'l (1966 [1968]), p. 171, pi. 182:e3. 299. DelosXXXVII, p. 117, no. D8 (two examples). 300. Price 1992, p. 431, nos. 230-234.

301. SamothraceXl, p. 1130, no. S212-G.

302. Hellstrom 1965, p. 85, no. 13, pi. 29.




Other Undecorated Tableware (117)

The earliest dishes and bowls with tubular rims appeared before the end of the 1st century b.c.303 These vessels have applied base rings ("pad bases" with downturned edges) made from a second bubble of glass that served to hold the vessel while the glassblower spun the mouth

open.304 Tubular rims, combined with various kinds of base rings or flattened bottoms, were

made until the end of the Roman empire, presumably because the folding of the glass of fered a practical way of reinforcing the thinned rims of wide open vessels such as bowls and

dishes, or of jars that needed a sturdy rim. The glassblower could tool the rim or simply cause the thin edge to roll over by manipulating it while reheating the vessel's mouth. The edge is

usually folded outward, less often inward. 117 is a shallow bowl with a tubular rim and a tubular folded base ring (Isings 1957, Form

45, variant). The combination of tubular rim and tubular folded base ring appears to post date the mid-lst century a.d. In the western part of the Roman empire shallow bowls with tubular rims were common in the 1st and 2nd centuries a.d.305 A similar bowl type, slightly deeper and less angular, is common in mid-3rd- to mid-4th-century contexts in Israel,306 for

example, at Nahariya and Yehiam, but production may have begun earlier. A bowl very similar to those of the 1st century was excavated at Peqi'in in a tomb assigned to the first half of the 4th century, but some of the glass vessels from this tomb may have been much older, such as a handleless cylindrical bottle with flattened tubular brim of a shape excavated elsewhere in contexts of the first half of the 2nd century.307 A shallow bowl similar to the one from the

Agora was excavated in a Flavian tomb at Siphnos.308 Flavian contexts at Knossos produced tubular rims of dishes (lower part not preserved) ,309

Bulbous Bottles

The first shapes made by blowing were narrow-necked bulbous bottles (see p. 43). The smaller of these bottles served primarily for the storage of unguents and fragrances, the larger ones

perhaps as tableware. When commercial glassblowing began, the first free-blown vessels made in many workshops in the East and in the West were small bottles and unguentaria; they were the easiest shapes to blow, whether with a blowpipe or by inflating a preformed glass tube. These early blown bottles often were made with care from expensive colored glass. They are

polychrome (118-122) or strongly colored monochrome (123-127). Undecorated unguentaria (128-132) and bottles of bluish green glass were used exten

sively in daily life, especially in countries bordering the Mediterranean. Most of these were found in graves, having been deposited primarily for their contents. By the mid-lst century a.d. plain bluish green glass unguentaria had replaced their pottery counterparts, probably because glass is not porous, does not contaminate the contents, and is transparent, making it

possible to easily examine the contents. The Roman physician Scribonius Largo, who worked in the times of Tiberius and Claudius, frequently mentions the use of glass containers in his directions for the preparation and storage of medicinal substances.310 Archaeological research has established instances, both in the East and West, where glass workshops were located in the vicinity of factories producing scented oils.311

303. Grose 1977, p. 17, fig. 1:10, from the Regia in the Forum Romanum in Rome (last three decennia of the 1st century b.c.); cf. Grose 1974, pp. 39-40, 42, 44, nos. 10, 14, 15, 25, 26 from Cosa (before ca. a.d. 40-45).

304. Stern 1999b, p. 448, figs. 15, 16.

305. Cool and Price 1995, pp. 94-96.

306. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 30, Type 2:9.

307. Tzaferis 1969, p. 75, fig. 5:1. On the date of the cylindri

cal bottle with flattened tubular brim (fig. 5:4), see Stern 1977,

pp. 77-80, no. 21, fig. 1:B.

308. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 89 (15), pi. 32:1, from grave 14(15), with a denarius of Vespasian, a.d. 75.

309. Price 1992, p. 450, no. 220.

310. Taborelli 1996.

Sll.Taborelli 1992a.




Clasina Isings (1957) noted that the tips of bottles of Forms 10 (sphere) and 11 (bird) had

to be snapped off to release their contents,312 a clear indication that glassblowing was associ

ated with the cosmetics industry313 as the vessels had to be fire-closed after filling. Although

cooperation between the two industries was common in the eastern Mediterranean as well,

glassblowers there do not seem to have practiced fire-closing. The vessels' tips are usually intact. Bird vessels with their tails snapped off have been excavated in Greece, for example, at Thessaloniki314 and Herakleion, Crete,315 and three spheres come from graves at Patras.316

All of these were imported in antiquity from the West. The length of the neck on lst-century bottles is often regarded as a chronological criterion:

the shorter the neck, the earlier the date.317 The finishing of the rim is sometimes a geo

graphical indicator. While more than 50 percent of the unguentaria used in the eastern

Mediterranean have folded rims, the unguentaria used in Italy and western Europe almost

invariably have simple everted rims.318 Both types of rims are found on unguentaria excavated

in Greece. A Macedonian grave produced five unguentaria with folded rims,319 but most of

the rims of unguentaria from a tomb at Monasteriaki Kephala (Knossos) are simply everted,

with only a few folded.320 Some may have been made locally or regionally,321 while others were

most likely imported. Two workshops that produced early blown vessels have been excavated: one in southwest

ern Switzerland at Avenches, ancient Aventicum, the administrative capital of the Helvetii,322

the other at Lyon, in France.323 The workshop in Lyon was established soon after a.d. 40; the

one at Avenches functioned in the mid-lst century a.d., before Vespasian founded a colony

on the site in a.d. 73/74. The finds at both sites include the remains of several furnaces,

production waste, tools, chunks of strongly colored raw glass, and fragments of completed vessels. Both workshops produced free-blown bottles and unguentaria of Isings 1957, Forms 6

and 8 (bulbous unguentaria), 10 (spheres), 11 (birds), and 15 (amphoras). The glassblowers at Avenches also made mold-blown bottles in the shape of a pinecone (Isings Form 78c).324

Isings Forms 10,11, and 78c were routinely fire-closed at the tip, evidence that the glassblow ers at Avenches and Lyon cooperated with local cosmetics producers. Decorative techniques included winding threads in relief, applying colored flecks, and coating the interior with

liquid lead.

Polychrome (118-121) Colorband

Colorband glass is closely related to mosaic glass. The colorbands penetrate the thickness

of the wall and are visible equally on the inside and the outside. Colorband bottles usually are striped325 or have angular marbled patterns evoking sections (slices) of polychrome glass rods.326 In both cases the design continues across the underside. The bottles have bulbous or

squat piriform bodies. Their shapes are so similar to blown bottles that it has been assumed

312. For recent analyses confirming that the birds contained

colored powder, see R. E. Jones in Carington Smith 1982,

p. 293; Scatozza Horicht et al. 1993, p. 557; Perez-Arantegui,

Paz-Peralta, and Ortiz-Palomar 1996. Birds containing liquids

and other substances are mentioned by Biaggio Simona 1991,

p. 126, nn. 19-20; Whitehouse 1997a, pp. 120-121.

313. On the use of unguentaria and their relations with the

cosmetics industry: Isings 1957, p. 5; Anderson-Stojanovic 1987;

De Tommaso 1990, pp. 9-28; Taborelli 1992a.

314. Thessaloniki 1986a, p. 124, no. 120 (five birds); Kou

soulakou 1993, pp. 311, 317, fig. 2:p.

315. Carington Smith 1982, pp. 269, 272, nos. 12-16 (five

birds).

316. ArchDeltW, B' (1975 [1983]), p. 115, pi. 65. 317. Isings 1957, pp. 42-43, Form 28. Systems of proportions

could not be observed in the numerous unguentaria excavated

at Samothrace, see SamothraceXl, p. 1062.

318. Stern 1977, pp. 37-38.

319. Weinberg 1992, p. 115, no. 79.

320. Carington Smith 1982, p. 275.

321. Weinberg 1962a.

322. Morel et al. 1992; Amrein 2001.

323. Motte and Martin 2003.

324. On the type, see Stern 1995, pp. 181-182, no. 111.

325. Grose 1989, pp. 340-341, nos. 610-615.

326. Grose 1989, pp. 339, 341, nos. 609, 616.




they were made by a combination of mosaic glass techniques and blowing.327 A modern Ve netian technique for doing this exists: colored strips (canes, rods) of glass are laid next to each other and lightly fused to form a long narrow rectangle. The glassblower touches the white hot tip of the blowpipe to the narrow end of the rectangle in such a way that it sticks to one half of the tip of the blow pipe. The rectangle is softend in the furnace, the dangling end is flipped over and attached to the other half of the tip of the blowpipe, and the sides are closed. At that point the vessel can be blown.328 Rosemarie Lierke suggests that colorband bottles could have been made by sagging a preformed mosaic glass bowl upside down over a raised core.329 Such a technique would explain why some colorband bottles, especially those with goldbands (74), have designs identical to those seen in open shapes (bowls, pyxides).

Colorband bottles appear to have been made in the western Mediterranean, presumably in Italy, in the first half of the 1st century a.d.330 The Agora fragment (118) probably had a

striped design. A lst-century grave in Athens yielded three intact colorband bottles.331 One

complete colorband bottle was excavated from a grave at Oropos.332 Fragments of two bottles

found in Samothrace are possibly from colorband bottles.333

Embedded threads

Blown bottles that evoke veined, precious stones are more common than colorband bottles.

The polychromy is created by melting glass threads into the vessel's surface; the design does not penetrate the thickness of the wall. In the first three quarters of the 1st century a.d. bottles with embedded threads were "modern" counterparts of core-formed and colorband

bottles. The threads were trailed on spirally from the center of the bottom upward and often

dragged up and/or down a few times to create a pattern of festoons. This was done before the glassblower expanded the glass to its full shape. Usually the trails are opaque white; often

they create a marbled effect when the translucent color of the vessel's wall shines through the thin edges of the trail. This technique, which derived from the decoration of core-formed bottles (see 1-10), was practiced in the eastern Mediterranean and in Italy in the 1st century a.d. The production of blown bottles decorated with embedded threads was much easier and faster than that of core-formed and colorband vessels. Accordingly, many more of these

blown bottles have been preserved. Their price in antiquity was possibly lower than that of bottles made by the older, more time-consuming techniques. The Agora produced one bul bous bottle decorated with embedded thread (119).

Bottles decorated with embedded threads are known from several findspots in Greece, most but not all from graves: for example, at Athens,334 Oropos,335 Patras,336 Pylos, found

with a coin of Augustus dated 2 b.c.-a.d.4,337 Mytilene,338 and Samothrace, three bottles from

graves dated ca. 25 b.c. and four from graves dated last quarter of the 1st century b.c.339 At the Unexplored Mansion in Knossos fragments were excavated in mid-lst century a.d., Fla

vian, and later, contexts.340 A bottle formerly in the collection of Lydia Melas was probably unearthed in Greece.341

327. Grose 1989, pp. 261-262.

328. Thanks to the American glassblower William Morris for

demonstrating this technique (1988). 329. Lierke 1996, p. 193, fig. 5; Lierke 1999, pp. 64-66. For

the original construction of the bowl, see note 62 above.

330. Grose 1989, p. 262.

331. ArchDelt 27, B'l (1972 [1976]), p. 115, pi. 76. 332. Pologiorgi 1998, p. 94, no. 10, pi. 41: top, from grave

21.

333. SamothraceXl, p. 1093, nos. XS-523, XS-524. 334. ArchDelt 33, B'l (1978 [1985]), p. 23, pi. 13, from a

grave on Konstantinoupoleos Street.

335. Pologiorgi 1998, p. 94, no. 11, pi. 41: bottom, from

tomb 21.

336. ArchDelt 30, B' (1975 [1983]), p. 117, pi. 66. 337. Kaltsas 1990, p. 24, pi. 32, from grave 13.

338. ArchDelt27, B'2 (1972 [1977]), p. 593, pi. 542: bottom; ArchDelt 28, B'2 (1973 [1977]), p. 509, pi. 476.

339. SamothraceXI, pp. 1091-1094.

340. Price 1992, p. 425, nos. 125-127, with mention of other

bottles, unpublished, from Crete.

341. ArchDelt2S, B'2 (1973 [1977]), p. 654, pi. 619.




Thread-wound

Vessels on which the spiral trail of glass is left in relief are called thread-wound. To avoid its melting into the surface, the trail had to be added after the vessel was expanded to its full shape. Thread-wound bottles were made in the East and in the West, but shapes and decorations differ slightly. 120 is a small, squat bottle (Isings 1957, Form 6). The thread has fallen off; it probably was opaque white, the most common color used on small bottles in the 1st century. The bottle has affinities with Eastern and Western products. The shape recalls bottles thought to have been made in Aquileia, in northern Italy. These have been found

predominantly in the Adriatic region and at Magdalensberg, Austria, in Augustan to Clau

dian contexts, but usually are not decorated with thread in relief.342 Eastern Mediterranean

bulbous bottles generally have a thinner neck in proportion to the body.343 On these vessels, the decorative thread is prominently in relief on the surface,344 whereas when threads occur on bottles from the northern Adriatic they are usually melted into the surface.

In Greece, thread-wound bottles have been published from Patras,345 Thyrreion (Pho

cis),346 and Sphakaki Pankalochorion (Crete).347 The bottles from Samothrace are almost

all elongated spherical: three are colorless with opaque white thread, two each are purple and yellow with white thread, and one is brown with similarly colored thread. All are from

tombs dated ca. 25 b.c. and the last quarter of the 1st century b.c.348 In the late 1st and 2nd centuries a.d., cups and bowls were often thread-wound.349

The only bottles from the West on which spiral threads in relief were common are spheri cal unguentaria that lack a rim because they were fire-closed at the tip of the neck and the

tip had to be snapped off to access the contents (Isings 1957, Form 10; De Tommaso 1990, Form 6). Three undecorated spheres were excavated at Patras.350 Thread-wound spheres have

been found predominantly in the Ticino area (northwestern Italy/Switzerland). Workshops

producing them were located at Avenches (ancient Aventicum) in Switzerland and at Lyon, in France.351 121 is a fragment of a vessel wall, perhaps from a large sphere or bottle, or from a globular jug.352 Unlike the threads of most thread-wound bottles, the thread of the Agora bottle is the same color as the body of the vessel.

Strongly Colored (122-127) Amphoras Glass amphoras of Isings 1957, Form 15 are usually large enough to have served as tableware

(average H. ca. 0.14-0.27 m). Most vessels have an open base ring; the edges of the rim vary in the way they are folded, and the handles, curving up from sloping shoulder to rim, likewise

come in many variations. These amphoras were made in natural bluish green glass,353 as well

as expensive colored glass (monochrome translucent or opaque,354 polychrome with colored

flecks355 or embedded threads), and are sometimes mold-blown.356 Findspots in Greece in

clude Siphnos357 and Knossos.358

, 342. De Tommaso 1990, pp. 39-40, Type 5.

343. Stern 2001, pp. 43-44.

344. Stern 1977, p. 34, n. 11. Compare, for example,

elongated spherical thread-wound bottles from Cyprus: Cesnola 1903, pi. CIV:6,7 (from Idalion) and Oliver 1992, p. 117,

fig. 1:18 (from Amathus, T. 340/26).

345. ArchDelt 30, B' (1975 [1983]), p. 117, pi. 66. 346. ArchDelt29, B'2 (1973-1974 [1979]), p. 542, pi. 367. 347. ArchDelt 44, B'2 (1989 [1995]), pp. 457-458, pi. 254. 348. SamothraceXl, pp. 1094-1096.

349. Price 1992, p. 428, pi. 344, nos. 161-166, from the

Unexplored Mansion at Knossos.

350. ArchDelt 30, B' (1975 [1983]), p. 115, pi. 65. 351. See notes 322 and 323 above.

352. Compare jugs from Megara: Weinberg 1992, p. 118,

no. 87; and from Cologne: Fremersdorf 1959, pi. 5.

353. E.g., Bonomi 1996, pp. 23-24, nos. 4-7, from Adria.

354. Bonomi 1996, p. 23, no. 3, color pi. 5, from Adria,

opaque blue.

355. One of the most spectacular examples is a large trans

parent purple amphora from Carpenedolo, decorated with

colored flecks, tomb 1, Tiberian: Vetro e vetri 1998, pp. 25-31.

356. Berger [1960] 1980, pp. 41-42, no. 88, pi. 5.

357. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 87, pi. 29, from grave 6(5),

a large transparent yellow vessel with one blue and one green

handle.

358. Carington Smith 1982, pp. 273-274, nos. 21, 22, pi. 37,

two examples (a pair) from Monasteriaki Kephala.




Amphoras, which originated in the Tiberian period, were one of the most popular glass shapes of the 1st century. Production continued into the third quarter of the century, pre sumably in northern Italy, but certainly also elsewhere. The workshops in Avenches and Lyon produced amphoras in the mid-lst century.359 Jennifer Price has identified a regional variant with rod handles that may have been produced in southern Spain.360 The shape is common in Italy, France, the Rhineland, and Spain.

The Agora provided the upper part of a miniature amphora (122) that probably was used as an unguentarium or aryballos.361 The rims of miniatures (H. ca. 0.12 m and less) usually are folded in and down; the bases are flat-bottomed or provided with a tubular folded base

ring. Miniatures have been excavated in northern Italy at Albenga (decolorized in imitation of rock crystal)362 and at Aquileia,363 as well as in Dalmatia,364 but the amphoriskos from the

Agora appears to be the smallest of all (estimated H. ca. 0.05 m). Like one of the amphoriskoi from Dalmatia, it is blue with handles of a contrasting color (now weathered white). 123, a

tiny tubular folded blue base ring from an "early Roman" context, could have come from an

amphoriskos. It was, at one time, considered to be from the same vessel as 122, which, how

ever, was excavated a considerable distance to the south, in a 2nd- or 3rd-century context.

Bottles and unguentaria

Small short-necked, bulbous bottles (Isings 1957, Form 6) often are made of strongly colored

transparent glass; opaque examples are less common. The bodies are spherical or piriform. There is usually a slight constriction at the base of the neck; the rim is everted; the base flat or slightly concave. Early Augustan contexts provide the earliest specimens. The type continued in use throughout the 1st century a.d.; it is especially common in northern Italy, in Augustan to mid-1 st-century contexts. Concentrations of finds at Aquileia, Italy,365 and

Magdalensberg, Austria,366 suggest the existence of a production center in or near Aquileia. The archaeological remains of workshops producing these bottles have been identified and excavated at Avenches, Switzerland, and Lyon, France.367 The Agora produced the base of an

opaque pale blue bottle (124). The sole complete bottle (125) comes from a grave outside the actual boundaries of the Agora; it is transparent purple piriform.368 A slightly concave base of transparent blue glass (126) also was excavated outside the boundaries of the Agora. Similar bottles have been published from Patras,369 Akanthos,370 and Samos.371

Bottles of Isings 1957, Form 28a372 appear in numerous variations thoughout the Roman

empire. The body is nearly conical or slightly piriform; the neck cylindrical and about one half or less of the total height. The neck occasionally is constricted at the base. The rims are finished differently depending on the size of the vessels, which varies considerably. The rims of small bottles (max. H. ca. 0.10-0.12 m) frequently are simply everted (sometimes flattened); those of the larger bottles often are folded out, up, and in, creating a triangular profile. Large bottles were made throughout the 1st century in eastern Mediterranean workshops and in

Italy, and most likely elsewhere. The Agora produced one large bottle of good-quality yellow ish brown glass (127). It resembles a bottle from Magdalensberg, Austria, with a similar rim

folding but a shorter neck, from an Augustan context.373 Most bottles from the Ticino area

359. See notes 322 and 323 above.

360. Price 1987a, pp. 36-37.

361. On thin-walled aryballoi, see Stern 2001, pp. 44-45.

362. Massabo 1999, p. 135, no. 125.

363. Calvi 1968, p. 24, no. 1, pi. 1:7.

364. Ravagnan 1994, p. 37, nos. 32, 34 (transparent dark

blue with opaque blue handles, H. 0.08). 365. Calvi 1968, pp. 35, 45-47, nos. 71-83, pi. 4. Compare

numerous spherical and piriform bottles from Altino, near

Venice: Restituzioni '94, p. 17 (ills.).

366. Czurda-Ruth 1979, pp. 105-111.


368. De Tommaso 1990, pp. 64-65, Type 41.

369. From Patras: ArchDeim, B'2 (1973-1974 [1979]), p. 369, pis. 234, 236; ArchDelt 30, B' (1975 [1983]), p. 117, pi. 66.

370. From Akanthos, northern Greece: Trakosopoulou 2002,

p. 84, fig. 11.

371. From Samos: Tsakos 1987, p. 394, pi. 138:e.

372. Compare De Tommaso 1990, p. 66, Type 42.

373. Czurda-Ruth 1979, p. 126, no. 978, pi. 7.




date from the mid- to second half of the 1st century; the form is still present in assemblages of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries.374

The proportions of comparable vessels from Greece differ slightly from those of the Agora bottle; compare, for example, bottles from Patras,375 Thessaloniki,376 Samothrace (ca. a.d.

25),377 Siphnos (Flavian),378 and Crete (second half of 1st century and Hadrianic) ,379

Natural Bluish Green Unguentaria (128-132)

Tubular unguentaria (Isings 1957, Form 8) are constricted at the base of the neck and the rims usually are everted. Although these unguentaria were used throughout the Roman

world, in the eastern Mediterranean they appear to have been less popular than piriform unguentaria.380 The Palestinian equivalent usually has no constriction at the base of the neck and often the rim is folded inward.381 The rim of 128 is missing. The neck is cylindrical and narrow without a constriction at the base, but with a clear transition to an elongated, swelling piriform body with convex bottom. If not an eastern Mediterranean, Palestinian (?), import, this unguentarium may be a regional variant. Unguentaria from Greece appear to offer the best comparisons. A tomb at Monasteriaki Kephala (second half of 1st century a.d.) provided numerous examples, most of them with simple everted rims, but a few with folded rims.382 Not one is constricted at the base of the neck and, in photographs, no tool marks are visible. The slight variations appear accidental, a result of the fluidity of the glass (depending on thickness and temperature) during blowing. Flavian examples with simple everted rims are known from Siphnos.383 Perhaps these unguentaria were made in a regional workshop.

Unguentaria with a near-conical or slightly piriform body belong to Isings 1957, Form 28a

(see 127). Usually the base of the neck is lightly constricted, but there is no swelling above the constriction. In examples from the Mediterranean, the swelling of the body is more pro nounced, the neck slightly wider, and the rim usually is folded.384 The type was common in Palestine in the Claudian and Neronian periods.385 129 and 130 no longer have rims, but the

shapes of the bodies and the good quality of the pale bluish green glass suggest an eastern Mediterranean origin. 129 was excavated in a late-lst-century b.c. to lst-century a.d. context;

130 comes from a disturbed grave outside the Agora. The bottles are so similar in shape and fabric that they could have come from the same workshop. Their bottoms are slightly convex due to a last puff of air the glassblower gave them after flattening the undersides.

From Siphnos grave 20, a rich Flavian burial containing an exquisite glass bowl with figural decoration in high relief and coins of Vespasian and Titus, come two unguentaria with simi

larly swelling piriform bodies. The rims are folded and the necks are taller than the height of the body.386

Unguentaria with short conical bodies and flattened bottoms were used in the West (Isings 1957, Form 28b) and in the East (Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 46, Type 21:8). In the East, the rims almost invariably are folded; in the West they can be either folded or everted. The major

374. Vetro e vetri 1998, p. 54, no. 4, pi. XII:4, from a rich tomb

at Garlasco, near Milan.

375. Papastolou 1985, p. 26, fig. 9.


377. SamothraceXI, pp. 1115-1116, no. S220-5.

378. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 90, pi. 36:2, from grave

20(2), Flavian.

379. Carington Smith 1982, p. 274, nos. 23, 24, fig. 4,

pi. 37:e, f, from the tomb at Monasteriaki Kephala, Knossos;

Price 1992, p. 453, no. 299, from the Unexplored Mansion at

Knossos, in Hadrianic contexts; Davaras 1985, p. 195, fig. 26,

from Ayios Nikolaos; Taborelli 1994, p. 446, fig. ̂ Archaeologi cal Museum of Chania, findspot not indicated.

380. Stern 1977, p. 38, no. 7.

381. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 44, Type 16:2. Excavations in

Jerusalem produced an example with a simple everted rim:

Winter 1996, p. 96, no. 38, fig. 5.2:3.

382. Carington Smith 1982, pis. 37:q-s and 38:a-i, m-q. 383. Mackworth Young 1949, pp. 87-88, pis. 29:6, 32:6, from

graves 6(6) and 14(3). 384. Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 157 (ill.).

385. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 44, Type 16:4; Barag Transl.,

pp. 80-81.

386. Mackworth Young 1949, pp. 90-92, pis. 34:5, 37.T, from

graves 20 and 22.




difference is in the proportions: the necks are wider in eastern Mediterranean examples and, often, the body is thick-walled. In Palestine these unguentaria were found at Jerusalem, Wa'r Abu es Safa (ca. a.d. 70-135),387 Tel Rosh Ha'ayin (Flavian),388 and in the Cave of Letters in

thejudaean Desert (ca. a.d. 132-135),389 a time frame that agrees with their earliest appear ance in the West. In Italy, unguentaria of this kind were used predominantly in the Po Valley and the Marche,390 less often farther north.

The contexts of unguentaria from the Agora agree with these dates: the squat unguentarium with a wide neck (131) comes from an "early Roman" context; the tall-necked bottle (132) with a more slender body is from a "middle Roman" context, predating a.d. 267. In Greece, a grave on Siphnos produced a tall-necked unguentarium; the rim is not preserved.391

Miscellaneous Fragments

Rims (133, 134)

Elaborately folded tubular rims were most common in the 1st and early 2nd centuries. This date agrees with the contexts of the Agora fragments. The vertical figure-eight fold of 133 is best known from modioli (see discussion of 113) but is found also on skyphoi and kantha roj 392 Two comparable rim fragments from Knossos, both from Flavian to Trajanic-Hadrianic contexts, have been identified tentatively as modioli.393 Modioli usually have a folded base

ring. The Agora fragments of rim and base, if indeed they belong together, come from a bowl with a flatfish base. 134 may be from a bowl similar to one excavated at Magdalensberg, predating a.d. 45.394

Base Rings (135-141) Base rings of Roman blown vessels usually are folded. The glassblower pushed up in the bot tom of the vessel and pinched the glass together, making a "fold" at the edge of the depres sion. If air remains in the fold, the base ring is tubular (hollow). Three fragments of folded tubular base rings are in various shades of pale greenish blue: 135-137. The small diameters, varying from 0.04 to 0.052 m, suggest that they are from beakers or small cups. 135 and 137 have annular pontil scars, a feature suggesting that the vessels date from the late 1st century a.d. or later.395 136 was not finished on a pontil.

Two bases probably come from small, tubular-rimmed bowls of Isings 1957, Form 44 (138, 139), a long-lived shape probably introduced in the Late(?) Augustan era. The bowls, par ticularly numerous in the Flavian period, did not become obsolete until the end of the 2nd

century.396 140 appears solid because the glassblower pinched the glass all the way, leaving no air in the base ring; this vessel is colorless.

True base rings are applied to the bottom of the vessel using a separate gather of glass. As

applied base rings were more work for the glassblower, they usually are found on better-quality tableware. 141 is similar to a fragment from a context of a.d. 40-47 in the Netherlands,397 but the presence of a pontil scar on the Agora fragment suggests a date in the second half of the 1st century a.d. or later.

387. Baramki 1935, pi. 80; Barag (Transl., p. 16) redates the

tomb to end of lst-end of 2nd century a.d. and he assigns the

glass to the period a.d. 70-132/5. 388. Eitan 1969, p. 7*, fig. 12 ("late first or first half of sec

ond century"); Barag (Transl. pp. 47-48) redates the tomb to

the Flavian period based on the glass vessels that belong to the earliest forms of his Type 21.

389. Barag 1963, p. 102, no. 2, fig. 38.

390. Taborelli (1982a) discusses numerous examples with several types of rims from tombs in Urbino dated ca. 70-200.

391. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 87, pi. 30:1, from grave 7(1).

392. On the rim type, see Rutti 1988, p. 62. 393. Price 1992, p. 450, nos. 238, 239, pi. 346.

394. Czurda-Ruth 1979, p. 65, no. 524, pi. 3.

395. On the introduction of the pontil technique and its spread throughout the Roman empire: Stern 1999b,

pp. 448-450.

396. See also Cool and Price 1995, pp. 94-96.

397. Compare Van Lith 1978-1979, p. 110, no. 348, pi. 24.




Handles (142, 143) Handles on glass vessels today usually are applied to the rim, pulled down, and attached to the shoulder. Ancient glassblowers did the opposite. They applied the handle to the shoulder,

pulled it upward, and attached it to the rim or neck. The excess glass at the top of the handle was folded back and forth and/or drawn out thin and snapped off. 143 is a coil handle of the kind found usually on small thin-walled aryballoi as on Siphnos.398

Square and Cylindrical Bottles (144)

Most examples of square and cylindrical bottles from the Agora (275-295 and 299-303) come from later contexts and are discussed in the chapter on Middle Imperial glass. The

folding of the rim, triangular in profile, the thick glass, and the slightly concave shoulder of

144, found outside the Agora on Aristeides Street during excavation of a section of the city wall, are characteristic of utilitarian bottles such as the earliest square and cylindrical bottles, which usually have one angular handle. The neck and shoulder of a comparable bottle with its handle intact was found on Siphnos.399 Excavations at the site of a Roman bath building in Thessaloniki produced similar fragments.400

EARLY IMPERIAL MOLD-BLOWN VESSELS

The origin of mold-blowing and its date of invention are a matter of debate. Jennifer Price

suggests a beginning date of ca. a.d. 25 based on her observations of excavated finds and

argues for an origin in the West, probably Italy.401 Previously, it had been generally assumed that mold-blowing began on the Syro-Palestinian coast, probably in Sidon. This theory is

consistent with the fact that the earliest mold-blown vessels from closely datable contexts (all of which are in the West) are tablewares associated with Syro-Palestinian workshops: Ennion

cups, jugs with floral decoration, and other vessels that would have been imports from the

eastern Mediterranean. Based on mold sequences and literary evidence, I suggested a date of

ca. a.d. 13 or slightly earlier for the beginning of commercial mold-blowing.402 This hypothesis is supported by the recent publication of a fragment from a mold-blown translucent blue cup excavated at Magdalensberg, Austria, signed by Ennion, Aristeas, or an as yet undocumented

glassblower who framed his name in a tabula ansata.403 Excavated in an Augustan context,

this fragment is the earliest known mold-blown piece to date.404

All the lst-century a.d. glassblowing molds were piece molds that included the base of the

vessel. Mold seams in the vessels show how complex the molds were, consisting often of three

or four parts. A first inventory identified eight different mold construction types (MCT) in

use during the 1st century a.d.405 As time went on, the construction became simpler and by

the second half of the 1st century most of the molds used in Italy and elsewhere in the West

had just two parts. Most molds were probably made of clay or plaster. Successful types were

renewed frequently and details freshened by recutting. The molds usually were made from

an original archetype that the glassblower did not necessarily create him- or herself. The ar

chetype could be a silver vessel or even another glass vessel. Successful designs were pirated sometimes, with the result that distant workshops produced seemingly identical vessels.

398. Mackworth Young 1949, pp. 86-87, pi. 29:1, from tomb

6(4), 1st century; for additional comparisons, see Stern 2001,

pp. 44-45, nos. 10-15.

399. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 92, pi 37:6, from grave

22(11). 400. Mavromichali 2001, p. 137, fig. 10.

401. Price 1991, p. 64; Cool and Price 1995, p. 42; so already

Hayes 1975, pp. 29-30.

402. Stern 1995, pp. 65-66.

403. Czurda-Ruth 1998, p. 483, no. 782, pi. 2 (ill. upside

down). 404. Stern 2000, p. 165.

405. Stern 1995, pp. 29-30, fig. 15.



early imperial mold-blown vessels 65

Most (but not all) of the mold-blown vessels excavated in Greece can be associated with eastern Mediterranean production. The fragments of Early Imperial mold-blown vessels found in the Agora do not come from closely datable contexts. That they were found in Athens is, however, of interest, since comparatively few mold-blown vessels have been published from the Greek mainland and islands, although finds have increased in recent years. Two of the

fragments from the Agora are from cups with mold-blown inscriptions. While mold-blown vessels without inscriptions generally are more common, not many have been found in the

Agora; four represent quality tableware and one is from a small bottle.

Vessels with Mold-blown Inscriptions (145, 146)

The most comprehensive study of vessels with mold-blown inscriptions is by Donald Harden, who wrote two seminal articles more than half a century ago (1935, 1944-1945). Murray McClellan (1983) published an updated list of finds from Greece.406

145 is the only vessel found thus far in Greece signed by the famous glassworker Ennion. While the fragment preserves only his signature, it can be assigned to a specific shape of vessel: a two-handled cylindrical cup.407 Fragments of another mold-blown cup, attributed

to Ennion, were found at Corinth in a closed deposit with a coin datable to the years a.d. 37-41. 408

Although the signature is not preserved, the attribution seems warranted. This is the earliest date currently known for a product of Ennion, and it was probably made some

years earlier.409 As noted above, the fragment of a cup excavated at Magdalensberg in an Au

gustan context features the mold-blown tabula ansata characteristic of cups signed by Ennion and Aristeas, who appear to have been contemporaries. The Agora cup has the same shape as a cup signed by Aristeas.410 The latest definite date for Ennion is furnished by a jug found in a house in Jerusalem that burned in a.d. 70.411 Our example certainly dates within the 1st

century but cannot be assigned more precisely. Ennion is thought to have worked either in Sidon or another city on the Phoenician coast.

The wide distribution of his signed vessels?over 30 are known from Spain to the Black Sea coast?has given rise to several theories about his production and business practices. In order to explain the large number of Ennion cups excavated in Italy, Donald Harden proposed the theory that Ennion migrated to Italy in midcareer.412 In the years since so many Ennion

cups have turned up at sites outside Italy that this theory is no longer attractive. Murray Mc Clellan suggested that ancient workshops exchanged molds.413 The findspots, however, are consistent with ancient Sidonian trade patterns.414

The two fragments that remain of 146 are sufficient to identify the vessel as a type of cup generally bearing the inscription exxppawoi) ecp cp napei, "rejoice [in that] at which you are

present."415 The cups copy a mid-1 st-century pottery shape. Harden (1935) distinguished two

main variants, Groups G I i and G I ii, based on the contour of the walls and the relation of

406. To these may be added inscribed vessels or fragments of

vessels from Tanagra and an unknown findspot (Weinberg 1992,

pp. 127-128, no. 101, inscribed KepSoc; kocI etxppocuvri oivo7cooia, and no. 102, inscribed Kaxdxocipe icai exxppawoD, Harden 1935,

Group F ii); from Megara (ArchDelt 38, B'l [1983 (1989)], p. 37, pi. 21, inscribed Kaxdxocipe koci eixppawo'd, Group F ii); from Thessaloniki (Mavromichali 2001, p. 133, two cups, figs. 2:cc, 2:p, inscribed K8p5o<; and ecp cb rcdpei respectively); and

from ancient Ioron (Antonaras and Anagnostopoulou-Chatzi

polichoroni 2002, pp. 114-115, fig. 4: three small fragments from three inscribed cups, one of which features the combina tion OP, suggesting eiKppocwoD or evcppoawn).

407. Compare the cups in the Newark Museum (Auth 1976,

p. 65, no. 58) and in the Museo di Antichita, Turin (Calvi 1965b,

pp. 11-12, fig. 4).

408. McClellan 1983, p. 73, fig. 2.

409. "Obviously made a considerable time before" (Gladys

Weinberg in her manuscript draft). 410. Aristeas's cup in the Strada Collection: Calvi 1965b.

411. Israeli 1983. A general conspectus of Ennion's work is offered by Gusta Lehrer (1979); especially useful are the

drawings of all the patterns on the vessels, making it possible to

compare the types. On Ennion, see also Stern 1995, pp. 69-73;

Barag 1996.

412. Harden 1935, pp. 164-165.

413. McClellan 1983, p. 76.

414. Stern 1995, pp. 71-72. On Ennion's enormous output, Stern 1999b, pp. 456-458.

415. On the interpretation of the phrase: Stern 1995,

p. 97.




height to diameter.416 Examples have been found in many countries bordering the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, in Asia Minor, Cyprus, South Russia, Georgia, Romania, and as far west as Italy (Cosa) and North Africa. A fragment from the northern Adriatic harbor Zaton is additional evidence for seaborne trade. Very small fragments, perhaps from such

cups, were excavated at Vindonissa (Switzerland) and at Colchester. In addition to the cup from the Agora, three more cups of this general shape carrying the inscription eiKppaivoD ?(p (b Tcdpei have been published from Greece: one from a tomb at Galaxidi,417 one from Antikyra (Boiotia) ,418 and a small fragment from Thessaloniki.419 A second mold-blown fragment from

Thessaloniki preserves the four letters p8o<;, suggesting that the inscription may have read

K8p8o<; Kcci e\)(ppoa{)vr|, as seen on a cup from Tanagra.420 A cup from Siphnos, slightly differ ent in shape and decoration, comes from a context securely dated to the last quarter of the

1st century a.d.421 Several of the vessels had been kept for a long time, being discarded only in the 2nd or 3rd century a.d. The Agora fragments were found in a 2nd-century a.d. well.

Finely Ribbed Bowls (147, 148)

Mold-blown ribbed bowls and cups are not included in Isings's forms, nor in Barag's types. The bowls have been subjected to two independent investigations.422 Two shapes predominate: bowls and ovoid cups, both usually with an offset (carinated) shoulder. The bowls occur in three variants: deep bowls with a true omphalos in the center of the bottom,423 deep bowls

with a flat or slightly concave bottom, and shallow bowls.424 The standard design consists of close-set fine vertical ribs and one or more concentric ridges around the underside of the

vessel. A few bowls have additional mold-blown designs below the ribbing.425 Most bowls are

made of bluish green glass; a few are strongly colored translucent dark blue, dark green, or

shades of yellow and brown. The cups and shallow bowls are less common than the deep bowls. A large number of

deep bowls were found at Vindonissa (19 pieces, all green and blue) dating from the periods of Tiberius to Nero.426 Other Tiberian to Early Claudian findspots include Frejus, southern

France,427 and Magdalensberg, Austria.428 Many come from the northern Black Sea coast,429

and a few from Anatolia,430 Cyprus,431 and northern Africa,432 but by far most were excavated

in western Europe from the Iberian peninsula to Britain. They are not well documented in the

Syro-Palestinian area, a circumstance suggesting that most of these bowls were blown in the

West. Fragments of two bowls from a Late Flavian context in Nijmegen, in the Netherlands,

416. On Harden's Groups G I i and ii, see Stern 1995,

pp. 97-98, with the comparanda listed in notes 5 and 6. To these

one may add the bowls from Greece discussed below and two

bowls excavated at Tomi, the one certainly, the other perhaps

belonging to Harden's Group G I ii: Lungu and Chera 1994,

pp. 276-279, figs. 3, 6; and a fragment (Group G I ii) from

the harbor of Zaton (Croatia): Gluscevic 1986, p. 257, form 3,

pi. 2:1. An unusually tall cup with this inscription and a unique decoration was excavated near Marseille: Foy and Nenna 2001,

p. 178, no. 283, ill. p. 13.

417. Threpsiades 1972, p. 199, pi. 77a.

418. McClellan 1983, p. 77.

419. Mavromichali 2001, p. 133, fig. 2:0. 420. Fragment from Thessaloniki: Mavromichali 2001, p. 133,

fig. 2:oc; cup from Tanagra: Weinberg 1992, pp. 127-128, no. 101.

421. Harden 1944-1945, p. 92, pi. ix; see also Mackworth

Young 1949, p. 86, grave 6(2), pi. 28:3-5.

422. Cool and Price 1995, pp. 51-53; Stern 1995, pp. 111

113.

423. Stern 1995, p. 112.

424. Stern 1995, pp. 70-71, nos. 13, 14, respectively. 425. Other designs below the ribbing have been noted

occasionally, e.g., at Vindonissa (Berger [1960] 1980,

pp. 55-56, nos. 141,142),Valkenburg (Van Lith 1978-1979, p. 101,

no. 325, pi. 22), and in Britain (Cool and Price 1995, p. 52);

they include a floral spray, bosses, and arcading. 426. Berger [1960] 1980, p. 55, nos. 139-142.

427. Frejus: Price 1987b, pp. 30-31, nos. 24-26.

428. Magdalensberg: Czurda-Ruth 1979, p. 34, no. 318,

pi. 2.

429. Sorokina 1969, p. 71, figs. 2, 15; for additional ex

amples, see Stern 1995, p. 112, n. 4; Kunina 1997, p. 276,

nos. 121, 122.

430. Lightfoot 1993b, pp. 36-37, figs. 52-54.

431. Stern 1995, p. 113, n. 17.

432. Price 1985a, pp. 69-70, fig. 6-1:3, from Tripolitania; Price

1985b, p. 293, fig. 24-3:43-46, from Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi.



EARLY IMPERIAL MOLD-BLOWN VESSELS 67

are of inferior-quality, thick bluish green glass; they are thought to have been manufactured

locally.433 The Agora produced two fragments of finely ribbed bowls. 147 is from a deep bowl; 148

probably from a shallow bowl. Not enough is preserved of the bases to classify the bowls further. In Greece, finely ribbed bowls have been published from Chorsia (Boiotia) ,434 Thes

saloniki,435 Melos,436 and Knossos.437

The finds of mold-blown ribbed bowls are sparse compared to those of free-blown ribbed

bowls, zarte Rippenschalen (see 84-88). While practically contemporary with the mold-blown

bowls, free-blown examples have been excavated in large numbers all over the territory of the ancient world. The reason for this popularity may have been at least in part their color ful decoration. The mold-blown bowls are monochrome. Hot-formed mosaic glass ribbed

bowls (see 63, 64) were going out of production and attempts to produce the same effect by mold-blowing were not very successful.

Knobbed Beakers (149, 150)

Tall cylindrical beakers of Isings 1957, Form 3 1 438 are decorated with a pattern of pointed oval bosses variously called "lotusbuds," "knots," "almonds," or other terms. Clasina Isings associates this decoration with the knots in Hercules' club, made of olive wood.439 There is considerable variety in design and technical detail. Numerous finds at Pompeii and Hercu

laneum show that the beakers were fashionable in a.d. 79, and finds from Vindonissa and elsewhere confirm their use in contexts dated 70-100.440 Fragments were found at Conimbriga in the construction fill of the Baths of Trajan.441 It is not clear, however, how far into the 2nd

century knobbed beakers remained in use.

Although it has been thought that these beakers are Eastern in origin, the majority have turned up in Western sites, with relatively few from the Syro-Palestinian region.442 One trav eled as far as the Persian Gulf.443 In her discussion of vessels and fragments found in Spain and Portugal, Jennifer Price suggests that manufacturing centers existed both in Italy and the Levant.444 Most vessels with enhanced knobbed decoration were made in Western glass houses. The only two patterns that appear relatively common at eastern Mediterranean

sites are three-tiered almond-shaped bosses arranged in alternating rows and three-tiered

almond-shaped bosses alternating with round bosses.445 This last pattern is similar to the frag ments of two beakers from the Agora (149, 150).446 The Athenian Kerameikos produced a similar fragment (unpublished, seen in 1977) and three beakers decorated with this pattern have been published from Thessaloniki.447 One small fragment from a Samothracian tomb preserves a single-tiered almond-shaped boss; it is considered to be a lst-century object.448 Beakers with this pattern have been found in southern Russia, Lebanon, and Turkey; others

433. Van Lith 1996, p. 133, fig. 4:a.

434. Weinberg 1992, pp. 122-123, no. 93 (shallow). 435. Mavromichali 2001, pp. 134-136, fig. 6, photo 7. 436. Calvi 1968, p. 101, n. 188: British Museum, no. 1868.1

10.483.

437. Price 1992, p. 444, nos. 99-104.

438. Cf. Berger [1960] 1980, pp. 52-54, nos. 135, 136 (the

triple-stepped bosses classified as Dekorvariant e); Stern 1995,

pp. 103-110.

439. Isings [1976]. So also Oliver 1980, p. 70, no. 65; Stern 1995, pp. 104-105.

440. Berger [1960] 1980, pp. 52-54.

441. Alarcao et al. 1976, p. 168, nos. 45a, 45b.

442. Stern 1995, p. 107, n. 33:a-f. One was recently exca

vated at Castra: Excavations and Surveys in Israel 1999, color

pi. iii.

443. Boucharlat et al. 1989, p. 14, fig. D (republished in

Whitehouse 2000, p. 112, no. 97, figs. 27, 28). 444. Price 1974, pp. 66-67.

445. Stern 1995, pp. 103-108; with additional references to

finds from western Europe. To the latter one may add a frag mentary beaker with alternating triple pointed oval knobs and circular bosses from Castleford, West Yorkshire, from a late-lst

century context: Price and Cottam 1998, p. 66, fig. I7:b. 446. For parallels to the Agora fragment, Stern 1995,

pp. 103-108, nn. 8, 23.


448. SamothraceXl, p. 1079, no. XS-521.




were excavated in the northern Adriatic region (Croatia). Mediterranean seaborne trade is

documented by finds in the harbor of Zaton (Croatia)449 and in the Golfe de Fos, southern France.450

Small Bottles (151)

151 is an example of the thin-walled mold-blown bottles common in the 1st century a.d., perhaps used as aryballoi. Those with a running foliage pattern or "band of scrolls" usually have two handles, but sometimes only one. Nina Kunina noted four mold variants in the

collection of the Hermitage Museum.451 The Toledo Museum of Art has examples of three variants.452 At Samothrace a yellow juglet with a purple handle was found in a grave assigned to the third quarter of the 1st century.453 A purple amphoriskos with yellow handles was found at Panticapaeum.454 Many are in collections, both private and public. The heights vary from 0.07 m to 0.082 m. Judging from photographs, differences in height are accounted for chiefly by variations in the length of the neck, which was free-blown; the mold-blown bodies are all

approximately the same size. Of the bottles decorated with scrolls, approximately two-thirds come from eastern Mediterranean findspots; one-third from Dalmatia and Italy.455 In addition

to the juglet from Samothrace, a fragmentary bottle was found in a tomb at Thessaloniki,456 and others, unpublished, were mentioned at an international glass conference in Rhodes

in 2001.457

449. Gluscevic 1986, p. 265, pi. 1:1-2.

450. Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 81, nos. 75-77, p. 108 (on the

findspot). 451. Kunina 1973, pp. 117-122; cf. 1997, p. 280, nos. 139

141. The majority comes from tombs in Panticapaeum. 452. Stern 1995, pp. 152-154, nos. 55-58 (with a list of

parallels). 453. Dusenbery 1967, p. 40, no. 13 (H. 0.017); Samothrace

XI, pp. 1079-1080, no. Wl-4.

454. Kunina 1973, p. 119, fig. 3 (H. 0.071) without definite

context (also published in Kunina 1997, p. 280, no. 140). 455. On the distribution pattern, Stern 1995, pp. 152-153,

nn. 6, 7. To the vessels from western findspots add a translucent

purple bottle, with one similarly colored handle, from Salona:

Split, Archaeological Museum, no. 1467: Trasparenze imperiali 1997, p. 150, no. 106. For exports to Bahrain and vicinity, see

Nenna 1999, p. 184, no. 276.

456. ArchDelt 26, B'2 (1971 [1975]), p. 378, pi. 371. 457. Cf. Hyalos-Vitrum-Glass, none illustrated.



69

CATALOGUE

EARLY IMPERIAL HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS

Monochrome Ribbed Bowls

Deep with Smooth Rim

38 (G 30) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PL 4 Area F 13, road fill, east of Strategeion P.H. 0.039; est. Diam. rim 0.15; Th. rim 0.0047, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Flaking surface, severe pit

ting. Translucent olive green. Short, heavy, slanting ribs,

the tops and the valleys in between rounded off in a wavy line as though the glass was still moving after the rim had been smoothed by tooling.

1st century b.c. (context not later than 1st century

b.c.).

39 (G 267) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PL 4 Area C 18, section 00, fill b RH. 0.06; est. Diam. rim 0.115; Th. rim 0.003, Th. wall


Fragment of rim and wall. Flaking surface, silver

iridescence, severe pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Golden brown. Irregularly spaced ribs. Tops of ribs fade into the surface and continue as shallow grooves.

Slanting tool mark on exterior of rim. Three horizontal

grooves inside: one deep, ca. 0.01 below the edge of the rim, the other two narrow and lightly incised farther down.

Late 1st century b.c. (context early 1st century a.d.,

Augustan, with Herulian disturbance).

40 (G 563) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PL 4 Area O 15, in front of South Stoa II, east end P.H. ca. 0.047; Diam. rim unknown.

Fragments of rim and wall.

Light yellowish green. Shallow, slanting thin ribs made

by tooling. Rim rather uneven, slanting tool mark outside. One horizontal groove inside.

Perhaps second half of 1st century b.c (context of a.d. 100-150).

41 (G 291) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PL 4 Area H 13, west end of Middle Stoa, fill over Roman

drain

P.H. 0.055; est. Diam. rim 0.115; Th. rim 0.0028, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall.

Golden brown with dark streaks. Somewhat irregular,

slanting ribs, fading toward the bottom. Horizontal tool marks in tops of ribs, uneven surface above (exterior of rim) caused by tooling. One wide horizontal groove inside below rim.

Second half of 1st century b.c to early 1st century a.d.

(context 3rd century a.d.).

42 (G 606) Ribbed bowl, deep 111. 12, Fig. 3, PL 4 Section T (grid reference probably O-P 16-17).

RH. 0.021; est. Diam. rim 0.15; Th. rim 0.003, Th. wall at lowest point 0.0024.

Fragment of rim and wall. Interior, slightly iridescent; pitting, pits aligned horizontally on interior. Feather cracks along breaks.

Dark brown. Slanting ribs; tops of ribs fade into the surface and continue as shallow grooves. Slanting tool

marks on exterior of rim area. One wide horizontal

groove inside below rim. Second half of 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d.

(from a Turkish fill).

43 (G 604) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PL 4 Area D-117-20 RH. 0.041; Diam. rim unknown.

Fragment of rim and wall. Iridescence, severe pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Light green. Shallow slanting ribs. Double horizontal

groove inside.

1st century a.d. (context of a.d. 267, Herulian de

bris) .

44 (G 282) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PI. 4 Area C 16, with two lamps of the first half of the 4th

century; cf. Agora VII, nos. 1076, 1560 RH. 0.034; est. Diam. rim 0.105.

Fragment of rim and wall. Pitting. Brown. Unusually heavy wall and ribs. Outsplayed

rim with slanting tool marks on the exterior and one continuous horizontal tool mark at junction of rim and ribs. Two wide horizontal grooves inside below rim.

Probably late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d.

(context 4th century a.d.).

45 (G 260) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PI. 4 L21:l H. 0.049; est. Diam. rim 0.115; Th. rim 0.003, Th.

bottom 0.0044. Four nonjoining fragments, one preserving almost

the entire profile. Iridescence and pitting; fine rotary scratches and horizontally aligned pits on interior.

Bluish green. Ribs high at top, fading toward the bot tom. Tooling on exterior of rim.

1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.).

Deep with Polished Rim

46 (G 24) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PI. 4 Area F 14, embedded in cement floor P.H. 0.045; est. Diam. rim 0.13; Th. rim 0.0017, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Flaking surface, iridescence, pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Translucent dark brown. Slanting ribs, tops ground off when exterior of rim was polished. Unusually thin rim (cf. 54). Two narrow horizontal grooves inside below rim, one wider groove above break at lower end.

Late 1st century b.c. or early 1st century a.d. ("late

Hellenistic" context).




47 (G 94) Ribbed bowl, deep PL 4 D 11:1 Max. dim. 0.035; Th. wall at highest point 0.005, at

lowest point 0.004. Wall fragment preserving parts of two ribs. Slight

iridescence.

Translucent deep purplish blue. Late 1st century b.c. to mid-lst century a.d. (context

late 1st century b.c. to mid-lst century a.d.).

48 (G 605) Ribbed bowl, deep 111. 2, Fig. 3, PL 4

Q13:l P.H. 0.039, est. Diam. rim 0.115.

Fragment of rim and wall. Surface slightly dulled.

Purple streaked to colorless at bottom of fragment. Single horizontal groove inside. Exterior of rim polished, smoothing off the top of one slanting rib.

Early 1st century a.d. (context early 1st century a.d.).

49 (G 50) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PL 4 E 14:1, lower Hellenistic fill P.H. ca. 0.044; est. Diam. rim 0.11.

Fragment of rim and wall. Dulling, pitting; rotary scratches and horizontally aligned pits on interior.

Light green; bubbles. Shallow slanting ribs, the tops

ground off when the exterior of the rim was polished; faint horizontal tool mark along the tops of the ribs. One shallow horizontal groove inside just below rim, two nar

row grooves farther down.

Late 1st century b.c. or early 1st century a.d. (intru

sion into context of 325-200 b.c.).

50 (G 176) Ribbed bowl, deep Fig. 3, PL 4 N 20:5, fill 5 P.H. of largest fragment 0.064; est. Diam. rim 0.19;

Th. rim 0.0047, av. Th. wall 0.0026. Three fragments of rim and wall, two joining. Slight

iridescence and pitting; pits aligned horizontally on

interior.

Light bluish green. One narrow horizontal groove in

side below rim, two more grooves lower down. Long, low

ribs apparently continuing to the bottom; tops ground off when the exterior of the rim was polished.

For this deep bowl, cf. Goethert-Polaschek 1977, Trier Form 3b, pp. 17-21, dated Claudian-Flavian, and refer

ences cited (all Western examples). 1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.).

Shallow with Long Ribs

51 (G 759) Ribbed bowl, shallow PL 5

C 17:1, section 00, container B 738 Max. dim. 0.05; p.H. 0.027; Th. wall at highest point

0.003.

Part of base and lower wall; no finished edge. Fine

pitting. Translucent dark yellowish brown. Thin-walled bowl

with narrow ribs; slightly concave base. Two horizontal

grooves inside halfway up wall. Late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (context

Augustan to ca. a.d. 25/30).

52 (G 760) Ribbed bowl, shallow C 17:1, section 00, container B 738

PL 5

Max. dim. 0.074; p.H. 0.027.

Part of base and lower wall, no finished edge. Surface

slightly dulled. Colorless, pale green tinge; small bubbles. Thin-walled

bowl with narrow ribs; flat base. Two narrow horizontal

grooves inside halfway up wall. Late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (context


53 (G 139) Ribbed bowl, shallow Fig. 4, PL 5 B 13:1, upper fill P.H. 0.044; est. Diam. rim 0.17; Th. rim 0.0024, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Severe iridescence, pit

ting.

Light bluish green. Three very irregularly spaced ribs; tops ground off when the exterior of the rim was

polished. Narrow, horizontal groove inside just below rim.

First half of 1st century a.d. (context first half of 1st

century a.d.) .

54 (G 29) Ribbed bowl, shallow Fig. 4, PL 5 G8:l P.H. 0.043; est. Diam. rim 0.145; Th. rim 0.0019, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Pitting. Streaky dark blue (not homogeneously melted).

Unusually sharp, thin rim; wall thickens below it. Thin

ribs, tops ground off when exterior of rim was polished. Narrow horizontal groove inside just below rim.

Cf. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 88, no. 14.1, pi. 31 (a similar bowl from Siphnos dated to rule of Vespasian).


55 (G 393) Ribbed bowl, shallow Fig. 4, PL 5 R9:l H. 0.05; est. Diam. rim 0.17; Th. rim 0.0024, Th. wall


Fragment of rim and wall preserving entire profile. Iridescence.

Light green, bubbly. Heavy ribs, tops ground off when exterior of rim was polished. One horizontal groove

inside just below rim, two around center bottom.

1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.) .

56 (G 44) Ribbed bowl, shallow Fig. 4, PL 5 Area P 14 RH. 0.045; est. Diam. rim 0.14; Th. rim 0.0017, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Iridescence, pitting.

Light bluish green; small bubbles. Slanting ribs, tops

ground off when exterior of rim was polished. No grooves on interior.

1st century a.d. (context not later than early 3rd

century a.d.).

Shallow with Short Ribs

57 (G 269) Ribbed bowl, shallow Fig. 4, PL 5

A 18:1, upper fill P.H. 0.035; est. Diam. rim 0.13; Th. rim 0.0035, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Brown discoloration,

pitting.



CATALOGUE 71

Bluish green. Short ribs closely set, tops ground off when exterior of rim was polished. Shallow horizontal

groove inside just below rim. From same context comes G 270, a fragment of a

brownish bowl with widely spaced ribs and two narrow horizontal grooves inside, about halfway down the wall.

Early 1st century a.d. (context early 1st century

a.d.).

58 (G 512) Ribbed bowl, shallow Fig. 4, PL 5 Area H 14 P.H. 0.046; est. Diam. rim 0.19.

Fragment of rim and wall. Iridescence, slight weather

ing; random scratches on inside.

Dark blue. Short, slanting ribs made by tooling, ground off at top when outside of rim was polished, fad

ing into surface at bottom. Narrow horizontal groove inside just below rim.

1st century a.d. ("late Roman" context).

Monochrome Linear-cut Bowls

Shallow

59 (G 374) Linear-cut bowl Fig. 4, PL 5 Area D 17, Roman house overlying Poros Building,

west of Areopagos, House R, room F3, fill 5 P.H. 0.032; est. Diam. rim 0.14.

Fragment of rim and wall. Traces of white weathering,

pitting; pits aligned horizontally on interior. Reddish purple. Horizontal grooves inside: one below

rim, two narrower grooves farther down.

Late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d., probably Augustan; cf. Young 1951,

p. 183).

Deep 60 (G 195) Linear-cut bowl Fig. 4, PL 5

S 21:1 P.H. of rim fragments 0.05; est. Diam. rim 0.105; Th.

rim 0.003, Th. wall at lowest point 0.001, av. Th. bottom 0.002.

Fragments of rim, wall and bottom, preserving almost

entire profile. Iridescence and pitting; pits aligned hori

zontally on exterior of rim and on interior, deep rotary scratches on interior.

Dark blue. Gently widening at rim. One horizontal groove inside below the rim; two more grooves farther

down. Bottom slightly concave.

Late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (context late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d.).

Hemispherical 61 (G 400) Linear-cut bowl Fig. 4, PL 5

N 19:1, upper fill P.H. 0.038; est. Diam. rim 0.125; Th. wall at lowest

point 0.001.

Two fragments of rim and wall. Iridescence and pit

ting; pits aligned horizontally on interior and on upper part of exterior.

Colorless, greenish tinge. Horizontal groove inside below rim; two more farther down.

Probably second half of 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (context of 110 b.c. to early 1st century a.d.).

62 (G 47) Linear-cut bowl(s) Fig. 4, PL 5 E 14:3 P.H. of largest fragment (a) 0.053; est. Diam. rim 0.13;

Th. rim 0.003; Th. rim (b) 0.0043. Three nonjoining fragments, two include rim (a, b)

and one of wall (c); possibly from two or three bowls. Silver weathering on b; pitting on a and b; pits aligned horizontally on interior.

Yellowish brown. Two horizontal grooves inside below rim of (a) and (b). On exterior of wall fragment (c), two narrow horizontal grooves (not indicated in drawing).

Mid-(?)lst century b.c. (context mainly 115-50 b.c.).

Mosaic Ribbed Bowls

Spirals 63 (G 164) Ribbed bowl, mosaic glass PL 6

AgoraV, p. 86, no. M 23, pi. 54. M 17:1, layer I Max. dim. 0.036; Th. 0.003.

Fragment of ribbed bowl near bottom; no finished

edge. Thin milky white weathering, pitting. Yellowish brown, with thin opaque white spirals, the

thin edges of which are translucent yellow. Lower ends of three ribs preserved. A circular groove inside around

the bottom.

1st century a.d. (context mid-lst century a.d.).

Marbled Pattern of Wavy Lines

64 (G 265) Ribbed bowl, mosaic glass PL 6 Area C 19, section NN, container T 611 P.H. 0.033; Th. wall at highest point of fragment 0.005,


Fragment of ribbed bowl, including upper part of one rib and beginning of rim; no finished edge. Flaking enamel white and silver weathering, severe

pitting. Marbled pattern: dark blue, with thin opaque white

wavy lines extending through the wall. 1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.) .

Other Mosaic Vessels

Angular Striped Pattern

65 (G 301) Bowl (?), mosaic glass PL 6 Area C 17 Max. dim. 0.026; Th. 0.002-0.003.

Wall fragment. Dulling and pitting. Marbled pattern: dark brown with thin opaque white

and opaque yellow zigzag and angular stripes. Probably 1st century b.c. (context mostly 4th century

b.c. with unpublished coins 1111-365, Athens 230-29 b.c., and nil-377, Athens 3rd century b.c. However, Homer

A. Thompson, who rechecked the context at Gladys

Weinberg's request, wrote in a letter of 26 October 1984: "the analysis in the list of sherd containers points to the 2nd-lst century b.c.").

Striped Pattern

66 (G 240) Bowl, mosaic glass Fig. 4, PL 6 Area B 20, Great Drain, west branch P.H. 0.019; est. Diam. rim 0.13; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0037.




Fragment of outsplayed rim. Iridescence, severe pitting. Fine rotary scratches on interior and upperside of rim.

Striped pattern composed of lengths of striped canes

forming brown, opaque white, blue, and narrow opaque yellow stripes extending downward from rim.

1st century a.d. (context "late Hellenistic" to 3rd

century a.d.).

Composite Spiral Pattern

67 (G 696) Bowl, mosaic glass PL 6 Area B 22, section NN, container T121, middle terrace,

brown fill P.H. 0.026; p.W. 0.015; Th. wall at top 0.003, at lowest

point 0.002.

Fragment of rim and wall. Surface dull and severely pitted; most of the white glass decayed.

Spiral pattern: dark blue with white spirals, inter

spersed with monochrome strips. Each cane section

consisting of an opaque white spiral with opaque yellow center cased in translucent dark blue glass; interspersed with monochrome elements, one milky turquoise strip preserved. Reticella rim coil of clear glass wound with thin opaque yellow spiral.

1st century b.c. to mid-lst century a.d. (context "Hel

lenistic" to "early Roman" with earlier material).

68 (G 252) Bowl, mosaic glass 111. 13, PL 6 Area B 20, dumped filling in a well Max. dim. 0.044; Th. rim 0.004, Th. wall at lowest point

0.0023.

Fragment of rim and wall. Discoloration, silver irides

cence, pitting.

Spiral pattern: colorless with yellow spirals, inter

spersed with purple tesserae. Each cane section consist

ing of an opaque yellow spiral with an opaque white (?) center cased in colorless glass. Remains of two reddish

purple tesserae.

Probably 1st century a.d. (uncertain context includ

ing some Hellenistic, some 2nd-century a.d. and much

post-Herulian material; the well was possibly reused in the lOth-llth centuries).

Pattern Made with Overlay Canes

69 (G 543) Bowl, mosaic glass Fig. 4, PL 6 A 16:2 P.H. 0.05; est. Diam. 0.265; W. rim ca. 0.048; Th. at

rim 0.005, Th. wall at lowest point 0.005.

Many fragments of rim and wall, some joining. Glass devitrified to a great extent: thick dull black weathering, enamel white weathering on opaque white elements,

golden yellow and silver iridescence on centers of spots. Mosaic glass, pattern of irregularly shaped polychrome

spots. Made from overlay canes with four or five layers of color. Translucent purplish brown and opaque white dominate. Gladys Weinberg noted that the centers of the

spots appeared to be blue, green, and yellow, but this is no longer verifiable. The spots do not always extend

through the wall, and are very much distorted. On the severely deteriorated condition of the glass,

which does not permit removal of the plaster used to restore the piece, see Paterakis 2002, p. 259. For the pat

tern, cf. Clairmont 1963, no. 124, from Dura Europos.

Perhaps 1st century a.d., probably 3rd or 4th century a.d. (context 1st century a.d. with some disturbance of

3rd and 4th centuries a.d., and of Byzantine times).

70 (G 284) Bowl, mosaic glass 111. 13, Fig. 5, PL 6 C 17:1, container B 737 P.H. 0.006; max. dim. 0.071; Th. 0.003.

Two joining fragments preserving part of bottom and wall. Dulling and pitting.

Composite pattern: brownish yellow with large dark

spots extending through the wall. Each cane section consists of bundled overlay canes (25 and more), blue with opaque (?) yellowish green centers cased in brown ish yellow glass. Base thickens slightly toward the center. Three shallow concentric grooves inside on floor (Diam. of the outer circle ca. 0.06).

1st century a.d. (context Augustan to ca. a.d.

60/70).

71 (G 607) Bowl, mosaic glass 111. 13, PL 6 Area K-Q14-17, section T, container T 306 Max. dim. 0.013; Th. 0.002.

Wall fragment. Discoloration, iridescence, pitting.

Composite pattern preserving parts of three poly chrome rosettes and one translucent greenish blue tes

sera. Each rosette made from a central overlay cane of

light, dark, and light glass surrounded by opaque yellow and opaque white (?) rays.

Probably 1st century b.c. to mid-lst century a.d. (con text "early to middle Roman").

72 (G 440) Bowl or Inlay, mosaic glass 111. 13, PL 7 U 22:1, fill C Max. dim. of largest fragment 0.04; av. Th. 0.002.

Two flat fragments, no finished edge preserved. Severe surface pitting.

Serpentine pattern: bluish green with opaque yellow circles. Each cane section consisting of bundled overlay canes with bluish green center, coated with yellow and then with bluish green; canes collapsed on reverse of

fragments.

Perhaps 1st century a.d., probably 4th century a.d.

(context late 2nd to early 3rd century a.d., with some

4th-century disturbance).

Network/Reticella Glass

73 (G 163) Bowl, network glass 111. 13, PL 7

AgoraY, p. 86, no. M 24, pi. 54. M 17:1, layer I P.H. 0.034; Th. 0.001.

Two joining fragments and one nonjoining of shallow network bowl, preserving part of rim and wall. Dulling and pitting.

Wall of twisted network coils of colorless glass with thin opaque yellow spirals. A colorless and translucent

turquoise twisted network coil as rim. Probably from a

shallow segmental bowl of striped network; possibly from a spiral network bowl on a low base ring.

Probably first half of 1st century a.d. (context mid-lst

century a.d.).



CATALOGUE 73

Goldband Glass

74 (G 33) Bowl, goldband glass 111. 13, Fig. 5, PL 7 Fll:l P.H. 0.04; est. Diam. rim. 0.10; Th. rim 0.0024, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Slight iridescence, pitting; pits aligned horizontally on exterior and interior.

Translucent brilliant greenish blue with looping bands of opaque emerald green and gold foil sandwiched between two layers of colorless glass, probably from a

tripartite or quadripartite design. The emerald band consists of a thin opaque yellowish (?) white layer of glass sandwiched between brilliant blue-green. Fuzzy joins between the colorless and the brilliant blue green loops may indicate the use of crushed glass at some point in the

assemblage of the design. Edge of rim ground; carinated wall. One horizontal groove outside just below edge of

rim, two at carination.

1st century a.d. (context 1st and early 2nd centuries

a.d.).

Vessels with Ceramic Profiles

Translucent Fine Wares

75 (G 552) Bowl Fig. 5, PL 7 F17:3, upper fill P.H. 0.025; Diam. rim 0.08, Diam. base 0.058; av. Th.

wall 0.003, near edge of bottom 0.002. About one-third of rim and wall, almost entire base

preserved. Traces of white weathering, pitting; pits aligned concentrically on upper side and on underside of bot

tom.

Translucent emerald green. Horizontal groove out

side, 0.01 below rim. Molded, raised concentric circle

with central dot on underside of bottom. Sharp edges, fine work.

1st century a.d. (context "early Roman").

76 (G 136) Pyxis Fig. 5, PL 7 B 12:1, lower fill P.H. of largest rim fragment 0.026; est. Diam. rim 0.10;

Th. wall near rim 0.0025-0.004, near base ring 0.0022. Four fragments preserving entire profile, floor miss

ing. Enamel white weathering, dulling, severe pitting; rotary scratches and horizontally aligned pits on the interior.

Translucent emerald green (same as 75). An everted

angular rim of uneven thickness (ground), correspond

ing to projecting angular base ring; cylindrical wall.

Compare a semitransparent light green pyxis fragment from Corinth in a context dated a.d. 25-75: Slane 1986,

pp. 301-302, no. 147, fig. 20:147. First half of 1st century a.d. (context of 50 b.c. to

a.d. 50).

77 (G 243) Bowl (?) Fig. 5, PL 7 From exploration of a section of the city wall on

Aristeides Street at Sophocles Street, southeast of the Acharnian Gate (Judeich 1931, Plan I, Square G 2, cf. p. 134, pi. 4a), with 144 and G 245

Max. dim. 0.021; av. Th. 0.004.

Fragment of rim. Pitting; pits aligned horizontally on exterior and interior.

Light green. Outsplayed rim with wheel-cut notches

along edge, a raised ridge (W. 0.005) on upper side of rim at rim and wall junction. Steep wall as far as preserved.

Early 1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d. per

Gladys Weinberg).

Opaque Fine Wares

78 (G 174) Beaker 111. 13, Fig. 5, PI. 7 N 20:5, fill 4b P.H. 0.04; Diam. bottom 0.059; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0012, Th. at center of base 0.0016.

Four joining fragments of base and lower wall. Flaking enamel white weathering, some pitting. Rotary scratches

on exterior and interior.

Opaque turquoise blue. Carinated wall with raised

ridges on either side of carination. Around edge of base a raised molding consisting of one narrow and one broader

ridge. 1st century a.d. (context 1st and 2nd centuries

a.d.).

Other Fines Wares

79 (G 399) Cup PL 7 N 19:1, upper fill P.H. 0.045; Th. 0.001-0.002.

Wall fragment. Slight iridescence, pitting; pits aligned horizontally inside and out; wavy line of deep pitting filled with silvery iridescence along one side of the fragment.

Yellowish brown with evenly spaced horizontal ridges. Late 1st century b.c. (context of 110 b.c. to early 1st

century a.d.)

Vessels Decorated with High Relief

80 (G 46) Bowl Fig. 5, PL 8 E 14:3 Max. dim. ca. 0.045; Th. 0.0025-0.0043.

Wall fragment. Iridescence, pitting; pits aligned hori

zontally in the double molding. Colorless, pale yellowish tinge. Probably cast or mold

pressed and finished by light grinding. Leaf in high relief; double concave molding in lower relief. The outlines are neat and sharp, not mechanical in appearance.

1st century b.c. (context of mostly 115-50 b.c.).

81 (G 468) Bowl(?) Fig. 5, PL 8 N 15:1 P.H. 0.048; est. Diam. rim 0.23; Th. rim 0.006.

Fragment of rim and wall. Heavy silver weathering,

cracking, severe pitting; pits aligned on all surfaces.

Light purple. Pattern of leaves in relief on exterior. Uncertain date (context 6th or 7th century a.d.).

Glass Stopper

82 (G 398) Bottle stopper Fig. 5, PL 8 N 19:1, middle or upper fill H. 0.03, Diam. of top 0.026.

Intact. Traces of enamel-like weathering, pitting.

Light green; small round bubbles. Cast in a two-piece mold. Mushroom-shaped top with central depression,

tapering stem.

Second half of 1st century b.c. (context of 125 b.c. or

slightly later to early 1st century a.d.) .




EARLY IMPERIAL FREE-BLOWN VESSELS

Decorated Tableware with Pinched-out

Ribs

Cups and rhytons 83 (G 59) Deep cup or Rhyton Fig. 5, PI. 8

AreaD 11-12 P.H. 0.05; est. Diam. at upper edge of ribs 0.08; Th.

wall at highest point 0.0007, at lowest point 0.0003. Wall fragment. Blowing spirals. Flaking silver weather

ing, iridescence, pitting. Golden brownish yellow; bubbles. Slightly slanting

pinched ribs, spaced irregularly; wall thickened above them.

Probably a.d. 50-75 (context mixed "Geometric to

early Roman").

Ribbed Cups (Zarte Rippenschalen) 84 (G 505) Ribbed cup PI. 8

H15:3 P.H. 0.04; est. Diam. rim 0.06.

Two fragments providing nearly complete profile. Flaking surface and silver weathering (body fragment actually has no glass left in it).

Purple with opaque white thread. Everted rim with unworked edge. Pinched-out ribs extending to underside

of base. Thin thread wound spirally from center of base onto exterior of rim (fallen off on base). No pontil scar.

Late 1st century b.c. or early 1st century a.d. (context

1st century a.d.).

85 (G 224) Ribbed cup Fig. 5, PI. 8 N 20:1, dumped filling P.H. 0.041; Diam. rim uncertain; Th. rim 0.0017, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Traces of enamel weather

ing, pitting. Purple with opaque white thread. Everted rim with

unworked edge, lightly ground(?). Pinched-out ribs

fading into body at top. Threads (now fallen off) wound around body and onto shoulder.


1st century a.d. and later).

86 (G 55) Ribbed cup PI. 8 E 14:1, lower Hellenistic fill P.H. 0.034; est. Diam. rim 0.09; Th. rim 0.001, av. Th.

wall 0.0012; Th. base 0.0024.

Fragments of rim, upper wall, and base. Traces of

enamel white weathering; flaking silver weathering, iridescence, dulling.

Golden brown with opaque white (?) thread. Rim

lightly ground. Pinched-out ribs. Spirally wound threads on shoulder and ribs, now fallen off, leaving an indented

impression. Late 1st century b.c. or early 1st century a.d. (intru

sion into context of 325-200 b.c.).

87 (G 213) Ribbed cup Fig. 5, PI. 8 D 18:1, lower fill P.L. of rim 0.06; est. H. 0.062; est. Diam. rim 0.088;

Th. rim 0.001, Th. wall at lowest point of rim fragment 0.0007.

Three joining fragments of rim and wall; one of bot tom. Enamel weathering.

Yellowish brown with opaque white thread. Everted rim with unworked edge turning in at top. Pinched-out ribs extending from just above middle of body to under side of base. Thin thread wound spirally from center of base to ca. 0.012 below rim. No pontil scar.

Late 1st century b.c. or early 1st century a.d. (context before a.d. 267, possibly earlier).

88 (G 235) Ribbed cup PL 8 Area A 18, section NN, container T 71, from filling in

a drain in the area west of the Areopagos Max. dim. 0.056.

Fragment of flat bottom, slightly convex inside. Flak

ing enamel white weathering, pitting. Opaque white with translucent (?) pale blue thread.

Lower ends of ribs can be felt along edge of fragment. Thread begun on underside of base as a thick spiral. No

pontil scar.


3rd century b.c. to 3rd century a.d.).

Globular Jugs 89 (G 385) Jug Fig. 5, PL 9

D 17:1 (POU) P.H. (rim plus handle) 0.07; Diam. rim 0.084; p.H.

base and lower wall 0.032; Th. wall 0.0007. Three joining rim fragments, handle, and several

pieces of bottom. Almost no weathering. Bluish green; bubbles and impurities. Thickened,

rounded rim, folded inward at point of handle attach ment. Vertical ribs preserved near the bottom. Slightly flattened coil handle, pinched at either end, applied to

sloping shoulder and attached to rim. Concave bottom; no pontil scar.

1st century a.d. (context late 1st and early 2nd centu

ries a.d.).

90 (G 239) Jug Fig. 5, PL 9 Area B 20, from a "late Roman" water channel

P.H. 0.057; est. Diam. rim 0.10-0.11; Th. wall at lowest

point 0.0013.

Handle and part of rim. Some flaking iridescence.

Bluish green; bubbly, with black specks and gritty im

purities. Wide-mouthed jug. Rim folded out and down.

Elaborately formed narrow strap handle, applied to slop

ing shoulder and attached to rim: drawn out wide on top of rim, with one large upright pinched projection flanked

by pinched "rotellae," another pinched projection at the lower end.

1st century a.d. ("late Roman" context of 3rd century or later).

Decorated Tableware with Indents

Beakers and Cups 91 (G 27) Beaker, indented Fig. 6, PL 9

G8:l P.H. 0.026; Diam. base 0.035; Th. wall at highest point

0.001, Th. base 0.0017.



CATALOGUE 75

Fragment of base and lower wall. Crizzling, dulling. Light greenish blue; a few bubbles. Flattened base,

slightly concave; spreading wall with six or more irregu

larly spaced indents. No pontil scar.


92 (G 384) Beaker, indented Fig. 6 D 17:1 (POU) Est. H. 0.09; Diam. rim 0.08, Diam. base 0.041.

Three fragments of rim, base, and wall. Slight weather

ing on lower wall.

Yellowish green. Flaring rim, rounded and thickened; four indents in wall; concave base with tubular folded base ring; underside of base rough (tiny indentations in no particular pattern: dust specks? chill marks?).

Probably second half of 1st century a.d. (context late

1st and early 2nd centuries a.d.) .

93 (G 247) Beaker, indented Fig. 6, PL 9 B 20:1, lower fill (POU) P.H. 0.024; Diam. base 0.04; Th. wall at highest point

0.0005.

Base and lower wall. Flaking surface.

Colorless with yellowish gray tinge; bubbly, very thin. Concave base with tubular folded base ring, flattened.

Nearly vertical wall with four indents. Base and underside

of base ring rough as if pressed against rough surface

(chill marks?). No pontil scar. Second half of 1st to mid-2nd century a.d. (context

ofca. a.d. 50-150).

94 (G 250) Beaker, indented Fig. 6, PL 9 B 20:1, lower fill (POU) P.H. 0.077; Diam. rim 0.072; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0006.

Rim and upper wall. Blowing spirals. Slight dulling. Light greenish blue; bubbles. Slightly flaring rim,

thickened and heat-rounded, with horizontal tool mark

along interior; nearly vertical wall with four deep in dents.

Second half of 1st to mid-2nd century a.d. (context ofca. a.d. 50-150).

95 (G 119) Beaker, indented Fig. 6, PL 9 M19:l P.H. 0.077; Diam. rim 0.092; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0007.

Joining fragments of upper part preserved. Irides

cence.

Light green. Thickened, heat-rounded rim. Traces of

three (out of four) indents preserved. From the same context comes G 120, a similar, but

larger, beaker (est. Diam. rim 0.103). First half of 2nd century a.d. (context of ca. 150

180).

96 (G 110) Cup, indented Fig. 6, PL 9 K18:l (1st POU) P.H. 0.028; Diam. base ring 0.053; Th. wall at highest

point 0.001. Base and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Dulling, pit

ting.

Light emerald green; bubbles. Walls appear to be indented (four large indents). Applied, disk-shaped pad

base, underside rough (dust specks?). No pontil scar.

Inside, in center of floor, a neat small circular depres sion surrounded by a thickened ring along the edge (see 103).

Compare a beaker with solid base from Dobroudja/ Baraganu, Romania: Irimia 1987, p. 115, fig. 4:2.

1st century a.d. (context late 1st to early 2nd century

a.d.).

Decorated Tableware with Linear

Cutting

Hoflieim Cups and Related Vessels

97 (G 406) Cup 111. 2, Fig. 6, PL 9

Q13:l H. 0.065; est. Diam. rim 0.10; Th. rim 0.0017, of wall

at bottom 0.0018.

Two joining fragments preserving complete profile. Some pitting of surface; bottom worn from use. Faint horizontal scratches on exterior.

Brown, good material. Rim ground and polished. Engraved groove just below rim, two grooves of different widths at vessel's widest point.


a.d.).

98 (G 58) Cup Fig. 6, PL 9 Area C 8, section KK P.H. 0.056; est. Diam. rim 0.10; Th. rim 0.003, Th. wall


Fragment of rim and wall. Flaking silver weathering,

iridescence, pitting; pits aligned horizontally in grooves and on exterior; interior smooth.

Bluish green. Incurving rim, lightly ground. One shal low wide horizontal groove 0.014 outside below rim; two narrow grooves farther down.

Date uncertain (context "late Hellenistic," but can be

as late as 2nd century a.d.).

Beakers

99 (G 522) Beaker, linear-cut 111. 2, Fig. 6

Q13:l P.H. ca. 0.066; Th. wall at highest point 0.0008. Two fragments, base and wall, not joining. Exterior

surface dulled.

Deep blue. Cylindrical beaker with concave walls; slightly concave base. Series of lightly engraved grooves around body. No pontil scar.


a.d.).

100 (G 523) Beaker, linear-cut 111. 2, Fig. 6, PL 9

Q13:l P.H. 0.086; Diam. base 0.06; Th. wall at highest point

0.0012.

Fragment of base and wall. Surface dulled.

Deep blue; a few small bubbles. Fine rotary scratches inside and out suggest that this beaker may have been

mold-pressed rather than blown. Ovoid beaker; base

flattened. Lightly incised horizontal groove outside near

top of fragment.

Early 1st century a.d. (context early 1st century a.d.) .




101 (G 761) Beaker PL 9 C 17:1, container B 738 P.H. 0.05; est. Diam. rim 0.08-0.09; Th. rim 0.0008,

Th. wall at lowest point 0.0015. Part of rim and upper wall. Severe pitting. Translucent yellowish brown. Slightly everted rim,

lightly ground; straight vertical wall preserving begin of

gentle taper toward bottom.

Late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (context


102 (G 161) Beaker, linear-cut Fig. 6

AgoraV, no. M 105, p. 94, pi. 55. M 17:1, layer III Est. H. 0.05; Diam. base ring 0.041.

Two fragments of base and wall (a). Thin grayish brown weathering, dulling.

Light greenish blue; a few small bubbles. Almost

straight wall spreading toward bottom. Applied, disk

shaped pad base, rough on underside, with a carefully tooled hole in the center from which a small, thin-walled dome rises on the inside. A lightly incised horizontal line around the lower wall (not indicated in the drawing).

A third fragment (b), preserving an everted, ground rim, Diam. ca. 0.08, and part of the upper wall, is made

of similar glass, but belongs to another vessel; it has a

lightly incised line just below the rim.

Probably 2nd century a.d. (context of a.d.150

200).

103 (G 28) Beaker, linear-cut Fig. 6, PL 9 G8:l P.H. 0.059; Diam. base 0.047; Th. wall at highest point

0.0012.

Three joining fragments preserving base and lower

part of body. Dulling. Light greenish blue; a few bubbles. Bulbous body; ap

plied disk-shaped pad base. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.024). Four bands of lightly incised horizontal lines around the body: three at the widest diameter, one ca.

0.013 below. Inside, in center of floor, a neat small cir

cular depression surrounded by a thickened ring along the edge (see 96), that was possibly created by hot air

trapped between the bottom of the vessel and the pad base.


Decorated Tableware with Facets

Truncated Conical Beakers

104 (G 86) Beaker, facet-cut Fig. 6, PL 10 Oliver 1984, p. 52, no. 46 (with erroneous inv. no.

G36). E5:4 PH. 0.068; est H. 0.082-0.085; est. Diam. base 0.06.

Fragment preserving almost complete profile; rim and center of base missing. Silver weathering, iridescence;

pitting on exterior: vertically aligned in facets, horizontal elsewhere.

Colorless. Probably mold-pressed and wheel-cut. Coni

cal wall; flaring low base ring. Facet-cut decoration: below

rim a narrow horizontal ridge; two rows of interlocking oval facets; a more pronounced ridge.

Late 1st to mid-2nd century a.d. (context 2nd to mid

3rd century a.d.) .

Shallow Bowls, Trullas

105 (G 403) Shallow bowl(s), trulla(?) PL 10 Area O-P 12 Max dim. of largest fragment 0.09; Th. base 0.0025. Three nonjoining fragments, warped by fire, preserv

ing parts of wall and bottom, possibly from more than one vessel. Silver weathering, pitting.

Colorless, greenish tinge. On the slightly concave base, a small knob surrounded by a grooved circular ridge; radiating from this, rows of oval facets.

Late 1st century a.d. (?) (uncertain context, probably Herulian destruction debris of a.d. 267).

Undecorated Tableware Imitating Silver

Stemmed Cups 106 (G 506) Cup 111. 14, Fig. 7, PL 10

H 15:3 P.H. of rim fragment 0.05; est. Diam. rim 0.16; Th. at

lowest point 0.0005. Several fragments preserving rim and part of body.

Blowing spirals. Iridescence.

Greenish blue; bubbles. Stepped rim with vertical

flange, walls tapering down.


107 (G 407) Krater Fig. 7, PL 10 R13:2 P.H. 0.075; Th. less than 0.001. Two fragments preserving shoulder and handles; other

fragments of wall. Surface dulled and slightly iridescent. Faint horizontal scratches at intervals on exterior.

Light greenish blue. Body spreads toward top; angular carination at junction of body and bottom with two tiny loop handles, applied just above carination.

Early 1st century a.d. (context late 1st century b.c. to

ca. a.d. 40/50).

108 (G 755) Cup Fig. 7, PL 10 I 16:1, depth not indicated P.H. 0.062; max. dim. 0.114; Diam. base knop 0.023;

Th. wall at highest point 0.0015, near bottom of bowl 0.0044, Th. wall at lowest point of base 0.0017.

Lower part of bowl and upper part of base. Flaking thin crizzled brown weathering.

Light bluish green with turquoise tint in thicker parts; small bubbles. Made of two gathers, one for the bowl and

one for the foot. Rounded bowl; solid knop tooled out of blown, shallow(?) convex foot (solid convex "button" on underside of foot, below knop).

1st century a.d. (context late 1st to mid-3rd century).

Skyphoi 109 (G 756) Skyphos Fig. 7, PL 10

I 16:1, depth not indicated

(a) p.H. 0.017; p.L. 0.027; p.W. 0.023; Th. rim 0.004, Th. wall at lowest point 0.0015; (b) p.H. 0.029; p.L. 0.022; p.W. 0.016.

Two loose handles (lower part missing on [a]), appar ently from one vessel, with scraps of rim attached, but rest

of body missing. Surface crizzled, slight iridescence.



CATALOGUE 77

Light bluish green; tiny bubbles. Rim thickened and heat-rounded; upright wall as far as preserved. Coil handles forming vertical rings with lower ends folded back up on exteriors; tops pinched out to form flat

topped plates ending in pinched disks bearing (on the

tops) three lines of faint lettering (illegible). 1st century a.d. (context late 1st to mid-3rd century

a.d.).

110 (G 23) Skyphos Fig. 7, PL 10 AreaF14 P.H. 0.028.

Handle and small portion of wall. Iridescence, pit ting.

Translucent yellowish brown, good material. Small

vertical strap handle with pinched projections above and below, and angular shape between.

From D 12:1, bottom fill 2, late 1st to early 2nd century a.d., comes the upper part of a similar handle of greenish blue glass, G 82.

1st century a.d. ("late Hellenistic" context).

111 (G582) Skyphos PL 10 Area O 22, section EE, container T 40 P.H. 0.027.

Handle and small part of bowl. Some weathering. Light greenish blue. Shape and technique as 110. 1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.) .

112 (G 285) Skyphos PL 10 C 17:1, container B 738 P.H. 0.034.

Handle and small part of bowl. Blowing spirals. Dull

ing and pitting. Light greenish blue, with yellow streak; black specks

in handle. Shape and technique as 110. 1st century a.d. (context Augustan to ca. a.d. 25/30).

Modioli

113 (G 21) Modiolus Fig. 7, PL 11 F 15:5 (POU) P.H. 0.068; Diam. rim 0.14; Th. rim 0.0031, Th. wall

at lowest point 0.0013. Three fragments of rim, wall, and handle; two joining.

Blowing spirals. Crizzling, dulling, slight iridescence, slight pitting.

Light grayish green, handle and thread of the same

color; tiny bubbles. Flaring rim, slightly thickened and heat-rounded. Walls tapering down. Strap handle is a

single loop, applied to wall, pulled up, and folded back upon itself at the top. Begun underneath the upper at tachment of the handle and continuing down as far as

preserved, a thin thread in at least 12 revolutions around the wall.

1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.)

114 (G 38) Modiolus handle Fig. 7, PL 11 Fll:l P.H. 0.034; W. 0.024-0.03; Th. 0.0037.

Upper part of handle and part of adjoining wall. Slight milky weathering, pitting.

Olive green; bubbles, impurities (black specks and streaks). Strongly curved strap handle attached to a

figure-eight double tubular roll. Not enough of the roll

is preserved to estimate its original diameter, but the

shape of the handle suggests a modiolus (see 113). 1st century a.d. (context 1st and early 2nd centuries

a.d.).

Trullas

115 (G 454) Trulla Fig. 7, PL 11 K 9-10:1 L. 0.061; est. Diam. bowl 0.13.

Handle and small part of rim. Blowing spirals. Irides cence.

Light green; impurities, bubbles. Slightly flaring rim, thickened and heat-rounded; wall probably convex.

Horizontal handle, made of a gather that was applied to the rim of the vessel, pulled out, turned under at the end, and pinched out to form flat handle ending in a

pinched disk. 1st century a.d. (context mainly 1st century a.d.) .

116 (G 396) Trulla PL 11 Area C-F 15-19, section 00, container B 538

L. 0.057; est. Diam. bowl 0.16.

Handle and small part of rim. Irisdescence.

Light green; impurities (black specks), bubbles. Same

shape as 115. 1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.).

Other Undecorated Tableware

117 (G 256) Shallow bowl Fig. 7, PL 11 Area B 20, from the Roman course of the west branch

of the Great Drain H. 0.022; Diam. rim 0.133; est. Diam. base ring 0.07;

av. Th.wall 0.001.

About one half preserved (center of floor missing). Slight iridescence, pitting.

Light greenish blue; a few tiny bubbles. Tubular rim (thickened at edge and folded outward); tubular folded

base ring.

Probably 1st century a.d., possibly as late as 3rd cen

tury (context 3rd century a.d. or slightly later).

Bulbous Bottles

Polychrome 118 (G 137) Bottle 111. 14, PL 11

B 12:1, lower fill P.H. 0.044; Diam. rim 0.03; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0023.

Rim and part of neck. Little weathering. Colorband glass: vertical stripes of light and dark

blue, brown, purplish red, purple, and white extending through the wall. Made with two alternating overlay canes: the first opaque white cased in transparent blue, the second translucent reddish purple cased in color

less glass. Rim folded out, down, and in; tall cylindrical neck.

Late 1st century b.c. to mid-lst century a.d. (context of 50 b.c. to a.d. 50).

119 (G 524) Bottle Q13:l P.H. of base fragment 0.02.

111. 2, PL 11




Four fragments (two joining), no finished edge. Slight iridescence.

Deep blue; opaque white threads spirally wound and melted into surface (marbled effect created by interac tion of white and blue glass); tiny bubbles. Bulbous squat (?) body; base slightly concave. No pontil scar.


a.d.).

120 (G 128) Bottle Fig. 7, PL 11 Boulter 1963, p. 129, pi. 45, grave T, no. 1. Found with 130, a bronze mirror, and fragments of

bone in a disturbed burial on Lenormant Street (outside Agora area)

H. 0.087; Diam. rim 0.024; Th. wall near base 0.0007.

Rim chipped, a few fragments of body missing. Very thin glass, now almost destroyed by weathering.

Blue. Everted rim with heat-rounded edge; flattened base, slightly concave. Begun on the underside of the base and ending at lower neck, a spirally wound thread of unknown color, now fallen off, leaving only indented

impression. Late 1st century b.c. to mid-lst century a.d. (context

of 1st century a.d.).

121 (G 81) Bottle PL 11 C8:2 P.H. 0.033.

Wall fragment. Silver weathering, iridescence, pit

ting.

Probably colorless, possibly pale blue, good material. Bulbous body. Begun at the base, a thread of the same color wound around the body.

Late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (context late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d.).

Strongly Colored

122 (G 279) Amphoriskos Fig. 7, PL 11 Area D 18, from floor of Roman house built over

remains of Poros Building west of the Areopagos P.H. 0.021; Diam. rim 0.018.

Neck, rim and one handle; attachment of second

handle. Several vertical deep creases (blowing spirals?).

Incipient pitting. Translucent dark blue (not homogeneously melted)

with green (?) handles, now weathered white. Everted rim, folded inward. Handles applied to sloping shoulder and attached to rim and neck.

At one point this fragment was considered to be from the same vessel as 123, which, however, is from an "early

Roman" context, a considerable distance to the north.

1st century a.d. (context 2nd or 3rd century a.d.; cf.

Young 1951, pp. 183, 277, House P).

123 (G 510) Base ring Fig. 7, PL 11 Area H 13, section Z P.H. 0.01; est. Diam. base ring 0.018.

Part of base and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Deep blue. Tubular folded base ring; steeply rising

wall.

See 122. 1st century a.d. (context "early Roman").

124 (G 177) Bottle 111. 14, Fig. 7, PI. 12 N 20:5, fill 5 P.H. 0.022; Th. wall at highest point 0.0016, Th. near

center of base 0.002.

Fragment of base and wall. Dulling and incipient pit ting. Horizontally aligned pits and rotary scratches on exterior.

Opaque light blue, slightly grayish. Bottom flat, wall bulbous.


125 (G 106) Unguentarium PL 12

Thompson 1971, fig. 38. From grave F (outside Agora area), a short distance

south of the Kerameikos (Judeich 1931, Plan I, Square B 4); no other objects found in the grave

H. 0.052; Diam. rim 0.017; Th. rim 0.0006.

Complete, rim slightly chipped. Crizzled silver weath

ering, iridescence, pitting.

Purple, thin-walled. Everted rim (unworked); short neck, constricted at the base; piriform body; flattened base, slightly concave.

Late 1st century b.c. or early 1st century a.d.

126 (G 242) Bottle PL 12 From the exploration of a section of the city wall un

covered in Aristeides Street, southeast of the Acharnian

Gate (cf. Judeich 1931, Plan I, Square G 2) Max. dim. 0.062; p.H. 0.024; Th. wall at highest point

0.0018, Th. near center of base 0.004.

Fragment of base and wall. Iridescence and incipient pitting. Random short scratches on exterior.

Translucent deep blue. Bottom flat, wall bulbous.

1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.)

127 (G 382) Bottle Fig. 7 AreaC 17 Est. H. 0.18; Diam. rim 0.038.

Fragments of rim, neck, and body, not joining. Silver iridescence, pitting.

Yellowish brown; a few bubbles. Rim folded out/down, and up/in, gently sloping toward outer edge; bulbous

body; flattened base, convex on interior. No pontil scar.

1st century a.d. ("early Roman" context).

Natural Bluish Green Unguentaria 128 (G 205) Unguentarium PL 12

N 17:2 P.H. 0.066.

Body and most of neck; rim missing. Blowing spirals. Slight iridescence.

Colorless, pale yellowish green tinge; bubbly (bubbles distributed very unevenly, on one side only), black specks. Tall narrow neck, merging smoothly into elongated piri form body.

Similar, from a modern context, is G 68, colorless with

a bluish tinge. 1st century a.d. (context of 50-150/200).

129 (G 200) Unguentarium PL 12 Area D-I 17-20, sand filling in a drain channel P.H. 0.063; Diam. base 0.042; av. Th. wall 0.001.

Body and lower part of neck. Traces of severe white



CATALOGUE 79

weathering, thick silver iridescence, pitting. Light bluish green; small bubbles. Cylindrical neck

with tooled constriction at the base; piriform body; flat tened base.

Late 1st century b.c. or 1st century a.d. (context 1st

century b.c. to 1st century a.d.).

130 (G 127) Unguentarium PL 12 Boulter 1963, p. 129, pi. 45, grave T, no. 2. From a disturbed burial on Lenormant Street (outside

Agora area, see 120)

P.H. 0.052; max. Diam. 0.044; Th. wall in neck 0.0013.

Body and lower neck. Encrustation and flaking dull black weathering inside; flaking enamel white weather

ing, iridescence and severe pitting outside.

Light blue green. Similar to 129. Late 1st century b.c. or 1st century a.d. (context of

1st century a.d.).

131 (G 286) Unguentarium Fig. 7 Area D 17, section 00, container B 738 H. 0.049; Diam. rim 0.017; av. Th. wall in neck

0.001.

Entire profile preserved; most of rim and part of neck

missing. Blowing spirals. Iridescence.

Light bluish green; bubbles. Everted rim, folded in

ward; cylindrical neck with slight constriction at the base;

squat piriform body; flattened base, slightly concave. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.012).

Late 1st century a.d. ("early Roman" context).

132 (G 255) Unguentarium Fig. 7, PL 12 Area C 20, section NN, container T 726 H. 0.081; Diam. rim 0.023; Th. wall at top of neck

0.001, in lower body 0.005.

Fragments missing from body and rim. Blowing spirals. Encrustations inside. Iridescence, incipient pitting.

Light greenish blue. Everted rim, folded out, up, and

inward; tooled constriction atjunction of neck and body; flattened base, slightly recessed. No pontil scar.

Probably 1st century a.d. ("middle Roman" context,

probably before 267).

Miscellaneous Fragments

Rims

133 (G 336) Tubular rim Fig. 8, PL 12 Area D 18, remains of Poros Building west of Areopa

gus Max. L. rim fragment 0.092; est. H. 0.106; est. Diam.

rim 0.15; Th. wall at lowest point of rim fragment 0.001, at highest point of base fragment 0.0013.

Two fragments not joining: rim and bottom. Blowing spirals; slight iridescence. Light bluish green; a few small bubbles. Elaborately folded tubular rim (figure-eight fold) with tool mark on upper edge. Flattened base. No

pontil scar.


134 (G 508) Tubular rim Fig. 8 Area P15 P.H. 0.023; est. Diam. rim 0.14; Th. wall 0.001.

Fragment of rim and upper part of wall.

Deep blue; a few small bubbles. Tubular rim formed

by complex folding: edge thickened, folded out, down,

up, and out and pressed back against the wall to create

the hollow fold. Very thin walls. 1st century a.d. (context lst-2nd century a.d.).

Base Rings 135 (G 90) Base ring Fig. 8

K-L 18-20:1, green sand fill P.H. 0.018; Diam. base ring 0.052; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0007. Base and lower wall. Dulling, incipient pitting. Light bluish green. Tubular folded base ring; concave

base with pointed tool mark in center. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.025).

Late 1st or early 2nd century a.d. (context "early Ro

man" to 2nd century a.d.).

136 (G 34) Base ring Fig. 8, PL 12 F 11:1 P.H. 0.009; Diam. base ring 0.0437; Th. base ring 0.003,

Th. wall at highest point 0.0008. Base and lower wall. Crizzled, thin brown weathering,

pitting. Light bluish green; a few small bubbles. Tubular folded

base ring; deeply concave base (no tool mark). No pontil scar.

1st or early 2nd century a.d. (context 1st and early 2nd centuries a.d.).

137 (G 35) Base ring PL 12 F 11:1 P.H. 0.012; Diam. base ring 0.04; Th. base ring 0.003,

Th. wall at highest point 0.0005. Base and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Iridescence, pit

ting.

Light greenish blue; a few small bubbles. Tubular folded base ring, kicked base with pointed tool mark in center. Annular pontil scar 0.023.

Late 1st or early 2nd century a.d. (context 1st and

early 2nd centuries a.d.).

138 (G 237) Base ring Fig. 8 B21:l P.H. 0.034; Diam. base 0.059; Th. wall at highest point

0.0015.

Base and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Crizzling, brown

ish yellow discoloration; incipient pitting. Pale grayish green tinge; small bubbles. Tubular folded

base ring; concave base. Annular pontil scar (Diam.

0.024). Late 1st or early 2nd century a.d. (context second half

of 1st to early 2nd century a.d.).

139 (G 98) Base ring Fig. 8 E5:4 P.H. 0.01; est. Diam. base ring 0.095; av. Th. near base

0.001.

Part of base and base ring. Iridescence, pitting.

Light bluish green; bubbly. Concave base with narrow tubular folded base ring. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.014).

Late 1st to 2nd century a.d. (context 2nd to mid-3rd

century a.d.).




140 (G 365) Base ring Fig. 8, PL 12 Area C 15, section nil, container B 104, from a floor

below the North House P.H. 0.042; est. Diam. base ring 0.04; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0012. Part of base ring and lower wall. Iridescence, pitting. Colorless; small bubbles. Flattened, folded base

ring. 1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.).

141 (G 551) Base ring PL 12 F17:3, upper Fill P.H. 0.017; Diam. base 0.054; Th. wall at highest point

0.0008.

Base and lower part of wall. Traces of enamel white and silver weathering, iridescence, pitting.

Greenish blue. Uneven spreading base ring, prob ably made from a separate gather. Annular pontil scar

0.018.


Handles

142 (G 207) Handle Fig. 8, PL 12 N17:2 P.H. 0.035.

Handle attached to fragments of neck and rim. Flaking surface, pitting.

Light green; bubbly. Narrow strap handle, applied to shoulder and folded against neck to form a small loop.

Mid-lst to end of 2nd century a.d. (context of 50

150/200).

143 (G 77) Handle PL 12 C9:16 P.H. 0.044.

Handle. Flaking, crizzled brownish yellow weathering, iridescence, some

pitting. Greenish blue. Curved coil handle. 1st century a.d. (context second half of 1st century

a.d., probably not later than 70).

Square and Cylindrical Bottles

144 (G 244) Bottle, square or Fig. 8, PL 13

cylindrical From exploration of a section of the city wall on

Aristeides Street at Sophocles Street, southeast of the Acharnian Gate (Judeich 1931, Plan I, Square G 2)

P.H. 0.065; Diam. rim 0.043; Th. wall in neck 0.0035, in lower shoulder 0.0015.

Rim, neck, and shoulder. Blowing spirals. Traces of flak

ing enamel white weathering; on interior of neck remains of dull black weathering and iridescence; pitting.

Greenish blue; bubbles. Triangular rim folded out, down, and up; tall tubular neck with constriction at the base.

77 and G 245 are from the same site. 1st century a.d. (context 1st century a.d.) .

EARLY IMPERIAL MOLD-BLOWN VESSELS

Cups with Mold-blown Inscriptions

145 (G 65) Cup signed by Ennion Fig. 8, PI. 13 McClellan 1983, pp. 71-78, fig. 1. Area F 3 Max. dim. 0.034; av. Th. wall 0.0014.

Wall fragment. Iridescence; incipient pitting. Pale greenish yellow tinge. Blown into a piece mold.

Cylindrical cup with relief: tabula ansata enclosing a two line Greek inscription: [ENNI]QN [ETTOI]EI. Avertical rib at right, one horizontal ridge below.

The shape is a two-handled cup, quite rare?Harden's

Type A 2 IV (1935, p. 167), Lehrer's Type C (1979, pi. V:l, 2). It is less elaborately decorated than other cups signed by Ennion; there is only vertical ribbing around the body. This type has angular handles, while the others have ring handles. It also differs from the others in hav

ing a single inscription?lacking the blessing MNH20H O ArOPAZQN, "may the buyer be remembered," which

appears on the other types of cups. (See Lehrer 1979, p. 13 and Stern 1995, p. 71 for an explanation of this

phrase). 1st century a.d. (context 1st to 2nd century a.d.) .

146 (G 138a, b) Cup with inscription Fig. 8, PI. 13 McClellan 1983, pp. 74-75, fig. 5. B 14:2 (a) P.H. 0.039; Th. wall at lowest point 0.0013; (b)

p.H. 0.05.

Two nonjoining wall fragments, no finished edge. Blowing spirals. Incipient pitting.

Olive green, streaky (not homogeneously melted). Blown into a piece mold; vertical seam preserved in smaller fragment. Bulbous shape. One rounded molding above band of letters; two moldings below, and where the wall curves in toward the bottom, a row of long vertical

petals (or gadroons) with tiny buds between them. The

inscription?two letters on (a), three on (b)?reads:

[EYOPAINOY] EO [QT7AJPEI ("rejoice [in that] at which

you are present"). Cf. Harden 1935, pp. 174-175, pi. 25: Group GI i or

Glii. 1st century a.d. (context late 1st to late 2nd century

a.d.).

Finely Ribbed Bowls

147 (G 562) Ribbed bowl Fig. 8, PL 13 Area O 15, in front of South Stoa II, east end P.H. 0.046; Th. wall 0.0015; est. Diam. at shoulder

0.09.

Wall fragment. Little weathering. Light brown. Carinated shoulder. Close-set ribs in low

relief; two concentric ridges near bottom.

Compare a bowl from Usk, Late Neronian pit in

legionary fortress: Price 1995a, p. 153, no. 25, fig. 43, pi. 12.

1st century a.d. (context of 100-150).



CATALOGUE 81

148 (G 762) Ribbed bowl PL 13 Area C-F 15-19, section 00, container B 745 Max. dim. 0.05; est. Diam. of widest groove 0.09; Th.

wall at highest point 0.0018, at lowest point 0.005. Part of base and lower wall. Flaking silver weathering,

golden iridescence, pitting. Yellowish green. Inside smooth due to thickness of

the wall. Widely spreading wall decorated with close-set ribs in low relief rising from two concentric ridges near the base.

1st century a.d. (context not indicated).

Knobbed Beakers

149 (G 143) Beaker PL 13 E 14:7 P.H. 0.089; Th. rim 0.0017; Th. wall at lowest point

0.002.

Wall fragment with small part of rim. Blowing spirals. Incipient pitting. Entire exterior covered with fine stria tions (from mold ?).

Light yellowish green; a few bubbles. Rim ground. Re lief pattern of large triple-tiered pointed oval bosses ("lo tus buds" or "knots") alternating with circular bosses.

Late 1st to early 2nd century a.d. (context 1st to early 2nd century a.d.).

150 (G 633) Beaker PL 13 Area H 3 P.H. 0.053; p.W. 0.05.

Two joining fragments of wall, preserving parts of three rows of pointed oval bosses. Little iridescence.

Pale bluish green tint; a few tiny bubbles. Pattern similar to 149. Vertical mold seam through one frag

ment.

Late 1st to early 2nd century a.d. (context 1st century

a.d.).

Small Bottles

151 (G 373) Bottle with band of scrolls Fig. 8, PL 13 Area D 17, section 00, East-West Drain P.H. (with handle) 0.043; p.W. 0.032. Small fragments of body and one handle. Slight

iridescence. Blown into a two-piece mold (MCT VIII); mold halves join next to handle in center of the frag ment.

Colorless, shading to violet; handle opaque light blue; bubbly. Small, thin-walled bottle with pattern of conven tionalized foliage and petals above.

On MCT VIII, see Stern 1995, p. 30. 1st century a.d. ("early Roman" context).



3

THE MIDDLE ROMAN EMPIRE

CA. A.D. 100 TO 267

MIDDLE IMPERIAL HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS

Mosaic Glass Vessels

Although most ateliers in Italy appear to have ceased the production of mosaic glass in the Flavian period, some Egyptian workshops continued to produce mosaic glass. Late Roman, medieval, and Islamic glassworkers also made mosaic glass but it is not clear whether produc tion was continuous. The mosaic glass elements inserted into the large marble opus sectile

wall panels from the so-called Basilica of Junius Bassus in Rome, dated ca. a.d. 331,1 look

like reused fragments of lst-century mosaic glass. A number of large glass opus sectile panels that included mosaic glass elements in their figural compositions were abandoned in their

shipping crates at Kenchreai, the eastern port of ancient Corinth, ca. a.d. 370. They had

either just arrived by sea or had been made ready to be transported. It has been suggested that they came from Egypt.2

The archaeological evidence for the intervening centuries is incomplete.3 A large group of wall and furniture mosaic glass inlays, some of which are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and others in the Gorga collection in Rome, are thought to have come from the villa of Lucius Verus in Rome.4 The dominant colors are red and yellow; the designs so simple that it is hard to believe that Lucius Verus, who was noted in antiquity for his refined taste, could have appreciated them.

Several sites in the Kharga Oasis in Egypt have produced Late Roman mosaic glass vessels.5 The shapes include wide shallow bowls with curved walls, bowls with broad rims, and conical bowls; some vessels have base rings. Most of the vessels are relatively crude; the prevailing patterns imitate serpentine and are made from cold-bundled yellow and white rods cased in translucent bluish green glass.6 Similar patterns were fashionable in lst-century mosaic glass (cf.72).

Sackrau Group (152)

A distinct group of vessels is called the Sackrau group after a findspot in Poland. The vessels are carefully shaped and finished by polishing. The most common shapes are small conical

1. La Regina 1998, pp. 256-259, nos. 375830, 375831; the

other two panels are in the Museo dei Conservatori.

2. Ibrahim, Scranton, and Brill 1976. On the depicted sub

jects, see Rothaus 2002; on the conservation of the panels: Brill,

Weintraub, and Amylon Swain 2002; on the color chemistry of the red glasses: Moraitou et al. 2002.

3. Nenna (2002) presents a chronological repertory of vari ous types of mosaic glass objects from the late 5th century B.C.

to the second half of the 4th century a.d.

4. Sagui, Bacchelli, and Pasqualucci 1996, pp. 222-223,

figs. 6, 7; Sagui 1998, pp. 27-34. 5. Hill and Nenna 2003, p. 88, fig. 1; Nenna 2003a, pp. 93

94, fig. 1:1-3.

6. On the technique: Goldstein 1979, p. 20, fig. 5; Stern and

Schlick-Nolte 1994, p. 59, figs. 89, 90.



84 the middle roman empire

and hemispherical footed bowls with profiles that are reminiscent of the mosaic glass ves sels recovered from the Antikythera wreck (see p. 37, with note 51). The two main patterns in the Sackrau group are sophisticated rosettes made from cold-bundled overlay canes and a design consisting of overlay canes with one large, irregularly shaped concentric motif

(cf. 69). The two patterns are not usually combined in a single vessel. Fritz Fremersdorf

originally dated the vessels ca. a.d. 300, but Beat Riitti, who studied the group in the light of similar fragments excavated at Augst, now suggests a date not later than the third quarter of

the 3rd century.7 69 and 72, discussed in Chapter 2, may date from this period or even from the 4th century.

152 comes from an "early Roman" context, but may belong to the Sackrau group. The

mosaic pattern was made from slices of an intricate cold-bundled cane: a six-petaled rosette

surrounded by twelve overlay canes, each with a light center encased in a dark color that creates the background of the bowl. This particular cane design is known from a footed hemi

spherical bowl from Sackrau, a vessel from Trier, and several vessels excavated at Augst.8 A

fragment has been noted also in a Late Roman bead workshop in Tibiscum.9 A related design (rosette without surrounding dots) appears on a fragment from Dura Europos (before a.d.

256).10

Embedded Mosaic Glass Elements (153)

153 is a unique mosaic glass plate excavated in the Herulian destruction debris. In her origi nal text for this Catalogue, Gladys Weinberg cited earlier arguments for dating this plate in

the Hellenistic or Early Roman periods,11 but since had written that she was inclined to a

date nearer its context in the Herulian destruction level of a.d. 267.12 The following remarks

attempt to assemble arguments in support of Gladys Weinberg's revised date.

What sets the Agora plate apart from usual mosaic glass vessels is that it does not show a

dense pattern of one or more polychrome motifs extending through the thickness of the

wall. Rather, the background is composed of polygonal sections of monochrome blue glass rods. The central human figure seated in a tub-shaped boat and the fish swimming along the rim are preformed mosaic glass elements embedded in the interior surface. Although the term "inlaid" has been used for this technique, the figural elements are not inlaid in a

technical sense. The surface of the glass was not removed for their insertion; it was merely

displaced when the preformed elements were pushed into the heat-softened glass of the

background.13 Two groups of vessels decorated with embedded mosaic glass elements have been identified.

The first dates from the Augustan period or earlier (its center of production unknown).14 The second group was made in Egypt, in the 4th century a.d. The vessels of both groups are

made of transparent glass, usually colorless, but sometimes colored (especially in the 4th

century). The early group is decorated with garlands composed of rosettes; figural elements

do not occur. The second group includes fragments excavated at Karanis and Douch, as well

7. Fremersdorf 1939; Rutti 1991, vol. 1, pp. 128-134.

8. For the vessels from Sackrau, Trier, and Augst, see Rutti

1991, vol. 1, pp. 128-132, figs. 80, 81.

9. Benea 1997, p. 289, fig. 11:6.

10. Clairmont 1963, p. 33, no. 125, pis. 5, 20.

11. Weinberg 1962b.

12. "When published, this plate was described as unique,

and it still remains without an exact parallel. The human figure has been variously interpreted. By fairly general consensus, it

has been identified as Eros in a boat, fishing?a subject com

mon in Late Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and other media.

The date of the plate is a matter of discussion, despite its fairly

well fixed context; various periods have been suggested (2nd

century B.C. to Augustan times, or later). Grose (1989, p. 356)

assigned it, tentatively, to the 1st century B.C. or later. In the

JGS article [note 11 above] I argued for a Hellenistic date, but

I now incline to a date nearer to its context."

13. Brill 1962. 14. Oliver 1967, pp. 17-18 (cf. De Juliis et al. 1989, p. 252,

color ill.). See also Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 268

269, no. 71; Arveiller-Dulong and Nenna 2000, pp. 142-143,

nos. 174, 175. In my opinion, the vessels from Begram (Men

ninger 1996, p. 16, pi. 1:1, 2) belong to this group.



middle imperial hot-formed and mold-formed vessels 85

as over sixty fragments of glass bowls said to be from Bahnasa in Upper Egypt with embedded Nilotic and related figural scenes.15 All these fragments exhibit a typical horror vacui style: the

background is filled with rosettes and bicolored wavy stripes. These features suggest a 4th

century date, closer to the glass opus sectile panels from Kenchreai, as has been argued also for a mosaic glass panel featuring birds in the Corning Museum of Glass.16

The stylistic compositions of these two groups differ from that of the Agora plate, which features isolated polychrome figures against an opaque blue ground: a human figure in the center surrounded by fish. Such a composition is characteristic of the Contour Grooves

Group, a small group of engraved glass bowls recently identified and assigned a late-2nd- to

early-3rd-century date.17

Stylistically and technically, the Agora plate belongs to a small group of vessels (plates and shallow bowls) and flat plaques or tiles decorated with embedded mosaic glass elements

depicting polychrome fish in a blue sea. Only a few fragments survive.18 Besides the Agora plate, the sole example from a known findspot is a fragmentary plate found at the site of a Roman villa in the vicinity of Narbonne on the French Mediterranean coast. The findspot suggests an Early Imperial date or later.19

In turn, these preformed mosaic glass elements are closely related to isolated mosaic glass inlays featuring fish, some of which have details such as eyes, gills, and small fins fused into the upper surface.20 This curious technique of embedding individual details into the surface of mosaic designs has not yet been documented from securely dated lst-century or earlier contexts. Some of these fish inlays, as in the Corning Museum of Glass example,21 preserve remains of a plaster backing, perhaps for embedding in a wall, but most provide no indica tion of how they were used. A Late Roman date for all these mosaic glass fish elements is suggested by their similarity

to the mosaic glass fish in a glass opus sectile panel excavated at Corinth (end of 3rd century a.d.) , recently published by Andrew Oliver.22 Two entwined squares forming an eight-pointed star are set within a circular frame, 0.57 m in diameter, and enclose a smaller circular disk decorated with three fish and one eel. The fish and eel, between 0.16 m and 0.175 m long, face alternately left and right. The background of the disk is blue but weathered white, like that of the Agora plate. The sea creatures are prefabricated mosaic glass elements (but not embedded in the surface). Whereas the eel is entirely made of rod sections featuring one (or more?) repeated rosette (like the eel in the Kenchreai panels) ,23 the body of the lowest fish is composed of wavy stripes not unlike those seen in many of the fish plaques cited as parallels to the Agora plate. The function of the panel from Corinth remains unclear. A comparable opus sectile panel with mosaic glass fish in a circular composition was excavated in the ruins of a Roman villa at Rimini.24 Perhaps the panel from Corinth served as a tabletop.25

15. Grose (1989, p. 197, fig. 114) tentatively assigns the ves sels from Bahnasa to the 1st century b.c. or 1st century a.d., but

Nenna (2002, p. 157, fig. 9) has convincingly attributed them to the Late Roman period; for the vessels from Douch, see Nenna

2002, p. 157, figs. 10-11.

16. Harden et al. 1987, pp. 32-33, no. 10 (erroneously as

signed a lst-century date; for the revised dating, see Whitehouse

1989b). On the panels from Kenchreai, see note 2 above. 17. Stern 2001, pp. 136-137,156-158, no. 56. See discussion

of 203 for more on the Contour Grooves Group. 18. Comparisons assembled in Weinberg 1962b. 19. Feugere 2001.

20. On this group and on possible manufacturing tech

niques, see Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994, pp. 408-409, no. 148. A few of the fish were found in Rome but none can be dated

independently. On possible techniques, see also Spaer 2001, pp. 243-244, no. 604.

21. Goldstein 1979, p. 264, no. 792; Harden et al. 1987, no. 9.

22. Williams and Zervos 1982, pp. 133-134, pis. 42:a, 43; Oliver 2001.

23. Ibrahim, Scranton, and Brill 1976, panels 16-17, pp. 72, 86, figs. 31, 87, 88, 91, 92. For the fine rosettes of these two eels, compare, perhaps, the rosettes on a "Sackrau" mosaic glass bowl from Dura published by Clairmont 1963, pp. 32-33, no. 125,

pis. V, XX.

24. Oliver (2001, p. 356, fig. 7) cites Ortalli 2000, pp. 516, 519-520, no. 183. Oliver compares mural decorations in several

techniques. 25. Kathleen Slane (pers. comm.) suggested a tabletop; this

interpretation is explicitly denied in the original report by Wil liams and Zervos (1982). Literary sources describe a tabletop (altar) in opus sectile of precious stones and glass donated by

Justinian (527-565): see Langedijk 1998.




The association of the preformed polychrome fish and sea creatures with the Kenchreai

panels is of interest because the panels were found stored in crates, for future use or trans

shipment, and thus must have been "new" when the buildings they were in were destroyed about a.d. 370.

The one preserved fish (head and tail) is long and thin, with a "fan" on its head and

prominent dorsal fins. The tail fragment may belong to another fish; originally there were

probably three or four. Part of the left side of the face and head, and a bit of the shoulder and arm of the human figure are preserved. The lower part of the figure is concealed by a boat or tub in which he is seated. Although the glass itself is in an advanced state of deterioration and severe weathering of the surface has caused considerable changes in the original colors, Piet de Jong's painstaking reconstruction shows that the Agora plate must once have been a

magnificent showpiece (111. 6). The background is turquoise or aquamarine blue. The only preserved fish is silver and greenish gold. The central figure wears a narrow-brimmed hat, dark in the central part and, in the top and bottom portions, opaque white like the face. The

eyes, brows, and curly hair appear black.26 Emerging from behind the arm is his wickerwork creel for carrying newly caught fish; it is dark blue with lighter threads (now covered with

golden iridescence) dragged into a feather pattern covering the entire surface. The boat is

opaque white, with wavy stripes of another color, now covered with silver iridescence. The horizontal projection, with similar stripes, may be the prow.

Although the Agora plate was made more than one hundred years earlier, connections

with the Kenchreai panels exist also for the central figural element. The stocky, short fisher man has a large round head, prominent round eyes with strongly curved, heavy brows and

puffy cheeks suggesting a childlike physiognomy, reason tentatively to identify the figure as

Eros fishing,27 a common subject in the Late Hellenistic period and 1st century a.d. as well as in Roman art of the 3rd century a.d. The shape of his narrow-brimmed hat resembles that

of the fisherman in one of the Kenchreai panels, as does the wickerwork basket tied to his

back.28

The relatively large number of isolated fish inlays preserved from antiquity suggests that one or more workshops specialized in the production of figural glass inlays that were sold as

half products for use by glassworkers and other artisans. The practice may be related to the

architectural mosaic industry where highly skilled craftsmen created small figural center

pieces known as emblemata for insertion into pavements and wall mosaics.29 The glass vessels

and plaques with figural polychrome elements embedded in opaque (blue) glass constitute a

distinct group. Although its origin cannot be determined at this time, comparisons with well

dated late-3rd- and 4th-century objects featuring prefabricated mosaic glass elements support a mid-3rd-century date or later. The Agora plate, with its curious background of blue mosaic

glass sections, may be one of the earliest examples. The blue backgrounds of the other objects in this group are not made of mosaic glass. The surprising technique of assembling sections

from monochrome glass rods is rare in antiquity,30 but any glassworker familiar with making mosaic glass could have devised it. In Murano (Venice), plates with large monochrome areas

were still being composed in this way in 1991. It is tempting to suggest that the Agora plate was produced in one of the specialized centers that made mosaic glass inlays, whereas most

of the other blue plates and tiles probably were made in shops that routinely produced cast

glass objects.

26. On "black" glass, which is in reality a dense translucent

color such as purple, dark emerald green, dark blue, etc., see

Stern 2001, p. 145, no. 84. Different translucent colors were

preferred in different periods and places.

27/Weinberg 1962b, pp. 35-36.

28. Ibrahim, Scranton, and Brill 1976, panel 25, pp. 119-120,

figs. 28, 128,130, 132.

29. D. J. Smith, in Henig 1983, pp. 117-118. Many of the

emblemata included glass tesserae.

30. One may compare, perhaps, several opaque red glass tiles

in the Gorga Collection thought to have come from the villa of

Lucius Verus in Rome: Capriata 1998, p. 121.




Colorless Cast Vessels (154-171)

Around a.d. 70 the strongly colored glass imitating precious and semiprecious colored and veined stones that had been so popular in the first half of the century disappeared and clear colorless glass imitating rock crystal took its place, especially for fine tablewares. This change in fashion has been associated with the intensified trade with India, the source of the highest quality rock crystal.31 Colorless glass was not an invention of the Roman period. Cast glass vessels decolorized by the inclusion of antimony were known at least as early as the 8th-7th

century b.c.32 Strongly colored vessels were contemporary with these, e.g., the Bernardini

bowl and others. In the late 5th and 4th centuries b.c., colorless bowls almost as clear as rock

crystal were produced in some quantity, the so-called Achaemenid bowls. A considerable number of these have been found in Greece, suggesting that some may have been produced there. Several passages from the Babylonian Talmud indicate that colorless glass was reserved for the wealthy, whereas poor people drank from colored glass (i.e., natural bluish green).33 This distinction may have been valid in the Roman empire as well, since vessels of decolor ized glass are usually high-quality tablewares, whether cast or blown.

Although by the mid-lst century a.d. the casting method had generally been discarded, it was used during the late 1st and 2nd centuries, and possibly into the 3rd,34 for a distinct group of colorless plates and bowls whose precise, angular forms could not have been achieved by free blowing. The vessels are polished on both surfaces, and some are decorated with wheel cut facets.

The material of this cast glass is quite dense, with only very tiny spherical bubbles. It is

nearly colorless, with a green or yellow tinge?the result of decolorizing with antimony. First noted at Karanis,35 these colorless serving vessels have been neglected for a long time,

probably because they have not been found in graves and consequently are often fragmen tary, and therefore not common in public and private collections. The vessels obviously were

destined for use on the tables of the well-to-do, not for grave gifts. The class has been treated

by Jennifer Price36 and by David Grose.37 Although some details remain to be explained, a

general conspectus of this interesting ware is now available. The three main shapes?a deep bowl, a wide shallow bowl, and a plate (platter)?are rep

resented at the Agora by 154-156, corresponding to Grose 1991, p. 12, fig. 2. All three shapes are characterized by broad rims, convex walls, and high base rings cast in one piece with the vessel. The bowls often have an overhang at the edge of the rim (154 and 155). The rim itself

slopes up and out at a shallow angle and the upper surface is either ground flat or slightly concave (156-158,162); often it is decorated with one or more concentric wheel-cut grooves and there is usually a ridge at the junction of rim and wall. The wall angles inward sharply at the bottom of the vessel. The commonest type of decoration is facet cutting, either covering the entire vessel or confined to the edge of the rim, as seen, for example, in a magnificent intact bowl that was hidden in a cave in the Judaean Desert during the Bar Kochba revolt (a.d. 132-135).38 This type of facet cutting was developed from earlier surface facets meant to be seen from the exterior (see discussion of 104 and 105). Some of these early facet-cut vessels

were open shapes (105) in which the facets were visible only through the glass from above. These facets appear to have inspired cutters to seek a different effect. They discovered that

31. E. M. Stern 1997, p. 195.

32. Von Saldern 1959, pp. 22-34.

33. Zevulun and Olenik [1978] 1979, pp. 14*-15*.

34. Cf. Rutti 1991, vol. 1, pp. 41-42, Forms AR 13-25.

35. Harden 1936, pp. 50, 60-62, nos. 73-77, pi. 11.

36. Price 1987c, pp. 72-80; Cool and Price 1995, pp. 35

41.

37. Grose 1991, pp. 12-18.

38. For this plate and two smaller, undecorated plates from the Cave of Letters, see Barag 1963, pp. 105-110; Gorin-Rosen

[1998a], color ill. inside front cover. Fragments of additional

undecorated plates, likewise hidden during the Bar Kochba

revolt, were found nearby in the Cave of Horror; see Barag 1962, pp. 210-211, nos. 6-8, figs. 6, 7, pi. 34.



88 THE MIDDLE ROMAN EMPIRE

by cutting individual facets on the underside of dishes and shallow bowls they could create the impression of relief bosses on silver vessels.39

Eighteen cast colorless fragments from the Agora have been inventoried and catalogued. None of these is facet-cut. The centers of the floor of two vessels are decorated with two en

graved circles or circular grooves (156, 161) and two have three circles in this position (167, 170). 163 has two engraved circles surrounding an engraved central dot on the underside of the bottom and 171 has a circular ridge surrounding a small central boss in imitation of

lathe-cutting.

Originally it was thought that these broad-rimmed cast colorless vessels were made in Egypt,40 but since then evidence has accumulated from excavations in the West and elsewhere. The wide diffusion of these vessels now makes it impossible to identify particular places of manu facture. Examples have been found in North Africa, in Italy, in the Balkans, in central and western Europe (Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary), and as far as Spain, Portugal, and Britain. In the eastern part of the empire, Dura produced a large number,41 as did Egypt (Karanis, Quseir al-Qadim), but the only published examples from the Syro-Palestinian area are those from the Judaean Desert, which are in superb condition owing to the dry atmo

sphere of the caves in which they were found and to their protective wrapping. In Greece,

examples have been found at Olympia (unpublished) and at Knossos and elsewhere in Crete: one from a Flavian context, the others from Trajanic, Hadrianic, and later deposits.42 It is not clear whether two fragments from ancient Ioron belong to this category.43

The vessels probably were produced in a number of areas. David Grose suggests that they were made by itinerant glassworkers. If these artisans travelled with their own molds, they could have filled them with crushed glass and fired the vessels in any potter's kiln. Jennifer Price considers the possibility of trade in blanks, with the decorative cutting taking place close to intended markets.44 The large number of vessels found at Quseir al-Qadim, an important Egyptian harbor for transshipment, is additional proof of intensive trade in these vessels.45 At Quseir, 5 out of 36 vessels are decorated with facet cutting. Elsewhere in the East the ves sels are often left undecorated or are provided only with horizontal wheel-cut grooves, as at

Karanis, Dura, Knossos, and Athens.

The three standard forms of the cast colorless wares seem to appear in the Late Flavian pe riod; they were most common in the first decades of the 2nd century and may have remained in use until the middle of the century. David Grose notes that the production technique and

angular forms reminiscent of ceramic prototypes link this class with translucent fine wares

(75-77), some of which were occasionally executed in clear colorless glass, but that it is dif

ficult to establish continuity between the two groups. 163, a small colorless conical bowl from a 2nd-century context, may be such a link. Its shape is typical of strongly colored fine wares.46

The raised circular ridge and central boss on the underside of 171 are likewise reminiscent of strongly colored fine wares with ceramic profiles.

Several bowls excavated in the Agora have simple rounded rims (165-169); one has an

overhanging edge but the rim is not set off (164). Four of these (164-167) belong to an inter

esting group of vessels (G 443-G 447) that includes the characteristic broad-rimmed vessels

158 and 162. Fragments of sea-blue window glass were found with them. The fragments? about thirty pieces in all?none of which join, represent a minimum of eight vessels, all of

the same material, or very nearly the same. All are polished inside or out, or both. They were

found in a shaft serving as access to an underground water chanel, not far from a house or

39. On the various types of facet cutting in antiquity: E. M.

Stern 1997.

40. Harden 1936, p. 50.

41. Clairmont 1963, pp. 19-24, nos. 54-93, pis. 1-3.

42. Price 1992, pp. 421-422, nos. 73-86.

43. Cf. Antonaras and Anagnostopoulou-Chatzipolichoroni 2002, p. 120, fig. 1.

44. Price 1987c, p. 79.

45. Meyer 1992, pp. 19-20, nos. 28-63, pis. 2-4.

46. Compare Grose 1991, p. 2, fig. 1, top left.




group of private houses (U 22:1, 4th-century houses now remaining)47 where they were in use probably during the 2nd century. The fact that few could be even partially assembled indicates that the deposit is not the result of direct deposition, but had been previously with other fragments not found during the excavations.

Vessels with Inscriptions in Raised Relief (172, 173)

Clear colorless vessels with decoration in high relief were fashionable in the Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial periods (see 80) and again in the 3rd century a.d.48 The few datable ves sels with inscriptions in raised relief belong to the 3rd-century group. A cylindrical skyphos excavated at Zulpich-Enzen in the Rhineland,49 two or three cylindrical cups from Britain,50 and a bulbous cup with flaring rim from Ephesus51 carry inscriptions in Greek. The skyphos preserves the entire inscription: Cfiaaiq KaX&q, "may you live well/prosperously." The letters

preserved on the cups from Ephesus and Caerwent suggest they carried the same inscrip tion; the cup from Exeter preserves the Greek letter pi, presumably part of 7u?, "drink!" (see discussion of 174). The sole vessel currently known that appears to have been inscribed in Latin is a fragment from Ain et-Turba in Egypt.52

The Agora produced two small fragments of cups with inscriptions in relief, but neither seems to have been inscribed Cflaaic, KaX&q. The first letter preserved on 172 has been iden tified tentatively as an omicron, but the remains would also fit a rounded, W-shaped omega,

which is appropriate for the 3rd-century date of the fragment's context.53 If this identification is correct, the letters omega upsilon gamma could come from the phrase [%p]cb uyUouvcov], "use it (me) in health," an inscription known from a Late Roman wheel-abraded goblet ex cavated at Highdown Hill in Britain,54 and from the base moldings of two tall square bottles said to be from Turkey.55 The closely related Latin inscription uterefelix appears not only on

glass vessels but also on magical gems.56 The tiny fragment 173 preserves part of a letter, probably a capital M or N with serifs.

Although it is usually assumed that decoration with raised relief was created by grinding down the surface of a vessel, as on a 4th-century cameo glass bowl from Stein,57 Rosemarie Lierke's experiments have shown that mold-pressing may have been an alternate method for

creating raised relief.58 The slightly sloping walls of the letters and the sharp ridge around the rim of 172 are typical of mold-pressing, but abrasions surrounding the letters suggest that this particular inscription was made, or at least finished, by cutting.

Cage Cups (174)

Cage cups belong to the most sophisticated products of Imperial Roman glassworking. Most of the decoration stands free from the vessel wall, attached to it by struts of glass and thus creating a cage or basket around the actual vessel. Donald Harden divided the cage cups into

47. The houses in the Agora will be treated by Barbara Tsa

kirgis in a forthcoming Agora volume.

48. Von Saldern 1991.

49. Follmann-Schulz 1989, p. 51, fig. 1:2.

50. Boon (1985) discusses three cups, two similar specimens from Caerwent and one from Exeter.

51. Czurda-Ruth 1989, p. 133, fig. 4:38.

52. Hill and Nenna 2003, p. 90, fig. 4:6. The letters VA[LE] are preserved.

53.1 thank Stephen Tracy for this observation. 54. Harden 1959, spelled %pco \)yievcov, the way it was pro

nounced.

55. Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, nos. I 1976.8.4, 1976.8.5, spelled even more simply %pco uyevcov, see Stern 2006,

p. 406, fig. 3.

56. Fremersdorf 1962, pi. 45 (glass vessel); Zwierlein-Diehl

1979, p. 95, no. 995, pi. 62 (gem). 57. Whitehouse 1990, pp. 193-194, fig. 1.

58. Lierke 1995a, p. 52, figs. 25-30; 1999, pp. 259-260,

figs. 257-264; cf. pp. 104-107 on the revival of mold-pressing in the 3rd century. Lierke notes that rotary scratches on the interior of the skyphos from Zulpich-Enzen (1999, p. 107,

fig. 272) indicate mold-pressing; the bowl from Stein is illus trated (p. 68, fig. 167).




two groups: those with figural decoration and those without.59 Otto Doppelfeld further divided the nonfigural vessels into four classes.60 In 1995 Rosemarie Lierke listed 36 nonfigural and 19 figural cage cups and fragments thereof, one of each kind from Greece.61 While some cage cups may have been used for drinking, many probably served as lamps. In antiquity these

may have been called kaniskia, "little baskets," with reference to the interstices characterizing baskets of woven cane or reed.62 The term appears in a list of 17 lamps and lighting devices inscribed on a 5th-century a.d. ostrakon from Egypt.63 The Latin equivalent, canistrum, has

been identified as an openwork (metal) lamp.64 Three cage cups excavated in Cologne carry inscriptions in Greek,65 but this does not

necessarily mean they were made in the Greek-speaking eastern part of the empire. The

inscription nie C^aaxq KaX&q, commonly translated as "drink, may you live well for all time,"

may have carried a hidden meaning for Christians speaking Latin because the Greek impera tive 7c18, "drink!," and the Latin pie, vocative and adverbial form of pius, "pious," sounded the same.66 Only three cage cups, all figural and without inscriptions, have a verifiable eastern

Mediterranean or western Asiatic provenance. Two nonfigural bowls, acquired from dealers,

are allegedly from the eastern Mediterranean, the Maxwell bowl and a hanging bowl in the

Corning Museum of Glass.67 All other provenanced cage cups come from Europe, with a

concentration of finds in the Rhineland, but where they were made is not clear, nor whether

the cutting was done in the workshop (s) that produced the blanks.68 Cologne and Rome have

been proposed; both cities were centers of high-quality glass cutting in the 4th century. The

cutting style of many cage cups is related to that of Late Roman cameo glass vessels with flat

surfaces for the figures and wheel-cut lines for interior detailing. A cage cup fragment in

Cologne combines the two techniques.69 The Agora produced eight fragments of a figural cage cup (174). The decoration includes

foliage, twigs, and at least one songbird. The foliage and twig fragments are reminiscent of

cage cups found in Rome and Seviac, southwestern France.70 The fragment from Seviac in

particular is similar to fragment g from the Agora, but the songbird, fragment a, remains

unique. Its presence suggests the possibility of a mythological or hunting scene.71 Ancient hunt

ing treatises describe the use of twigs smeared with a sticky lime for snaring songbirds. Such

scenes, with an owl as decoy, are depicted on a variety of Greek and Roman monuments.72

Cage cups usually are dated to the 4th century. The Agora fragments, excavated in a house

destroyed in a.d. 267, represent the earliest double-walled cage cup from a datable deposit. In 1993, John Hayes reassessed the context material. Only three objects are post-Herulian, none is later than the early 4th century (see p. 13 and Ills. 7, 8). It is, therefore, not likely

that all eight fragments of the cage cup were later intrusions.

The technique of creating the cage around the cup is hotly disputed and was already when

Anton Kisa discussed the vessels in the early 20th century.73 The only fact ascertained since

59. Harden and Toynbee 1959; Harden 1963.

60. Doppelfeld 1960; 1960-1961.

61. Lierke 1995b, pp. 267-268. To her list add one fragment

from Kabul showing the forepart of a wild animal: Harden and

Toynbee 1959, p. 206, no. 9. The nonfigural cage cup excavated

at Corinth was published in Weinberg 1964; see also Brill 2002,

pp. 15-16.

62. Stern 2003.

63. Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology at University Col

lege, London, no. UC 32217; published by Montserrat 1995.

64. Boyd 1988. 65. Doppelfeld 1960-1961, p. 28, fig. 17.

66. Cf. Leclercq 1939, pp. 1024-1031.

67. Corning Museum of Glass no. 87.1.1.: Whitehouse 1988;

for the eastern Mediterranean origin, see D. B. Harden in

Harden et al. 1987, p. 186, n. 24.

68. Brill (1999, vol. 1, pp. 77-80; vol. 2, pp. 144-146) provides

analyses of additional cage cups. According to my notes (made

in 1982 at the Corning Museum of Glass), Robert Brill had at

that time analyzed 11 cage cups. The composition of the glass was so similar that he suspected the blanks might have been

made in one workshop. 69. Whitehouse 1990, p. 196, fig. 4.

70. Pirzio Biroli Stefanelli 1984, p. 39, fig. 4, from Rome;

Hochuli-Gysel 1993, p. 86, figs. 3:8, 4, from Seviac.

71. Stern 2003, p. 98.

72. On ancient bird-catching techniques: Lindner 1973;

Bohr 1992. See also Kondoleon 1979, pp. 42-43, fig. 9.

73. Kisa [1908] 1968, vol. 2, pp. 606-630.




then is that the struts are integral parts of the inner vessel.74 Kisa and others have noted that several cage cups and fragments have grinding and polishing marks on the exterior of the inner vessel's wall, reason to conclude that these cage cups were cut from a thick-walled blank.

This is also the commonly accepted opinion of most glass scholars today and is consistent with the results of microscopic examination. Small elliptical bubbles in the struts are slightly elongated parallel to the vessel's wall and perpendicular to the direction of the strut.75 Several craftsmen have been able to produce replicas by grinding down a smooth blank.76

The earliest vessel associated with the cage cup technique is a badly weathered truncoconical beaker excavated in Nijmegen, Netherlands, in a Late Flavian context, ca. a.d. 80-100. It is

not double-walled. Large parts of the decoration stand up directly from the wall, whereas others are joined to it by struts.77 The Lighthouse Beaker from Begram shows a comparable mixed technique, but it cannot be dated independently.78 The decoration of the beaker from

Nijmegen, an oak wreath circling the vessel, is similar to several beakers from Begram as well as a beaker from Rome, all of which are decorated with foliage in high relief, but with very little undercutting and no struts.79 Rosemarie Lierke has shown that the beaker from Rome

could have been made by mold-pressing and finished by grinding and polishing (see discus sions of 80 and 172).80 The beaker from Nijmegen, with its strong undercutting, looks as

though its decoration could also have been mold-pressed. But the cutter took the technique one step further and created selected areas of freestanding relief. Glass cutters apparently

began over time to increase the areas of undercutting, perhaps aided by improved cutting equipment, until they were able to transform a mold-pressed blank (with the figural design in

high relief) into a seemingly double-walled vessel with the decoration forming a cage around the exterior.

The Agora cup represents a transitional phase in this development. Although it seems to be largely double-walled, several technical details are still reminiscent of the Nijmegen beaker: struts in the shape of long, thin wedges of glass along two sides of fragment a (see 111. 18: a[views 3, 4]) and remains lengthwise along part of one of the elements of foliage (fragment d, 111. 18: d[view 2]). The diagonal grooves on the exteriors of the short struts of several fragments (Ills. 18: e, g[view 2] and 17: h[view 3]) are quite similar to the short

straight cuts that characterize the abutting blue foliage of those same fragments (111. 18: e, and

g[view 1]). The smooth undersides of all remaining figural elements of the cage (111. 18: d[view 2]), as well as the smooth exterior (111. 17: h[view 1]) and interior (111. 18: a [view 1]) of the inner cup, as far as preserved, are proof that these parts of the vessel were not shaped by cut

ting or grinding, because these processes would have left telltale marks on the surface, even after polishing. In the original publication of this vessel, Weinberg noted that the "interior of

fragment f (vessel wall, preserving stump of strut) has a high polish; the exterior shows traces of grinding." If indeed these traces resulted from grinding,81 their location near the base of a strut is not incompatible with Rosemarie Lierke's reconstruction of the technique.

Grinding must have become an increasingly dangerous enterprise when the decoration was reduced to no more than a thin network, as is the case in most of the nonfigural cage

cups.82 In time a glassblower appears to have developed a way to create a double-walled blank. Kisa remarked that not all cage cups were ground from a thick blank. He observed that some

74. Brill 1964; Lierke 1995b, p. 261, n. 22.

75. Brill 1968, pp. 57-58, figs. 6, 7.

76. Welzel 1979; Scott 1993; Welzel 1994; 1998. 77. Koster 1989; Koster and Whitehouse 1989.

78. Hackin and Hackin 1939, pp. 42-44, no. 203 (also

published in Menninger 1996, pp. 77-83, pi. 26:1-4). On the

much-disputed terminal date for the vessels from Begram, see

discussion of 216.

79. Beakers from Begram: Menninger 1996, pp. 43-46,

pis. 13:3-5 and 14:3. Beaker from Rome: Pirzio Biroli Stefanelli

1981-1983, pp. 3-7.

80. Lierke 1995a, figs. 25-30.

81. This fragment is missing; all or part of it appears to have been used for analysis, probably around 1968.

82. On the legal aspects associated with this problem, see

Doppelfeld 1961, pp. 413-418.




struts of the Hohen-Siilzen cage cup (a nonfigural cage cup, now lost), did not reach all the

way up from the vessel wall to the cage and that their tops were rounded while the glass was

hot; the exterior of the inner vessel showed no signs of having been ground or polished.83 These and other phenomena are consistent with Lierke's suggestion for creating a double walled vessel by mold-pressing.84 She suggests that the artisan used a perforated plaster mold, a method adapted perhaps from a glassblowing technique practiced in the late 3rd to early 4th century, and perhaps even earlier.85

MIDDLE IMPERIAL FREE-BLOWN VESSELS

Cups and Beakers

Plain and Linear-cut (175-183) The Agora excavation produced many rims from flat-bottomed hemispherical cups (Isings 1957, Form 96) and truncated conical beakers (Isings Form 106),86 nine of which are cata

logued here. They are discussed together because many features are similar and they were in use contemporaneously. The cups can be almost straight-walled; the beakers slightly convex.

Characteristic for both shapes is the slight bulge-cum-constriction below the rim which is either lightly ground or left unworked.87 Usually the vessels are left undecorated or they are embellished with one or more horizontal wheel-cut lines (176) .88 More elaborate examples are

decorated with applied, pinched trails (204), zoned facet cutting (196), or figure cutting. In the 4th century, decorative techniques included blue blobs, pinched ribs, and mold-blowing.

These cups and beakers belong to the longest-lived shapes of the Roman empire, originat ing in the first half of the 1st century a.d.89 when they occasionally were blown in strongly colored glass.90 Early bluish green and colorless cups are known from Cyprus (1st century)91 and from Palestine (before a.d. 135).92 One of the Agora cups (175) may date from this

period. In western Europe the cups and beakers, plain and linear-cut, were among the most

common tablewares of the late 3rd and 4th centuries,93 but in the East, to judge from the fact that some have glass lids, they may have served predominantly as storage vessels.94 The

constriction below the rim would have facilitated the tying of a cloth cover. Numerous cups were found underwater in a Late Roman harbor on the Dalmatian coast.95 But although

examples are known from Mesad Tamar96 and Nahariya97 in Israel (second half of 2nd to

mid-4th century) and from Karanis in Egypt,98 the shape apparently was not used widely in

these parts of the Roman world.

Two cups (178, 179) were with the cage cup fragments (174); four (177, 180, 181, 183) come from the South House (deposit B 17:1). The Catalogue is organized according to the estimated diameter of the rim.

83. Kisa [1908] 1968, vol. 2, pp. 621-622, and p. 622, n. 1;

on the design of the cage, see Klein 1994.

84. Lierke 1995b; 1999, pp. 118-129; 2001. 85. On blowing into a perforated (metal) mold, see Stern

2003, p. 99. Compare a silver skyphos from Varpelev, Denmark,

with a blue glass liner blown directly into it: Lund Hansen 1987,

p. 95, color fig. 36, above and below.

86. For the beakers, see Calvi 1968, p. 53, beakers group B.

87. Isings 1957, p. 104, Form 96b; Barag 1970, vol. 2,

pi. 32, Type 3:21.

88. Compare Harden 1958, p. 50, fig. 20:g, h, predating a.d. 250.

89. Cf. a cup from Spilia Eordaia: Karamitrou-Mentessidi

1991, pi. 131.

90. On the development of the cups: Stern 2001, p. 46,

no. 18.

91. Oliver 1983, p. 251, nos. 52, 53, fig. 4:52, 53, pi. XLI:11,

12; Grose 1986b, nos. 8, 9, fig. 1:8, 9.

92. Barag 1962, pp. 211-212, nos. 9,10, fig. 1:8,9; pi. 34C:I,II.

93. Cool and Price 1995, pp. 88-92.

94. Stern 2001, p. 46.

95. Gluscevic 1995, pp. 178-180.

96. Erdmann 1977, p. 128, no. 437, pi. 5:437.

97. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 16; Barag Transl., pp. 84-86,

esp. 85, kokh 3.

98. Harden 1936, pp. 67, 101-102.




Indented (184-194)

In the Middle and Late Imperial periods, indents are common on flasks, unguentaria, shal

low bowls, jars, and other shapes," in addition to cups and beakers, which were the first

glass vessels to be decorated in this fashion (see 91-96). All but one of the Middle Imperial beakers from the Agora have lightly ground or unworked rims (as far as preserved) and all but two have flat bottoms. (The base fragments 186 and 189 have no pontil scars to suggest fire-finishing of the rims.)

184 and 186, as well as 185 (which may be the upper part of 186), appear to be carinated, with a strongly tapered lower body. Smooth-walled beakers of this shape are known from

Italy,100 Spain,101 Cyprus,102 and Cilicia,103 but none of these are indented. The Agora beakers have an unusual design, with two rows of indents, eight small indents around the tapered lower body and an uncertain number around the upper body. A spherical bottle excavated in southern France is decorated with two rows of small circular indents,104 but the design is

not common and we have yet to find it on a cup or beaker. The fact that there are at least

two, possibly three, examples from the Agora, albeit from the same house, may perhaps in dicate local or regional production. Three flat-bottomed base fragments (188-190) and one with a narrow tubular folded base ring (191) are from beakers with four indents, the most common design on cups and beakers in any period (see 92-95 with heat-rounded rims). Examples with lightly ground rims, with and without narrow tubular folded base rings, have been excavated in the Market Baths at Thessaloniki.105 187 has a narrow tubular folded base

ring and an uncertain number of small circular indents in the convex body. 192 is from a true Faltenbecher with eight or more tall narrow folds or indents, a type usu

ally associated with the second half of the 1st century because many examples came to light in Pompeii.106 In northern Italy the type is present until the end of the 2nd century.107 In the eastern Mediterranean it is known from Israel (probably 2nd to mid-3rd century)108 and from Cyprus.109 Several tall beakers with twelve folds and tubular folded base rings come from lst-century contexts at Corinth;110 all of these have heat-rounded rims like the Agora's

Early Imperial indented vessels (see 91-96). The beaker with tall folds from the lst-century chamber tomb at Monasteriaki Kephala, Knossos, has a lightly ground rim;111 the finishing of the rim of a similar beaker from a late-lst- to 2nd-century(?) grave on Thera is not speci fied.112 The rim of the Agora's beaker has not been preserved.

If the large wall fragment 192 has been associated correctly with the base ring 193, this beaker had an applied coil base, an unusual feature that may point to an Egyptian origin.113 Recently, an Eastern origin has been suggested for several cups with applied coil bases exca

99. Stern 2001, p. 26.

100. Biaggio Simona (1991, pp. 103-104) lists three beakers

from the Ticino area for which she suggests a date around the

end of the 1st to the mid-2nd century. However, the sole example from a datable context was found in a tomb from which objects of a more recent date may have been lost.

101. Price 1987a, pp. 33-34, fig. 1.

102. Cesnola 1903, pi. 81, from Idalion.

103. Stern 1989a, pp. 125-126, fig. 5.

104. Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 197, no. 357, from a 3rd-century grave.


106. See Scatozza Horicht 1986, p. 40, discussion of no. 69.

107. Biaggio Simona 1991, p. 113.

108. Crowfoot 1957, p. 413, no. 21, fig. 95, from Samaria, north cemetery, with eight folds and a thick, slightly concave

base. The author mentions two additional indented beakers from Samaria without specifying details. According to Barag (Transl., p. 53), the beaker illustrated by Crowfoot comes

from tomb E 222, which was used probably in the "second

century or second to mid third century." Indented beakers

of this early date are rare in publications from the Syro Palestinian area.

109. Vessberg 1952, p. 123, pi. IV:14.

110. Slane 1986, p. 302, no. 148, fig. 20 (a minimum of three

beakers); Wiseman 1972, p. 18, no. 6, pi. 9:6.

111. Carington Smith 1982, p. 277, no. 57, fig. 5.

112. Dragendorff 1903, p. 56, fig. 184.

113. Harden (1936, pp. 135-136) cites a beaker with a coil base in the Petrie Collection, University College London; no

example of this shape with a coil base was known by him from

outside Egypt.




vated in southern France, some of which are decorated with four large indents.114 The Agora

beaker comes from a late-3rd- or 4th-century context, but it may have been residual.

The shape of 194 is uncertain; it may have been a bulbous beaker (as reconstructed in

the drawing) or it may have been a cup. The lowest point of the wall appears to recede,

suggesting that it was indented; the rim is everted and heat-rounded, with one revolution

of thread below. Cups with heat-rounded rims, four indents, and a slightly concave base are

common in Cilician graves.115 Closely related cups from Cyprus usually have lightly ground rims:116 those with convex sides are somewhat earlier117 than those with straight sides.118 But

the Agora vessel, with convex sides, comes from a mid-3rd-century context.

Zoned Facet Cutting (195-202)

Vessels with zoned facet cutting are the successors of earlier tableware decorated with facets

meant to be seen from the exterior (104, 105). In the 2nd century, the workshops in which

facet cutting originated appear to have gone out of business. New workshops on the perimeter of the empire created new styles. In addition to the older circular and oval facets they cut

narrow facets shaped like a grain of rice. Vertical rice-shaped facets alternating with circular

facets are found in the borders of a figural cut bowl from Begram, assigned on stylistic grounds to the late 1st century a.d.119 Closely related designs are known from colorless cast and cut

tablewares fashionable in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries (see discussion of 154-171).120 The vessels with zoned facet cutting usually are decorated with nontouching facets organized in horizontal zones separated from each other by wheel-cut lines or abraded bands, designs that are known also in pottery121 and silver tableware.122 The glass vessels have been studied

by Christoph Clairmont (1963), Nina Sorokina (1978), and Laszlo Barkoczi (1986).123 Zoned facet cutting was less labor intensive than covering the entire surface with inter

locking facets and lent itself to more complex designs. In the course of the 3rd century the

designs began to include short straight wheel cuts and became increasingly geometric. Some

vessels are polished on the exterior to take advantage of the refractive qualities of glass (195,

197), but most are not polished, creating a color play between the clear smooth wall and the

slightly rough, darker facets. Facet cutting was always most effective on colorless glass but it

appears occasionally on other types of luxury wares, such as overlay glass (transparent dark

blue with colorless facets) and dichroic glass.124 Most vessels with zoned facet cutting were

drinking cups, but a workshop in Tanais specialized in a distinctive bag-shaped jug.125 Glass vessels decorated with zoned facets were used throughout western Europe from

Scandinavia and Britain to France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, but finds are most dense in

the Rhineland. Others were excavated in Greece, Hungary, the north Pontic cities, Turkey,

Syria, and Egypt. The distribution pattern suggests the existence of at least four production centers: three within the Roman empire, at Cologne,126 in Pannonia,127 and in Syria, possibly

114. Foy and Nenna 2003, p. 285, "Autres gobelets" 115. Stern 1989a, p. 124, figs. 2-3.

116. Vessberg 1952, p. 122, pi. 111:26.

117. Cf. Oliver 1992, pp. 106-107, "Beakers G," and fig. 5:10

from 1st- and 2nd-century tombs at Amathus.

118. Cf. cups from a tomb at Limassol, dated ca. a.d. 220 or

later: Vessberg 1952, pp. 120, 155, pi. 24:46.

119. Delacour 1993, p. 68, figs. 42, 43.

120. Grose 1991.

121. On the relationship between the glass vessels and east

ern and western red gloss wares decorated with similar designs,

see Paolucci 1997, pp. 63-71.

122. Oliver 1977, no. 115. Vickers (1996, pp. 51-52) argues

that both silver and glass vessels copy lost rock crystal vessels

because it "would do violence to the principle of the hierarchy

of materials" if the silver vessels were copies of glass. For a re

sponse to this opinion, see E. M. Stern 1997.

123. See also Cool and Price 1995, pp. 76-78; Foy and Nenna

2003, pp. 277-278.

124. Late Roman facet-cut overlay glass is known from

Berenike in Egypt (Nicholson 2000, p. 153, fig. 5) and from

Montmaurin and Cologne (Hochuli-Gysel 1993, p. 85, fig. 3:7).

On facet-cut dichroic glass from Sardis, see Von Saldern 1980,

pp. 15-16, no. 63.

125. Sorokina 1978, p. 120, fig. 5.

126. Fremersdorf 1967.

127. Barkoczi 1986.



middle imperial free-blown vessels 95

at Dura Europos,128 and one outside the empire, at Tanais, the second largest commercial

center of the Bosporan kingdom.129 Raids by the Goths in the 240s brought an abrupt end to the production at Tanais; in Dura glassworking ceased when the city was abandoned after

capture by the Sasanians in a.d. 256; and in Pannonia glassworking experienced a severe setback with the destruction of Intercisa and Gorsium in a.d. 260.130 No such disaster befell

Cologne. In the Rhineland, facet cutting enjoyed continuing popularity into the 4th century, with decorative schemes becoming increasingly geometric.

Some of the zoned facet patterns excavated at Tanais, Dura, and Cologne seem to be iden

tical (Dura Groups c and d). If the end dates of Tanais and Dura are reliable indications of a chronological sequence, the zoned facets of Dura Group f, which includes short vertical wheel cuts, were introduced between the a.d. 240s and 256. The north Pontic cities did not

produce these patterns. Perhaps the distribution of vessels decorated with zoned facets was associated originally with the Roman military. Dura, Intercisa, and Cologne were important military sites. A relatively large number of fragments came to light at Uctepe, a Roman frontier

post in southeastern Turkey.131 At Tanais the vessels were made solely for local use. There was

no Roman military presence in the city, but Roman troops were stationed in the area.132 The finds from the workshop at Tanais have been interpreted as evidence for close coop

eration between glassblowers and glass cutters. A ceramic bowl with a zoned pattern on the

interior, used perhaps as a mold for producing half-finished glass vessels (blanks) that already had the future design indicated on their surface, was found among the workshop waste.133 The

pattern on the interior of the ceramic bowl corresponds to the zoned facet cutting seen on the exterior of glass cups and bowls excavated in the workshop as well as elsewhere in Tanais.

Another possibility is that the clay bowl was taken off a glass vessel imported from the West in order to serve not as a mold but as a three-dimensional model for local glass cutters.134

The Agora fragments illustrate several designs of zoned facet cutting. Most of these are known from Dura, which is why all the vessels from the Agora are discussed here, although a few of them come from mid-3rd- to 4th-century contexts (196, 202). In addition to the cups from the Agora, finds from Greece are known from Corinth135 and Knossos.136

The overlapping facets of 195, arranged in a honeycomb pattern and carefully polished, are reminiscent of the earlier facet-cut vessels decorated with an overall surface pattern (see

104,105). This type of facet cutting appears also on bulbous cups and beakers from Nijmegen, Netherlands,137 and Begram, Afghanistan,138 as well as on a bag-shaped jug in the British Mu seum.139 The best parallel for the Agora cup is a hemispherical cup from Begram.140 Andrea Rottloff includes it in her "service 2-3," which she assigns to the late lst-early 2nd century.141 All these vessels are polished on the exterior and have horizontal ridges near the rim. But, like most of the cups with zoned facet cutting, the rim area of the Agora cup has wheel-cut grooves in this position. It comes from a context of a.d. 200-250, but it may be residual. A

cup with comparable faceting was excavated at Knossos in a Hadrianic context.142 A facet-cut

cup of Isings 1957, Form 96, was excavated at Amorgos (unpublished).143

128. Clairmont 1963.

129. Sorokina 1978.

130. Barkoczi 1986, p. 188; he notes that a glass workshop at

Zsolt Visy, important for the production of cut glass and snake

thread glass (see 270), was likewise destroyed in a.d. 260.

131. Lightfoot 1993a, p. 90, fig. 1:7-19; for additional finds

from Sardis, Ephesus, and Seyisoglu: see Lightfoot 1993a,

p. 94, nn. 18, 19.

132. Sorokina 1978, pp. 120-122.

133. Sorokina 1978, p. 118, and fig. 4.

134. Alekseeva and Arsen'eva 1966, p. 188.

135. CorinthXll, pp. 93-95, no. 592, from a 2nd-century grave.

136. Price 1992, p. 446, nos. 136, 137, pi. 342, Hadrianic.

137. Isings 1966, pp. 239-242, figs. 2, 3.

138. Hamelin 1953, pi. VII, Form C, and pi. VIII, Forms D, F.

139. British Museum, no. GR 1856.12-26.1203: Harden et al. 1987, no. 103.

140. Hamelin 1953, pi. VII, Form C, also discussed by Dela cour 1993, pp. 59-60.

141. Rottloff 1998, pp. 290-291, fig. 8.

142. Price 1992, p. 446, no. 136.

143. We thank Pavlos Triandaphyllides for making available a

copy of his unpublished Ph.D. dissertation on the ancient glass from Amorgos (Triandaphyllides 1998, vol. 2, pi. 9).




196 (Isings 1957, Form 96) is a very simple representative of the new style: one floating row of unpolished vertical rice facets, as at Carthage.144 The bottom of a similar cup excavated in

Cologne is decorated with four rice facets.145 Other cups carry two floating rows of vertical rice facets.146 A related design occurs on a cylindrical cup with thickened rim excavated at the Roman fort of Didymoi in Egypt's Eastern Desert (first half of 3rd century) ,147 Patterns of one or more rows of vertical rice facets are more commonly bordered by horizontal wheel

cut lines.148 197 belongs to Dura Group c, characterized by the absence of horizontal lines between the zones.149 Comparable vessels are known from Sardis,150 Tanais,151 Karanis,152

Aquincum,153 Haagerup,154 and Chur, Switzerland.155

198-200 belong to Dura Group d, with zones separated by horizontal lines. The best

comparisons for 198 are three vessels from Denmark.156 A 2nd-century grave at Corinth157

produced a cup comparable to 200; others were excavated in Tanais and Alma Kermen,158

Cologne,159 southern Germany, and northern Italy.160 201 is a cylindrical cup carrying a char acteristic design of large circular facets alternating with short vertical wheel cuts. It belongs to Dura Group f. Cups with comparable designs are known from Hungary, where they are

thought to have been eastern imports,161 and from a grave at Leuna that also produced two

silver imitations.162 The design is closely related to the circular facets alternating with pairs of horizontal rice facets seen in many vessels of Dura Group d (e.g., 198, 199). By adding one

upright wheel cut between each pair the artisan created what looks like a Roman numeral I with serifs. Other cups show Roman numerals II and III in this position. This design was

destined to become popular in a wide range of engraved, cut, abraded, and scratched glass tablewares of the Late Roman period.163

The best comparisons for the cut decoration of 202, shallow flutes with grooves between

them, are also found at Dura, in Clairmont's Group h, which he thinks were made locally. At

Dura, the group includes a variety of vessel shapes: beakers, flasks, and bottles. The Agora fragment suggests that the decoration was also employed on shallow cups and bowls. The

fragments from Dura are evidence that the design was invented before a.d. 256, but elsewhere

vessels with this pattern are associated with late-3rd- to 4th-century contexts. The context of

the Agora fragment, ca. a.d. 250-325, agrees with these later dates.

Bowls and Dishes

Bowls Decorated with Figural Cutting (203) Lynkeus Group The Romans were not the first to decorate glass vessels with intaglio figure-cut scenes. Frag ments of a glass bowl excavated at Nimrud (8th to 7th century b.c.) carry an elaborate figural scene of the kind familiar from contemporary metal bowls.164 As early as the second millen

144. Sternini 1999, pp. 88-89, nos. 6-8.

145. Fremersdorf 1967, pi. 72.

146. Burger 1984, p. 109, fig. 37, bottom right from grave

B, dated "end of third century to ca. 310." Stern 2001, pp. 137,

159, no. 57 (with parallels). 147. Brun 2003, p. 385, fig. 9:5.

148. Fremersdorf 1967, pis. 34, 48.

149. Clairmont (1963, p. 65, n. 160) cites the Agora bowl

among other comparisons. 150. Von Saldern 1980, p. 17, no. 67.

151. Sorokina 1978, pp. 114-115, figs. 1:8 and 2:11, 12, 15.

152. Harden 1936, p. 120, no. 317.

153. Barkoczi 1988, p. 65, no. 43, pi. 4.


155. Paolucci 1997, pp. 102-103.

156. Lund Hansen 1987, p. 207, color fig. 135.

157. CorinthXll, pp. 93-95, no. 592.

158. Sorokina 1978, p. 115, fig. 2:16, 17.

159. Fremersdorf 1967, pis. 40, 81.

160. Paolucci 1997, pp. 99-101, bowls from Bordighera, tomb dated last quarter of 2nd century, and from Aquileia, find

circumstances not recorded; pp. 103-104, from Straubing in

southern Germany, context of a.d. 200-250.

161. Barkoczi 1988, p. 64, nos. 39, 41, pis. IV, LXXI.

162. British Museum, no. MLA 1868.5-1.321: Harden et al.

1987, p. 196, no. 106; also in the grave were coins of a.d. 270.

163. On possible connections with motifs occurring in pot

tery, see Paolucci 1997, p. 69, fig. 34: a 2nd-century bowl of

Dragendorff shape 37 in Spanish sigillata. 164. Lehrer 1974.




nium b.c. artisans executed intaglio designs in glass seals.165 The exact method of executing the intaglio is not clear; close study of the Aegean seals suggests that the designs may have been created by a combination of mold-forming and grinding. The bowl from Nimrud could have been made in a mold taken off a metal bowl with relief and finished by grinding and

polishing. There appears to be no tangible link between the bowl from Nimrud and the

earliest Roman glass vessels with figural intaglio of the late 1st or early 2nd century a.d. as at

Begram,166 Siphnos,167 Albenga (Italy),168 and Caerleon.169

The Agora produced a large fragment of a shallow bowl (203) that belongs to the Lynkeus Group of cut vessels, named after a cup excavated in Cologne. The cutting is characterized

by fine intaglio cutting with additional freehand curved scratches for detailing within the

intaglio and for Greek inscriptions.170 The subjects are usually mythological; one vessel depicts boxers, another gladiators, and one has a hunting scene. Christian themes have not yet been

associated with this group.171 The subject of the Agora bowl probably belongs to the Dionysiac realm. The heavy grape

vine of the border is consistent with a Dionysiac theme. In 1995, Erika Simon (pers. comm.)

tentatively identified the figure with raised arms as a ?ir|vo(3dxr|(;, "one who treads the wine vat."

He (perhaps Dionysus himself) appears to be steadying himself by holding on to two ropes suspended from above. This pose is typical for treading grapes (Xr\vonaxeiv). It is depicted on several Attic black-figured and red-figured vases,172 and was popular again on Middle Impe rial Roman mosaics, especially in calendar mosaics as at Thysdrus in North Africa, early 3rd

century (month of September).173 The earliest archaeological context for the Lynkeus Group is ca. a.d. 230,174 but most ex

amples come from contexts of the second half of the 3rd century. That is also the date of the

Agora fragment. Harden assigns the Lynkeus Group to the last quarter of the 2nd century based on stylistic comparisons,175 but a 3rd-century date, in agreement with the archaeo

logical evidence, has become more convincing now that two groups of figural-cut vessels,

previously regarded as part of the Lynkeus Group, have been recognized as distinct groups. An unpublished fragment from Ostia, excavated in a late-2nd-century context,176 provided a date in the second half of the 2nd to early 3rd century for the Contour Grooves Group,177 previously regarded as a late phase of the Lynkeus Group.178 And Marie-Dominique Nenna

suggests a date in the second half of the 2nd century for the fragments from Karanis and similar fragments excavated at other sites in Egypt.179 Whereas the Contour Grooves Group and the fragments from Karanis probably were made

in Egypt, the origin of the Lynkeus Group remains elusive in the absence of new evidence. Harden originally argued for an Egyptian (probably Alexandrian) origin; Fremersdorf pro posed production in Cologne; and more recently, a compromise has been suggested, with

165. Pini 1981; Collon 1987, pp. 61, 102.

166. Delacour 1993, pp. 68-69: an intaglio cut bowl from Be

gram, attributed to the mid-1 st century on stylistic grounds. 167. Mackworth Young 1949, pp. 90-91, pis. 33,34; Weinberg

1992, p. 112, no. 76.

168. Massabo 1998; 1999, pp. 145-155.

169. Boon 1969, pp. 97-98, fig. 3; Oliver 1984, pp. 39-40,

fig. 12.

170. On the Lynkeus Group: Fremersdorf 1951; 1967,

pp. 143-159, pis. 181-194, 196-199, 202-204; D. B. Harden, in Harden et al. 1987, p. 182, nos. 107, 108; Follmann-Schulz

1988, pp. 7-8; Paolucci 1997, pp. 39-41.

171. On cut glass with Christian scenes: EECAA, s.v. cut glass (E. M. Stern).

172. For example, Hemelrijk 1974, pp. 125-128, figs. 19-25

(black figure); Naples, Capodimonte Museum, no. 960: Sparkes

1976, p. 63, fig. 25 (red figure). 173. Foucher 1961, pp. 42-43, fig. 14, pis. 32, 34; Salomon

son 1965, pi. 54:4.

174. Boon 1968, p. 83.

175. Harden etal. 1987, pp. 181-182, 198-199.

176. Lucia Sagui kindly gave permission to mention this

piece, a deep bowl from the Terme del Nuotatore.

177. Stern 2001, pp. 136-137, no. 56. The publication of

several additional fragments from Egypt by Nenna (2003b,

pp. 361-362), adds support to my suggestion that this group

may have originated in Egypt. 178. De Tommaso 1994, pp. 263-265; Paolucci 1997, pp. 41

42, 134-135.

179. Nenna 2003b, pp. 363-364, with reference to the frag ments from Karanis published by Harden 1936, nos. 182, 183,

187, 188, 190, 311,312.




production in the East and the West, perhaps by one or more artisans who migrated from

Egypt to the Rhineland.180

Bowls Decorated with Pinched Trails (204)

Vessels decorated with pinched, looped patterns were made throughout the Roman period but were most common from the late 3rd to early 5th centuries. On some vessels it is clear that the patterns were made with applied trails because one can distinguish the thickened end where the glassblower began the trail.181 On many vessels, however, no beginning or end of a trail can be distinguished and it is thought that the decoration was made by pinching (or otherwise forming) ribs out of the wall.182 Horizontal ribs or trails pinched together to form a chain pattern became common in western European tablewares in the 3rd century. A

fragmentary cup (Isings 1957, Form 96) or bulbous flask (Isings Form 92) from York Minster is tentatively assigned to the late 2nd or early 3rd century.183 A closely related, vertical pattern of bifurcated ribs, made by pinching together vertical ribs and trails, originated in the 1st

century;184 it was known still in the 8th century.185 The Agora produced one bowl (204) and one body fragment (271) with this type of decora

tion. The fragment comes from the Herulian destruction debris; the bowl from an uncertain context. The rim curves inward and is decorated with two horizontal bands of abrasions. The

shape differs from that of other vessels that are usually of Isings 1957, Form 96, characterized

by a constriction below an out-turned rim. The latter have been found at Cologne, ca. a.d.

300,186 Alentejo, Portugal,187 Brigetio, Hungary,188 on the northern coast of the Black Sea,189 and at Nahariya, Israel, 3rd to mid-4th century.190 A cup formerly in the Krug Collection

(K.25) bears the label "Tyre 1898."191

Bowls with Tubular Rims (205)

Bowls and dishes with tubular rims were used throughout the Roman empire and must have been made in several workshops in the East and the West. The rim usually is folded out and

down, but occasionally is folded inward. The walls are convex or carinated and the folded base ring is tubular. The center of the bottom is often thickened where the pontil was at

tached. Most vessels are made of natural bluish green glass. In the West the bowls are known as Isings Form 45.192 Several examples which cannot be dated by their context were found in

Cyprus.193 The earliest bowls in Palestine come from a house at Capernaum and are dated

ca. a.d. 70-100 or early 2nd century.194 In widespread use in Galilee, the shape became par

ticularly common in the Late Roman period, for example, at Hanita and Jalame,195 as well as

farther inland.196 In Palestine there appears to have been a stylistic development with regard to the rim. Early bowls often have bent out horizontal rims as at Capernaum; the rims of

later bowls are vertical as at Hanita (ca. a.d. 220-330). The Agora produced one bowl of this

kind: 205. The profile suggests an early vessel. Excavated in a context of the second half of

the 2nd century, it may have been residual.

180. For synopses of the discussion, see Arveiller-Dulong

1985, p. Ill; Rutti 1987, p. 133; Nenna 2003b, pp. 365-366.

181. Cf. Fremersdorf 1959, pis. 114-116.

182. G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 80-81; Stern 2001, no. 189.

183. Price 1995b, pp. 350, 361, no. 46, fig. 144:46.

184. G. D. Weinberg 1988, p. 81. Cf. Foy and Nenna 2001,

p. 87, no. 99, from southern France.

185. Cf. a truncoconical cup excavated at Xi'an, Shaanxi

province, China: Laing 1991, p. Ill, fig. 9.


187. Alarcao 1978, pi. 1:4 (uncertain shape). 188. Barkoczi 1988, pp. 62-63, no. 35, pi. Ill, ca. a.d.

265-300.

189. Sorokina 1984, pi. 71:133.

190. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 16.

191. Sotheby Parke Bernet 1981, p. 15, no. 223.

192. Isings 1957, Form 45. On western production: Cool

and Price 1995, pp. 94?96. On finds from Britain (not closely dated within the 2nd to 4th centuries), see Price and Cottam

1998, pp. 110-111.

193. Vessberg 1952, p. 113, Type Blla, pi. 1:10.

194. Loffreda 1984, pp. 400, 408, fig. 6:7-9; Roffia 2000,

pp. 33-42, esp. 41.

195. Barag 1978, pp. 11-13. Fragments of numerous ex

amples were excavated at Jalame at the site of a glass workshop active in the second half of the 4th century; see G. D. Weinberg

1988, pp. 41-44.

196. Dussart 1998, p. 76, Type BII.4, pi. 11:18.




Bowls and Dishes with Out-turned Rims (206-212) Plain

Closely related to bowls with tubular rims are bowls with horizontally out-turned, heat-rounded

rims, often slightly thickened at the edge; the walls are convex. They usually have a folded, narrow tubular base ring. This simple shape was common in the East197 and the West.198 Most

examples date from the Flavian period199 and the early 2nd century, but bowls of this shape were still in use in the 3rd century.200 The Agora produced one bowl with a simple horizontal rim from a 2nd-century context (206) ,201 and two with thickened rims from Herulian destruc tion debris (207, 208); the latter are similar to a bowl found in an early-3rd-century context at Knossos.202

Rims decorated with nicked coils

Glass bowls and dishes with two short lengths of thick, nicked coil as pseudo-handles opposite each other on the rim are imitations of expensive metal serving vessels provided with elaborate horizontal handles. These nicked coils occur on deep and shallow glass bowls with bent-out tubular and rounded rims203 and, less frequently, on straight-walled plates of a shape found

predominantly in countries bordering the Mediterranean.204 In the eastern Mediterranean

the bowls and coils usually are natural bluish green, but farther west the nicked coils are often opaque white. Elisabetta Roffia has conducted the most recent study of these vessels; her point of departure is a set of bowls discovered at Capernaum (ca. a.d. 70-100 or early 2nd century).205

Pseudo-handles in the form of nicked coils were fashionable in the Flavian period and in the first half of the 2nd century. Excavations at Jalame yielded several rim fragments in a

4th-century context. The vessels were produced in several local workshops. One workshop

producing these bowls in the late 1st century has been identified at Saintes, southwestern

France,206 one was probably located in the Po Valley,207 and others must have existed in the eastern Mediterranean.

Glass vessels with pseudo-handles are known from findspots throughout the Mediterranean, southern Russia, Romania, and western Europe. In Greece, bowls with nicked coils on the

rim have been published from Thebes,208 Thessaloniki,209 Corinth,210 and Crete.211 The Agora

produced one fragment of a bowl with nicked coils along the rim (209) from a Herulian destruction layer.

Walls decorated with applied thread

Two vessels are decorated with applied trails and have stepped coil bases. 210 is decorated with two single revolutions of thread, the first about 0.015 m below the rim, the second, thicker, around the bottom, just above the base coil, creating the impression of a stepped base. Closely related bowls, including one with a lid, have been found on Cyprus.212 The Agora bowl comes from a context of the 3rd century or later. 211 is the stepped base of a smaller bowl or cup from a Middle Imperial context. The best parallels for these stepped coil bases

197. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 31, Type 3:7. Compare a bowl from

Panticapaeum: Kunina 1997, p. 311, no. 290, color fig. 163.

198. Isings 1957, Form 42a.

199. E.g., two bowls from a Flavian physician's tomb at Este, see Bonomi 1984, pi. 1:4, 5.

200. See Cool and Price 1995, pp. 99-100; Biaggio Simona

1991, pp. 81-83, pis. 6, 7, figs. 7, 39, 40.

201. Compare a late-lst-century bowl from southern France:

Sternini 1990-1991, vol. 2, p. 175, no. 743, pi. 62:368.

202. Price 1992, p. 450, no. 230.

203. Isings 1957, Form 43 (shallow bowl); Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 30, Type 2:6 (shallow bowl) and pi. 31, Type 3:9-1

(deep bowl). 204. E.g., Price 1985a, pp. 76-77, no. 47, from Tripolita

nia; Kunina 1997, p. 295, no. 203, color fig. 128; Stern 1977,

pp. 56-59, no. 15.

205. Roffia 2000, pp. 33-42, esp. 37-41.

206. Hochuli-Gysel 1993, p. 87.

207. Roffia 2000, p. 41.

208. Haevernick 1981, pi. 36:1-2.


210. CorinthXLI, p. 98, nos. 612, 613, pi. 54.

211. Price 1992, p. 450, nos. 224-226, pis. 345, 350.

212. Vessberg 1952, pp. 115-116, pis. 1:28, XIV:4.




come from 2nd-century contexts at Frejus, in southern France,213 and at Knossos, where several stepped base fragments of cylindrical cups or bowls were excavated in "Hadrianic to later second-century" contexts.214

It is not easy to find comparisons for the thread-wound dish 212 (from Herulian destruction debris). The wide rim fragment associated previously with the thread-wound base perhaps comes from another bowl or dish. For the lower body and base one may compare perhaps the bottom of a bowl from a 4th-century burial in Cologne.215

Bowls with Heat-rounded Rims (213, 214)

Dan Barag suggested that the free-blown conical bowl on a high, folded base ring developed from cast bowls known from contexts of the second half of the 2nd century (Isings 1957, Form 80) ,216 but the earliest blown examples appear to be earlier. Five deep and eight shallow bowls were excavated at Tipasa, Algeria; all have rims that are rounded and thickened like the Agora bowl.217 The shallow bowls from Tipasa are colorless; the deeper bowls are made of natural greenish glass. Most of the tombs producing these vessels cannot be dated more

precisely than late 1st to early 3rd century, but one is dated firmly before a.d. 75.218 Similar bowls have been found in 3rd-century contexts on Cyprus219 and in Palestine.220 A bowl from

Panticapaeum, tomb 203/80, is attributed to the 3rd century.221 The Agora produced one

deep bowl of pale bluish green glass (213). It comes from a 5th- to 6th-century context, but is probably residual.

214 is an exceptionally large shallow bowl, made of good-quality glass.222 Similar wide bowls have been excavated in southern Russia, at Tanais and Alma Kermen.223

Bowls Decorated with Tubular Folds (215)

215 is a bowl with a closed tubular fold at a short distance below the rim. Such folds are found most commonly on bowls, but they occur on other shapes as well, for example, on

late-lst- to early-2nd-centuryjugs as at Naxos224 and Sphakaki Polioudaki, Crete,225 or on the

lower body of bulbous beakers excavated in Spain.226 The bowls belong to Isings 1957, Form 69a. They are found mostly in Flavian and early-2nd-century contexts but examples from

Magdalensberg (Austria),227 Frejus (southern France),228 and elsewhere show that the bowls were in use already before the middle of the 1st century a.d. Some have solid bases, others

just a flattened or slightly concave base. A lidded bowl from Cyprus is thought to have served as a pyxis.229 The shape copies flanged pottery bowls as on Siphnos.230 The glass bowls were used in many parts of the Roman world, not only in Italy and the western provinces but also

in Cyprus and farther east in Beirut,231 Palestine,232 and Kerch.233 A few rims decorated with

213. Beraud and Gebara 1990, p. 162, fig. 5:14, a bag-shaped

cup from a 2nd-century grave. 214. Price 1992, p. 447, no. 170, pi. 344.

215. Fremersdorf 1933, p. 95, pi. 51:15.

216. Baragl978, p. 11.

217. Lancel 1967, pp. 92-94, nos. 189-194 (deep bowls), nos. 181-188 (shallow bowls).

218. Lancel 1967, pp. 7, 92, no. 186, from the "tombe dun

sacrificateur." 219. Harden (1955, p. 48, fig. 19) dates two shallow and two

deep bowls from Vasa before a.d. 250. Compare Cesnola 1903,

pi. LXXXV from Idalion.

220. Barag (1978, p. 11, nos. 1, 2, fig. 6:1) assigns shallow

bowls from Hanita, with reference to bowls from Yehiam, to

the 3rd century. Three shallow bowls from Jerash, dated end

of 3rd century, have a lower base ring: Dussart 1998, p. 77,

Type BIILl,pl. 12.

221. Hermitage Museum, no. P 1903.100: Kunina 1997,

p. 318, no. 323.

222. Compare Isings 1957, Form 47.

223. Alekseeva and Arsen'eva 1966, p. 182, fig. 4:10,11.

224. ArchDelt32, B'2 (1977 [1984]), pi. 180. 225. ArchDelt44, B'2 (1989 [1995]), pi. 254. 226. Price 1987a, pp. 33-34, fig. 1.

227. Czurda-Ruth 1979, pp. 64-65, nos. 511-522, pi. 3.

228. Price 1987b, pp. 33, 39, no. 44.

229. Vessberg 1952, p. 147; cf. pi. IX:37, 38, 40, 41.

230. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 87, grave 8(1), pi. 30.

231. Jennings 1997-1998, pp. 124-125, fig. 4:10.

232. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 31, Type 3:10; see also Gorin

Rosen [1998a], ill. p. 19 (two examples). 233. Kunina 1997, p. 311, nos. 285, 286.




tubular folds were found at Jalame, where most of the glass dates from the second half of the 4th century.234 In Greece bowls decorated with tubular folds have been published from

Siphnos235 and from Crete.236

Goblets

Goblets and other vessels with a high foot or with a stem between foot and body belong to the earliest blown luxury vessels of the Roman empire (see 106-108)237 and continued to be

made into late antiquity (see 343-355).

Decorated with Pinched-out Ribs (216)

216 is a slender cylindrical beaker of colorless glass with an unusual grayish tint, decorated with

irregularly spaced, sharp pinched-out ribs above a smooth, hemispherical cup; a pronounced bulge (carination) separates the wall from the lower body. The foot is missing but has left a hole in the bottom of the cup. The best comparison for this unusual vessel is a goblet exca vated at Begram; it has a slender ribbed body (with pinched-out vertical ribs, like the Agora vessel), a pronounced carination just above the lower body, and a high, blown foot. Michael

Menninger suggests a late-lst-century date for this goblet, which cannot be dated indepen

dently.238 At Ephesus, a smooth-walled goblet with a pronounced carination was found in a

Byzantine dump;239 a similar goblet in Berlin, said to be from Syria, is tentatively assigned to the 3rd century based on comparisons with snake-thread glasses.240 The only examples from

independently datable contexts appear to be the beaker from the Agora, found in a 2nd

century context (second half?), and a large fragment preserving the lower body, a one-bead stem, and the upper part of the foot from a 2nd-century context at Lyon.241

The terminal date assigned to the hoard of glass from Begram, which includes many ac

knowledged lst-century vessels, is much disputed (hypotheses vary from the late 1st to mid 4th century), but the arguments for an early terminal date appear to be gaining strength in recent years.242 One of the most enigmatic groups of glass vessels, those surrounded by cages of applied looped trails,243 previously thought to belong to the 3rd or 4th century, now may be assigned, perhaps, to the second half of the 1st (or early 2nd?) century, based on a footed flask with similar decoration excavated in an intact grave at Padua (unpublished).

Knop Stems (217-220) Of the other stemmed vessels, only the lowest part of the body is preserved, so that it is not

possible to determine beyond doubt the shape of the vessel. The stems of 217-220 are no more than a knop between the cup and the foot which is variously shaped but always circu lar. 217 has a low conical, irregularly shaped foot with tool marks on upper- and underside.

Similar bases are found sometimes on lst-century cups of Isings 1957, Form 40, but they have been excavated also in Hadrianic and later contexts, as at Knossos.244 The presence of a pontil scar suggests the Agora fragment is coeval with its 2nd- to 3rd-century context. The foot of 218 is low and spreading, the edge is turned down, and the bead-shaped knop has

234. G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 52-53.

235. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 85, grave 5(2), pi. 28:1.

236. Price 1992, p. 451, no. 244, 1st century a.d. to ca. 150.

237. Van Lith 1991; cf. Isings 1957, Forms 36, 38, 40.

238. Hamelin 1953, pi. 11; Menninger 1996, pp. 28-29, no.

MG 19.079, pi. 6:3, 5.

239. Czurda-Ruth 1989, p. 136, fig. 5:55.

240. Platz-Horster 1976, no. 114.

241. From Lyon, rue des Farges: Odenhardt-Donvez 1983,

pi. 15:47.

242. Whitehouse 1989a, pp. 96-100; 1989c; 1998b. For ar

guments in favor of a Late Roman closing date, see B. Rutti in

Lierke 1999, pp. 129-134.

243. Menninger 1996, pi. 23; Whitehouse 1989a, p. 98,

Group 3. See also Stern 1999b, p. 478.

244. Price 1992, p. 449, no. 216.




pushed up the glass in the bottom of the cup. This type of foot likewise is found on several

lst-century drinking cups (compare 108),245 but it was common also on goblets and flasks used in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,246 as from the Embiez West wreck, second half of 2nd

century,247 and Panticapaeum, 2nd century to first half of 3rd century.248 The vessels of the 2nd and 3rd centuries usually have pontil scars; those of the 1st century usually do not. 218 (without pontil scar) comes from the Herulian destruction layer.

219 with its wide spreading foot (as far as preserved) could be either from a slender flask or from a tall narrow beaker, as from the Embiez-Ouest wreck;249 a similar stemmed beaker is depicted on a 2nd-century mosaic from El Djem.250 Cylindrical beakers of this shape often

carry elaborate cut, painted,251 or snake-thread decoration. 220 is made from three gathers, one for the body, one for the single-bead stem, and one for the foot, which is bell-shaped as far as preserved. Similar stemmed feet are known from lst-century kantharoi252 as well as

from Late Roman and Late Antique contexts (compare 345 from a 6th-century context). 220 comes from a late-3rd- to early-5th-century context. Corinth produced one similar base

from a late-3rd- to early-4th-century context and two from 4th-century contexts.253

Smooth Stems (221,222) 221 and 222 have smooth, slender stems and large, thin feet. The circumference of the foot is irregular, the underside slightly concave and the upperside defaced by numerous criss

crossing tool marks. Neither has a pontil scar. 221 is the better made of the two. The glass is

yellowish green with not too many bubbles. The glassblower used three gathers, one for the bowl, one for the stem, and one for the foot. Of 222 only the foot and the lower part of the stem are preserved. They were made from one gather; the bowl presumably was made from

a separate gather. The glass is purplish with lighter streaks. A few cups on similar crude, tooled feet have been published recently from 1st- and early

2nd-century contexts in southern France,254 and comparable two-handled cups are known

in Croatia255 and the eastern Mediterranean.256 These vessels were made from three gathers, as was 221. On the other hand, 222 has a "latish" feel. The best comparisons come from late 5th- to 6th-century contexts, for example, at Karanis (with U-shaped body),257 at Beirut,258 and at Sagalassos, in Turkey.259

Both bases, however, were excavated together and probably date from the same period. They come from the filling of a well (N 17:2) that was in use from the mid-lst to the mid-2nd

century a.d., possibly to the end of the 2nd century. The context appears to be secure: the

Roman-period filling was separated from a modern fill above by a human skeleton weighted down with iron and there were no other fillings in this well.

Round-mouthed Bulbous Jugs (223-230)

Closely related to bulbous bottles and flasks, most round-mouthed glass jugs with tall narrow necks and narrow mouths have parallels in pottery, whereas glass jugs with wide mouths and

245. Isings 1957, Forms 36, 38, 40; cf. Van Lith 1991, p. 101,

fig. 21.

246. Isings 1957, Forms 86 (goblet) and 93 (flask). 247. Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 110, no. 134.5.

248. Sorokina 1976, p. 146, fig. 1.

249. Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 110, no. 134.4B.

250. Baratte 1989, p. 145, fig. 4.

251. E.g., the Achilles goblet excavated in Cologne: Neu

1994.

252. E.g., Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 88, no. 100, kantharos,

mid-1 st century.

253. Slane 1994, p. 165, no. 110, fig. 14; Corinth XII, p. 103, nos. 654, 655.

254. Foy and Nenna 2003, p. 252, fig. 80.

255. Trasparenze imperiali 1997, p. 200, no. 208.

256. Mouhandes 1964, pp. 35-36, no. 5, fig. 15.

257. Harden 1936, pp. 171-172, nos. 479-487; on the date

of the contexts, which Harden assigned to the 4th century, see

Hayes 1975, pp. 2-3, 84; Whitehouse 1999.

258. Jennings 1997-1998, p. 138, fig. 16.

259. Presentation byj. Poblome at ROCT workshop, Leuven

2002.




with short funnel mouths usually imitate fine metal tableware. Narrow-neck jugs and wide mouth jugs both have folded rims. They belong to the earliest shapes to be made of glass260 and they appear to have gone out of use in the course of the late 2nd to 3rd century when

jugs with flaring rims and with short funnel mouths (both heat-rounded) became fashionable. In the second half of the 3rd century, and especially in the 4th century, these jugs often are decorated with a rim coil. The Agora produced examples of all types, including some early funnel mouths with rim coils.

223 is a globular jug with a simple rim of a type common in Italy and the western provinces in the 1st and early 2nd centuries: folded out and in, and slightly triangular in profile. An

angular three-ribbed handle is common on these jugs.261 224 belongs to an interesting group of bulbous jugs that share several features with cy

lindrical bottles: a broad, often ribbed handle and a vertically folded collar rim, as appears on a fine globular jug that was excavated at Apollonia in a late-lst-century grave.262 The

vertically folded collar rim is seen most often on cylindrical bottles (e.g., 299), aryballoi, spherical bottles, and other closed vessels.263 It is thought to have originated in Asia Minor, in Pergamon.264 Vessels with collar rims appear occasionally at northern Adriatic and Ital ian findspots, as in Dalmatia265 and at Herculaneum,266 but they are common only in the eastern Mediterranean, the Black Sea coasts, and North Africa.267 The Agora jug probably had a piriform268 or spherical body, as does a jug from Karditsa.269 The collar rim appears to have been been made predominantly in the Flavian period and the first half of the 2nd

century. It is not clear how long production continued. The Agora jug was found in a much later context (a.d. 250-325). Another late date is provided by a jug from Cyprus, Limassol

Oasis tomb 1, dated "not earlier than ca. 220. "27? In Greece jugs with vertically folded collar rims have been published from Oropos,271 Samothrace, from a fill without a clear context but probably predating the end of the 1st century,272 from Thasos,273 Galaxidi,274 and from Thera.275

Two jugs have relatively short necks, simple folded rims, and angular bifurcated handles attached at the upper end just below the rim (225, 226), details typical of the small square and cylindrical bottles used in northern Italy and Switzerland.276 Both Agora jugs appear to have had elongated bulbous bodies, ovoid or piriform as in a jug from Ascona, from a grave dated a.d. 70-120.277 The Agora jugs come from contexts of a similar date.

227 has a wide mouth and a handle with three decorative loops projecting above the rim (Isings 1957, Form 54). Originally, such loops may have been a device to shorten the handle and get rid of the superfluous glass, as in a mid-1 st-century jug from Magdalensberg, Austria.278 This necessity was transformed very soon into a decorative element, as happened also with the back-and-forth folding at the top of the handle, which was necessary because most ancient glassblowers did not have pivoted shears to cut the glass.279 The Agora jug

260. Cf. Isings 1957, Forms 14, 52, 53, 55, with tall narrow

necks; Forms 54, 58, with wide mouths.

261. Cf. Biaggio Simona 1991, pi. 42, no. 176.4.058.

262. Alexandrescu 1966, pis. 81, 101, no. XXV1, 14.

263. Compare Kunina 1997, pp. 277,289, 297,301-302, 321, nos. 126, 179, 215, 216, 228-230, 232, 233, 240, 241, 243, 338.

264. Sorokina 1987, pp. 42-43.

265. Ravagnan 1994, pp. 140, 144, 157, nos. 267, 279, 309.

266. Scatozza-Horicht 1986, p. 49, no. 97 (E 157),

pi. XXXI.

267. On this rim type, see Stern 2001, p. 50, nos. 37-39.

268. E.g., Vessberg 1952, pi. XXIII: 104, from Cyprus. For a

recent discussion of one subgroup of piriform jugs, see Stern

2001, pp. 49-50, 95-96, no. 32.

269. AnhDeltSl, B'l (1976 [1984]), p. 183, pi. 130. 270. Vessberg 1952, p. 155, pi. XXIII:104.

271. ArchDelt49, B'l (1994 [1999]), pi. 31. 272. SamothraceXL, p. 1128.

273. Abadie-Reynal and Sodini 1992, p. 95, no. V47,

pi. XVI:f.

274. Threpsiades 1972, p. 197, pi. 76:0. 275. Dragendorff 1903, p. 286, fig. 481 :p; Gerousi 2002,

p. 137, fig. 9, from Perissa.

276. Biaggio Simona 1991, pis. 31-38.

277. Donati, Ronchetti-Butti, and Biaggio Simona 1987,

pp. 92-94, 149, tomb S 6.

278. Czurda-Ruth 1979, p. 142, no. 1049, color pi. 16.

279. Stern 2001, pp. 18-19, 21; 2002a, pp. 162-164.




comes from a context of a.d. 100-150. A similar rim fragment from Knossos was found in a

Flavian/Trajanic context;280 two complete jugs, with biconical bodies, were excavated at Mon asteriaki Kephala, Knossos, in a chamber tomb of the second half of the 1st century.281

Jugs 228-230 come from 3rd-century contexts of a.d. 267 or earlier. They illustrate the

changing fashion described above. The rim of 228 is folded inward and flattened, but the

top of the neck is bent out slightly, heralding the short funnel mouth that was to become the rule in the second half of the century. 229 and 230 have full-fledged funnel mouths with rim coils. 229 has a broad smooth strap handle, the same width at top and bottom. It is not clear whether 230 had a handle; if it did, it ended at or below the rim coil. This piece may be from a flask rather than from a jug.

Bulbous Flasks

With Funnel Necks (231-235) The Agora produced a minimum of five flasks with funnel necks as mouths. Three are short

flaring funnels with heat-rounded rims and a slight bulge above a constriction at the junction with the body (231-233). The shape of the body could have been piriform as at Sungurlu, Turkey (suggested date: 2nd to 3rd century),282 spherical as at Kostolac, Serbia (from a 1st to 2nd-century grave),283 or ovoid as at Didymoi in the Eastern Desert of Egypt (from a layer dated ca. a.d. 86-100) .284 Several fragments preserving only the funnels have been excavated

at Pergamon;285 single examples of these characteristic funnels are known from Knossos

(Hadrianic or later)286 and Karanis.287 The Agora pieces come from three different late-lst and 2nd-century contexts, suggesting this is the main period of their use. The findspots of the comparanda indicate an eastern Mediterranean origin for the type.

Far more common, albeit not numerous in the Agora, are bulbous flasks with tall straight funnel necks and unworked or lightly ground rims. Flasks of this shape were made occasionally in the 1st century,288 but they did not become common until the late 3rd and 4th centuries. The bases usually are pushed up in the center forming a low kick; those with a folded base ring are classified as Isings 1957, Form 104a; those with a flat base as Form 104b. 234 could be of either type. It has an unworked rim, like most of the examples found in continental Europe. The superfluous glass above the rim, also known as moile, was removed probably after the vessel was separated from the blowpipe and cooled. A few bottles still preserve the moile with which they were annealed, as in Thessaloniki and elsewhere.289 The funnel neck, particularly well-suited for filling and pouring, made these vessels suitable for decanting, suggesting they

may have been used as tableware. Globular flasks with funnel necks have been excavated at

various sites in Greece, as at Oropos290 and Thessaloniki,291 but they are not quoted here

because the finishing of the rim cannot be determined from their illustrations. 235 has a funnel neck with a heat-rounded rim like many eastern Mediterranean flasks with

spherical and piriform bodies.292 Dan Barag notes that such bottles were fairly common in

280. Price 1992, p. 452, no. 268.

281. Carington Smith 1982, p. 273, nos. 19, 20, pi. 37:a, b.

282. Ozet 1987, p. 609, no. 22.

283. Ruzic 1994, p. 14, no. 49, pi. IV:5 (rim finishing not

specified). 284. Brun 2003, p. 380, fig. 2:9, and fig. 3, decorated with

horizontal wheel-incisions.

285. AltertiimervonPergamonXl, ii, p. 139, no. 769, pi. 80:13;

Honroth 1984, p. 153, no. G 7, pi. 41.

286. Price 1992, p. 452, no. 266.

287. Harden 1936, p. 206, no. 586.

288. Price 1987a, p. 38, fig. 7, from southern Spain, spherical

and piriform; Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 196, nos. 349, 350, from

southern France, ovoid and spherical. 289. Thessaloniki 1986b, p. 55, far right. Compare Roberti

and Tamassia 1964, p. 33, pi. VIII, below, third from left; Fulep

1984, p. Ill, pi. 58:4; Barkoczi 1988, p. 146, no. 320, pi. 88;

Bucovala and Pa?ca 1988-1989, p. 135, fig. 5:b; Foy and Nenna

2001, p. 196, no. 352. See also Stern 2001, p. 26.

290. ArchDeltbO, B'l (1995 [2000]), p. 59, pi. 25; Pologiorgi 1998, pi. 20.

291. Thessaloniki 1986b, p. 57.

292. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 42, Type 15:12, with a spherical

body, and pi. 44, Type 16:12, with a piriform body.




Palestine during the 4th century.293 A bottle from Jerusalem probably dates from the second half of the 3rd or early 4th century. A tomb at Ayios Ioannis Theologos produced a similar flask.294 Closely related flasks are known from Late Antique contexts in Turkey.295 The necks of bottles from Egypt296 and Cyprus297 are slightly shorter and wider. The proportions of the

Agora neck are similar to those from Palestine. Found in the Herulian destruction debris, it is one of the earliest examples known.298

Other Bulbous Flasks (236)

236 has a characteristic body with the widest circumference just below the shoulder. Thin

spiral threads on lower neck and shoulder accentuate the shape. The base ring is an added coil. Similar thin-walled flasks, often made of clear colorless glass, are known from Panno nian299 and Dalmatian burials.300 Some have funnel necks, others have tubular necks with

rolled rims. In Hungary this shape appears first in Brigetio in the 2nd century, and then

again in the 4th century.301 The Agora flask, found in the Herulian destruction debris, may date from the earlier period.

Unguentaria (237-246)

Candlestick unguentaria have large standing surfaces and tall cylindrical necks (Isings 1957, Form 82; Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 46, Type 21:1-11). Introduced in the eastern Mediterranean in the last quarter of the 1st century, the shape remained in use, in several variations,302 until the mid-3rd century. Over time, the standing surface became wider, the body lower, and the neck taller. One Cypriote tomb produced 63 candlestick unguentaria.303 Those with domed bodies and a pronounced constriction at the base of the neck (Isings 1957, Form 82A1) are common in the eastern Mediterranean;304 those with a smooth transition from neck to body are found predominantly, but not exclusively, in Italy and the western provinces.305 Some of the latter carry stamped inscriptions or coin impressions on their undersides.306 The Agora did not produce any stamped unguentaria.

The unguentaria from the Agora (237-246) have the domed bodies typical of early candle stick unguentaria; the rims are folded inward and flattened (239, 245) or folded in at an

angle, creating a narrow triangular profile (244); the necks are not constricted or barely constricted. The shape has comparisons from a grave on Siphnos that contained coins of

Vespasian (a.d. 70-71) and Titus (a.d. 80) as well as a magnificent glass bowl decorated with sea monsters in relief.307 The Agora unguentaria come from contexts containing material of

ca. a.d. 50-200; they could have been made during any period within that time span.308 The

neatly folded, triangular rim of 244 suggests a relatively early date.309 The simple everted rim and short swelling neck of 246 is typical for unguentaria with rounded bases (Isings 1957, Form 83), used predominantly in the western provinces of the Roman empire.

293. Barag 1976, p. 205, compare nos. 35, 36, fig. 98:3, 9, from Beth Shearim.

294. ArchDelt42, B'l (1987 [1992]), p. 230, pi. 134. 295. Von Saldern 1980, p. 71, nos. 481-488; Honroth 1984,

p. 152, no. G3, pi. 41.

296. Edgar [1905] 1974, p. 42, no. 32.591, pi. 7.

297. Vessberg 1952, pp. 131, 134, pi. 7:32.

298. One may compare, perhaps, Isings 1957, Form 92, a globular funnel-necked bottle of the 2nd century.

299. Barkoczi 1988, pp. 140-141, nos. 302-305.

300. Cermanovic-Kuzmanovic 1968, p. 36, no. 49, pi. 1:46, from Doclea.

301. Barkoczi 1988, p. 141, Type 120.

302. Cf. Winter 1996, pp. 96-98.

303. Vessberg 1952, p. 156, pis. XXII-XXIII, from Limassol

Oasis, Tomb 1, dated ca. a.d. 220; cf. pis. VIII: 12-25, IX: 1-2.

304. De Tommaso 1990, pp. 62, 68, Types 36, 37, and 44 are

considered eastern imports; only Type 49 has been recorded

with some frequency also in northern Italy and Pannonia.

305. De Tommaso 1990, pp. 57-61, 68-69, 74, Types 31-35,

45, 54.

306. Sternini 1993b, pp. 85-88; Sternini, Agricoli, and Mazzei

1997 (with previous literature). 307. Mackworth Young 1949, p. 90, grave 20, unguentaria

nos. 2, 5, pis. 34, 36.

308. Cf. a group of ten unguentaria from shipwreck Saint Ger

vais 3, mid-2nd century (Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 109, no. 133). 309. Stern 2001, p. 28.




Miscellaneous Body Fragments

Bases (247-268) Concave and flat bases

Three small bases without pontil scars come from bulbous vessels. The glassblower used a

pointed tool to push up the base of 247 (pointed tool mark in the center of the bottom); it could be from a small bottle or flask. 248 is a slightly concave base, a result of flattening the underside of the vessel without the aid of a tool, simply by manipulating the glass while it was still on the blowpipe; the heat caused the bottom to sag inward. The angle of the walls suggests an ovoid body, perhaps a flask or small jug. 249 is a flat base, decorated with a translucent

greenish blue trail around the edge. This unusual base was found in a 2nd- to 3rd-century context, predating a.d. 267. The shape of the vessel is unknown; similar bases have apparently been found in 3rd-century contexts at Ephesus (unpublished) and in 4th-century contexts at Douch in Egypt (unpublished) ,310 Numerous examples from Amorium in central Turkey cannot be dated more precisely than "Byzantine" (i.e., mid-5th century to ca. 1071). This is

particularly frustrating because at this site "blue coil bowls" (which include not only bowls with blue coil bases but also those with blue spiral thread decoration on the walls) "were

among the most common identifiable forms of vessel, second only to the 'wineglass.'"311 A

small group of bases with tubular folded base rings and a blue trail applied in circular fashion around the center of the base appears to have been produced in the second half of the 2nd and early 3rd century in southern France.312

Solid bases

Solid bases with round edges appear occasionally on bowls and cups made in the 1st century (see 102 and 103), but they are characteristic for certain 4th-century Palestinian beakers.313

The Agora produced several solid bases with straight edges from 2nd- to mid-3rd-century contexts. The small diameters and the widely spreading walls of 250 and 251 suggest they are from small bowls. The site with the largest number of similar bases known to me is Dura

Europos in Syria, where the finds predate the abandonment of the city in a.d. 256.314 252 has a thickened flat base; the lower wall suggests a cup or a small deep bowl, as at Beirut.315

Folded base rings

253 and 254 are narrow tubular folded base rings. The diameters are small, 0.038 and 0.021 m respectively, suggesting they are from beakers or small cups. The glassblower flattened the

base with a pointed tool before making the base ring. The absence of pontil scars does not

necessarily imply that the rims of these vessels were ground or unworked. The glass is often so thin and delicate that nothing remains of the walls above. Numerous base rings of this kind have been found during the excavations of the Agora; they seem to date mainly from the Early and Middle Imperial periods. The catalogued base rings come from the Herulian destruction debris.

255-258 are high folded base rings with a tubular edge. Such base rings are found on several

shapes (jugs, beakers, cups, jars, bowls, and plates). The dimensions of the Agora fragments

310. B. Czurda-Ruth and M.-D. Nenna, respectively (pers.

comm.); Hill and Nenna 2003, p. 90, fig. 4:4, 5, publish two

colorless engraved cups with purposely colored bluish green base coils from Ain et-Turba in Egypt.

311. Gill 2002, p. 142; for the bowls with blue coil bases, see

p. 45, nos. 111-114 and fig. 1/9, pp. 143-144, nos. 125-128 and

fig. 2/9, color pi. 9. According to the introduction on p. 131

"where context or comparative material suggests a date other

than Byzantine, this is noted in the introduction to the subsec

tion." For the definition of "Byzantine" used in that publication, see Gill 2002, p. 3.


313. Compare bases from Jalame: G. D. Weinberg 1988,

pp. 60-62, nos. 169-186, fig. 4-23, pi. 4-9.

314. Clairmont 1963, pp. 97-98, nos. 432-442, pi. 10.

315. Jennings 1997-1998, pp. 126-127, fig. 7:8.




suggest that they come from tubular rimmed deep bowls slightly smaller than 213. A footed bowl with a base ring similar to 255 was found in Cyprus; the center of the bottom is slightly thinner.316 Several other variants were common in Palestine,317 southern Syria and Jordan,318 and Cyprus.319 The Agora vessels come from mid-3rd-century contexts, a date noted at other

sites.

Applied base rings

Throughout the Roman empire applied solid base rings were less common than folded base rings, perhaps because it constituted more work to prepare a second tool and gather for adding a base ring than simply to tool it out of the bottom of the vessel. The slanting tool marks resulting from shaping the added base ring are frequently visible. Egyptian glass blowers routinely produced dishes, bowls, and jugs with such elaborate base rings.320 Such vessels were probably also made on the Syro-Palestinian coast, although they are less com mon there. Findspots include Tyre321 and Sidon,322 as well as several sites in Israel, including Hanita andjalame.323 Odile Dussart (1998), however, does not list bowls with solid base rings from southern Syria and Jordan. Most of the Syro-Palestinian vessels come from 3rd- and 4th

century contexts. In Britain, tubular rimmed bowls with true base rings occur in contexts that

predate the mid-2nd century.324 The Agora excavations produced four solid base rings. The

dimensions of 259 suggest that it comes from an exceptionally wide platter or shallow bowl,

perhaps the same general shape as 214. 260 and 261 are probably small deep bowls; 262 a small plate or bowl. 263 is an oval dish or bowl, comparable to a colorless oval dish from an

early-2nd-century grave at Brescia.325 The shape is closely related to that of the conical bowls discussed above (213).326

Base rings formed by pinched-out toes

Vessels standing on projections pinched directly out of the body were never common. The earliest examples are bottles made in the first half of the 1st century in Italy, perhaps in

Campania. They are small unguentaria, often decorated with polychrome grains of crushed

glass;327 the projections are relatively tall and are called feet, because they bend outward at the tip.328 In Egypt, tall straight feet or toes appear on Late Roman poppy-head jars.329

Rings of small pinched-out toes are found predominantly in the eastern Mediterranean, for example, at Karanis, where they are thought to be the bases of flasks,330 and in the Syro Palestinian region, where they occur on flasks and deep bowls.331 Rings of pinched-out toes are characteristic for the sprinkler flasks shaped like pomegranates that originated in Syrian workshops.332 The bases with rings of pinched-out toes from Dura predate a.d. 256.333 A few

beakers on pinched-out toes are known from Cyprus, where they cannot be dated indepen

dently.334 In the western provinces tall beakers standing on a ring of pinched-out toes come

316. Vessberg 1952, p. 117, pi. 11:15.

317. G. D. Weinberg 1988, p. 44, fig. 4-4; Barag 1970, vol. 2,

pi. 31, Type 3:4, 5, 15,17,18. 318. Dussart 1998, pis. 6-7.

319. Vessberg 1952, pi. 11:7-18.

320. Harden 1936, pp. 105-106, nos. 221-237 (bowls, mostly 3rd century), pp. 242-243, nos. 712-718, 720-722 (jugs, mostly 4th century).

321. Harden 1949, p. 151, fig. 1.

322. Arveiller-Dulong, Legoux, and Schuler 1996, p. 17, nos. 3, 4.

323. For Hanita, see Barag 1978, pp. 15-17, no. 27 (shallow),

p. 21, nos. 40, 43 (deep); forJalame, see G. D. Weinberg 1988,

p. 58, nos. 145-151.

324. Cool and Price 1995, p. 169.

325. Calvi 1975, p. 207, no. MR 164, fig. 8; Stella 1987, p. 22, no. 18a, color pi. p. 26.

326. Compare Stern 2001, pp. 227-228, no. 115.

327. On this typical Italian technique, copied from pottery with sand decoration, see Stern 2001, pp. 38-39; 2004, p. 119,

pis. 9, 10.

328. Stern [1976] ; 1977, pp. 53-54, no. 13.

329. Harden 1936, p. 182, nos. 507, 678-681.

330. Harden 1936, pp. 219-220, nos. 682-685.

331. G. D. Weinberg 1988, p. 59, no. 161, fig. 4-22, from

Jalame; Barag 1970, pi. 32, Type 3:25, from Nahariya, late 2nd to mid-4th century; Barag Transl., pp. 84-85.

332. Cf. Stern 2001, pp. 152-153, nos. 135-137.

333. Clairmont 1963, pp. 50-52, nos. 204-211. 334. Vessberg 1952, pi. IV:12.




to light occasionally in 3rd- and 4th-century contexts in Italy,335 Germany,336 Hungary,337 and

Portugal,338 but they are rare and probably were imported; it is not known from where. The Agora produced five base rings formed by a ring of pinched-out toes: 264-268. The

spreading walls indicate that they are from bowls or bulbous flasks rather than from beakers. One base ring comes from a 3rd-century context (264); the others come from Late Roman and 5th- to 6th-century contexts, and may well date from that period. They are catalogued here because there is no discernible difference between the base ring of the 3rd century and those from later contexts and evidence for the later period is tenuous. In Rome, a base ring of pinched-out toes came to light among the waste of a glass workshop active in the late 4th and early 5th centuries.339

Handle Attachments (269)

Cast and stamped medallions, in imitation of bronze prototypes, appear at the bottom of handles of glass jugs from the 1st century a.d. on. Their popularity, however, appears to have been at its height at different periods in the East and in the West. In the western part of the Roman empire handle attachments were common in the 1st and early 2nd centuries,340 in

the eastern Mediterranean in the 4th and early 5th centuries.341 Almost invariably these at

tachments are medallions showing frontal heads in relief. Much less common are heads in

profile; the latter are found in the West, not as handle attachments but decorating the walls of vessels dated to the late 2nd century.342 Frontal Medusas and theater masks were common

in Europe throughout the Roman period. The frontal lion head became common in the 4th century: in the West on vessel walls,343 in the East as handle attachment, as at Kerch (4th century) ,344 Lion-head handle attachments are known also from Egypt345 and elsewhere in

the eastern Mediterranean.346

Findspots in Greece include Corinth347 and Beroia, Macedonia.348 Small and broken as it

is, the fragmentary lion head from the Agora, 269, found in the Herulian destruction debris of a.d. 267, is the earliest evidence currently available for handle attachments shaped like a lion head.

Decorated Fragments (270-274) Snake-thread

Vessels decorated with snake-thread were made in Eastern and Western workshops. The most

authoritative studies on the subject are by Donald Harden, who discussed the eastern Medi terranean production,349 and Fritz Fremersdorf, who concentrated on the Rhineland.350 The

discontinuous, serpentiform trails are usually (but not always) pressed against the wall of the

335. Biaggio Simona 1991, pp. 116-117, from Solduno,

second half of 3rd century, citing parallels from Mantua, Luni,

Ostia, and Rome.

336. Follmann-Schulz 1988, p. 82, no. 280, pi. 35, from

Bonn; Loeschcke 1911, p. 22, no. 194b, pi. XLIII:194, from

Cologne. 337. Kaba 1958, p. 431, pi. 1:4, from Aquincum. 338. Alarcao et al. 1976, p. 189, nos. 193,195, from Conim

briga; Nolen 1994, p. 174, no. vi-34, from Balsa (with additional

examples from Portugal and elsewhere). 339. Sternini 1989, pp. 47, 56, pi. 11:70. Harden (1936,

pp. 219-220, n. 3) mentions a fragment of a flask on a ring of

toes, "of Byzantine or early Arab date," from Hira, Iraq, now in

Oxford, no. 1932.1241.

340. Cool and Price 1995, pp. 118-119; for metal prototypes

compare Massabo 1999, pp. 96, 97, 99.

341. Israeli 1980.

342. Foy 1997; L. Taborelli (in Massabo 1999, p. 43, fig. 9)

depicts a profile medallion applique from Ventimiglia. 343. Isings 1964b.

344. Skalon 1974, pp. 46-47, figs. 4, 5:b.

345. Edgar [1905] 1974, pp. 78-79, no. 32768, pi. X; Hayes 1975, p. 144, no. 605, pi. 37, from the Fayum.

346. Kisa 1899, pp. 130-131, no. 143a, pi. 16a; Clairmont

1977, pp. 11-12, nos. 37, 38, pis. II, III; Hayes 1975, p. 144, no. 606, pi. 37, "probably from Palestine."

347. CorinthXll, p. 98, no. 618, pi. 54.

348. Kotzia 1961, pp. 168-169, figs. 5-6.

349. Harden 1934b, pp. 50-55, pis. IV-V; D. B. Harden,

in Harden et al. 1987, pp. 105-108. See also Clairmont 1963,

pp. 42-46, nos. 161-178, pi. 22.

350. Fremersdorf 1959, pp. 22-24, pis. 9-75. Von Boeselager

(1989) revises some of Fremersdorf's dating and establishes an

earlier date of ca. a.d. 200-225 for the Cologne Masterpiece.




vessel with tools that have left impressions on the trail.351 Parallel grooves and nicks are the most common impressions in the East and the West, but a small group decorated with flower and bird snake-thread designs often shows a grid or "waffle-iron" pattern. Dan Barag cites a

total of 19 examples from Israel, the Crimea, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria, and Dalmatia; al

leged findspots include Lebanon, Asia Minor, and Rome.352 To these one may add an example from Portugal353 and fragments of 23 vessels from Hungary.354 At the time, Barag suggested an eastern Mediterranean origin for the Flower and Bird Group without, however, being able to identify the workshop's location. Since that publication, Laszlo Barkoczi has identified a

workshop in Pannonia that impressed snake-thread trails with a variety of patterns including raised knobs and a honeycomb arrangement of tiny sunken hexagons. Barkoczi does not

seem to propose a Pannonian production for the Flower and Bird Group, but he does identify several other groups of snake-thread vessels, all of which are tall cylindrical footed beakers,

probably made by eastern glassblowers at Intercisa in the years a.d. 230-260.355

The Agora produced one small fragment decorated with snake-thread: 270. It preserves part of a leaf impressed with tiny sunken hexagons and it is the first example of this group to be published from Greece. The fragment is too small to determine the shape of the vessel, but if it was made in Pannonia, as is suggested by the hexagon impressions, the vessel was

probably a footed beaker.

Pinched trails

271 is a small body fragment decorated with a horizontal (?) chain link pattern, found in the Herulian destruction layer of a.d. 267. It may be from a cup of Isings 1957, Form 96, or a bowl like 204. Other possibilities include several vessel shapes known to have been decorated with bifurcated vertical ribs, such as a one-handled cup from Cologne, 3rd century,356 and

spherical flasks and jugs from Jalame.357 At Colchester, a context of ca. a.d. 250-300 produced a small fragment with a chain link pattern.358 Seven fragments excavated at Dura predate the abandonment of the city in a.d. 256.359 In the Late Antique and Islamic periods, a related horizontal pattern made with trailed-on blue threads on colorless glass, was popular on a

wide range of tablewares.360

Thread-wound

272 is the base of a thread-wound, flat-bottomed bulbous vessel. The pontil scar distinguishes it from lst-century bottles and jugs, as does the fact that the decorative thread is the same color as that of the body. This fragment could be the base of a bath flask,361 bulbous beaker,362 or some other shape, but the thin walls suggest it is the base of a small jug with a globular body. Such jugs, with heat-rounded rims and the mouth round, pinched-in, or trefoil, have come to

light in Sicily,363 the Bergamo region in northern Italy,364 the Ticino area,365 and northwestern

Europe, for example, at Trier,366 Cologne,367 and Verulamium (Britain),368 as well as in the eastern part of the Roman world, in Jerusalem,369 and various other findspots.370 In the West,

351. On the technique: D. Von Boeselager, in Kunstmuseum

Luzern 1981, p. 109; Stern 2001, pp. 29, 139.

352. Barag 1969.

353. Alarcao et al. 1976, p. 188, no. 183, pi. XLI.

354. Barkoczi 1981, pp. 66-68, nos. 1-13,15-20, 32, 40-42.

355. Barkoczi 1981, p. 36, figs. 1-5. On the Syrian settlement

at Intercisa, see also PECS, p. 412.


357. G. D. Weinberg 1988, p. 81, nos. 351-353, fig. 4-39, pi. 4-15.

358. Cool and Price 1995, p. 176, no. 1733, fig. 10.5.

359. Clairmont 1963, pp. 49-50, nos. 187-193.

360. Auth 1976, pp. 148-149, nos. 191-193; Stern 2001,

pp. 269-270, 300, no. 163; Kroger 1995, pp. 106-107, no. 151.


362. Fremersdorf 1959, pis. 92-93.

363. Panvini and Zavettieri 1993-1994, p. 856, pis. 34:3, 64:3.

364. Roffia 1993, p. 143, no. 334, ill. p. 148.

365. Biaggio Simona 1991, pp. 175-176, pi. 29.

366. Goethert-Polaschek 1977, p. 206, no. 1266, pi. 68.


368. Charlesworth 1972, p. 204, (viii) Jugs, no. 3, fig. 76:24. 369. Baramki 1931, pi. 10:12.

370. For additional Eastern examples, see Stern 2001,

p. 199, no. 90.




the jugs are usually found in late-2nd- to 3rd-century contexts, a time frame indicated also

for the fragment from the Agora (pre-a.d. 267).

Embedded mosaic glass inlay

273 is a dark greenish blue mosaic glass inlay with opaque yellowish green spots, preserving the remains of a colorless glass wall in which it was embedded. Colorless glass vessels deco rated with mosaic glass elements embedded in the surface are known from various periods (see discussion of 153). The fragment is too small to determine whether it comes from a

vessel or a flat panel.

Mold-blown ribs

274 is a curious, warped fragment decorated with a pattern of mold-blown narrow ribs, con

verging to one point. It was found in a 2nd- to early-3rd-century context, with 4th-century disturbance. I have not found a parallel for this piece.

SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL STORAGE VESSELS

Square Bottles and Base Moldings (275-295)

Bottles with prismatic bodies, most frequently square in section, were convenient containers for storage and shipping. Of various sizes and proportions, these utilitarian shapes were in use from Early Imperial times into the Late Roman period. Square bottles from Pompeii (Isings 1957, Form 50) contained remnants of vegetal oil.371 The bottles were reused sometimes as burial urns. This practice was more common in Europe than in the eastern Mediterranean, but

a few examples have been noted, such as two square bottles from Turkey (unpublished) .372 A survey of square bottles by Dorothy Charlesworth provided the first typology based on

the form of the rim, handle, neck, and body.373 More recently, Hilary Cool and Jennifer Price have published a comprehensive study of the bottles excavated in Britain.374 They note three basic divisions within the forms of square bottles: small bottles, with a roughly cubic body, large bottles, and tall narrow bottles. The bottles from Cosa375 and the Port Vendres II ship

wreck,376 from the early 40s, are still small with base widths of approximately 0.04 and 0.047 m. The base fragment of a square bottle from the Claudian period shipwreck at Lavezzi A is

already twice as large, ca. 0.096 m.377 Large bottles became common in the late 60s and 70s.

In the West, their use peaked between ca. a.d. 70 and 120/30. But the number of bottles found in contexts of the second half of the 2nd century indicates that production may have continued into the second half of the 2nd century.378 The relatively large number of square bottles, base moldings, and jars from Herulian-period contexts in the Agora is evidence that

in Athens these shapes were still in common use after the mid-3rd century. In the eastern

Mediterranean large bottles were used still (or again?) in the late 4th and early 5th centuries and perhaps even later. The bottles from the Agora have been found in contexts ranging from the second half of the 1st to the 6th century. The dates of 275-278 seem to be late 1st or early 2nd century; 282 and 286, from later contexts, are probably of the same date. 284, 285, and 295 were found in the Herulian destruction debris. 286 and 290 come from 4th- to

6th-century contexts (see 385-387).

371. Scatozza-Horicht et al. 1993, pp. 553-554, 557-558.

372. Tek 2000; 2003, p. 82. 373. Charlesworth 1966.

374. Cool and Price 1995, pp. 179-199.

375. Grose 1974, p. 45, nos. 35-39, fig. 5.

376. Colls et al. 1977, p. 120, no. 9, fig. 42. On the glass, see

also Parker and Price 1981, pp. 224-227.

377. Bebko 1971, pi. XXII:145; cf. Parker 1992, p. 239: "half

a dozen glass bottles, both square and round," the shipwreck dated uca. 25-50(?) a.d."

378. Cool and Price 1995, p. 185.




In a sample of 183 complete bottles from Britain and northwestern Europe, the type of handle appears to be directly related to the size of the bottle. Finely ribbed (reeded) handles are the most common; they occur on bottles of all sizes from the mid-1 st century onward.379

Small bottles and the shorter examples of tall narrow bottles usually have plain or widely ribbed handles. Of the 11 pieces with handles catalogued here, four have smooth strap handles (two of these with thickened edges), the handles of two bottles are triple or double ribbed (bifurcated), and three have seven to nine broad ribs; just two are finely ribbed: 285 and 286 (possibly from a cylindrical bottle).380 To judge from finds at Thebes,381 Oropos,382 Corinth,383 Delos,384 Samothrace,385 and various locales in Crete,386 square bottles with finely ribbed handles were not particularly common in Greece.387

Free-blown and mold-blown bottles seem to be largely contemporary. A Late Augustan or Early Tiberian context at Magdalensberg produced examples of both varieties,388 but the bottles from Samothrace are all free-blown. A theory that has been propounded, that square bottles with base moldings are earlier than those with plain bottoms, does not seem possible of proof,389 nor does another suggestion that the mold-blown bottles are of Western origin, the

free-blown of Eastern. It does seem true, however, that free-blown bottles were used more often

in Italy390 and other areas bordering the Mediterranean than in the northwestern provinces. The

square bottles found in Britain almost always are mold-blown. During their period of greatest use, from the mid-lst through the 2nd century, the mold-blown square bottle dominates glass assemblages throughout the West. In Greece and the eastern parts of the Roman empire, by contrast, neither the mold-blown nor the free-blown variety predominates in this period.

Of the 12 catalogued bottles preserving the upper part, one is free-blown (283) and one is mold-blown, as indicated by the base molding (281); the others do not preserve enough of the body to determine the manufacturing method because the upper part of the body, the neck, rim, and handle of free-blown and mold-blown bottles alike were shaped by free

blowing and tooling. Of the eight square bases catalogued here, some of which might be from square jars, seven have base moldings and one is plain (295).

Techniques for blowing square bottles have been variously discussed. Piece molds consisting of an engraved slab for the base, provided with slots for insertable smooth-walled slabs for the walls, have been excavated at Augst,391 Lyon,392 and Saintes.393 The idea to use smooth-walled

molds for the mass production of glass storage vessels may have been a Western innovation, originating perhaps in a workshop in northern Italy.394 The molds speeded up production, allowed for brand recognition through the interchangeable slabs for the base moldings, and would have made standardization of volume practicable. However, evidence for the standard

ization of volume has yet to be established for square bottles.395

379. Cool and Price 1995, p. 181. On the chronological

development of the handles, see also Czurda-Ruth 1979,

pp. 132, 135-136.

380. Weinberg 1992, no. 89, a square bottle, probably from

Athens, has a handle with three ribs.

381. Haevernick (1981, pi. 43) depicts two reeded handles

from square or cylindrical bottles from the Kabirion.

382. Pologiorgi 1998, pi. 13.

383. Cf. CorinthXII, pp. 103-104, nos. 656-660; CorinthXVII,

pp. 82-83, no. 138, fig. 8.

384. In Delos, out of 16 bottles only 6 have reeded handles:

DelosXXXYll, p. 119, D36.

385. Cf. SamothraceXl, pp. 1125-1127, four square bottles.

386. Price (1992, pp. 435-436) mentions 53 fragments of one-handled bottles (square and cylindrical) from the

Unexplored Mansion at Knossos but she records only one

reeded handle (no. 283, unstratified). The tomb at Monas

teriaki Kephala (second half of 1st century) produced one

small free-blown square bottle with chill marks in walls and

bottom, but the handle was not reeded: Carington Smith 1982,

pp. 277-278, no. 58, fig. 5:58.

387. Two finely ribbed handles from Thasos: Abadie-Reynal and Sodini 1992, p. 95, nos. V48, V49, fig. 40.

388. Czurda-Ruth 1979, pp. 135-136, nos. 1020-1028, from room OR/26, compare no. 1018, color pi. 17.

389. At Magdalensberg, abandoned ca. a.d. 45, only one

base molding was noted, with concentric circles (Czurda-Ruth 1979, p. 132: "no. 1124," an error for no. 1024?); atSamothrace none.

390. Biaggio Simona 1991, pp. 177-185.

391. Rutti 1991, vol. 1, pp. 163-164, fig. 103; vol. 2,

pi. 218:05, 06.

392. Motte and Martin 2003, p. 316, fig. 5.

393. Hochuli-Gysel 1993, pp. 85-87, figs. 5-7.

394. Stern 2001, p. 40.

395. Standardization of volume has been suggested by Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 192. Sennequier (1985, p. 169) reports pre cise measurements suggesting standardization for mold-blown,

barrel-shaped bottles (also known as Frontinus bottles after a name frequently stamped on the underside).




A characteristic pattern seen on the walls of some square bottles, occasionally interpreted as evidence for mold-blowing, consists of concentric oval ridges and grooves.396 In reality the

oval markings are evidence for free-blowing and flattening offhand on the marver. They are chill marks that resulted from the glass pulling away from the cold surface of the marver when the glassblower pressed the hot bubble on the blowpipe onto the marver to flatten the walls and bottom.397

Many mold-blown square bottles have been found in England at Verulamium, Fishbourne, and Colchester,398 in the Netherlands at Valkenburg,399 in Germany at Bonn, Trier, and Nida

Heddernheim,400 in Switzerland at Vindonissa, Augst, and in the Ticino,401 in France at Nimes,

Strasbourg, and Normandy,402 in Portugal at Conimbriga,403 in Italy at Aquileia,404 in Israel at Akko, Khirbat al-Karak, and Castra,405 in Syria at Dura-Europos,406 in southern Russia at

Panticapaeum,407 and in Egypt at Karanis.408 In Greece, square bottles with base moldings have been noted at ancient Ioron,409 Oropos,410 Thera,411 and elsewhere.

Among the pieces catalogued here, no two are identical; the handles are even attached

differently. All these details indicate manufacture by different craftsmen, if not in different

workshops. 278 has an odd, crude handle that grips the neck more than halfway around. It is hard to determine whether a particular bottle was squat or tall. Judging from their rim di ameters, all of the Agora examples were quite large. The rim of 281 is unusual. A tall square bottle with a similar rim was excavated in a Hadrianic context at Knossos.412 The Agora vessel's

height is not known; the proportions as far as preserved are consistent with a tall narrow bottle. The material is poorer than that of the other pieces, and it may well be somewhat later,

perhaps of the same date as the bottle from Knossos. For the swastika motif on the bottom, see below.

The remaining fragments are square bases, some preserving traces of the walls. Most of these are probably from square bottles, but some may have come from square jars like 296 and 297. For practical reasons, however, they are catalogued as bottles and discussed here. All but one (295) have base moldings. Square base moldings are characteristic also of slender tall-necked bottles known as Mercury bottles (Isings 1957, Form 84), but the base moldings from the Agora are less likely to come from such bottles, because no other body fragments of these bottles have been identified at the Agora. The few Mercury bottles published from Greece413 and Cyprus do not have base moldings.

The purpose of the base moldings is disputed. Do they refer to the original contents of the bottles or to the makers of the vessels or the molds?414 In addition to the piece molds

396. Compare a square jar from Poitiers: Simon-Hiernard

2000, p. 95, no. 22.

397. On chill marks: Stern 1995, p. 20.

398. Charlesworth 1972 (Verulamium); Harden and Price

1971 (Fishbourne); Cool and Price 1995 (Colchester). 399. Van Lith 1978-1979, pp. 81-84.

400. Follmann-Schulz 1988, pp. 39-48 (Bonn); Goethert

Polaschek 1977, pp. 193-196 (Trier); Welker 1974, pp. 67-78

(Nida-Heddernheim). 401. Berger [1960] 1980, pp. 78-80, pi. 13 (Vindonissa);

Rutti 1991, vol. 1, pp. 79-80, Formentafel 5, AR 156 (Augst);

Biaggio Simona 1991, pp. 177-185 (the Ticino). 402. Sternini 1990-1991, vol. 2, pp. 107-109 (Nimes); Ar

veiller-Dulong 1985, pp. 67-74 (Strasbourg); Sennequier 1985,

pp. 128-144 (Normandy). 403. Alarcao et al. 1976, pp. 168-169.

404. Calvi 1968, pp. 85-87.

405. For a general discussion, see Barag 1970, Type 8. Two

small square bottles with cubic bodies were excavated at Akko, see Fortuna 1966, p. 498, from tomb 61,50, no. 1, and p. 534,

tomb 62,34, no. 4; Delougaz and Haines (1960, pi. 50, no. 13)

illustrate one small cubic bottle from Khirbat al-Karak, tomb

7; Gorin-Rosen ([1998a], p. 20) illustrates four narrow square bottles from Castra, H. ca. 0.14 m.

406. Clairmont 1963, pp. 117-127.

407. Sorokina 1969, p. 72, fig. 3; cf. Kunina 1997, pp. 285

287, nos. 163-169 (169 with two compartments). 408. Harden 1936, pp. 248-251.

409. Antonaras and Anagnostopoulou-Chatzipolichoroni 2002, p. 120, fig. 5.

410. Pologiorgi 1998, p. 45, pi. 13:5.

411. Gerousi 2002, p. 135, fig. 3. It is not clear whether a

second bottle from Thera, published by Dragendorff (1903,

p. 18, fig. 17:b), has a base molding. 412. Price 1992, p. 452, no. 281, pi. 348.

413. ArchDelt 35, B'l (1980 [1988]), pi. 55, from Elleniko

Kynouria (also published by Abadie and Spyropoulos 1985, pp. 436-437, fig. 123).

414. For an overview of the problems and pertinent litera

ture, see Stern 1999b, p. 467; Foy and Nenna 2001, pp. 118-119.

See also discussion of 386.




mentioned above, with slots for the insertion of slabs for the walls, single stone slabs carry ing negative impressions of concentric circles like those commonly found in base moldings are preserved in museums in Lyon and Cologne;415 stone and ceramic slabs with names in

Greek letters have been found in Turkey and Romania.416 A first corpus of base moldings is

currently in preparation.417 All base moldings inventoried in the Agora have been included in this catalogue. Although

a few small fragments may have escaped notice, it is safe to assume that most of these distinc tive glass fragments would have been chosen to be inventoried. In view of the large numbers of base moldings excavated at western European sites, the holdings of the Agora are meager. A total of thirteen base moldings have been inventoried.418 Four are from Late Roman and Late Antique contexts. Of these, 290 and 292 are discussed here because they have counter

parts in 3rd-century contexts, but they may be much later; and two are discussed in Chapter V

(386, 387). One fragmentary base from an uncertain context (293) may be Late Roman, of the 4th century, but is likewise listed here. All of these base moldings have simple geometric designs; the sole fragment carrying an inscribed name (386) is Late Antique.

I know of no exact parallel for any of the Agora base moldings.419 287 preserves about one half of a small square base of bubbly pale green glass. Seen in raking light, it appears to carry a design of wavy rays extending outward from a small central circle, possibly the remains of a

wreath, as in a bottle from Portugal dated to the last quarter of the 1st century.420 The relief is shallow and vague. If indeed this is a base molding, it is the earliest one from the Agora, coming from a 1st- to early-2nd-century context.

288 shows the letter Q or a ligature of two letters, as well as four dotted circles, one in each corner. The design appears to be a variation of the quincunx of dotted or undotted circles as seen on small, approximately cubic bottles from the Ticino,421 Dalmatia,422 Romania,423 and Cologne.424 The same design is more common on small and large bottles from the north coast of the Black Sea.425 Bottles with dotted circles and base widths varying from ca. 0.04 m to 0.06 m are known from Crete (Hadrianic),426 Castra in Israel (unpublished), and Cilicia

(unpublished) ,427 A square base molding from Corinth shows quarter-circles joining the sides in addition to a quincunx arrangement of circles.428 The distribution pattern of bottles with the quincunx design and the fact that most of the bottles from the Pontic cities have a folded collar rim suggests some of these bottles may have been made in an eastern Mediterranean

workshop, possibly in Asia Minor. 289 and 290 show four or more concentric squares. Although the two pieces were found

at different locations, 289 in a pre-A.D. 267 context and 290 with material of the 5th to 6th century, the base moldings appear to come from the same mold and the material of

415. Cool and Price 1995, p. 180; Foy and Nenna 2001,

pp. 82-83, nos. 83-85.

416. Lehrer Jacobson 1992, p. 42.

417. Presentations at the international colloquium "Echang es et commerce du verre dans le monde antique du Vie siecle av.

J.-C. au Vllle siecle apr.J.-C." in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, 7-9 June 2001. Foy and Nenna 2006.

418. This total refers to finds from the beginning of the

excavations in 1931 through 1972.

419. Stern (2006). The documentation given there has been

updated in this catalogue. 420. Alarcao 1975, pp. 48-49, no. 34, from Conimbriga, Portu

gal; compare a bottle in a private collection in Turkey: Lightfoot and Arslan 1992, p. 107, no. 56, from unknown findspot.

421. Donati et al. [1979] 1988, p. 160, ill. p. 161, fig. 177, photo p. 267 below (undotted circles), from Solduno, tomb

1958.18.

422. Gluscevic 1991, pi. 111:7 (dotted circles), from the Ro man harbor at Zaton.

423. Irimia 1987, p. 115, fig. 4:4 (undotted circles) from D obroudj a/ Baraganu.

424. Fremersdorf 1958b, p. 51, pi. 116.

425. Sorokina 1969, p. 70, fig. 2:1-5 (undotted circles); Kunina 1997, pp. 285, 287, nos. 165 (dotted circles), 167 (un dotted circles); Saginashvili 1970, p. 97, no. 16, from Urbnis,

Georgia, tomb 230, photo 16 and p. 19, fig. 4 (dotted circles in

corners, undotted circle in center?). 426. Price 1992, p. 424, nos. 112-114, pi. 341 (dotted circles). 427. Bolge Museum, Adana: inv. 3792, from Kaiseri, with dot

ted circles (H. 0.122 m; Diam. base 0.057 x 0.057 m; large solid

pontil scar, ca. 0.026 m); and inv. 409 from Kadirh, with undotted circles (H. 0.16 m; Diam. base 0.06 x 0.06 m; no pontil scar). Cf.

Lightfoot and Arslan 1992, p. 109, no. 58 (undotted circles). 428. Corinth XII, p. 104, no. 662, pi. 55.




both is the same colorless glass with a yellowish tinge. Unlike concentric circles which were one of the commonest designs seen on base moldings throughout the Roman em

pire, concentric squares are rare. A bottle and ajar in Strasbourg show three and two

squares respectively;429 a bottle in Britain encloses three short parallel lines within two concentric squares.430

291 and 292 show quatrefoils with heart-shaped leaves, as in fragmentary bases from

Gortyn,431 Conimbriga in Portugal,432 Kempten in southern Germany,433 and in a small one handled bottle from Locarno/Solduno, dated ca. a.d. 100-150 (quatrefoil framed by a

circle).434 The designs of the two Agora pieces are not identical. 291 comes from a late-2nd to early-3rd-century context and 292 from a 4th-century context. Both are disfigured with

annular pontil scars, but 291 has a rare pointed tool mark in the center of the underside, evidence that the glassblower pushed up the base after having extracted the bottle from the

mold.

A pattern of multiple dotted squares, as seen in 293, is known from base moldings at Ephe sus435 and at Dura,436 but the Dura fragment has no diagonal lines within the squares. The context of the Agora fragment is uncertain. A 4th-century date is suggested.

294 has a rosette of lanceolate petals in high relief on the concave side of a gently curved wall. In her manuscript of this publication, Gladys Weinberg refers to Christoph Clairmont437 and expresses doubt that this fragment might be "part of the base molding of a square jar or bottle (there is no thickening in the center)." However, the glass itself is thick (0.0045 m) and the design is closely related to square base moldings, as at Ptuj (ancient Poetovio),438 Hungary,439 and Portugal.440 The Agora base may be from a hexagonal bottle. It comes from

the use filling of a stratified well, dated first half(?) of 3rd century. Two base moldings show swastika designs from different molds, the square bottle 281 and

the square jar 296, but no exact parallel for either of the two is known to me. There are traces of a capital alpha or lambda in one corner of 281 and slight remains of letters in the other two corners. The swastika itself is somewhat defaced by the pontil scar. On 296 the swastika is

small, set within a diamond-shaped frame; an angular L marks each corner. There is no trace

of a pontil scar. The swastika motif is known from bottles excavated in southern France,441

Belgium,442 the Rhineland,443 and Britain,444 as well as from a small square jar found in a 4th

century tomb in Jerusalem.445 A fragmentary base molding from ancient Ioron preserves what

may be the angular arm of a swastika.446

The last base molding of this group is on a complete jar found in the Herulian destruction debris (297). The low relief shows a quatrefoil with four elongated pointed petals, each with a central nerve, a design reminiscent of base moldings excavated at Dura Europos, where it

is combined with four dots.447

429. Arveiller-Dulong 1985, pp. 202, 204, nos. 125, 144.

430. Price and Cottam 1998, p. 197, fig. 89d:ii.

431. Sternini 1997, p. 259, no. 198, pi. 54:13.

432. Alarcao and Alarcao 1965, p. 94, no. 141, pi. V (also

published in Alarcao 1975, no. 37). 433. Fasold 1985, p. 222, fig. 15:8.

434. Donati et al. [1979] 1988, p. 164, ill. p. 165, no. 155,

photo, p. 259.

435. Czurda-Ruth 1989, p. 138, fig. 7:86.

436. Clairmont 1963, p. 126, no. 627, pi. XV.

437. Clairmont 1963, p. 122, n. 311 (G 142). 438. Subic 1974, p. 58, pi. IV:32. 439. Barkoczi 1988, p. 178, no. 423, from Aquincum. 440. Alarcao 1975, pp. 48-49, no. 31.

441. Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 119, no. 150, from Cimiez, 1st or

2nd century; Nin 2003, p. 419, fig. 5:25, from Aix-en-Provence.

Compare a small Mercury bottle from Orange: Foy and Nenna

2003, p. 274, no. 165.

442. Vanderhoeven 1962, p. 58, no. 138, a Mercury bottle

from Tongeren. 443. Fremersdorf 1961, p. 46, pi. 85, a square jar from

Cologne. 444. Charlesworth 1984, p. 160, no. 159, fig. 66:85, from

Verulamium, with mention of an example at Silchester.

445. Bagatti and Milik 1958, p. 144, no. 29, fig. 33:29, from

tomb 391.

446. Antonaras and Anagnostopoulou-Chatzipolichoroni 2002, p. 120, fig. 5, bottom left (cf. Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 119, no. 150).

447. Clairmont 1963, p. 125, no. 620, pi. XV.



square and cylindrical storage vessels 115

Square Jars (296-298)

Square jars (Isings 1957, Form 62) are less numerous than square bottles and appear to have been used in a more restricted area, predominantly in Italy and western Europe. Like

the bottles, some jars were free-blown and others were blown in smooth-walled molds. They served a number of purposes. Carefully stored in wooden boxes in houses448 and in tombs,449

they probably contained cosmetics. Large jars sometimes were reused as funerary urns.450 The mouths of manyjars are approximately as wide as the bodies, a feature that makes them suit able for storing solid and semisolid foods. These may be the vessels Columella had in mind when he wrote that preserves can be stored in pottery or glass and that numerous vessels are

better than a few large ones.

Great care ought to be taken in the making of these vessels that they have a wide mouth

and that they are the same width right down to the bottom and not shaped like wine jars, so that, when the preserved food is removed for use, what remains may be pressed down

with equal weight to the bottom, since the food is kept fresh when it does not float on the surface but is always covered by liquid (Columella, Rust. 12.4.4-5).

Columella wrote this ca. a.d. 60, at approximately the time square and cylindrical451 glass jars were beginning to flood the market. The earliest square jars come from mid-1 st-century contexts. The shape was at its peak in the Flavian period and during the 2nd century. It is not clear when the shape became obsolete. Square jars have been found occasionally in 4th- to

5th-century contexts (mentioned by Isings 1957, Form 62). The Agora produced three square jars: 296 and 297 were found with a square bottle (284)

and other glass fragments in the Herulian destruction debris of room 12 in the South House

(B 15:5). Both are mold-blown and have base moldings. The third, 298, dates from the same

period but is free-blown. All three jars have flaring heat-rounded rims.452 It is not clear whether this rim form has chronological or geographical significance. More usual is a tubular folded rim, bent out and down, as in a lst-century deposit at Corinth453 and at Akanthos, Chalkidike, from a burial dated by a coin of Trajan.454

Cylindrical Bottles (299-303)

The one handled cylindrical bottle (Isings 1957, Form 51) occurs in two basic shapes: a squat version and a tall version. The squat version often has a wide mouth and wide neck mak

ing it suitable for liquids and solids alike, but the tall version almost invariably has a narrow neck limiting its use to the storage of liquids. In the western provinces of the Roman empire cylindrical bottles often ended as cremation urns.455 Much of what has been said about the

square bottle is valid for the cylindrical bottle, except that it usually does not have a base

molding.

Cylindrical bottles with one handle were made throughout the Imperial period into late

antiquity; two-handled bottles were rare before the 3rd and 4th centuries. Whereas the shape of the body remained virtually unchanged, the mouth and the finishing of the rim changed

448. Scatozza-Horicht et al. 1993, p. 552.

449. Bellezza e seduzione 1990, pp. 65-71, figs. 41-44, from a woman's tomb at Callatis, Romania, second half of 2nd

century. 450. E.g., Biaggio Simona 1991, p. 162, ill. 8.

451. E.g., Goethert-Polaschek 1977, pp. 182-183, no. 1140,

pi. 13:144; Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 211, no. 381.

452. Compare, for example, Simoni 1979, from 'Lugone' di

Said (Brescia), p. 338, 7: no. 1, pi. 122, fig. 8:3.

453. Corinth XII, p. 103, no. 656, fig. 9.

454. Trakosopoulou 2002, pp. 85-86, fig. 16.

455. Cf. Isings and Van Lith 1992, p. 3, fig. 1: one large cy lindrical botde surrounded by ten tall hexagonal bottles, from a grave at Nijmegen, Netherlands, dated a.d. 75-100.




over time. The rims of the early bottles usually are folded out and in, sometimes flattened, while Late Roman bottles have a flaring funnel mouth with a heat-rounded edge. Some of these changes may have resulted from a change observed in the bottles' function. In the Late

Roman period these originally utilitarian bottles were increasingly used as tableware; often

they carry facet-cut, wheel-cut, scratched, or abraded decoration.456 The short funnel mouth

separated from the body by a cylindrical neck was particularly appropriate for pouring; it had appeared earlier in bulbous jugs and flasks.

The wide range of neck-aperture sizes seen in Early and Middle Imperial bottles suggests that those with narrow necks were used for liquids and those with wider necks could have been used for storing solids, but it has not been possible to prove this by means of analyses of the contents. The squat cylindrical bottles with wide mouths have been associated with Columella's discussion of the types of vessels needed for storing preserves,457 but his remarks are more appropriate for the wide mouthed cylindrical and square jars.458

It is not clear which shape was made first, the square or the cylindrical. Samothrace pro duced no cylindrical bottles and Magdalensberg just four identifiable fragments, all from contexts that cannot be dated more narrowly than before the mid-1 st century a.d. Finds from

Pompeii and Herculaneum are evidence that tall cylindrical bottles were made before a.d. 79. This shape continued in use throughout the 4th and early 5th centuries (see 329-334). The production of squat bottles appears to have ceased before or by the end of the 2nd

century.

Regional variants are evidence for production in a number of centers in the late 1st and 2nd centuries. There are differences in color and quality of the glass, in overall proportions, rim folding, ribbing of the handle, the presence or absence of a constriction at the base of the neck, patterns of wheel-cut linear decoration, and even in the methods used for blowing.

Many bottles made in the West have a characteristic bulge (overblow) at the shoulder and a

slightly tapered body suggesting that they were blown in smooth-walled cylindrical molds;459 those from the eastern Mediterranean usually have somewhat convex sides and no shoulder

bulge, which suggests free-blowing. Another difference is that bottles found in the East often are decorated with horizontal wheel-cut or abraded bands,460 as in bottles from Athens,461

Thera,462 and Crete,463 whereas this type of decoration is less common in the West.464

Cylindrical bottles have been excavated beyond the borders of the empire as far away as

Mesopotamia.465 The shape was not common in Palestine, even though excavations in the

Judaean desert yielded an example.466 In Turkey and other parts of the northeastern Medi

terranean, cylindrical bottles appear to have been more common than square bottles.

Five of the cylindrical bottles excavated in the Agora come from Middle Imperial contexts; three are one-handled and two have two handles. The earliest one-handled bottles have a

cylindrical neck and a wide brim, folded out and in as at Oropos.467 299 has a distinctive collar rim with intricate vertical folding and a horizontally projecting ledge.468 This type of collar rim is found on a range of utilitarian vessels and tableware (cylindrical and square bottles,

large piriform and spherical bottles, and a distinct group of aryballoi) which often were

456. See Chapter 4, p. 140-141, n. 82.

457. See quote on previous page. Cool and Price 1995,

p. 222.

458. So also Taborelli 1999.

459. Cool and Price (1995, p. 179) note the characteristic

bulge at the shoulder, but consider the bottles to be free

blown.

460. Cf. Stern 2001, p. 104, no. 39, with parallels, attributed

to the last quarter of the 1st and the first quarter of the 2nd

century a.d.

461 ArchDelt 33, B'l (1978 [1985]), pp. 22-23, pi. 13.

462. Gerousi 2002, p. 136, fig. 6.

463. Price 1992, p. 452, no. 278, Hadrianic.

464. One such bottle was found in Pompeii, House 1.11.5

(Scatozza-Horicht et al. 1993, p. 561, no. 12823, pi. 124). Cool

and Price (1995, p. 199) record a few fragments from Britain.

See also Fremersdorf and Polonyi-Fremersdorf 1984, nos. 171

174, from Cologne. 465. Barag 1985, pp. 98-99, nos. 137-139.

466. Barag 1963, p. 102, no. 1, fig. 38.

467. Pologiorgi 1995, pi. 58.

468. Charlesworth 1966, pp. 26-27, Rim Type 2a.



square and cylindrical storage vessels 117

decorated with horizontal wheel-cut grooves and thin lines. Cylindrical bottles with a collar rim have been excavated on Cyprus, in Asia Minor, in Greece, on the west and north coasts

of the Black Sea, and in North Africa. They are not common in Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Italy, or the West. Nina Sorokina has suggested that the collar rim originated in Pergamon,469 but too little glass from Pergamon has been published to support or contradict this hypothesis. In Greece, collar rims have been noted on tall cylindrical bottles from Naxos,470 Thera,471 and Traianoupolis (late 1st to early 2nd century),472 and on several small cubic bottles from

Samothrace,473 as well as on a bulbous jug from the Agora (224). The diameter of299 suggests that this rim is from a large, squat cylindrical bottle, as from Sphakia, Crete.474 The suggested date for the context is second half of the 2nd century, but the bottle itself probably dates from the first half of the 2nd century.

The use of one-handled cylindrical bottles with funnel mouths (Isings 1957, Form 126) was not widespread in the East or the West before the 4th century. Two bottles from the Agora (300,301) are evidence that the shape originated in the second half of the 3rd century, before

a.d. 267. Other examples, such as 329 and a bottle excavated at Olympia,475 come from 4th

century contexts. Finds in southern France476 and elsewhere indicate that the one-handled

bottle was still in use in the 5th century. Also characteristic of 4th-century vessels is the addi tion of a decorative coil below the heat-rounded rim of the funnel mouth, as is seen in 301. In the eastern Mediterranean a tubular fold (projecting roll) below the rim, as in 300, was a common alternative to the rim coil.477 The tubular fold looked like a rim coil but saved the

glassblower an extra gather from the furnace. (One may compare the preference for folded base rings instead of applied base coils.)

Cylindrical bottles with two handles (Isings 1957, Form 127) were not common before the late 3rd to early 4th century. Three bottles from Greece appear to be among the earli est known examples of this shape:478 302 (noted by Isings) and 303, both from the Herulian destruction debris, and a bottle from a 3rd-century context at Corinth.479 All three have the

flaring funnel mouth-cum-rim coil characteristic of 4th-century bottles and jugs.

469. Sorokina 1987. For a recent discussion of the collar rim, see Stern 2001, pp. 50-51, nos. 37-39.

470. ArchDeltW, B'l (1977 [1984]), pp. 309-310, pi. 180. 471. Gerousi 2002, p. 136, fig. 6. The cemetery at Perissa

yielded also spherical bottles and jugs with collar rims, cf.

figs. 7, 9.

472. Triandaphyllos 1991, p. 453, fig. 21.

473. SamothraceXl, pp. 1125-1127.

474. Weinberg 1992, p. 119, no. 88.

475. ArchDeltn, B'l (1966 [1968]), p. 171, pi. 182. 476. Foy and Nenna 2001, p. 215, no. 385-1 (5th century). 477. Stern 2001, p. 28.

478. Rutti (1991, vol. 1, p. 175, Form AR 175) lists frag ments of three bottles from Augst, predating 300, but I see no

evidence in support of his dating "end second/early third to

fourth century." 479. Corinth XII, p. 104, no. 665, fig. 9.



118

CATALOGUE

MIDDLE IMPERIAL HOT-FORMED AND MOLD-FORMED VESSELS

Mosaic Glass

152 (G 258 + G 212) Shallow 111. 15, Fig. 9, PL 14 bowl

Area B-C 20, Roman course of West Branch of Great Drain, in the area west of the Areopagos

H. 0.033; p.L. of rim 0.041; Diam. rim ca. 0.19; Th. 0.003.

Two joining fragments of rim and wall. Most of the

yellow glass discolored to opaque white; dulling and pit ting.

Composite flower pattern: brown with opaque pale greenish blue wheel-rosettes and opaque (?) yellowish green spots. Each cane section consisting of an opaque yellow center and six overlay canes of greenish blue cased in yellow for the six-petaled rosette; this surrounded by brown and yellowish green canes forming the "back

ground." The canes collapsed along the rim, producing yellow and brown stripes along the rounded edge.

Probably mid-(?) 3rd century, possibly 1st century a.d.

("early Roman" context, some late disturbance).

153 (G 541) Plate, Ills. 6, 15, Fig. 9, PL 14 mosaic glass, with embedded elements

Weinberg 1962b; Brill 1962. B 17:1, South House, room 23 H. 0.052; est. Diam. rim 0.346; est. Diam. base ring

0.15; Th. floor 0.007, Th. rim 0.005, Th. inlay 0.001 or less.

Fragments of shallow plate preserving entire profile, four joining fragments, four nonjoining. Dull black and enamel white weathering, discoloration, iridescence,

dulling, pitting. Translucent to opaque blue ground, composed of

polygonal sections of monochrome cane, assembled and

fused. Round rim; gently curving wall; flat floor; low base

ring fused together with the vessel. Shallow horizontal

groove inside, just below the rim. The upper side is decorated with an embedded figural design of preformed polychrome mosaic glass elements: a male figure seated

in a tub or boat(?) in the center of the floor, surrounded

by polychrome fish near the rim. Brill (1962, p. 42), noted that the high copper content

of the embedded mosaic glass elements suggests that they perhaps could have been opaque red. See also Brill 2002, p. 15; Paterakis 2002, p. 258.

Probably mid-3rd century a.d. (context of a.d. 267,

Herulian destruction debris).

Colorless Cast Vessels

Broad-rimmed Bowls and Plates

154 (G 274) Deep bowl Fig. 9, PI. 15 AreaD 18 P.H. 0.022; p.L. of rim 0.055; est. Diam. rim 0.145; Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Dulling and incipient pit ting. Fine rotary scratches on upper side of rim.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. Overhanging, outsplayed rim with groove at inner and outer edge.

Cf. Riitti 1991, Form AR 16.2, dated Claudian/Nero nian to mid-3rd century.

2nd to mid-3rd century a.d. ("late Roman" con

text) .

155 (G 472) Wide shallow bowl Fig. 9, PL 15 Area 112 P.H. 0.032; p.L. of rim 0.036; est. Diam. rim 0.235.

Fragment of rim and wall. Heavy white weathering. Colorless, greenish tinge.Overhanging, outsplayed

rim.

Cf. Riitti 1991, Form AR 16.1, dated Flavian/Trajanic to mid-3rd century; Price 1992, no. 75, from Knossos.

2nd to mid-3rd century a.d. ("mid Roman" con

text) .

156 (G 531) Plate Fig. 9, PL 15

Q 17:4, container 153; fragments at 158 H. 0.026; Diam. rim 0.235; Th. rim 0.0024-0.0037; H.

base ring 0.01.

Complete, except for two fragments, one from rim, one from body. Crizzling, dulling, milky white weather

ing over entire surface, pitting; aligned pits on edge of rim.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. Narrow horizontal rim, edge possibly ground; convex transition to flat floor; high, thin base ring. Two concentric molded circles (grooves) in center of floor (Diam. of largest circle 0.024).

Cf. Riitti 1991, Form AR 24.1, dated Flavian/Trajanic to mid-3rd century.

2nd century a.d. (context earlyf?] 2nd century a.d.).

157 (G 542) Plate 111. 6, Fig. 9, PL 15 B 17:1, South House, room 24 P.H. 0.013; p.L. of rim (including gap) 0.155; est.

Diam. rim 0.51; Th. wall toward center of bottom

0.0027.

Fragments of rim and wall. Clinging white weathering.

Very fine random pitting producing a velvetlike surface

(polishing marks) on exterior and interior. Colorless, greenish tinge. Ridge on interior atjunction

of rim and wall.

Probably 2nd (to mid-3rd?) century a.d. (context of

267, Herulian destruction debris).

158 (G 443) Plate Fig. 9, PL 15 U 22:1, fill C P.H. 0.01; p.L. of rim 0.029; est. Diam. rim 0.23; av.

Th. 0.003.

Fragment of rim and floor. Slight weathering. Fine

rotary scratches on interior and exterior (polishing marks?).

Colorless, greenish tinge; small bubbles, impurities. 2nd to early 3rd century a.d. (context late 2nd to early

3rd century a.d., with some 4th-century disturbance).



CATALOGUE 119

159 (G 167) Plate Fig. 10, PL 16 Area Q19, debris over Roman house west of Panathe

naic Way, "Mosaic House," room 2

P.H. 0.009; p.L. of rim 0.093; est. Diam. rim 0.17; Th. rim 0.0028, Th. floor 0.001-0.0024.

Fragment of rim and floor. Iridescence, milky weath

ering, pitting; pits aligned horizontally on exterior and interior.

Colorless, pale greenish tinge. Horizontal rim with convex molding bordered on each side by a shallow

groove. Shape of bottom uncertain; probably flat, pos sibly with a high base ring.

Cf. Riitti 1991, Form AR 25.1, dated Flavian/Trajanic to mid-2nd century a.d.

Late 1st to mid-2nd century a.d. ("late Roman" context,

3rd century or later, with 11th-century disturbance).

160 (G 96) Shallow bowl Fig. 10, PL 16 Area D-G 3-6, perhaps square F 5, Kolonos Ago

raios

H. 0.034; est. Diam. rim 0.193; est. Diam. base ring

0.112; Th. rim 0.003, Th. floor 0.0013. About one-fourth preserved; center of floor missing.

Thick silver weathering with surface swirls, iridescence, severe pitting.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. Horizontal rim, sloping upward; convex wall; low, solid base ring; flat floor.

Probably 2nd to 3rd century a.d. (modern context).

161 (G 292) Shallow bowl Fig. 10, PL 16 C 18:2, upper fill (POU) H. 0.031; p.L. of rim 0.114; est. Diam. rim 0.275; Th.

rim 0.002-0.0034, Th. floor 0.001-0.003.

Many fragments providing almost complete profile; others not joining. Flaking silver weathering, dulling, iridescence, pitting. Encrustations. Feather cracks in

center of floor.

Colorless, greenish tinge. Very uneven thickness

throughout the vessel. Flaring rim with wheel-cut groove on the upper side along the edge; convex ridge at the

junction of rim and carinated wall. Two lightly engraved concentric circles on the floor (est. Diam. 0.05 and

0.06).

2nd century a.d. (context second half of 2nd century

a.d.).

162 (G 444a-c) Shallow dish, oval Fig. 10, PL 16 U 22:1, fill C Est. H. 0.034; p.L. of rim 0.05; est. Diam. base ring

0.11 x 0.09; av.Th. wall 0.003.

Fragments of rim, wall, floor, and base ring, not join

ing. Surface dulled and slightly pitted. Feather cracks on floor. Numerous fine scratches aligned at sharp angles to each other inside and out.

Colorless, greenish tinge. Shallow dish; wide shallow groove on

upperside of rim, narrow ridge at junction with wall. Rim widens toward right edge of fragment as if approaching a missing handle.

Cf. Riitti 1991, Form AR 15 (circular), dated Flavian to Severan.

2nd to early 3rd century a.d. (context late 2nd to early 3rd century a.d., with some


Bowls with Everted Rim

163 (G 677) Conical bowl Fig. 10, PI. 16 B 13:7, upper use filling H. 0.029; Diam. rim 0.085; Diam. base ring 0.05; Th.

rim 0.003.

Intact, but no original surface preserved. Small areas

of flaking enamel white weathering, cloudy, dulling, some

pitting; pits aligned at edges of rim and base ring. Colorless. Everted rim, angular junction with nearly

conical wall; low, narrow base ring; flat floor. Edges of rim and base ring possibly finished by grinding. On the underside an engraved central dot surrounded by two

engraved concentric circles (Diam. of larger circle 0.011); numerous chattering marks in engraving.

Cf. Rutti 1991, Form AR 13.2, dated Claudian/Nero nian into 3rd century a.d.

2nd century a.d. (context 2nd century a.d.).

Bowls with Overhanging Rim

164 (G 447) Bowl Fig. 10, PL 16 U 22:1, fill C P.H. 0.031; est. Diam. rim 0.19.

Fragments of rim and wall. Numerous fine scratches,

roughly aligned on exterior, random on interior. Colorless, greenish tinge; a few bubbles. Thick rim,

overhanging at edge. Cf. Rutti 1991, Form AR21, dated Flavian/Trajanic to

Severan.

2nd to early 3rd century a.d. (context late 2nd to early 3rd century a.d., with some 4th-century disturbance).

Bowls with Rounded Rims

165 (G 446) Bowl Fig. 10, PL 16 U 22:1, flllC P.H. 0.045; est. Diam. rim 0.26; Th. wall near rim


Joining fragments of rim, wall and floor. Surface dulled and slightly pitted.

Colorless; tiny spherical bubbles. Horizontal groove inside below rim.



166 (G 445) Bowl PI. 16 U 22:1, fill C P.H. 0.035; est. Diam. rim 0.27; Th. wall near rim 0.003,


Seven fragments of rim, wall and floor, two joining.

Swirling bands of dulled surface pitting on interior of some fragments and on exterior of others.

Colorless, greenish tinge. Shape as 165 but without internal groove.

Cf. Isings 1957, Form 47; Rutti 1991, Form AR 18, dated Claudian to Severan.



167 (G 444d-l) Shallow bowls/dishes Fig. 11, PL 17 U 22:1, fill C P.H. of largest rim fragment (j) 0.036; est. Diam. 0.306;

Th. 0.004; est. Diam. base ring fragments (d, f, h) 0.14.; p.H. base ring fragments 0.01; Th. floor 0.003.




(a): Nonjoining fragments of rim and side (j), floor

(i), and base ring (d, f, h) probably belonging to one dish or shallow bowl; (b) and (c) (G 444k, 1): two fragments of rims with est. Diams. of (b) 0.24 and (c) 0.23; (d) and

(e) (G 444e, g): two base ring fragments with est. Diams. of (d) 0.20 and (e) 0.196, as well as four fragments with traces of base ring and 12 other fragments, mosdy flat, not

joining. Surface dulled and pitted. Fine rotary scratches inside and out.

Colorless, greenish tinge. Horizontal groove inside below rim, wall curving up like 166. Three concentric circles engraved on upperside of floor.

In all, a minimum of three vessels, possibly more. 2nd to early 3rd century a.d. (context late 2nd to early

3rd century a.d., with some 4th-century disturbance).

168 (G 290) Shallow bowl Fig. 11 Area H 13, over west end of Middle Stoa, fill over Ro

man drain

P.H. 0.03; est. Diam. rim 0.23; Th. rim 0.0028, Th. wall at lowest point 0.0018.

Fragment of rim and wall. Flaking enamel white and silver weathering, dulling, and pitting.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. Edge of rim rounded; wall carinated.

2nd(?) to 3rd century a.d. (context 3rd century a.d.).

169 (G 308) Shallow bowl Fig. 11, PL 17 Area B-C 16, Roman House B, room 5, on floor P.H. 0.04; est. Diam. rim 0.25; Th. wall near junction

with bottom 0.0018. Five joining fragments of rim, wall, and floor; most of

base missing. One fragment appears to preserve original shiny surface on interior; on the others, flaking enamel

white weathering, dulling and pitting. Very fine rotary scratches and horizontally aligned pits on exterior.

Colorless.

Probably 2nd to 3rd century a.d. (context 5th to 6th

century a.d.).

Base Rings 170 (G 527) Plate Fig. 11, PI. 17

Area H 15, drain P.H. 0.009; Diam. base ring 0.09; Th. at point nearest

center 0.002.

Part of floor and base ring. Slight weathering. Numer ous thin rotary scratches on interior.

Colorless, yellowish gray tinge; a few bubbles. Flat

floor; low, solid base (ring foot). Three concentric circles

engraved on floor.

2nd(?) to 3rd century a.d. (context 3rd century a.d.).

171 (G 377) Plate 111. 6, Fig. 11, PL 17 B 17:1, South House, room 18, off dining room

P.H. 0.017; Diam. base ring 0.072; av. Th. wall 0.0016.

Fragments of base ring and floor. Silver iridescence,

pitting. Fine concentric scratches on interior.

Colorless. Raised (molded) circular ridge on bottom

(Diam. 0.025), small central boss.

2nd to mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian

destruction debris).

With Inscriptions in Raised Relief

172 (G 404) Bowl Fig. 12, PL 17 Area P 13, burnt layer beside "late Roman" wall P.H. 0.023; est. Diam. rim 0.18; Th. wall 0.001.

Fragment of rim and wall. Iridescence, pitting. Colorless, greenish tinge. Probably mold-pressed,

possibly blown or cast. A ridge along the outside of the rim. Below this, surrounded by abrasions, the remains of three Greek capital letters in sharp relief G0?Yr?; the first and third letters are incomplete, and could be read also as an omicron and a rho. The letters probably belong to a good wish [%p]cb \)y[iaivcov] "use it/me in health."

From same context as 199.

First half of 3rd century a.d. (context probably of 267, Herulian destruction).

173 (G 89) Shape not determined Fig. 12, PL 17 E5:4 Max. dim. 0.022; Th. 0.0008-0.0024. Flat fragment, no finished edge. Severe iridescence

and pitting. Colorless. Part of mold-blown inscription, probably

the letter M or N (Latin or Greek) with serifs. Context 2nd to mid-3rd century a.d.

Cage Cups

174 (G 547a-f + G 675a, b) Cage cup Ills. 7, 16-18,

Fig. 12, PL 17

Weinberg 1964, pp. 47-51, figs. 1-7; Welzel 1994,

p. 17, fig. 26:D; Stern 2003, p. 98, fig. 1. B 15:5, South House, room 12 Diam. ca. 0.14; Th. of vessel including cage: 0.014, av.

Th. of blue glass 0.004, Th. wall of inner bowl 0.001.

(a) (G 547a) max. dim. 0.043, total Th. 0.014, Th. of

glass joining vessel to bird: 0.007; max. dim. (b) 0.04; (c) 0.033; (d) 0.037; (e) 0.022; dim. (f) 0.04x0.013x0.001;

(g) (G 675a) 0.034; (h) (G 675b) 0.04. Six fragments of openwork cage (a-e, g), one frag

ment of wall with strut and edge of openwork (h), and one fragment of wall preserving the base of a strut (f, now missing, see note 81 above). Scant remains of silver

weathering (a); flaking silver weathering (g and h), irides cence, pitting; inner bowl almost entirely decomposed.

Inner bowl and struts colorless; many tiny bubbles.

Cage translucent to transparent royal blue. Fragment

(a) represents a songbird (beak and feet missing); frag ments (b-e) and (g) and (h) represent long branches or tendrils with remains of one leaf (perhaps an oak leaf).

Most fragments of the cage have struts attaching them

to the inner bowl; the struts are integral parts of the inner bowl. The two struts of fragment (a) are long, smooth thin strips supporting the entire length of the fragment, curving gently in lateral and in perpendicular directions;

they have no tool marks (111. 18: a [views 3,4]). Fragment (d) may have been attached along the entire length with one long smooth strip, but only a small piece of the strut

remains (smooth on both sides, 111. 18: d[view 2]). The struts of fragments (e, g, h) are short straight strips with short diagonal cuts on the exterior continuing the cut

ting on the front of the foliage, see Ills. 18: e, g[view 2]; 17: h[view 3]); the other side, covered by the foliage, is



CATALOGUE 121

smooth, or slightly angled as in fragment (h) (111. 17:

h[view 2]). The undersides of all figural elements are

entirely smooth, showing no tool marks or pitting (111. 18: d[view 2]). Neither are there tool marks or aligned pits on the exterior surface of the inner bowl as far as

preserved (111. 17: hfview 1]) nor on the interior (111. 18: a [view 1]). Since the original publication of this vessel,

Murray McClellan identified two additional fragments of this cup (g and h) which had been stored separately.

Alice Paterakis (2002, p. 257) notes that "the cage cup fragments when found were covered with an opaque coat

ing of corrosion products, which completely concealed

the transparency and color of the glass_Both colorless and transparent blue glasses were analyzed by Robert Brill using microprobe analysis. The two glasses were found to be of similar composition with cobalt account

ing for the blue color. Jones's results [see Appendix II] are comparable to those of Brill for sodium, magnesium and antimony but lower for calcium." For full analysis, see Brill 1999, vol. 1, pp. 78, 80; vol. 2, pp. 144, 145.

Probably second half of 3rd century a.d. (context of a.d. 267, Herulian destruction, with minor con

tamination of late-3rd- to early-4th-century material; see

p. 13).

MIDDLE IMPERIAL FREE-BLOWN VESSELS

Cups and Beakers

Plain and Linear-cut (Isings Forms 96, 106) 175 (G 539) Cup Fig. 12, PL 18

Area N 12 H. 0.064; Diam. rim 0.14.

Nearly entire profile preserved. Weathering and pit ting; pits aligned horizontally on either side of lower

groove. Greenish blue. Everted rim, ground; base probably

flat. Horizontal grooves below rim and near base.

Probably 1st, possibly 3rd century a.d. (context "prob ably early Roman").

176 (G 366) Cup Fig. 12, PL 18 Area A-D 14-17, exact findspot not recorded P.H. 0.042; est. Diam. ca. 0.10; p. Th. wall 0.0014.

Two joining fragments of rim and wall. Flaking enamel white weathering and silver iridescence.

Colorless. Rim probably ground. Thin horizontal

groove outside below the rim (not indicated in profile drawing).

Probably 3rd or 4th century a.d. (context unknown).

177 (G 348) Cup 111. 3, Fig. 12 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.035; est. Diam. rim 0.10.

Fragment of rim and wall. Blowing spirals. Irides cence.

Light yellowish green; bubbly. Everted rim, perhaps lightly ground.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian de

struction debris).

178 (G 547h) Cup 111. 7, Fig. 12 B 15:5, South House, room 12 H. 0.069; est. Diam. rim 0.10; rim paper thin; Th. at

lowest point (in base) 0.0018. Two large, nonjoining fragments of rim and wall pre

serving almost complete profile. Flaking enamel white and silver weathering, iridescence, severe pitting.

Colorless, pale yellowish gray tinge. Everted rim, unworked; hemispherical wall; flattened base, slightly concave. No pontil scar.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of a.d. 267, Herulian

destruction, with minor contamination of late-3rd- to

early-4th-century material).

179 (G 547i) Cup 111. 7, Fig. 12 B 15:5, South House, room 12 H. 0.06; est. Diam. rim 0.11; Th. rim 0.0013, Th. at

lowest point (in base) 0.003. Several joining and nonjoining fragments of rim and

wall preserving almost complete profile. Flaking enamel white weathering, iridescence, severe

pitting. Colorless, pale yellowish gray tinge. Shape as 178, but

less deep. No pontil scar.

From the same context comes G 547j, a rim fragment of a third bowl of the same shape, as well as several other

fragments which may or may not belong to one of these three bowls.




180 (G 350) Cup or beaker 111. 3, Fig. 12, PL 18 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.036; est. Diam. rim 0.075.

Two joining fragments of rim and upper wall. Slight iridescence.

Light grayish green; bubbly. Everted rim, unworked (?); slightly bulbous body. Shape as 181.


struction debris).

181 (G 349) Beaker 111. 3, Fig. 12, PL 18 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.04; est. Diam. rim 0.07.

Fragment of rim and upper wall. Blowing spirals; iridescence.

Light grayish green; bubbly. Everted rim, perhaps lightly ground; slightly bulbous body.


struction debris).

182 (G 379) Beaker PL 18 C 18:1 (POU) P.H. 0.04; Diam. rim 0.07; Th. rim 0.0014, Th. wall at

lowest point 0.0009.

Fragment of rim and upper wall. Slight iridescence.

Light yellowish green, a few small bubbles. Everted rim, unworked.

3rd-4th century a.d. (context late 3rd to 5th century a.d.).




183 (G 347) Beaker 111. 3, Fig. 12 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.027; est. Diam. rim 0.06.

Fragment of rim and upper wall. Blowing spirals. Slight dulling.

Colorless; small bubbles. Everted rim, unworked; spreading wall.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian de struction debris).

Indented

184 (G 345 + G 352) Cup, indented 111. 3, Fig. 12 B 17:1, South House, kitchen Est. H. 0.085; Diam. rim 0.085, Diam. base 0.037; Th.

rim 0.0008, walls paper thin.

Nonjoining fragments of rim with upper wall (G 352) and of base with lower wall (G 345) preserving almost

complete profile. Slight iridescence; one fragment de formed (from burning).

Colorless, greenish tinge; tiny bubbles, very thin. Everted rim, probably lightly ground. Two rows of oval indents around the body?eight in lower row, uncertain number in upper row. Recessed base. No pontil scar.


struction debris).

185 (G 351) Cup, indented 111. 3, Fig. 12 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.038; est. Diam. rim 0.08; Th. rim 0.0005, wall

at lowest point paper thin. Three joining fragments of rim and upper wall. Blow

ing spirals; slight iridescence.

Colorless, yellowish green tinge; tiny bubbles. Everted

rim, probably lightly ground. Indented. Shape similar to 184.

Possibly the top of 186. Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian de

struction debris).

186 (G 344) Cup, indented 111. 3, PI. 18 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.032; Diam. base 0.034; Diam. at top of fragment

ca. 0.074; Th. wall at highest point 0.0004. Two joining fragments of base and lower wall. Slight

iridescence.

Light yellowish green. Spreading wall with eight oval indents just above the base; another series?not evenly

distributed?higher up. Possibly the bottom of 185. Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian de

struction debris).

187 (G 355) Beaker, indented 111. 3, Fig. 12 B 17:1, South House, kitchen Est. H. 0.09; est. Diam. rim 0.07; Diam. base ring 0.033;

Th. rim 0.0005; Th. wall near indent 0.0012.

Fragments of rim, body, and base (center of bot tom missing). Blowing spirals. Enamel white and silver

weathering.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. Everted rim, lightly ground; slightly bulbous body; narrow tubular folded base ring. Small circular indents in body (at uncertain height).


struction debris).

188 (G 438) Beaker, indented Fig. 12, PL 18 Area P-R 12-15, section I, container T 211 P.H. 0.024; Diam. base 0.043; av. Th. wall 0.0007.

Bottom and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Iridescence,

pitting. Bluish green; bubbles. Thickened, almost flat base

with open tubular fold as "base ring"; indented, probably four times. No pontil scar.

From same context, bottoms of about 20 similar ves

sels, straight-walled and/or indented, the diameters of the bottoms varying from 0.042 to 0.059 (average 0.045), and a terracotta lamp; cf. 197.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context 3rd century a.d.).

189 (G 425) Beaker, indented PL 18 H-I 12:1 P.H. 0.027; Diam. base 0.042; walls paper thin. Two joining fragments of base and lower wall. Irides

cence, silver weathering. Colorless. Slightly concave base with open tubular fold

as "base ring"; four indents in wall. No pontil scar.


struction debris).

190 (G 78) Beaker, indented PL 18 C 12:1 P.H. 0.026; Diam. base 0.051; Th. wall at highest point

0.0008.

Base and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Flaking surface, pitting.

Light bluish green; bubbly. Flattened base with small shallow depression in center and open tubular fold as "base ring"; four indents in wall. No pontil scar.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context mid-2nd to early 3rd

century).

191 (G 121) Beaker, indented Fig. 12, PL 18 M19:l P.H. 0.03; Diam. base 0.045; Th. wall at highest point

0.0004.

Base ring and lower wall. Iridescence, pitting.

Light bluish green. Concave base with pointed tool mark in center; tubular folded base ring. Convex wall

with traces of indents on four sides (not indicated in

drawing). Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.024). 2nd century a.d. (context of ca. 150-180).

192 (G 331) Beaker, indented PL 18 F16:2, dumped fill P.H. 0.076; p.W. 0.037; av. Th. wall at top 0.0008, at

bottom 0.0011.

Wall fragment. Slight iridescence.

Light grayish green; small bubbles and black specks. Steep wall with tall narrow indents continuing at top and bottom of fragment. This beaker probably had a coil base, see 193.

Probably mid-3rd century a.d., possibly earlier (con text 3rd or 4th century a.d.).

193 (G 330) Beaker PL 18 F 16:2, dumped fill P.H. 0.016; Diam. base ring 0.039; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0006. Base and lower wall. Milky white flaking surface.



CATALOGUE 123

Light grayish green tinge (as 192); small bubbles and black specks. Steep wall as far as preserved; uneven flat tened base with thick coil applied as base ring. No pontil scar. Probably the base of 192.

Probably mid-3rd century a.d., possibly later (context

second half of 4th century a.d.).

194 (G 155 + G 157) Beaker or cup Fig. 12

AgoraV, nos. M 185, 186, p. 101, pi. 55. M 17:1, layer V Est. H. 0.095; Diam. rim 0.072, Diam. base 0.049.

Fragments of rim (G 157) and of base (G 155), not

joining. White weathering, pitting. Colorless, yellowish tinge; bubbles. Flaring rim, thick

ened and rounded. Trail around the neck. Shape of body uncertain; it may have had indents. Concave, thickened

base. No pontil scar.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context mid-3rd century a.d.

to 267).

Zoned Facet Cutting 195 (G 281) Cup Fig. 13, PL 19

Area D 17, section OO, container T 73 P.H. 0.061; est. Diam. rim. 0.11; Th. rim 0.0013, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Flaking surface, iridescence,

dulling, and pitting. Colorless, greenish tinge. Two horizontal grooves

below the rim; six interlocking rows of polished (?) facets

preserved, arranged in honeycomb pattern: hexagons in

upper three rows, diamonds below.

First half of 3rd century a.d. or earlier (context mainly mid-3rd century a.d.) .

196 (G 228) Cup Fig. 13, PL 19 Agora V, no. L 65, p. 81, pi. 55. F 19:1, uncertain level P.H. 0.057; est. Diam. rim 0.115; Th. rim 0.0015, Th.

wall at lowest point 0.0024. Two joining fragments of rim and wall. Blowing spirals.

Crizzling milky white surface, pitting. Colorless, light grayish yellow tinge. Everted rim,

lightly ground. Narrow horizontal groove outside below the rim; band of rice facets near bottom.

Probably 3rd century a.d., possibly later (context late

3rd to early 5th century).

197 (G 439) Cup Fig. 13, PL 19 Area P-R 12-15, section I, container T 211, with 177,

and a terracotta lamp, dated second half of 3rd century a.d. {Agora VII, p. 157, no. 1998)

P.H. 0.045; Diam. rim. 0.075; Th. wall near rim 0.0017, at lowest point 0.006.

Part of rim and wall. Iridescence, some pitting on

exterior.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. Rim ground, slightly out

splayed. Zoned facet cutting: horizontal groove just below the rim, another farther down, and below it two rows of

vertical ellipses, one row of horizontal ellipses, and circles

near the bottom.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context 3rd century a.d.).

198 (G 85) Cup E5:4

Fig.13, PL 19

P.H. 0.095; Diam. rim. 0.145; Th. rim 0.0013, Th. wall near bottom 0.003.

Three joining fragments preserving complete profile; many other small fragments. Flaking enamel white and silver weathering, iridescence, pitting.

Colorless, greenish tinge. Everted rim, lightly ground; convex wall. Zoned facet cutting, from top to bottom:

double horizontal groove just below the rim; two rows of rice facets on widest part of body; double groove; circular facets alternating with pairs of horizontal rice facets above and below; double groove. On the slightly concave base as far as preserved a similar design of alternating circular and rice facets. Numerous transverse tool marks (chat

tering marks) in the middle and lowest double groove. First half of 3rd century a.d. (context 2nd to mid-3rd

century a.d.).

199 (G 405) Cup PI. 19 Area P 13, burnt layer beside "late Roman" wall Max. dim. 0.075; Th. wall 0.003-0.0025.

Wall fragment. Silver weathering, some pitting. Colorless; small bubbles. Zoned facet cutting, from

top to bottom: two horizontal grooves above a row of

circular facets separated from each other by pairs of short horizontal strokes; two horizontal grooves above a second row of circular facets separated from each other

by short horizontal strokes above (and below, as in the row above?).

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context probably of 267, Heru

lian destruction). From same context as 172.

200 (G 554) Cup Fig. 13, PI. 19 Area L-O 16-18 P.H. 0.035; est. Diam. rim. 0.065; Th. wall at rim 0.006,

at lowest point 0.002. Part of rim and wall. Traces of white weathering, milky

iridescence.

Colorless, grayish geen tinge. Very thin rim, unworked. Zoned facet cutting: three horizontal grooves above a

row of irregular vertical grooves, five horizontal grooves

below, and vertical ellipses near the bottom.

Probably mid-3rd century a.d. (context not record

ed).

201 (G 165) Cup Fig. 13, PI. 19 C 14:2 H. 0.065; est. Diam. rim 0.115; Th. rim 0.0009, Th.

wall 0.0013-0.003, av. Th. base 0.0038.

Fragments preserving entire profile. Iridescence and

pitting; pits aligned lengthwise in facets. Colorless, pale grayish green tinge. Cylindrical cup

with ground rim. Zoned facet cutting, from top to bot

tom: two narrow horizontal grooves; a double row of

interlocking, large vertical rice facets; two closely set

horizontal grooves; a band of oval facets separated by vertical grooves terminating above and below in horizon

tal pointed serifs (as in the Roman numeral I). At the

junction of wall and bottom, a row of rice facets pointing outward; on the bottom, a central circular facet bordered

by six(?) short pointed strokes forming the lower serifs of the vertical grooves (Roman numeral I) separating a row of circular facets, echoing the design on the wall.

Probably mid-3rd century a.d. (context of ca. a.d.

250-275).




202 (G 320) Cup PL 19 F17:l Max. dim. 0.074; Th. wall 0.003.

Fragment of wall and bottom, no finished edge. Flak

ing silver iridescence and severe pitting, destroying the surface.

Perhaps colorless, yellowish tinge. Probably from a

very shallow bowl, decorated on the underside with a

design of which only two short parallel grooves remain, framed by two concentric grooves; above this, shallow flutes separated by vertical grooves.

Probably mid-3rd century a.d. (context late 3rd into

early 4th century a.d.).

Bowls and Dishes

Bowls Decorated with Figural Cutting 203 (G 477) Shallow bowl Fig. 13, PL 20

Area Q16-17 Max. dim. 0.075; Th. ca. 0.002.

Fragment of bottom and lower wall. Surface dulled,

clinging weathering, pitting. Colorless, greenish tinge; small bubbles. Convex

bottom decorated with a wheel-cut figural scene, here described as cut on exterior. A frontal figure facing to his right grasps with each hand a rope suspended from

above, a stance usually associated with the trampling of grapes. In the field above his head a squiggly object (vine tendril?); remains of an identical squiggle along the left edge (the two short, deep slots appearing in the photograph as dark lines below the squiggle are

weathering pits, as are the two short horizontal slots next to the figure's hand; on this type of weathering, cf.

Newton, Holloway, and Hench 1981, pp. 364-366, fig. 5). On the far right remains of three spiral or circular motifs. The scene is bordered by a polygonal (?) band of cross- hatching (from which the ropes are suspended) and a circular (?) medallion framed by a wave pattern and four concentric grooves; the area between the

cross-hatched frame and the concentric circles filled

by a grapevine with alternating grape bunches and leaves.

Context of a.d. 267, Herulian destruction debris.

From the same context as 218 and G 478, a melon bead

of greenish blue faience or glass.

Bowls Decorated with Pinched Trails

204 (G 550) Deep bowl Fig. 14, PL 20 Area Q-R 20, drain P.H. 0.056; est. Diam. rim 0.10.

Fragments of rim and wall. Iridescence.

Light green; small bubbles. Rim ground. Two horizon tal abraded bands 0.01 below the rim. Horizontal pattern of pinched trails or ribs. Exterior slightly polished.

Cf. Clairmont 1963, pp. 49, 50, nos. 187-191, pi. XXIII.

Probably 3rd to early 4th century (uncertain con

text).

Bowls with Tubular Rims

205 (G 122) Bowl Fig. 14 M19:l H. 0.043; Diam. rim 0.195, Diam. base ring 0.088; Th.

wall near rim 0.0007, near base ring 0.0012, Th. floor 0.002.

Many fragments, giving complete profile. Flaking silver weathering, iridescence, pitting.

Greenish blue; small bubbles. Flaring tubular rim folded up, out, and down; narrow tubular folded base

ring; concave depression in center of base. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.016).

Early to mid-2nd century a.d. (context ca. 150-180).

Bowls and Dishes with Out-turned Rims

206 (G 409) Bowl Fig. 14, PI. 20 N 20:5, fill 4a P.H. 0.025; p.L. of rim 0.09; est. Diam. rim 0.20; Th.

rim 0.002; Th. wall at lowest point 0.001.

Fragment of rim and upper wall. Enamel white weath

ering, severe pitting.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. Horizontal, slightly sloping rim with rounded edge; convex wall, unintentionally bent outward just below rim, with horizontal tool mark at change of angle.

2nd century a.d. (context 2nd century a.d.)

207 (G 354) Bowl 111. 4, Fig. 14, PI. 20 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.035; est. Diam. rim 0.12; Th. rim 0.0018, Th.

wall at lowest point 0.0004. Five fragments of rim and wall, two joining. Light green, pinprick bubbles. Out-turned rim, thick

ened and heat-rounded; conical walls. Shape as 208.


struction debris).

208 (G 353) Bowl 111. 4, Fig. 14 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.032; est. Diam. rim 0.12; Th. rim 0.0017, Th.


Fragment of rim and wall. Slight iridescence.

Light green; small bubbles. Out-turned rim, thickened and heat-rounded; conical walls.


struction debris).

209 (G 470) Bowl PL 20 Area H-I 12 Max. dim. 0.032.

Fragment of rim decoration. White weathering.

Colorless, greenish tinge. Very thin, flaring rim, folded outward. Applied, nicked trail (pseudo-handle).

2nd century a.d. (context 3rd century a.d., probably

Herulian).

210 (G 133) Bowl Fig. 14, PL 20 M 18:4, containers 26-27 H. ca. 0.055; Diam. rim 0.165, Diam. base ring 0.087;

Th. wall just below thread near rim 0.0005, just above thread near base ring 0.0008.

Fragments preserving most of profile. Blowing spirals. Cloudy, dulling, incipient pitting.

Colorless, grayish green tinge; bubbly. Out-turned

rim, thickened and heat-rounded; convex wall; slightly concave base with pointed tool mark in center. Annular

pontil scar (Diam. 0.017). Two single revolutions of thread of same color: the first ca. 0.015 below rim and

the second 0.008 from base ring. 3rd century a.d. (context 3rd century a.d. or later).



CATALOGUE 125

211 (G 474) Bowl Fig. 14, PL 20 Area H 12, road, strosis 4 Diam. base ring 0.051.

Fragment of base and wall. Iridescence.

Colorless; bubbles. Flat bottom, two concentric coils

applied to form a base. Wall begins to rise slightly just outside outer coil. No pontil

scar.

3rd century a.d. ("mid-Roman" context).

212 (G 337a, b) Dish 111. 6, Fig. 14, PL 20 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. of rim fragment 0.017; p.L of rim 0.132; est.

Diam. rim ca. 0.20; Th. rim 0.0028, Th. wall at lowest

point 0.0006; p.H. base fragment 0.015; Diam. base ring 0.085-0.095; Th. wall at highest point 0.0006.

(a) Base with joining fragments of wall and (b) non

joining fragment of rim. Blowing spirals. Irides cence.

Bluish green. Wide, out-turned rim, thickened and

heat-rounded; conical wall. Added solid base ring, slightly oval. No pontil scar. Thread of same color wound spirally,

beginning above base: four revolutions preserved on base

fragment, uncertain traces of two(?) revolutions on rim

fragments. Perhaps carinated bowl? The rim fragment probably belongs to a second dish

(per Anne Hooton). Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian de

struction debris).

Bowls with Heat-rounded Rims

213 (G 307) Deep bowl Fig. 15, PL 20 Area B-C 16, House B, room 5, on floor

H. 0.06; Diam. rim 0.145, Diam. base ring 0.08; av. Th.

rim 0.0027, av. Th. wall, sides and bottom, 0.001.

Fragments preserving entire profile. Blowing spirals; slight dulling and pitting.

Light greenish blue; small bubbles. Thickened, heat rounded rim; high folded base ring. The vessel probably had a pontil scar.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context 5th-6th century a.d.) .

214 (G 357) Shallow bowl 111. 6, Fig. 15, PL 20 B 17:1, South House, kitchen Est. Diam. of rim 0.31; p.H. of base fragments 0.058;

Diam. base ring 0.113; Th. rim 0.0018, av. Th. wall 0.0012.

Many fragments preserving almost complete profile; no join between rim fragments and wall fragment or

between wall and base fragments, but they do seem to

belong to one vessel. Blowing spirals. Brown stain. Irides

cence, incipient pitting.

Light bluish green; bubbles. Everted rim with slightly thickened, heat-rounded edge; convex wall; flat floor;

added, solid base ring with tool marks on exterior and interior. No pontil scar.


struction debris).

Bowls Decorated with Tubular Folds

215 (G 367) Bowl Fig. 15, PL 20 Area O 20 P.H. 0.02; p.W. 0.052; est. Diam. rim ca. 0.14.

Rim fragment, edge probably not preserved. Slight iridescence, pitting.

Pale green tinge; small bubbles. Decorative flange formed by a projecting tubular fold 0.017 below rim.

Perhaps from a bowl of Isings 1957, Form 69.

Probably lst-2nd century a.d. (context "Roman Fill,"

1st to 3rd century a.d. [?]).

Goblets

With Pinched-out Ribs

216 (G 169) Goblet Fig. 15, PI. 21 S 19-20:1 P.H. 0.051; Th. wall at highest point 0.0008. Part of body, no finished edge. Blowing spirals. Incipi

ent pitting. Colorless, grayish tinge; bubbles. Slender cylindri

cal body, with vertical, sharp, pinched-out ribs, closely spaced on one side, slightly farther apart on the other, and separated by an uneven bulge from rounded

cup below. Probably stemmed (center of cup miss

ing). Probably late 1st or 2nd century a.d. (context second

half(?) of 2nd century a.d.).

Knop Stems

217 (G 83) Goblet Fig. 15 D 12:1, bottom fill 3 P.H. 0.031; Diam. foot 0.049; Th. wall at highest point

0.001.

Lower part of bowl, stem, and foot. Dulling, irides cence.

Light green; bubbles, impurities (black specks). Prob

ably made from three gathers, one for the bowl, one for the stem, and one for the foot (possibly two gathers: one for the bowl and one for the stem and foot). Shape of bowl uncertain; knop stem; irregularly shaped circular

foot, concave on the underside, tool marks on upper and

underside. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.018). Second half of 1st to early 2nd century a.d. (context

late 2nd to mid-3rd century a.d.).

218 (G 479) Goblet Fig. 15 Area Q16-17 P.H. 0.03; Diam. foot 0.066; Th. of stem 0.016.

Foot and stem. Iridescence.

Colorless, greenish tinge; small bubbles. Made of two

gathers; knop stem and foot added separately. Shape of

body unknown. Edge of foot turned down and rounded; tool mark in center. No pontil scar.

Probably mid-3rd century a.d., possibly 1st century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian destruction). From same

context as 203.

219 (G 293) Goblet Fig. 15, PI. 21 Area C 16-17, from a house on the lower slopes of the

Hill of the Nymphs, part of the South House P.H. 0.05; Th. wall near bottom of bowl 0.003, at high

est point 0.0005. Lower part of bowl, stem, and upper part of foot, no

finished edge. Dulling, iridescence, and pitting. Pale greenish tinge, small bubbles. Made of three

gathers, one each for the body, the knop stem, and the foot. Deep narrow bowl; convex foot. Pontil scar not

preserved.




3rd century a.d. (context possibly 3rd century a.d., but probably 5th-6th century a.d., cf. Thompson 1948, pp. 169-170, and Thompson 1949, p. 217).

220 (G 227) Goblet Fig. 15, PL 21 Agora V, p. 81, no. L 66, pi. 55. F 19:1, uncertain level P.H. 0.034; Diam. knop 0.021; Th. wall of bowl at high

est point 0.0039, Th. wall of foot at lowest point 0.0016. Lower part of bowl, stem, and upper part of foot, no

finished edge. Crizzling. Colorless, pale yellowish tinge; few bubbles. Made of

three gathers, one each for the bowl, the knop stem, and the foot. Solid knop, curved foot. Annular pontil scar

(Diam. 0.011). 3rd century a.d. (context late 3rd to early 5th century

a.d.).

Smooth Stems

221 (G 208) Goblet Fig. 15, PL 21 N17:2 H. 0.028; Diam. foot 0.049; Th. wall of bowl at highest

point 0.0019. Lower part of bowl, stem, and foot. Blowing spirals.

Slight iridescence, incipient pitting. Light greenish yellow; bubbles and impurities. Bowl,

stem, and foot each made from a separate gather. Gently

spreading bowl; concave, solid stem; irregularly shaped circular foot, concave on the underside, tool marks on

the upperside. No pontil scar.

2nd century a.d. (context of 50-150/200).

222 (G 203) Goblet PL 21 N17:2 P.H. 0.015; est. Diam. foot 0.051.

Foot and part of stem. Blowing spirals. Pitting. Purplish with lighter streaks (not homogeneously

melted); bubbly. Thin, solid stem; irregularly shaped circular foot, similar to 221, but less well made.

Probably 2nd century a.d., possibly 5th-6th century a.d. (context of 50-150/200).

Round-mouthed Bulbous Jugs

223 (G 117) Bulbous jug Fig. 15, PL 21 M19:l Est. H. 0.15; Diam. rim 0.05; av. Th. wall 0.001.

Upper part, base, and nonjoining wall fragments pre serving almost entire profile. Flaking surface, crizzled,

thin brown weathering, iridescence, severe pitting.

Light bluish green; small bubbles. Hollow rim, folded down/out and up/in, sloping down toward outer edge; bulbous body; concave base. No pontil scar. Ribbed handle (three broad ribs) applied to sloping shoulder and attached to neck just below rim.

First half of 2nd century a.d. (context of ca. 150

180).

224 (G 325) Bulbous jug Fig. 15, PL 21 F17:1 P.H. 0.065; Diam. rim 0.048; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0008.

Preserved from rim to shoulder, handle broken off.

Blowing spirals. Iridescence.

Light green; a few bubbles. Rim folded out, down, and up forming a hollow tubular collar; cylindrical neck with

slight upward taper; widely spreading shoulder. Narrow

strap handle attached just below rim and probably ap plied to shoulder (not preserved).

Probably late 1st to 2nd century a.d. (context late 3rd into early 4th century a.d.) .

225 (G 206) Bulbous jug PL 21 N17:2 P.H. 0.065; Diam. rim 0.042; av. Th. wall 0.0013.

Upper part preserved. Blowing spirals. Dulling and

incipient pitting. Light green; bubbles; black specks and color streaks

in handle. Uneven rim, folded out, up, in, and flattened.

Handle applied low on sloping shoulder and attached to neck below rim; body was probably of an elongated globular shape.

First half of 2nd century a.d. (context of 50

150/200).

226 (G 419) Bulbous jug PL 21 Agora V, p. 49, no. H 26, pi. 54. P8:l P.H. 0.046; est. Diam. rim 0.038.; av. Th. wall 0.0016.

Rim, neck, handle, and small part of upper body. Some silver weathering.

Greenish blue; small bubbles and impurities. Very uneven rim (collapsed), folded out and inward. Handle with two ribs, applied to sloping shoulder and attached to neck. Crude workmanship.

First half of 2nd century a.d. (context of ca. 100-150, possibly disturbed).

227 (G 420) Bulbous jug Fig. 15, PL 21

AgoraV, p. 49, no. H 25, pi. 54. P8:l P.H. (with handle) 0.03; Diam. rim 0.06; walls paper

thin.

Rim, upper part of mouth, and handle attachment.

Heavy iridescence.

Light greenish blue; bubbles. Flaring tubular rim, edge folded in and down. Elaborate handle, ending in three loops which project above the rim and are attached

just below it. Shape of body uncertain. First half of 2nd century a.d. (context of ca. 100-150,

possibly disturbed).

228 (G 182) Bulbous jug PL 21 P18:2 (IstPOU) P.H. 0.047; Diam. rim 0.033; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0013.

Preserved from rim to shoulder. Blowing spirals. Dull

ing and some pitting. Light yellowish green. Slightly flaring rim folded out,

up, in, and flattened; tubular neck; spreading shoulder. Broad smooth strap handle applied to sloping shoulder and folded twice up and down against rim.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context first half of 3rd century, before a.d. 267).



CATALOGUE 127

229 (G 171) Bulbous jug PI. 21 N 20:5, use filling P.H. 0.061; Diam. rim 0.052; min. W. of handle 0.027;

Th. wall at lowest point 0.0005.

Upper part preserved. Flaking enamel white weather

ing, cloudy, dulling. Light bluish green; bubbly. Short funnel mouth with

thin rim coil of same color; neck widening toward hori zontal shoulder. Angular strap handle folded against side of mouth.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context 3rd century, before a.d.

267).

230 (G 413) Jug or flask Fig. 15, PL 21 R14:2 P.H. 0.037; est. Diam. rim 0.062; Th. rim 0.0014, Th.

wall at lowest point of neck 0.0014. Rim and upper part of neck. Blowing spirals. Irides

cence.

Light green; bubbly. Narrow-necked vessel with flaring rim. Thick coil below rim.



Bulbous Flasks

With Funnel Necks

231 (G 158) Flask Fig. 15, PL 22 Agora V, no. M 107, p. 94, pi. 55. M 17:1, layer III P.H. 0.055; Diam. rim ca. 0.053; Th. rim 0.0019-0.003,

Th. wall at lowest point 0.0008. Funnel mouth and part of shoulder. Crizzled yellowish

brown weathering. Pale green tinge. Uneven, heat-rounded rim, varying

in thickness; slight bulge above tooled constriction at

junction with steep shoulder. Late 1st to mid-2nd century a.d. (context of a.d.

150-200).

232 (G 417) Flask PL 22 Area 111, found inside a pottery storage jar P 21329

missing top and bottom P.H. 0.042; Diam. rim 0.06; Th. rim 0.002, Th. wall at

lowest point 0.001.

Funnel mouth. Blowing spirals. Iridescence, incipient pitting.

Light bluish green. Rim heat-rounded and slightly thickened, slight bulge above constriction at base of funnel. Shape probably similar to 231.

Late 1st to mid-2nd century a.d. (context late 1st and

2nd century a.d.).

233 (G 105) Flask PL 22 M19:l P.H. 0.057; Diam. rim 0.075; Th. rim 0.003, Th. wall

at lowest point 0.0014. Funnel mouth and part of shoulder. Blowing spirals.

Flaking brown weathering, iridescence, incipient pit ting.

Light bluish green; small bubbles. Rim heat-rounded and slightly thickened; slight bulge above tooled constric

tion at junction with steeply sloping shoulder. Shape probably similar to 231.

Late 1st to mid-2nd century a.d. (context of ca. a.d.

150-180).

234 (G 302) Flask Fig. 15, PI. 22 Area B 16, peristyle in a house on the lower slopes of

the Hill of the Nymphs (cf. B 17:1) P.H. 0.085; Diam. rim 0.045; Th. rim 0.004, Th. wall


Rim, neck, and part of shoulder. Blowing spirals. Iri

descence and pitting, dull black weathering on interior.

Light green; small bubbles, but good material. Rim cut off carefully, but not ground (the edge is slightly concave); thick-walled funnel neck tapering down to wide shoulder and thin-walled bulbous body.


struction debris).

235 (G 219) Flask PI. 22 S 21:3, lower fill C, containers 26-32 P.H. 0.059; Diam. rim 0.038; Th. rim 0.003, Th. wall


Funnel mouth and neck. Blowing spirals. Some incipi ent pitting.

Light green. Thickened, heat-rounded rim; tall funnel neck widening slightly toward shoulder, which probably spread widely.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context early to mid-3rd century, before a.d. 267).

Other Bulbous Flasks

236 (G 437) Flask Fig. 16 Area L 7, section P, container T 359 Est. H. of body to lower neck 0.125; Diam. base ring

0.057; Th. wall near base 0.001, higher up paper thin. Base and many fragments of shoulder and sides. Iri

descence.

Light bluish green; tiny bubbles. A very fine thread

applied spirally on the shoulder (and neck?). Applied base coil. Deep kick with pointed tool mark in center of bottom. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.02).


struction debris).

Unguentaria

237 (Gill) Unguentarium Fig. 16, PL 22

AgoraV, no. M 56, p. 89, pi. 55.

M 17:1, layer II P.H. 0.095; Diam. rim 0.038; Th. wall at shoulder


Rim, neck, and upper part of body. Blowing spirals. Dulling.

Light yellowish green. Everted rim, thickened and bent out with horizontal tool mark inside; tall cylindrical neck; bulbous body. Around lower part of neck shallow horizontal indentations, partly overlapping each other,

resembling the effect of winding a string (tool marks from shaping the neck? impressions left by a decorative trail that fell off?).

Early 2nd century a.d. (context late 1st century a.d.

to 150).




238 (G 249) Unguentarium Fig. 16, PL 22 B 20:1, lower fill (POU) P.H. 0.063.

Body and lower part of neck. Usage scratches on un

derside. Slight iridescence.

Light greenish blue; bubbly. Tooled constriction at base of neck; base flattened, slightly concave. No pontil scar.

Early 2nd century a.d. (context of 50-150).

239 (G 204) Unguentarium Fig. 16, PL 22 N17:2 Intact. H. 0.10; Diam. rim 0.034.

Blowing spirals. Slight crizzling, pitting, slight irides cence.

Light greenish blue; bubbles. Rim folded out, in, and flattened; very slight constriction at base of neck; slightly concave base. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.023).

Early 2nd century a.d. (context of 50-150/200).

240 (G 160) Unguentarium Fig. 16

Agora V, no. M 106, p. 94, pi. 73. M 17:1, layer III Est. H. as far as preserved 0.097; Diam. base 0.073; Th.

wall at lowest point of neck fragment 0.0012, at highest point of body fragment 0.0011.

Joining fragments of neck and shoulder and of base and body. Flaking thin brown weathering, crizzling, and

pitting. Light grayish blue; small bubbles. Tall cylindrical neck

with smooth transition to squat bulbous body; flattened base, slightly concave. No pontil scar.

Two similar unguentaria: G 118, light blue green, from M 19:1 (context of ca. a.d. 150-180) and G 280

light blue green, from "House B, Room 3," red fill on floor (cf. Young 1951, pp. 183, 277, House Q, context 2nd century a.d.) .

2nd century a.d. (context of 150-200).

241 (G 172) Unguentarium PL 22 S 19-20:1 P.H. 0.127; Diam. of base 0.068.

Body, most of neck. Blowing spirals. Milky weathering. Light greenish blue; bubbles. No constriction atjunc

tion of neck and body; base flattened. No pontil scar.

2nd century a.d. (context second half(?) of 2nd cen

tury a.d.).

242 (G 112) Unguentarium PL 22 M 18:1, use filling P.H. 0.06; max. Diam. 0.081; Th. wall at highest point

0.0018.

Body and lower neck. Cloudy, dulling. Olive green; bubbly. Tooled constriction at base of

neck; squat body; flattened base. No pontil scar. 2nd century a.d. (context 2nd century a.d.).

243 (G 210) Unguentarium PL 22 U 22:1, fill C P.H. 0.073; Diam. of base 0.083.

Body and lower neck. Blowing spirals. Slight weather

ing.

Light bluish green; large bubbles. Base slightly con cave. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.023).

2nd century a.d. (context late 2nd to early 3rd century a.d., with some


244 (G 334) Unguentarium PL 22 E 17:1, dumped fill P.H. 0.077; Diam. rim 0.038.

Rim and part of neck. Blowing spirals. Iridescence.

Light greenish blue; small bubbles. Hollow rim folded out/down, and up/in, sloping down toward outer edge; neck with slight upward taper.

Late 2nd century (context late 2nd century a.d.).

245 (G 140) Unguentarium PL 22 B 13:7, upper use filling P.H. 0.082; Diam. rim 0.039; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0014.

Rim and part of neck. Blowing spirals. Incipient pit ting. Random scratches.

Light greenish blue; bubbly. Rim folded out, up, in, and flattened; tall tubular neck.

2nd century a.d. (context 2nd century a.d.).


Agora V, no. M 108, p. 94, pi. 54. M 17:1, layer III P.H. 0.031; Diam. rim 0.03.

Rim and neck. Enamel white weathering. Pale yellowish tinge. Uneven everted rim, barely heat

rounded; tubular, bulging neck, with tooled constriction at the base. Tool mark in upper part of neck. Body prob ably bulbous.

2nd century a.d. (context of 150-200).


F 16:2, lowest dumped fill P.H. 0.039; Diam. base ca. 0.034; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0008. Lower part of body. Blowing spirals. Slight iridescence,

pitting. Light greenish blue; very bubbly, impurities. Globular

body; concave base with pointed tool mark in center. No

pontil scar.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of ca. 267, cleanup after

Herulian destruction; cf. Shear 1933, pp. 535-536).

H-I 12:1 P.H. 0.046; Diam. base 0.034; Th. wall 0.0005.

Base and lower part of body. Little iridescence, pitting on interior.

Light green; small bubbles. Bulbous body; base slightly concave. No pontil scar.


struction).

249 (G 166) Base, flat Fig. 16, PL 23 B 14:1, use filling P.H. 0.012; Diam. base ca. 0.04; Th. wall at highest

point 0.001, av. Th. base 0.003.

Part of base and lower wall. Trail pitted.

Bases

247 (G 12) Base, concave Fig. 16, PL 23

248 (G 423) Base, flat PL 23



CATALOGUE 129

Colorless, grayish tinge; a few tiny bubbles. Trail of translucent bright greenish blue around edge of base.

Gently spreading wall; slightly concave base. No pontil scar.

Context mid-1 st to 3rd century a.d., before 267.

250 (G 95) Solid base Fig. 16, PL 23 E5:4 H. 0.007; Diam. base 0.035; Th. wall at highest point

0.0007.

Base and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Iridescence and

pitting. Colorless, yellowish gray tinge; bubbly. Thickened base

with slightly raised ring around edge. Widely spreading sides, thinning out and upward. Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.011).

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context 2nd to mid-3rd century

a.d.).

251 (G 342) Solid base 111. 4, Fig. 16 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.012; Diam. base 0.03; wall at highest point paper

thin.

Base and lower wall. Slight iridescence.

Light green; small bubbles. Flattened, thick base (ca. 0.004; slightly convex from extra puff of air); spreading walls. No pontil

scar.


struction debris). From same context comes G 340, a

similar, but larger base (Diam. 0.036).

252 (G 170) Solid base Fig. 16 N20:3 P.H. 0.012; Diam. base 0.036; Th. wall at highest point

0.0005.

Base and lower wall. Enamel white weathering, pitting. Light yellowish green. Thickened, flattened base with

slight depression inside, in center of floor. Spreading wall as far as preserved. No pontil scar.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context 3rd century, before the

Herulian destruction of 267).

253 (G 343) Base ring, folded 111. 4, PL 23 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.012; Diam. base ring 0.038; walls at highest point

paper thin.

Base and lower wall. Silver iridescence, pitting.

Colorless, yellowish tinge; small bubbles. Base slightly concave with pointed tool mark in center; narrow tu

bular folded base ring; gently spreading wall. No pontil scar.


struction debris).

254 (G 341) Base ring, folded 111. 4, PL 23 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.007; Diam. base ring 0.021; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0003. Base and lower wall. Silver iridescence.

Yellowish green tinge; small bubbles. Base slightly con cave with pointed tool mark off center; narrow tubular

folded base ring; gently spreading wall. No pontil scar. Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian de

struction debris).

255 (G 339) Base ring, folded 111. 4, Fig. 16, PI. 23 B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.024; Diam. base ring 0.065; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0005. Base and lower wall. Iridescence; enamel white weath

ering inside base ring. Light green. High folded foot with hollow edge; in

center of base a blunt protrusion (originally, the pointed base of the paraison). Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.012). Widely spreading wall as far as preserved.


struction debris).

256 (G 304) Base ring, folded 111. 4, Fig. 16 B 17:1, South House, room 2 P.H. 0.024; Diam. base ring 0.06.

Base and beginning of wall. Encrustations on un

derside. Flaking enamel white weathering, iridescence,

pitting. Light greenish blue; bubbly. High folded foot with

hollow edge. Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.013). Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian de

struction debris).

257 (G 79) Base ring, folded Fig. 16, PI. 23

Agora V, no. K 143, p. 72, pi. 73.

Q15:l P.H. 0.014; Diam. base ring 0.056; scant remains of

walls paper thin.

Base and base ring. Blowing spirals. Flaking silver

weathering; iridescence, pitting. Light bluish green; bubbles. High folded base ring

with hollow edge. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.018). Mid-3rd century a.d. (context mid-3rd through early

4th century a.d.).

258 (G 356) Base ring, folded 111. 4, Fig. 16, PL 23 B 17:1, South House, kitchen Diam. base ring 0.057; walls paper-thin. Base and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Slight irides

cence, severe pitting.

Light bluish green; bubbles. Shallow bowl on high folded base ring with hollow edge. Underside of base

convex(!) with a deep pointed tool mark in the center; a convex rise in the center of the floor corresponds to

the tool mark. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.016). Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian de

struction debris).

259 (G 80) Base ring, applied Fig. 16

Agora V, no. K 142, p. 71, pi. 73.

Q15:l P.H. 0.017; Diam. base ring 0.12; Th. floor inside base

ring 0.0012, outside base ring 0.002. Part of base ring and floor, two joining fragments.

Iridescence, some pitting.

Light yellowish green. Applied high base ring; flat floor as far as preserved.

A fragment of a similar base ring of pale green glass, G 48 (p.H. 0.023, est. Diam. 0.17), comes from the Her ulian destruction debris in the Fountain House (Area H

15). Probably mid-3rd century a.d. (context mid-3rd

through early 4th century a.d.).




260 (G 424) Base ring, applied Fig. 16 H-I 12:1 P.H. 0.017; Diam. base 0.047; av. Th. wall 0.0009. Base and part of wall. Blowing spirals. Iridescence.

Light greenish blue; bubbles. Uneven, flat floor curv

ing upward to wall; applied base ring with slanting tool marks on exterior. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.019).


struction debris).

261 (G 410) Base ring, applied Fig. 16, PL 23 N 20:5, fill 4b P.H. 0.016; Diam. base ring 0.048; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0015. Base ring and lower wall. Slight iridescence, pitting. Light olive green; small bubbles. Applied high base

ring with rounded edge, spreading. Solid pontil scar

(Diam. ca. 0.011).

Probably 2nd century a.d. (context 1st and 2nd cen turies a.d.).

262 (G 617) Base ring, applied PL 23

Q6:4 (POU) P.H. 0.017; Diam. base ring 0.053; Th. wall in floor

0.0009.

Center of floor with base ring. Cloudy, dulling, incipi ent pitting.

Colorless. Outsplayed base ring with rounded edge; flat floor.

2nd to mid-3rd century a.d. (context first half of 3rd

century, before a.d. 267).

263 (G 362) Base ring, applied PL 23 C15:2 P.H. 0.022; Diam. base ring 0.061 x 0.065; Th. wall at

highest point 0.0014. Base and lower wall. Slight iridescence, pitting. Colorless, yellowish green tinge; small bubbles. Wall

curves upward. Applied, high solid base ring, possibly oval. No pontil

scar.

Probably early 2nd century (context early 2nd to mid 3rd century a.d.) .

264 (G 338) Base ring 111. 4, PL 23 of pinched-out toes

B 17:1, South House, kitchen P.H. 0.015; Diam. base ring 0.035.

Two joining fragments of base and wall. Heavy silver

weathering, pitting. Colorless, yellowish tinge; a few small bubbles. Slightly

convex base; a circle of 18 tiny toes pinched out to form a base ring. No pontil

scar.


struction debris).

265 (G 297) Base ring of pinched-out toes Fig. 16 Area B-C 16, Roman House B, room 6 P.H. 0.018; Diam. base ring 0.038; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0005.

Fragment of base and wall. Silver weathering, pitting. Colorless, greenish tinge; bubbly. Flattened base; a

circle of 21 tiny toes pinched out to form a base ring. No pontil scar.

Context 5th-6th century a.d.

266 (G 67) Base ring of pinched-out toes PL 23 Area L15 P.H. 0.01; Diam. base ring 0.032; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0009. Base and lower wall. Iridescence, pitting.

Light bluish green. Flattened base with pointed tool mark in center; a circle of 13 tiny toes pinched out to form a base ring. No pontil scar.

Context "late Roman."

267 (G 429) Base ring of pinched-out toes PL 23 AreaP12-14 P.H. 0.015; Diam. base ring 0.04.

Fragment of base. Silver iridescence, pitting. Colorless; small bubbles. Slightly concave base; a circle

of 14 tiny toes pinched out to form a base ring. Annular

pontil scar (Diam. 0.021). Context "late Roman."

268 (G 300) Base ring of pinched-out toes PL 23 Area B-C 16, Roman House B, room 8, above floor

P.H. 0.01; Diam. base 0.03; Th. wall at highest point 0.0015.

Fragment of base and lower wall. Milky white weather

ing.

Colorless, greenish yellow tinge. Concave base; a circle of 11 tiny toes pinched out to form a base ring. No pontil scar(?).

Context 6th century a.d. (?).

Handle Attachments

269 (G 507) Handle attachment PL 24

Q7:3 L. 0.03.

Lion head, top and left side of head broken away. Traces of silver weathering, iridescence, severe pitting.

Light yellowish green. Solid, cast. Features indicated in a general way; lower part best preserved. Back flat

tened by pressure (tool marks). No traces of attaching to vessel.

Mid-3rd century (context of a.d. 267, Herulian de

struction debris).

Decorated Fragments

270 (G 310) Wall fragment Fig. 17, PL 24 Area D 17-18, section OO, container B 76 Max. dim. 0.034; Th. wall 0.0015, wall with decoration

0.0035.

Wall fragment. Fine pitting.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. Applied decoration of same color. Small depressions shaped as tiny hexagons impressed

on surface of design. First half of 3rd century a.d. (context 3rd century

a.d.).

271 (G 375) Wall fragment 111. 4, PL 24 B 17:1, South House, room 18, a small room off din

ing room Max. dim. 0.022.

Wall fragment. Silver iridescence.

Colorless. Oval chain link pattern in relief, pinched (trails?).





CATALOGUE 131

272 (G 156) Base fragment PL 24

Agora V, no. M 187, p. 101, pi. 54. M 17:1, layer V P.H. 0.009; Max. dim. 0.055; Th. wall 0.0004.

Fragment of base; no finished edge. Crizzling yellowish brown weathering.

Light green. Flat base, slightly concave from pontil scar (Diam. 0.012). Thin trail of same color glass applied spirally beginning at the bottom.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context mid-3rd century to a.d.

267).

273 (G 371) Wall fragment PL 24 Area D 17, House F, with coins OO-990 (Vespasian or

Trajan) and 00-991 (Hadrian, minted in 119), and with a terracotta lamp of the the 2nd century a.d. (Agora VII,

p. 96, no. 291; cf. AgoraXX, 1951, p. 183, House R).

Max. dim. 0.018; Th. 0.001-0.0015.

Wall fragment. Iridescence, pitting (especially in

inlay). Colorless. Thin wall; sunken within a sharp-edged

frame, an oval, dark greenish blue inlay with opaque yellowish green spots.

Context 2nd to 3rd century a.d.

274 (G 442) Wall fragment PL 24 U 22:1, fill C Max dim. 0.065; Th. 0.005-0.001.

Fragment, no finished edge. Enamel white weathering (most of it fallen off). Warped, perhaps from burning.

Light green. Pattern of thin mold-blown (expanded?) ribs converging to one point.

Context late 2nd to early 3rd century a.d., with some

4th-century a.d. disturbance.

SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL STORAGE VESSELS

Square Bottles and Base Moldings

Upper Body Preserved

275 (G 141) Square bottle PL 24 B 14:3 P.H. 0.042; est. Diam. rim 0.028; av. Th. 0.014.

Upper part preserved, almost all of rim missing. Flaking dull black, silver, and enamel white weathering, pitting.

Light bluish green; small bubbles. Rim as far as pre served folded out and up; cylindrical neck constricted at the base; flat shoulder. Angular strap handle with ribs

along the edges. Second half of 1st century a.d. (context second half

of 1st century a.d.) .

276 (G 246) Square bottle Fig. 17, PL 24 B 20:1, lower fill (POU) P.H. 0.099; Diam. rim 0.054; Th. wall at base of neck


Upper part preserved. Blowing spirals. Pitting. Bluish green; bubbly. Hollow rim, folded out, up, and

in. Multiribbed handle (nine ribs) applied to edge of shoulder and attached to middle of neck.

Mid-lst to mid-2nd century a.d. (context of a.d.

50-150).

277 (G 248) Square bottle PL 24 B 20:1, lower fill (POU) P.H. 0.05; Diam. rim 0.042; Th. wall at base of neck


Preserved from rim to shoulder. Incipient pitting. Bluish green; bubbly. Uneven hollow rim, folded out,

up, in, and flattened. Strap handle with two broad shallow ribs along the edges.

Mid-lst to mid-2nd century a.d. (context of a.d.

50-150).

278 (G 455) Square bottle K 9-10:1 P.H. 0.053; Diam. rim 0.047.

PL 24

Rim, neck, and handle. Small area of thick white

weathering, pitting. Bluish green; bubbly. Rim folded down/out and

up/in, sloping down toward outer edge. Unusually thick handle with nine ribs, applied to edge of shoulder and attached to neck just beneath rim.

Ca. a.d. 100 (context mostly 1st century a.d., with

some later disturbance).

279 (G 123) Square (or cylindrical) bottle PI. 24 M19:l P.H. 0.048; Diam. rim 0.06; Th. wall at lowest point

0.005.

Rim and part of neck. Flaking silver weathering, iri descence, some

pitting.

Green; bubbly. Hollow tubular rim, folded out/down and up/in; cylindrical neck, broken at point where handle would have been attached.

2nd century a.d. (context of ca. a.d. 150-180).

280 (G 364) Square bottle PL 24 Area C 19 P.H. 0.055; Diam. rim 0.039, Diam. body at shoulder

0.051; Th. wall at lowest point 0.001.

Preserved from rim to shoulder with upper part of handle. Iridescence.

Light bluish green; small bubbles. Rim folded down, out, in, and slightly flattened. Narrow handle with three broad ribs, attached just below rim.

2nd century a.d. (context 2nd century a.d.)

281 (G 125) Square bottle Fig. 17, PL 24 B 14:1 (POU) P.H. upper part 0.122; Diam. rim 0.06; Th. wall at low

est point 0.0018-0.0028; p.H. lower part 0.027; W. base 0.08.

Upper part, most of base with lower wall, and nonjoin

ing wall fragments preserving almost complete profile (height unknown). Blowing spirals. Dulling.

Bluish green; large bubbles. Body blown into a smooth-walled mold. Rim folded out and inward, sloping




toward the interior. Smooth strap handle, applied to edge of shoulder and attached just below rim. Concave base with pointed tool mark off-center. Annular pontil scar

(Diam. 0.032). Base molding in low relief: small swastika at center, traces of an A or A in one corner, slight remains

of letters in other two corners.

2nd to mid-3rd century a.d. (context mid-lst to 3rd

century, before 267).

282 (G 457) Square bottle PL 25 Area Q15 P.H. 0.05; Diam. rim 0.044; est. W. of body 0.055.

Rim, neck, handle, and shoulder.

Light greenish blue. Rim folded out, in, and flattened. Crude two-ribbed handle applied to edge of shoulder and attached to upper part of neck.

Context 2nd or 3rd century a.d.

283 (G 394) Square bottle PL 25 Area D 16, east-west street, road fill 4 P.H. 0.047; Diam. rim 0.036; est. W. of body 0.06;

W. of handle 0.033.

Rim, neck, handle, and shoulder. Silver weathering.

Light greenish blue; small bubbles. Rim folded out, in, and flattened. Ribbed handle, seven narrow ribs between

broader ribs.

Context 2nd to 3rd century a.d.

284 (G 545) Square bottle 111. 8, Fig. 17, PL 25 B 15:5, South House, room 12 P.H. 0.16; est. H. 0.19; Diam. rim 0.53; W. of base ca.

0.087; Th. wall at junction with base 0.002 Entire profile preserved. Blowing spirals, iridescence

and weathering pits. Light green; good material. Hollow rim, folded out,

up, in, and gently flattened; thin walls, free blown; low kick in base with pointed tool mark off-center. Annular

pontil scar (Diam. ca. 0.025). Smooth strap handle.

Context of a.d. 267, Herulian destruction, with minor

contamination of late-3rd- to early-4th-century mate

rial.

285 (G 215) Square bottle PL 25 R14:2 P.H. 0.062; Diam. rim 0.055; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0004.

Rim, neck, and upper part of handle. Stress cracks.

Dulling. Light grayish green with an unintentional purple

streak in the rim; bubbly. Hollow rim, folded out, up, in, and flattened. Finely ribbed broad handle attached just below rim.

Context second half of 2nd to first half of 3rd century a.d., Herulian destruction debris of 267.

286 (G 370) Square bottle PL 25 C 19:12 P.H. 0.06; est. W. of body 0.043; W. of handle at top

0.051; Th. wall in neck 0.002. Handle and part of neck and shoulder, no finished

edge. Surface dulled, pitting.

Light green. Constriction at base of neck. Finely ribbed handle, ribs very faint.

Probably 2nd century (context 4th-5th century a.d.).

Lower Body and Base Fragments 287 (G 36) Square base molding Fig. 17, PL 25

F 11:1 P.H. 0.008; est. W. 0.04; Th. near center of base

0.005.

About one half of base. Slight iridescence, severe pit ting.

Light green; small bubbles. Underside of base slightly concave and very rough (dust specks?), but appears to

preserve traces of a base molding in low relief: wavy rays extending from a small circle in the center of the base

(wreath?). No pontil scar.

1st to early 2nd century a.d. (context 1st and early 2nd centuries a.d.). From the same context comes G 37, the

lower part of a broad, multiribbed handle of greenish blue

bubbly glass, from a square bottle (min. p. W. 0.05).

288 (G 92) Square base molding PL 25 K-L 18-20:1, green sand fill in K18, with a broad strap

handle with thickened edges, attached to a narrow neck, G 91, probably from the same bottle as 288

W. of base 0.054; Th. wall 0.001. Base and small portion of one wall. Blowing spirals.

Iridescence and pitting. Light bluish green; bubbly. On the concave underside

a base molding in relief: in the four corners circles with a central dot; in the center a circle without dot but with a deliberate squiggle descending from it, perhaps Latin letter Q, or a ligature of Greek letters omicron and epsi lon, mu, or xi. The tail descending from the dotted circle in upper right corner is an unintentional ridge, created

perhaps by a crack in the mold. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.022).

2nd century a.d. (context "early Roman" to 2nd cen

tury a.d.).

289 (G 303) Square base molding PL 25 Area B-C 16, Roman House B, impluvium Max. dim. 0.062; Th. at center of base 0.006.

Part of base, no edge preserved. Flaking enamel white

weathering.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. On the slightly concave un derside a base molding in relief: four concentric squares,

probably identical to 290.

Probably 3rd century a.d., possibly 5th century (con text before a.d. 267).

290 (G 322) Square base molding PL 25 Area B-C 16, Roman House B, South House

Max. dim. 0.075; Th. base at center 0.008.

Part of base, no edge preserved. Flaking enamel white

weathering.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. On the slightly concave un derside a base molding in relief: four concentric squares and a central boss. Prominent annular pontil

scar (Diam.

0.02).

Probably 3rd century a.d., possibly 5th century (con text 5th-6th century).

291 (G 428) Square base molding Fig. 17, PL 25 U 22:3, upper fill W. bottom 0.058; Th. at center of base 0.006.

Most of base and part of one side preserved. Pitting. Olive green. Low kick with pointed tool mark in cen

ter of base. Base molding in low relief: quatrefoil with



CATALOGUE 133

triangular, faintly heart-shaped petals. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.025).

Late 2nd to early 3rd century a.d. (context late 2nd to early 3rd century a.d.) .

292 (G 109) Square base molding PL 25 A 14:1, fill 4 (POU) P.H. 0.031; W. of base 0.088 x 0.081; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0035. Base and lower wall. Dulling. Dark greenish blue; bubbly. Walls blown in a smooth

walled mold. Concave base with pointed tool mark in center; base and base molding rough, as from dust specks. Base molding in high relief: quatrefoil with well-defined

heart-shaped petals. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.028). Context 4th century.

293 (G 185) Square base molding PL 25 Area O 17-18 P.H. 0.054; p.W. of base 0.062; Th. base near center

0.004.

Base and part of lower wall. Iridescence, severe pitting on interior.

Dark green; small bubbles, but good material. On concave underside a base molding in low relief: crossing squares with central dots. In the one corner preserved is

a bow-shaped design with raised dot at center and ends. No pontil scar(?).

4th century (?) (uncertain context).

294 (G 142) Base molding(?) Fig. 17, PL 25 Gll:2 Max. dim. 0.077; Th. 0.002-0.004 (not including

relief). Fragment; no finished edge. Flaking, crizzling pale

brown weathering.

Light greenish blue; a few small bubbles. Part of a circular design consisting of six elongated pointed ovals

enclosing a rosette with six similar pointed ovals as petals; high relief on the concave face corresponds to cavities on the convex side. Probably from the base of a hexagonal vessel, possibly of a square vessel. No pontil scar.

Probably 3rd century a.d. (context first half (?) of 3rd century a.d.).

295 (G 346) Square base 111. 5, PL 25 B 17:1, South House, kitchen

P.H. 0.021; W. base 0.06.

Base and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Slight irides cence.

Light green; small bubbles. Low kick with pointed tool mark in center of base. Annular pontil scar (Diam.

0.018).

Probably mid-3rd century a.d. (context of a.d. 267, Herulian destruction debris).

Square Jars

296 (G 676) Square jar 111. 8, PL 26 B 15:5 P.H. 0.13; est. H. 0.18; Diam. rim 0.072; W. of base

0.082.

Several joining fragments of rim, neck, and shoulder and of lower part of body; 15 fragments notjoining. Thick silvery weathering crust.

Bluish green. Wide rounded rim, out-turned; ex

tremely thin walls, thickening toward the base. On the underside of the base a base molding in relief: a swastika enclosed within a diamond, having an L in each cor ner.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian



297 (G 546) Square jar 111. 8, PL 26 B 15:5, South House, room 12 H. 0.13; Diam. rim 0.075; W. of base 0.0717 x 0.073. Intact except for chips in rim and crack in shoulder.

Blowing spirals. Iridescence, pitting. Bluish green; bubbles. Flaring rim, heat-rounded.

Blown into a smooth-walled mold; slightly concave base with rough surface, pointed tool mark in center. Base molding in low relief: quatrefoil of four elongated pointed petals, each with a concave central nerve. An

nular pontil scar (Diam. 0.023). Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of a.d. 267, Herulian



298 (G 529) Square jar PL 26 C14:2 P.H. 0.034; Diam rim 0.07; W. body 0.069; av. Th. wall

0.001.

Entire rim and upper part of shoulder. Blowing spirals. Cracked; deep, opaque white devitrification in about one

quarter of rim.

Greenish. Flaring, rounded rim; body probably squared off hand.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of ca. a.d. 250-275).

Cylindrical Bottles

One-handled

299 (G 187) Cylindrical Bottle Fig. 17, PL 26 S 19-20:1 P.H. 0.018; Diam. rim 0.11; av. Th. wall 0.002.

Most of rim and small portion of neck. Blowing spirals. Slight pitting.

Light greenish blue. Rather uneven, hollow collar rim, folded down, up, out, and flattened, with tool marks on

upperside; neck almost cylindrical. Probably first half of 2nd century a.d. (context second

half (?) of 2nd century a.d.) .

300 (G 184) Cylindrical bottle Fig. 17, PL 26 P 19:1 P.H. 0.07; Diam. rim 0.068; Th. wall at lowest point

0.001.

Preserved from rim to shoulder. Blowing spirals.

Cloudy, dulling, some pitting. Light greenish yellow; tiny bubbles. Flaring rim with

projecting roll below rounded edge; upward tapering neck; flat shoulder. Wide, finely ribbed handle (ribs very faint), applied to outer edge of shoulder and attached just below rim.

A smilar fragment of a light green bottle, G 218, was found in the 3rd-century, pre-Herulian, use filling of S 21:3.

Mid-3rd century a.d. (context 3rd century, before

267).




301 (G 321) Cylindrical bottle 111. 5, PL 26 B 17:1, South House, rooms 5-6 P.H. 0.082; Diam. rim 0.09; Width of handle 0.063;

est. Diam. base 0.13.

Rim, neck, shoulder, parts of handle and circular base.

Blowing spirals. Scant remains of enamel white weather

ing, thick silver weathering, iridescence.

Light green, almost colorless; small bubbles. Flaring mouth with heat-rounded rim; upward tapering neck; flat shoulder. Rim coil. Broad handle with fine ribbing, folded against upper neck and rim coil.


struction debris).

Two-handled

302 (G 358) Cylindrical bottle 111. 5, PL 26

Thompson 1949, pp. 217-218, pi. 41:2. B 17:1, South House, kitchen

P.H. 0.095; Diam. rim 0.085.

Preserved from rim to shoulder. Blowing spirals. Flak

ing dull black and silver weathering, dulling. Light green; bubbles. Funnel mouth; rather flat shoul

der; cylindrical body. Rim coil. Smooth strap handles

applied to shoulder and attached to neck. Mid-3rd century a.d. (context of 267, Herulian de

struction debris).

303 (G 381) Cylindrical bottle PL 26 C 17:3, dumped fill P.H. 0.06; Diam. rim 0.064.

Preserved from rim to shoulder, including one handle and half of the other.

Light green; bubbly. Funnel mouth with thin trail around the side of the edge. Smooth strap handles.


struction debris).



4

THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE

A.D. 267 TO 396

LATE ROMAN FREE-BLOWN VESSELS

Cups (304, 305)

Cups and beakers decorated with relatively wide, horizontal wheel-cut grooves had been common in the 1st century (see 97, 98). To judge from sporadic finds in Greece and Israel, vessels decorated in this manner were fashionable again in the second half of the 4th cen

tury. Several such cups and bowls were excavated at Kenchreai (unpublished). The Agora produced two linear-cut cups with straight rims: 304 is cylindrical, 305 hemispherical. Both have relatively thick walls; the rims are ground. The best comparisons for both shapes come from Jalame in Israel, but they cannot be dated independently.1

Conical and Cone-shaped Vessels (306, 307)

Cone-shaped vessels appear to have developed independently, at different periods, in the East and in the West. Some are true cones, ending in a solid point (especially in the East), while others have a flattened base that is too small for the vessel to stand on. The rims are either

straight or everted with a bulge above a constriction; the edges are ground or heat-rounded. Whereas the vessels made in northwestern Europe are Late Antique and Merovingian, having developed in the first half of the 5th century from late-4th-century Roman drinking vessels

(Isings 1957, Form 106), the glass cone with a heat-rounded rim was a common drinking vessel in the western Mediterranean already in the late 4th century. The true cone shape may have been developed first in the eastern Mediterranean. A glass workshop at Jalame, Israel, made cone-shaped vessels between a.d. 351 and 383.2 Similar cones, dating before a.d. 363, have been excavated at Petra.3

Cone-shaped glass vessels appear to have been used differently in the East and in the West. In Italy and the West, they were primarily drinking vessels, as is depicted in a 4th-century wall painting from a tomb at Ostia.4 The use of a glass cone as an oil lamp in a 5th-century grave in Sicily5 is unusual. In the eastern Mediterranean, on the other hand, glass cones were used

commonly as oil lamps. It has been suggested that the introduction of transparent glass lamps for daily use may have been a Palestinian (Jewish) innovation that facilitated adherence to "the halakhik requirement that a person blessing the light should see the flame that constitutes

1. G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 94-97, nos. 465-476, from Jal ame. However, some of these cups come from an area "where

lamps and pottery datable to the second century were also

found" (p. 94). 2. Weinberg 1987; G D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 87-94. Accord

ing to Kathleen Slane (pers. comm.), the workshop's activity

continued for a longer period. 3. Keller 1998, pp. 269-270. 4. Vatican, no. 10786; Fleming 1997, p. 33, color fig. 18. 5. Greco, Mammina, and di Salvo 1993, p. 166. Similar cones

with rounded rims are dated to the 6th century in southern France: Foy 1995a, pp. 206-207, no. 22, pi. 23.



136 the late roman empire

the source of the light" (Tosephta, Berakhot 5 [5], 7).6 A characteristic of the earliest glass oil lamps is that their shapes are identical with tableware, in particular with drinking vessels

(cones, hemispherical cups, and goblets) ? Most of these vessels have unworked or lightly ground rims. Several examples excavated at Karanis in Egypt still had an "oily feel" to them. At Karanis, cones with heat-rounded rims8 that would have been suitable for drinking were also numerous. Floor mosaics in Israel depict glass cones with burning flames on the arms of menorahs.9

The Agora produced fragments of two conical or cone-shaped vessels: 306 and 307. They have their best comparisons at Jalame. 306 is pale green, with linear-cut decoration; 307 is decorated with blue dots below a series of lightly abraded horizontal bands. The fragments of both vessels were found in the same layer of a stratified well (M 17:1, layer VII), recently redated to the period ca. a.d. 330/40-360 by John Hayes (see above, pp. 13-14). On blue dot decoration, see below.

Bowls and Dishes

With Ground Rims and Blue Dot Decoration (308) Glass vessels decorated with blue blobs or dots (Nuppenbecher) in imitation of costly metal ves sels inlaid with precious gems (pocula gemmata, Juv. 10.26)10 have been studied extensively.11

With the exception of Britain, where they were never numerous,12 vessels with blue dots were in use throughout the Roman empire and beyond, as far away as Korea.13 Workshops in Gaul, the Rhineland, Pannonia, Kerch, the Syro-Palestinian coast, and Egypt produced these ves

sels, but there were significant regional differences. While in Gaul and the Rhineland the dots can be several colors (green, yellow, brown, red, and blue), in the East they are almost

invariably blue. Nor are the same shapes decorated with dots. For example, deep cups and

segmental bowls with dot decoration are common in the West but rare in Palestine, whereas

true cones with dots are common in Palestine and Egypt, but rare elsewhere.14 Excavations

in the Rhineland produced very few true cones with dot decoration, but many conical and ovoid beakers.15 The most common shape, the hemispherical cup with blue dots, is not repre sented in the Agora, but Corinth produced two examples from 4th-century contexts.16 Vessel

fragments with blue dot decoration have been published also from Thasos.17 The archaeological record suggests that the popularity of (blue) dot decoration peaked

at different times in different areas. A shallow bowl with polychrome dots from Cologne predates the mid-4th century;18 the earliest examples from Hungary date from the mid-4th

century.19 The workshop at Jalame produced cone-shaped lamps with blue dots in the second half of the 4th century. A recent review of the vessels excavated in southern Russia suggests that blue dots made their first appearance in that area after a.d. 380,20 and in southern

France the earliest vessels with this type of decoration are attributed to the early 5th century (400-430).21 The decoration appears to have remained popular into the second half of the 5th century.

6. Stern 2001, p. 262. For the quote from Tosephta, see

Zevulun and Olenik [1978] 1979, p. 42*. 7. Stern 2003, p. 100.

8. Harden 1936, p. 159, Class VI, Types A II, C II; Higashi 1990.

9. G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 89-90, color pi. 4:C; Stern 1999b,

pp. 479-480, fig. 29; 2001, p. 268. 10. Hilgers 1969, p. 261; Stern 2001, p. 265.

11. Fremersdorf 1962; Sorokina 1972; Barkoczi 1973; Sa

zanov 1995.


13. See Lee 1990, p. 286, fig. 10; 1993, color ills. pp. 55, 56:

two unusual conical cups or bowls that look different from those

produced in the Roman empire. 14. Stern 2001, pp. 23, 261, 268, 335.


16. CorinthXll, p. 98, nos. 615, 616.

17. Abadie-Reynal and Sodini 1992, p. 95, nos. V50, V51,

fig. 40.

18. Friedhoff 1991, p. 136, pi. 91:12, from Jakobstrasse,

grave 217.

19. Barkoczi 1973, p. 87.

20. Sazanov 1995, pp. 332-333.

21. Foy 1995a, p. 199.



late roman free-blown vessels 137

Shallow segmental bowls with ground rims (Isings 1957, Form 116) were a favorite shape in fine glass tableware of the 4th century, perhaps because the gentle curve and relatively

wide expanse of the bowl was well suited to serve as a "canvas" for various types of decoration.

The Agora produced a colorless segmental bowl decorated with groups of three blue dots

(308). The rim is straight with two shallow horizontal grooves below. The best comparison for this vessel is a segmental bowl from Cyprus decorated with dark blue dots; it has one broad,

wheel-cut groove below the rim.22 Several segmental bowls decorated with dots have been found at Cologne,23 but most of these lack wheel-cut decoration or have lightly incised or shallow abraded bands in this position. The wheel-cut grooves below the rims of the Agora bowl and its comparison from Cyprus are reminiscent of the cone-shaped vessels with dot decoration excavated in the East (see 307).

Bowls with Broad Tubular Collar Rims (309, 310)

A broad folded collar rim was common on bowls and dishes in the second half of the 4th

century. The diameters of the bowls vary widely, from 0.09 to 0.35 m, as probably did their

profiles. The collar is frequently hollow at the vessel's rim; the lower edge can be left plain, thickened, or folded out and up to form a tube.

The Agora rim 309 is slightly thickened at the lower edge but adheres closely to the vessel wall. Corinth produced a similar rim.24 This variant is less common than the one with a folded lower edge as at Gortyn25 (Isings 1957, Form 118) .26 Examples from Meiron and Mesad Tamar

with thickened lower edge, and a few others of allegedly Syro-Palestinian origin, have been noted.27 Some were almost certainly produced atjalame (a.d. 353-381).28 In 1988, these col lar rims were practically unknown outside the eastern Mediterranean. A 4th-century grave at

Cologne-Miingersdorf produced, among other glasses of eastern Mediterranean origin, one

complete bowl;29 two fragments were found in Portugal.30 In recent years, rims of this type have

been excavated in southern Italy at San Giovanni di Ruoti,31 as well as at Ostia (late 4th to early 5th century)32 and in Rome, at the tabernae below the Temple of Magna Mater on the Palatine, dated late 4th to early 5th century,33 and at the Crypta Balbi, first half of 5th century.34

Closely related to the broad folded collar rim is the rim with hollow tubes along the upper and lower edge (310). This type of rim is characteristic for deep and shallow bowls used in the eastern Mediterranean in the 4th century, as atjalame and elsewhere in Israel35 and at Araq el-Emir.36 The context of the Agora bowl agrees with this date. The color is dark blue. Strongly colored glass was most common before ca. a.d. 70, but in the Late Roman period, some areas

turned again to colored glass. Dark blue was popular in Cologne in the 3rd and early 4th centuries;37 an eastern Mediterranean workshop active outside the Syro-Palestinian region produced free-blown and mold-blown blue vessels in the mid-4th to mid-5th centuries.38

Bowls with Expanded Mold-blown Decoration (311, 312)

Mold-blowing experienced a revival of sorts in the 4th century. The glassblowers used a one

piece mold (dip mold) which produced a surface decoration that expanded when they blew

22. Harden et al. 1968, p. 66, no. 86.


24. Corinth XII, p. 99, no. 632, fig. 8, "found out of context

and wrongly dated to the second century," according to G. D.

Weinberg 1988, p. 48, n. 30.

25. Sternini 1997, pi. L:8. For similar fragments from 8th

century contexts at Gortyn (residual): Sternini 2001, pp. 25 26.

26. The examples cited by Dussart 1998, p. 75, Type BII.311, have rims like Isings 1957, Form 118.

27. G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 47-48, nn. 27-29. To these, add

examples from burial caves in Israel: E. J. Stern 1997, p. 107,

fig. 6; Aviam and Stern 1997, p. 97, fig. 1. Compare also a rim

from Beirut: Jennings 1997-1998, pp. 128-129, fig. 8:9.

28. G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 48-49, nos. 71-76.

29. Fremersdorf 1933, p. 94, pi. 51:10; see discussion in G. D. Weinberg 1988, p. 48, n. 31.

30. Alarcao et al. 1976, p. 193, no. 197, pi. 41.

31. Hayes 1994, pp. 86-87, no. 131, fig. 84.

32. Rottloff 2000, pp. 367-368, fig. 1:17.

33. Sternini 1995, p. 248, fig. 4; 2001, pp. 25-26, fig. 7. 34. Sagui 1993b, p. 122, fig. 6:25, 26. 35. G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 49-50.

36. Dussart 1991, p. 301, fig. 36:3.

37. Fremersdorf 1958a, pis. 81, 85, 88-90, 93-100, 102, 104. 38. Stern 1995, p. 200, n. 4; Whitehouse 1997b.




the piece off-hand to its final shape. Common in the East and in the West from the second half of the 4th century on, expanded mold-blown ribs, both vertical and spiraling, have remained

popular throughout the history of glass production and are still favored today. In the eastern

Mediterranean, where this technique appears to have originated, Syrian glassblowers began to experiment in the late 3rd or early 4th century with several variations, or precursors, of this process.39 One such variation was the use of a dip mold to blow vessels that were barely expanded after extraction from the mold, such as the family of vessels known as honeycomb bowls after the pattern of hexagons frequently impressed on the walls and bottoms.40 Closely related to these bowls are a small group of shallow bowls and dishes decorated with various

mold-blown patterns, some of which include slices of monochrome or mosaic glass canes.41

Complete bowls have ground rims and often are provided with one small vertical D-shaped coil handle. The distribution pattern of these shallow bowls includes several sites in Egypt,42 Cologne,43 Kaiseraugst (Castrum Rauracense) in Switzerland,44 and Dorchester in England.45 Several examples acquired on the art market are said to be from the eastern Mediterranean.

The Benaki Museum in Athens houses three fragments from unknown findspots: two include cane slices,46 the third does not.47 The Agora produced one large fragment from the floor of a shallow bowl (311). It is decorated with a mold-blown pattern of interlocking circles with central dots,48 closely related to the pattern on two bowls excavated at Douch in Egypt.49

312 is a hemispherical bowl of olive-green glass decorated with widely spaced vertical ribs

radiating from the bottom. The underside of the bottom is flat, but slightly recessed; the bowl rests on the lower ends of the ribs. The rim curves gently outward and has a thickened, rounded edge. The best comparison is a shallow bluish green bowl with similar radiating ribs excavated at Hanita in Israel.50 A few related shallow bowls, from unknown findspots, are in

museum collections.51 The Agora bowl has an uncertain context, "mixed through latest Ro

man." It is tentatively assigned to the 4th century based on the date attributed to the Hanita

bowl, found in a tomb that contained burials of the period ca. 220-330. At the time, Dan

Barag was unable to cite a close parallel.52 The widely spaced vertical ribs radiating from the bottoms of the Agora and Hanita bowls seem to be a precursor of a characteristic Sasanian

design,53 as at Kish, 6th century,54 and Choche, where the finds cannot be dated more pre

cisely than second quarter of 3rd to second half of 6th century.55

Bulbous Jugs with Funnel Mouths (313-316)

The Agora produced several bulbous jugs with flaring funnel mouths: 313-316. This type of mouth, with and without a rim coil, had been introduced shortly before a.d. 267 (see 228-230), but it was at its peak in the 4th century and remained common in the countries

bordering the Mediterranean during the first half of the 5th century.56 The four jugs from

39. Stern 2001, pp. 27 (pattern blowing), 133-134, 201.

40. Stern 1977, pp. 90-95.

41. Whitehouse 1996; Stern 2001, p. 267, no. 156.

42. Harden 1936, p. 93, n. 1 (from Elephantine), p. 93,

no. 216 (from Karanis); Nenna 2003a, p. 94 (from Douch).


44. Funfschilling 2000, p. 164, fig. 5:1.

45. Cool and Henderson 1993.

46. Clairmont 1977, pp. 5, 11, nos. 13, 35; no. 35 probably from a deep honeycomb bowl.

47. Clairmont 1977, pp. 68-69, no. 223.

48. Clairmont (1963, p. 122, n. 311) interprets this frag ment as a prismatic or square base molding and characterizes

the design of G 266 (311) as "very rare and peculiar"; in n. 320

he says it is probably much later than "other (square) bases

mentioned here."

49. Nenna 2003a, p. 94: "une composition de cercles secants."

50. Barag 1978, p. 19, no. 30, fig. 9, pi. III.

51. Roffia 1993, pp. 93-94, no. 93.

52. Barag 1978, p. 19, discussion of no. 30.

53. Cf. Atil 1990, p. 77, no. 14 (also published in Carboni

2001, p. 22, no. 3). 54. Harden 1934a, p. 132, nos. 2-4; Chicago, Field Museum,

no. 157021, from Kish (unpublished). 55. Negro Ponzi Mancini 1984, p. 34, fig. 2:8. Compare also

Lamm 1929-1930, vol. 1, p. 51; vol. 2, pi. 9; 1935, pi. 18:G, dated

"about sixth century." 56. On the continuation of Late Roman glassblowing tradi

tions in the circum-Mediterranean world in the first half of the

5th century, see Foy and Hochuli-Gysel 1995 for southwestern

France; Sternini 1995 for Italy; Stern 2001, pp. 260-261, 265

266, nos. 144-151, for the eastern Mediterranean.



late roman free-blown vessels 139

the Agora are Late Roman olive and yellowish green. (On changes in the tints of natural colored glass in the Late Roman period, see Introduction, pp. 4-5.)

313 and 314 have funnel mouths and simple coil handles. Similar jugs are known from Isthmia (squat piriform) ,57 Patras,58 Thessaloniki,59 and Makrygialos, Macedonia (second half of 4th century, ovoid) .60 315 comes from a late-4th- to early-6th-century context. The slightly flaring mouth has a rounded rim and a trail just below; the handle is double-ribbed. This

simple juglet had a pinecone stopper when it was excavated (see discussion of 82). The body of 316 is decorated with expanded mold-blown spiral ribs, a decorative technique

that became common throughout the Roman empire in the second half of the 4th century and remained fashionable in the 5th century and thereafter. The surface pattern was probably inspired by metalwork (silver jugs). The glassblower blew the glass at an intermediate stage into a one-piece mold (dip mold) that imparted vertical ribs; he then twisted the ribs and finished the vessel off-hand.61 A piriform jug with funnel mouth and expanded ribs was excavated at Thessaloniki.62 The Agora jug with its sloping shoulder could have been either piriform or ovoid. A strap handle with thickened edges is applied to the shoulder and attached to the rim. The shape is a variation of Isings 1957, Forms 120/121, which usually have a rim coil and/or a spiral thread around mouth and neck. It originated in the 4th century, remained

popular in the 5th, and persisted into the 6th century as in southern France.63 A jug with a

plain funnel mouth like the Agora piece came to light in a 5th-century grave in Sicily.64

Bulbous Jars (317-320)

Small bulbous jars were used in many parts of the Roman empire. In the West, they were common from the early 1st through early 3rd centuries.65 Their significance in daily life was

by far the greatest in the eastern Mediterranean, especially in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, beginning in the late 3rd century. Some 18 Palestinian types have been identified;66 others were common in Syria, but these have not yet been studied as a group.67 In the late 4th and 5th centuries, bulbous jars known as poppyhead jars were common in Egypt.68 The use of the eastern Mediterranean jars has not yet been established; their often elaborate decoration

suggests they were used in public situations, perhaps as tableware.69 Many small globular jars have been excavated in Greece, for example in Thessaloniki,70 but it is impossible to distin

guish the finishing of their rims from published photographs. The Agora produced four small jars with bulbous bodies. 317 has an unusual, short vertical

rim with a thickened, rounded edge pointing inward. The shape of the rim is reminiscent of

pottery cooking pots used in Jerusalem in the 1st century b.c. and 1st century a.d.71 Some

times these were imitated in glass, as at Akko (dated ca. a.d. 14-68) .72 Glass jars with similarly shaped rims were used again in the second half of the 4th century at Jalame.73 The Agora vessel is translucent dark blue, a color that was fashionable throughout the Roman empire before ca. a.d. 70, but also in the Late Roman period, especially in Cologne in the 3rd and early 4th centuries and in the eastern Mediterranean outside the Syro-Palestinian region in

57. ArchDelt25, B'l (1970 [1972]), pi. 135. 58. ArchDeltW, B' (1975 [1983]), p. 120, pi. 69. 59. Thessaloniki 1986b, p. 55, far left.

60. ArchDeltSl, B' 2 (1976 [1984]), pi. 198. 61. See note 39 above.

62. ArchDelt4Q, B'2 (1994 [1999]), pi. 156. 63. Foy and Hochuli-Gysel 1995, p. 157, fig. 8:1.

64. Greco, Mammina, and di Salvo 1993, p. 173, no. 296;

compare p. 180, no. 348.

65. Isings 1957, Forms 67a, 68; Massabo 1999, pp. 102-103. 66. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pis. 33-34, Type 6.

67. Abdul Hak 1965, pp. 28, 30-31, figs. 4, 9, 10, 14, 15; see

also Stern 1977, pp. 119-124, nos. 36-38; 2001, pp. 150-152, nos. 116, 123-126.

68. Harden 1936, pp. 179-183, nos. 493-509.

69. Stern 1999b, pp. 483-484; 2001, p. 150.

70. Pelekanidou 1993, p. 385, figs. 5, 6.

71. Kahane 1952, cooking pot Type A, pi. 7:D; Rahmani

1961, p. 97, n. 10, fig. 5:10.

72. Fortuna 1966, p. 534, fig. 52 (with two handles), tomb

62,34. Perhaps one may also compare ajar from Valkenburg (province South Holland, Netherlands) deemed a variant of

Isings 1957, Form 94: Sablerolles 1996, p. 147, fig. 16.

73. G. D. Weinberg 1988, pp. 82-83, no. 359, fig. 4-40.



140 THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE

the mid-4th to mid-5th century (see discussion of 310). Most of these Late Roman blue ves sels are jugs; blue jars are not well documented in this period. The Agora piece comes from a mixed context of "Hellenistic" and late-3rd- to early-4th-century material.

The other jars each have a slightly different finishing of the rim: 318 has an uneven, trans lucent dark greenish blue trail along the top of the edge of the rim, a feature common to several other vessel types, but unusual on jars; the latter often have a colored trail along the

rim, but it is applied to the side of the rim, not to the top of the edge. The Agora jar comes from a mid-4th-century context. A comparison from a controlled excavation is difficult to

find. 319 has a flaring heat-rounded rim and a concave base with a pointed tool mark in the center. The context is second half of 4th century. Similar jars have been classified as Syrian,74 but they have been excavated also in western Europe as at Figanieres in southern France

(3rd century)75 and Kaiseraugst, Switzerland (5th century?).76 One may perhaps compare a thread-wound bulbous jar with two small vertical coil handles at the rim from a 5th-century stratum at Perissa, Thera; another 5th-century grave in the same area yielded two pottery

cooking pots of the same general shape.77 The short vertical neck and broad horizontally folded rim of320 finds its closest comparison

in a small jar from Brigetio, thought to be eastern Mediterranean.78 A related jar of green ish, bubbly glass is in the Cyprus Collection in Stockholm,79 but this type of rim is unusual in

Syro-Palestinian jars, and it may indicate an Egyptian origin.80 The Agora vessel comes from a context dated 4th to 5th century (see 360).

Miscellaneous Forms and Body Fragments

Lids (321, 322) The Agora produced several fragments that are probably from lids rather than vessel bases because their decoration would not have been visible on the underside of the vessel. 321 is a conical, translucent green lid with widely spreading walls and a small central knob formed

by a thick coil of the same color. Decoration with expanded mold-blown spiral ribbing be came fashionable in the second half of the 4th century (see discussion of 316), a date that

agrees with the predominantly Late Roman date of the context. 322 is a flat, thin-walled lid of colorless glass decorated with a lightly incised geometric design of linear strokes forming a circular herringbone motif enclosed by alternating short and long slanting strokes. The strokes are very irregular, suggesting that they were either scratched by hand or abraded with a chattering wheel. Lightly incised and wheel-abraded geometric designs became fashionable

in the late 3rd century (see discussion of 323) and were common still in the first half of the 5th century in southern France.81 The Agora piece comes from a 5th- to 6th-century context

and may belong to the beginning of that period.

Decorated Body Fragments (323, 324) Wheel-abraded

Wheel-abraded designs rely for their effect on the color contrast between the vessel's smooth wall and the darker surface of the abrasions, which are meant always to be seen from the ex

terior. This type of decoration occurs on various shapes, but it is most common on tableware

such as cups, bowls, and a group of cylindrical bottles, which were used as jugs in the late

74. Hayes 1975, p. 120, no. 474, pi. 28, "late 3rd-early 4th cen

tury probably from Syria." Cf. Abdul Hak 1965, p. 30, fig. 9.


76. Funfschilling 2003, p. 104, fig. 5:5.

77. Gerousi 2002, p. 139, figs. 14 (glass), 15 (pottery). 78. Barkoczi 1968, p. 67, no. 9, fig. 29:4.

79. Vessberg 1952, p. 146, pi. IV:20.

80. Harden 1936, p. 178, jars, Class D; compare ajar said to

be from Luxor: Hayes 1975, p. 138, no. 563, fig. 17 (the sug

gested date, 2nd or 3rd century, seems rather early). 81. Foy 1995a, p. 195, pi. 5.



square and cylindrical bottles 141

3rd through early 5th centuries.82 Although vessels decorated with wheel-abraded geometric designs have been excavated in northern Italy83 as well as in outlying areas of the Roman em

pire (the Rhineland, Pannonia, the north coast of the Black Sea, Syria, and Egypt), they were not particularly common.84 The geometric designs often include shallow facets. Similarities between these designs and those employed in zoned facet cutting (see 197-201) suggest that the technique of abrading may have originated with the artisans cutting zoned facets85 some time between a.d. 240 and 256, perhaps with the cutters of Dura-Group f designs (201).

The Agora produced one fragment with abraded geometric designs from a 6th-century context; it was probably residual. 323 is decorated with two rows of wheel-cut double-line

half-hexagons enclosing shallow oval facets, the latter probably made by abrasion on a fine

grained wheel that polished the surface. This particular motif has been noted on cylindrical bottles from Egypt,86 Hungary,87 and Germany,88 but the curve of the wall suggests that the

Agora fragment is not from a cylindrical bottle as at Corinth (late 3rd century),89 but from a bulbous jug or cup carrying this design. Such cups were common in ancient Pannonia90 and

the Agora vessel may have been made in a Pannonian workshop.

Decorated with expanded mold-blown ribs

324 is a slightly concave base, perhaps of a bowl, decorated with faint vertical ribs. The ex

panded mold-blown decoration (see discussion of 316) suggests a date in the second half of the 4th century or later for this piece from a late-3rd- to 5th-century context.

Funnel Mouths (325, 326)

325 is a funnel mouth with rim coil preserving the upper part of a narrow strap handle folded

against the upper neck and rim coil. It could be from ajug or a one-handled cylindrical bottle. The pale bluish green color of the glass suggests this fragment, found in a mid-5th-century context, is a residual from the 4th century. 326 has a projecting tubular fold instead of a rim coil. Found in a deposit assigned to the 1st and 2nd centuries, it must be an intrusion from later times, because this type of funnel mouth does not predate the second half of the 3rd

century (see discussions of 299-303 and 313-316).

Handles (327) 327 is a translucent dark blue handle with three ribs from a pale yellowish green jug or two handled (?) cylindrical bottle. It could be from as early as the 4th century or as late as its context of the second half of the 5th century.

SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL BOTTLES

Square bottles have been discussed above (pp. 110-114). Very few square bottles were found in 4th-century contexts (286, 292). They have been catalogued above, because it is not clear

whether production was continuous in this period. The bottles from late-4th- to 5th-century contexts are discussed in Chapter 5, with the Late Antique vessels.

82. For a general discussion, see Harden 1959, pp. 8-16; Israeli 1980; Klein 1997; 2000; Stern 2001, p. 138, nos. 59, 60.

83. Finocchi 1983, pp. 261-262, pi. 23, fig. 3.

84. Stern 2001, p. 138.

85. So also Harden 1959, p. 9.

86. Harden 1936, p. 248, nos. 746, 747, from Karanis.

87. Barkoczi 1988, pp. 203-204, nos. 505, 511, pis. 59, 109,

110, both from Aquincum.

88. Fremersdorf 1967, pis. 149, 156, 157.

89. Slane (1994, p. 165, no. 109, fig. 14:109) identifies this

fragment as a carinated cup, but it is probably from a cylindrical bottle with overblow at the shoulder (depicted upside down), cf. Stern 2001, p. 162, no. 59.

90. Ionija 1994-1995, p. 153, fig. 1:4, 6, 7 (cups from Frun

zovka, Mautern, and Kosanovo, respectively), p. 8, fig. 4:2 (from

Savaria) ; compare Barkoczi 1988, p. 106, no. 168, pis. 15, 77.




Cylindrical Bottles

Without Handles (328)

Cylindrical bottles without handles were made in a wide range of sizes, varying in height from ca. 0.04 to 0.18 m. The earliest examples have a short neck with a flattened tubular brim as at Pombalinho, Portugal (first half of the 2nd century);91 bottles of the 4th century have tall funnel mouths with heat-rounded rims (Isings 1957, Form 132).92 In the second half of the 3rd and early 4th centuries, the mouth was usually shaped as a short funnel, often with a rolled rim (Isings 1957, Form 102b),93 as at Hanita, ca. a.d. 220-330,94 Nahariya, 3rd to mid-4th century,95 and Pella, in Jordan (late 3rd to 4th century).96 In Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, cylindrical bottles without handles were common still in late antiquity (see 388, 389). The Agora produced the lower body of a cylindrical bottle (328) in a context of the late 3rd into early 4th century a.d. The maximum diameter is just 0.031 m. The small size suggests that it is from a bottle without handles as at Thessaloniki.97

With One and Two Handles (329-334)

The Agora produced a single one-handled cylindrical botde (329) and five two-handled bottles

(330-334) from 4th-century contexts. Both shapes have already been discussed (300-303) because finds from the Agora indicate that these shapes, which were at their peak in the 4th

century, were first made shortly before the Herulian raid of a.d. 267. 330 and 334 have handles with three ribs; the handles of331-333 are smooth strap handles. The delicate wall fragments belonging to 332 and 333 preserve four lightly incised horizontal lines as in two-handled bottles from Georgia,98 Egypt,99 and Sudan,100 a type of decoration that had been common in eastern Mediterranean cylindrical bottles from the 1st century on (see pp. 116-117). All these bottles have short funnel mouths and relatively tall, narrow necks without a constric tion at the base. Over time it seems that the necks grew taller. Thus the best comparisons for the extreme tall neck of 330 come from late-4th-century contexts in Belgium.101 Complete bottles from Greece usually have a high kick in the center of the base, achieved by pushing up with a pointed tool, as in three bottles from 4th-century tombs at Beroia102 and at Thes saloniki.103 Other finds from Greece include a small two-handled bottle with a flat bottom in

Athens (findspotunknown).104

91. Alarcao 1968, pp. 83-84, no. 7.

92. On the development of the cylindrical bottle without

handle, see Stern 1977, pp. 77-80, fig. IB.

93. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 45, Type 18.

94. Barag 1978, p. 26, no. 59, fig. 13.

95. Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 16.

96. McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy 1982, p. 93, nos. 63, 71,

pi. 136:9, 10, from tomb 39A.

97. Thessaloniki 1986a, p. 126, pi. 123. An intact bottle from

Samos (SamosXVll, p. 120, fig. 35, no. 1.2) has a kicked base.

98. Lekvinadze 1975, p. 205, fig. 9.

99. Nenna 2003a, p. 95, fig. 3:4, from Douch, two bottles.

100. Woolley and Maclver 1910, p. 73, pi. 39 (also published in Torok 1984, p. 88, no. 219, with one handle, and no. 220, with

two handles). According to Nenna 2003a, p. 96, these bottles

come from a context dated a.d. 225-275.

101. Compare the late-4th-century bottles discussed by Das

noy 1966, pp. 186, 198, fig, 9:4 and pi. opposite p. 228, from

Spontin, tomb G (H. 0.335 m). 102. ArchDelt 46, B'2 (1991 [1996]), pp. 301-303, pi. 114;

Allamani-Souri 1991, pp. 39-40, no. 2, pi. 1.

103. Thessaloniki, Arch. Mus. no. M0 507: Thessaloniki

1986a, p. 128, fig. 125.

104. Weinberg 1992, p. 118, no. 86, H. 0.097 m.



143

CATALOGUE

LATE ROMAN FREE-BLOWN VESSELS

Cups

304 (G 449) Cup, cylindrical Fig. 18, PI. 27 A 14:1, fill 3 or 4 P.H. 0.078; est. Diam. rim 0.12.; Th. rim 0.0027, Th.

wall in center 0.0045, at lowest point 0.0022.

Fragment of rim and wall. Blowing spirals. Dulling. Light greenish blue; bubbles. Rim ground. Wide hori

zontal groove, bordered by abraded bands, just below

rim; two narrow grooves 0.06 farther down.

4th century a.d. (context probably 4th century a.d.,

possibly before 267).

305 (G 153) Cup, hemispherical 111. 9, Fig. 18, PI. 27

Agora V, p. 107, no. M 246, pi. 55. M 17:1, layer VII H. 0.055; Diam. rim 0.10; av. Th. rim 0.0016, Th. wall

at lowest groove 0.0018.

Several fragments preserving complete profile. Ran

dom surface scratches, slight iridescence, incipient pit ting.

Light grayish green tinge. Rim ground; hemispherical, with flattened base, slightly concave. On the exterior, a series of horizontal grooves of varying widths: two narrow

and one wider just below the rim, two narrow grooves lower down, and one narrow groove on lower wall. No

pontil scar.

Mid-4th century a.d. (context of ca. a.d. 330/40

360).

Conical and Cone-shaped Vessels

306 (G 150) Lamp or beaker 111. 9, Fig. 18, PI. 27

Agora V, p. 107, no. M 247, pi. 55. M 17:1, layer VII P.H. 0.065; Diam. rim 0.10; Th. rim 0.003, Th. wall at

lowest point 0.001.

Joining fragments of rim and upper wall. Blowing spirals. Incipient crizzling, slight iridescence.

Light green. Rim ground, sloping inward; body conical as far as

preserved. One shallow horizontal groove 0.01

below rim, another one farther down.


360).

307 (G 151) Lamp or beaker 111. 9, Fig. 18, PI. 27

Agora V, p. 107, no. M 248, pi. 55. M 17:1, layer VII P.H. of rim fragment 0.039; est. Diam. rim 0.10; Th.

rim 0.0018, av. Th. wall 0.0012.

Fragments preserving part of rim and wall. Warped. Thin layer of yellowish brown weathering.

Colorless. Rim ground; below it a series of lightly abraded horizontal bands. Below these, groups of five or more oval translucent greenish blue blobs, partially melted into the surface.


360).

Bowls

With Ground Rims and Blue Dot Decoration

308 (G 261) Bowl, segmental Fig. 18, PL 27 Area C 17, dirt fill P.H. 0.055; est. Diam. rim 0.24; Th. rim 0.002, Th. wall


Fragment of rim and wall. Dulling and pitting, silver

weathering on dots.

Pale green tinge. Edge of rim ground, sloping inward. Two wide horizontal grooves on the exterior just below the rim; lower down a cluster of small dark blue raised dots (three plus the edge of a fourth preserved), partially melted in.

4th century a.d. ("late Roman" context).

With Broad Tubular Collar Rims

309 (G 154) Bowl Fig. 18

Agora V, p. 103, no. M 205, pi. 73. M 17:1, layer VI P.H. 0.037; Th. wall at lowest point 0.0017.

Wall fragment. Iridescence.

Pale yellowish green tinge. Heat-rounded edge of rim folded out and far down to form a broad double-walled collar, presumably with a hollow tube along the upper edge.

Late 3rd to mid-4 th century a.d. (context late 3rd

century, after 267).

310 (G 148) Bowl Fig. 18 AgoraY, p. Ill, no. M 286, pi. 53. M 17:1, layer IX P.H. 0.019; est. Diam. rim 0.24; Th. wall (single)

0.001.

Rim fragment. Pitting. Translucent dark blue. Heat-rounded edge of rim

folded out and far down, to form a broad double-walled collar with hollow tubes along upper and lower edge (stippled in drawing). Shape probably similar to 309.

4th century a.d. (context late 4th century a.d.).

With Expanded Mold-blown Decoration

311 (G 266) Bowl, shallow PI. 27 Area C-F 15-19, fill under lime pit Max. dim. 0.07; Th. near center of bottom 0.004.

Fragment appears to be of center of bottom, no fin

ished edge; wall thins toward short edges. Blowing spirals. Scant remains of silver weathering, pitting.

Light olive-green tinge; small bubbles. Mold-blown re lief pattern on convex exterior (corresponding to sunken

relief on interior): interlocking circles with central dot. 4th century a.d. ("late Roman" context of 3rd or 4th

century).

312 (G 99) Bowl, deep Fig. 18, PI. 27 L19:l Est. H. 0.078; est. Diam. rim ca. 0.14 (irregular, per

haps warped); Th. wall near rim 0.001, near base 0.002.




Fragments providing almost entire profile. Blowing spirals. Patchy iridescence.

Dark olive green; very bubbly. Bent-out rim, thickened and heat-rounded with horizontal tool mark inside; con

vex wall; slightly recessed, flat base. Annular pontil scar

(Diam. 0.023). From edge of base to ca. 0.014 below rim

expanded mold-blown vertical ribs, fading toward top. Probably 4th century a.d., possibly later (context

mixed "late and latest Roman").

Bulbous Jugs with Funnel Mouths

313 (G 69) Jug PI. 27 Area O 8, with coins X-883-I-891, from Constantine

(306-337) to Arcadius (395-408) P.H. 0.053; Diam. rim 0.032; Th. rim 0.0023, Th. wall


Handle, half of rim and neck, and part of body. Blow

ing spirals. Slight iridescence, incipient pitting. Dark olive green; large bubbles. Funnel mouth with

slightly thickened, heat-rounded edge; tubular neck; slop ing shoulder. Curving coil handle from sloping shoulder to rim.

4th to early 5th century a.d. ("late Roman" context).

314 (G 378) Jug Fig. 19, PL 27 C 18:1, use filling P.H. 0.072; Diam. rim 0.056; Th. wall at lowest point

0.001.

Fragment of upper part of vessel and part of handle.

Blowing spirals. Incipient pitting. Yellowish green; bubbly. Tubular rim, folded up and

in. Narrow strap handle, flattened coil (W. 0.015), per haps folded into a projecting loop above the rim.

4th to early 5th century a.d. (context late 3rd to 5th

century).

315 (G 181) Jug PI. 27 P 18:2, upper use filling, container 28 P.H. 0.045; Diam. rim 0.032; av. Th. wall 0.0014.

Rim, neck, shoulder, and part of handle. Enamel white

weathering; discoloration appearing opaque light blue,

pitting. Light green with similarly colored handle and rim coil.

Flaring, rounded rim, partly collapsed inward; tubular neck with smooth transition to gently sloping shoulder. Double-ribbed coil handle applied to shoulder, folded

against rim, and snapped off. Thin rim coil. On neck and

shoulder, as far as preserved, a tooled opaque white wavy

spiral thread melted in. When found, this jug had a pinecone (shown in

photo) stuck in the mouth as a stopper. This disappeared between 1940 and 1947.

Late 4th century a.d. or later (context late 4th to early 6th century).

316 (G 104) Jug Fig. 19, PL 27 K18:l (2ndPOU) P.H. 0.085; Diam. rim 0.06; av. Th. rim 0.0023, av. Th.


Upper part preserved. Blowing spirals. Surface cloudy. Olive green; very bubbly. Funnel mouth with heat

rounded rim; short narrow neck with smooth transition

to sloping shoulder. Expanded mold-blown spiral ribs

terminating in arches at the top. Strap handle with thick ened edges from shoulder to rim, folded against the side of the mouth.

Second half of 4th to early 5th century a.d. (context 4th to early 5th century).

Bulbous Jars

317 (G 70) Jar Fig. 19, PI. 28 C 13:1 P.H. of rim fragment 0.03; est. Diam. rim 0.055.

Four nonjoining fragments preserving a part of the rim and body. Blowing spirals. Slight iridescence, pit ting.

Translucent dark blue; bubbles. Vertical rim, thick ened and heat-rounded; widely spreading shoulder.

Early 4th century a.d. (?) (mixed context of "Hellenistic" and mid- to late 4th century a.d. and earlier material).

318 (G 152) Jar 111. 9, Fig. 19, PL 28

Agora V, p. 107, no. M 249, pi. 55. M 17:1, layer VII P.H. 0.019; Diam. rim 0.04; av. Th. wall at shoulder

0.0016.

Fragments of rim and shoulder. Blowing spirals. Dull

ing, some pitting. Pale green tinge; bubbly. Straight rim, tapering down

to horizontal shoulder. A trail of uneven thickness, trans lucent dark greenish blue with unintentional red streaks, on top of edge of rim.

Mid-4th century a.d.(?) (context of ca. a.d. 330/40

360).

319 (G 116) Jar PL 28 M 18:3 H. 0.119; Diam. rim 0.086.

Complete (reassembled), some small fragments missing in wall and base. Blowing spirals. Flaking silver

weathering, iridescence, dulling, pitting. Light green; very bubbly. Flaring rim, heat-rounded;

concave neck; bulbous body; concave base with pointed tool mark in center. No pontil scar.

4th century a.d. (context of 350-400).

320 (G 360) Jar Fig. 19 Area D 15-16, Great Drain Bridge, above later Great

West Drain

P.H. 0.018; Diam. rim 0.043

One half of rim, neck, and shoulder. Iridescence, pit

ting.

Light greenish blue; bubbly. Rim folded up and in;

spreading shoulder.

4th to 5th century a.d. (?) (context 4th to 5th century). From same context as 360.

Miscellaneous Forms and Body Fragments

Lids

321 (G 75) Lid Fig. 19, PL 28 Area M-P 6-13, with more than 13 4th-century coins,

X-2463-I-2468 (ranging from Constantine to Theodo

sius) and one coin, S-2462, of Manuel I (1143-1180)



CATALOGUE 145

Max. dim. 0.063; p.H. 0.019; Th. wall at lowest point 0.0009.

Fragment preserving center. Flaking silver weathering,

iridescence, pitting.

Emerald-green tinge. At the top a circular knob with a hollow center formed by a neat thick trail of translucent

green. Begun at the knob a thin thread of the same color

spirals down to end as a revolution covering the upper ends of the expanded mold-blown spiral ribs.

Second half of 4th to early 5th century a.d. ("late Ro man" context).

322 (G 299) Lid PL 28 Area B-C 16, Roman House B, room 6

Max. dim. 0.052; Th. 0.0015, av. Th. wall 0.0018.

Fragment, no finished edge. Silver and flaking enamel white weathering, iridescence, pitting.

Colorless, yellowish tinge. Nearly flat, triangular frag ment, turning down along the "curved" edge. Shallow, linear incisions (scratched free hand?): along the curved

edge, alternating long and short grooves; within this, a circular groove enclosing a herringbone pattern.

4th to early 5th century a.d. (context 5th-6th century

a.d.).

Decorated Body Fragments 323 (G 276) Wall fragment PL 28

Area B-C 16, house debris, south of Roman House B Max. dim. 0.068; Th. 0.003.

Wall fragment. Flaking silver weathering, dulling, and

deep pitting. Colorless, greenish tinge. Shallow circular wheel

abraded facets within double-line half-hexagons: two

rows preserved, pentagons adjacent to a border of two

horizontal grooves above (or below). From a cup or a

bulbous jug. 4th century a.d. (context 6th century a.d.) .

324 (G 380) Base and lower wall PL 28 C 18:1, use filling Max. dim. 0.06; p.H. 0.011; Diam. base 0.032; Th. wall

at highest point 0.0012, near center of base 0.003.

Fragment of bottom and lower wall. Blowing spirals, slight iridescence.

Yellowish green; bubbly. Faint vertical ribs, expanded mold-blown. Bottom slightly concave. Annular pontil scar

(Diam. 0.026). Mid-4th to 5th century a.d. (context late 3rd to 5th

century a.d.).

Funnel Mouths

325 (G 757) Funnel mouth PI. 29 A21:l P.H. 0.077; est. Diam. rim 0.05.

Mouth, neck, and top of handle; no finished edge. Cloudy, crizzling, dulling.

Light blue green; bubbly. Funnel mouth; tall neck ex

panding toward shoulder. Rim coil. Narrow strap handle

(W. 0.03) folded against upper neck and rim coil. From a bulbous jug or one-handled cylindrical jug.

4th century a.d. (probably residual in context of ca.

430/40-460).

326 (G 175) Funnel mouth Fig. 19 N 20:5, fill 4b P.H. 0.038; Diam. at tubular fold 0.10; Th. wall on

inside of fold 0.0005, on outside of fold 0.0026. Two nonjoining fragments of large funnel mouth, no

finished edge. Sand deposit inside tubular fold. Flaking thin yellowish weathering.

Light greenish blue; some bubbles. Funnel mouth with tubular fold below the rim.

The strange double wall of the tubular fold is probably accidental.

4th century a.d. (intrusion into context of 1st and 2nd centuries a.d.).

Handles

327 (G 146) Handle 111. 10, PI. 29

AgoraV, no. M 348, p. 116, pl. 54. M 17:1, layer XII P.H. 0.06; W. of handle 0.015-0.023.

One handle and part of shoulder. Pale yellowish green tinge, with translucent dark blue

ribbed handle (three ribs). Probably from a cylindrical bottle with two handles.

4th century a.d. or later (context second half of 5th

century).

CYLINDRICAL BOTTLES

Without Handles

328 (G 323) Cylindrical bottle PL 29 F17:l P.H. 0.047; Diam. 0.031.

Bottom and lower part of body. Silver iridescence,

pitting. Pale yellowish green tinge; bubbly. Cylindrical body

as far as preserved. Base flattened. Annular pontil scar

(Diam. 0.017). Late 3rd to early 4th century a.d. (context late 3rd

into early 4th century a.d.) .

With One and Two Handles

329 (G 288) Cylindrical bottle Fig. 19, PL 29 AreaC17 P.H. 0.117; Diam. rim 0.057.

Upper part (except handle) preserved. Blowing spi rals. Traces of silver weathering, dulling and pitting.

Light bluish green; bubbly. Uneven, thickened, and heat-rounded rim; tall neck, tapering slightly to cylindri cal body. Thick rim coil. Handle probably applied to the shoulder, remains of attachment on rim coil.

Compare a cylindrical bottle with one handle (four ribs) from a Late Roman cemetery in Spain: Caballero




Zoreda 1974, p. 147, fig. 38, pl. XII:1. 4th to 5th century a.d. (context "late Roman" destruc

tion fill).

330 (G 149) Cylindrical bottle 111. 9, Fig. 19

Agora V, p. 107, no. M 250, pl. 55. M 17:1, layer VII P.H. 0.16; Diam. rim 0.076; W. of handle 0.029; Th.

rim 0.006, av. Th. wall in neck 0.0017.

Rim, parts of neck and handles. Flaking, crizzling light brown weathering, some iridescence, severe pitting.

Pale green tinge; bubbly. Rim coil and both handles translucent dark greenish blue; unintentional streaks of

opaque red in one handle. Flaring rim thickened and

heat-rounded, with deep horizontal tool mark inside

along the edge; very tall neck; sloping shoulder. Ribbed handles (three ribs) applied to shoulder and folded

against rim, rim coil, and upper part of neck.

Probably mid-4th century a.d. or later (context of ca.

a.d. 330/40-360).

331 (G 108) Cylindrical bottle Fig. 19, Pl. 29 A 14:1, fill 4 (POU) P.H. 0.085; Diam. rim 0.071; Th. wall at lowest point

0.001.

Preserved from rim to shoulder. Blowing spirals. Dull

ing. Bluish green; bubbles; impurities (black specks) in

handles.

Flaring mouth with heat-rounded rim; tall neck; gently sloping shoulder. Rim coil. Two smooth strap handles

applied to shoulder and folded against upper neck and rim coil.

4th century a.d. (context 4th century a.d.).

332 (G 629) Cylindrical bottle Pl. 29 T 13:1 P.H. 0.095; est. Diam. rim 0.074; Th. rim 0.003, Th.

wall at lowest point 0.001; W. of handle at highest point 0.044.

Most of upper part preserved (most of one handle

missing). Blowing spirals. Dulling, slight iridescence,

incipient pitting. Pale yellowish green tinge; bubbles. Flaring mouth

with heat-rounded rim; tall neck widening slightly to

gently sloping shoulder. Rim coil. Two smooth strap handles applied to shoulder and folded against mouth and rim coil.

From the same context two additional strap handles, G 630a and G 630b, from a second bottle of similar ma

terial, shape, and size, as well as three nonjoining frag ments of cylindrical wall, G 632, and a base, 333, which

may have belonged to either bottle. The wall fragments preserve four lightly incised horizontal bands at distances of 0.014, 0.019, and 0.068, with a total H. of 0.145. Based on the extant fragments, both bottles would have had a

height of at least 0.292. 4th century a.d. (context late 3rd to 5th century).

333 (G 631) Cylindrical bottle PI. 29 T 13:1 P.H. 0.053; Diam. base 0.084; max. Diam. 0.095; Th.

wall at highest point 0.001, just above base 0.0027, near center of base 0.0013.

Three joining fragments of base and lower wall.

Blowing spirals. Dulling, slight iridescence; incipient pitting.

Light yellowish green; bubbles (same material as 332). The base of 332 or G 630.

4th century a.d. (context late 3rd to 5th century).

334 (G 97) Cylindrical bottle PI. 29 N 18:5, dumped filling P.H. 0.072; Diam. rim 0.062; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0016.

Preserved from rim to shoulder; neck chipped. Silver

weathering on handles, iridescence.

Light green; good material. Flaring mouth with heat rounded rim; tall neck; flat shoulder. Thin rim coil. Two ribbed handles (three ribs), applied to shoulder and folded against upper neck and rim coil.

4th century a.d. (context late 3rd to 4th century).



5

THE LATE ANTIQUE PERIOD

A.D. 396 TO CA. 700

LATE ANTIQUE FREE-BLOWN VESSELS

Bowls

With Applied Decoration (335) Decoration with applied trails of blue glass became fashionable in the eastern Mediterranean toward the end of the 4th century, peaked in the 5th and 6th centuries, and lingered on into the 7th century.1 Usually the trails take the form of multiple revolutions spiraling around the rims of bowls or funnel mouths as at Beirut2 and Petra,3 or they are applied as zigzags4 or tooled into a pattern of chain links.5 In the late 5th and 6th centuries, decoration with thin

opaque white threads was common in the Merovingian kingdom6 and in southern France;7 in Langobard Italy (late 6th and 7th centuries) opaque white, yellow, and red threads were

used.8

335 is a wall fragment of a cup or bowl decorated with blue threads suggesting an eastern Mediterranean connection. However, the decoration is unusual in two respects: first, the

threads are dragged to form a looped decoration of arches partially melted into the surface as in Merovingian vessels with opaque white threads,9 and second, the looped threads are combined with blue dot decoration as seen in conical lamps and bowls (see discussion of

307). Unlike the protruding white knobs formed by dragging down the threads in Merovin

gian drinking cups10 and in the bowls from southern France mentioned above, the blue dots of the Agora bowl are applied individually on top of the threads. A fragment from Karanis in Egypt combines opaque white festoons with blue dots11 and two similarly decorated frag

ments from unknown findspots are in the Benaki Museum,12 but an exact parallel for the decoration of the Agora fragment with blue threads and individually applied blue dots is not known to me. The fragment comes from a 4th- to 5th-century context.

Decorated with Expanded Mold-blown Ribs (336, 337) Two bowls are decorated with expanded mold-blown ribs, a surface pattern that became common in the second half of the 4th century (see discussion of 316). 336 has well-defined

1. Stern 2001, p. 30.

2. Foy 1997-1998, p. 9, fig. 1 Jennings 1997-1998, pp. 142

145, figs. 21-24.

3. Keller 1996: bowls, flasks, and jugs, dated last quarter of

4th century to a.d. 419.

4. On the blue zigzag group, see Stern 2001, p. 23.

5. Carboni and Whitehouse 2001, p. 110, no. 27; Stern 2001,

p. 29 (spectacle pattern), p. 300, no. 163.

6. Koch 1987, pp. 208-252; Feyeux 1995, pp. 111-112.

7. Foy 1995a, pp. 231-232, pis. 13,14. 8. Stern 2001, p. 336, no. 195. On Langobard glass, see also

Rupp 1996. 9. Alenus-Lecerf et al. 1993, pp. 97-98, no. 3, from Fallais,

Belgium, mid-5th to mid-6th century. 10. E.g., Alenus-Lecerf et al. 1993, pp. 111-112, nos. 21,

22.

11. Harden 1936, p. 166, no. 475.

12. Clairmont 1977, pp. 22-23, nos. 67, 68, pi. 6.



148 the late antique period

spiral ribs beginning at the vessel's bottom. The remains of the lower wall suggest a wide coni cal bowl as used in the late 4th and early 5th centuries at Petra13 and in the late 5th and 6th centuries at Bordeaux,14 shapes that are usually decorated, however, with multiple revolutions of blue and white threads respectively. The Agora bowl is deep olive green. It comes from an

early-5th-century context, a period when many vessels were made of low-quality olive-green

glass and expanded mold-blown ribs were common throughout the ancient world. 337 is a

pale yellowish, shallow bowl with very vague spiral ribs. The gently curving, spreading wall and the horizontally bent-out rim recall Merovingian bowls with expanded spiral ribbing excavated in the vicinity of Trier (a.d. 525-600),15 but unlike the Merovingian bowls the rim of the Agora bowl is folded out and down rather than simply thickened and rounded. The context of this vessel is uncertain.

Goblets

Stemmed and footed cups had been part of the Roman repertoire of fine blown glass table ware since the first half of the 1st century a.d. (Isings 1957, Forms 36 and 40, cf. two-handled

cups, "kantharoi," Form 38), but it was not until the 5th century that they became common

household goods, often made of low-quality glass. Typologically, goblets can be divided into footed cups and stemmed cups (with an element between the foot and the cup). Both types are represented among the fine colorless goblets from the cargo of a ship that sank off the French coast near Marseille in the second half of the 2nd century.16 The stem usually is a

knop or bead, made from a separate wad of glass that facilitated the joining of foot and bowl, or it can be tooled out of the foot (compare 217-220).

The enormous increase in numbers of goblets from Late Antique contexts has been as

cribed to the almost ubiquitous introduction of a manufacturing technique that allowed the

glassblower to speed up production by making a stemmed goblet from a single gather of

glass.17 The goblets with folded stem and foot probably were made locally almost everywhere they were used. Numerous subtle details in the shape of stem and foot exist.18 In the eastern

Mediterranean and in Greece, the folded stem frequently has a hollow knop in the center;

goblets with slender, smooth stems appear to be a later development, beginning about the

second half of the 6th century.19 In the West, the folded stems were smooth from the begin

ning. A few goblets with knop stems, excavated at Port-Vendres, in southern France, are

considered imports from the East.20

The new technique, which appears to have had a 3rd-century precursor in Pannonia,21

consisted of shaping foot and stem by pushing (folding) the lower part of the inflated gather

(paraison) back up in toward the blowpipe, creating a double wall in the lower part of the

paraison. This became the foot and stem. The convex or concave "bridge" closing off the

bottom of the cup is actually the inside of the lower tip of the paraison pushed inward; it can protrude above the stem or sit lower down inside the stem. The glassblower transferred

the vessel to a punty to heat-round the rim; the remains of the pontil wad frequently block

the hollow interior of the stem. (The pontil wad should not be confused with the tip of the

paraison.) Using just one gather of glass not only simplified the manufacturing process, it

cut back on production waste as well. As a result, the goblet on folded stemmed foot became

affordable for the masses.

13. Keller 1996, pp. 295-297, nos. 1-10.

14. Foy and Hochuli-Gysel 1995, p. 175, fig. 14:11,13-15.

15. Bohner 1958, vol. 1, p. 232, fig. 14.

16. FoyandNenna2001,p. 110, nos. 134.4A-C, 134.5,from

the wreck at Embiez-Ouest.

17. Stern 2001, pp. 270-271.

18. Compare Dekowna 1985.

19. Stern 2001, p. 271, nos. 172-174.

20. Foy 1995a, p. 208, fig. 15:178.

21. Cf. Barkoczi 1981, p. 37, fig. 1:12.



LATE ANTIQUE FREE-BLOWN VESSELS 149

The earliest goblets with folded stemmed foot do not predate the mid-5th century in the East22 or the West.23 A single fragment from Corinth, excavated in a deposit dated to the late

3rd-early 4th century,24 must be a later intrusion. In the 6th and 7th centuries goblets with folded stemmed feet were used in all countries bordering the Mediterranean and the Black

Sea, from where they penetrated inland as far as Iraq in the east and central Europe in the north. The only areas where they were not common are northwestern Europe, Scandinavia, and Britain, presumably because the inhabitants there had different drinking customs.25

Like the glass cones of the 4th century (see discussions of 306, 307), goblets belong to the

shapes that served as drinking vessels and as oil lamps. In the West, goblets were used pri marily for drinking, but in churches in southern France, and in the eastern Mediterranean in general, they were used frequently as oil lamps. In Asia Minor goblets have been found in close proximity to two-legged copper wick holders that could be hung from the vessel's rim.26 Some goblets have three small loop handles for suspension, as in a tomb at Kolchida in the

prefecture of Kilkis27 and elsewhere.28 The Agora produced a unique goblet with a fused-in tubular glass wick holder (381).

The goblets found in the Agora were made by a variety of manufacturing techniques. The

Catalogue is typological, first footed then stemmed vessels. Within each type, the goblets are

arranged first by technique, then by date of context.

Footed Goblets (338-342) The footed goblets excavated in the Agora are made from two gathers of glass, one each for the bowl and for the foot. Goblets with folded foot made from one gather, as in southern France (first half of 5th century) ,29 have not yet been identified. The shapes of the bowls

may have varied (too little remains to make the bowl a criterion); the fragments are grouped according to the shape of the foot. 338 has a low, stepped foot, spreading widely; the edge is turned down vertically and heat-finished. It was found with pottery of the 6th century. 339-342 have tall bell-shaped feet; the bowls rise steeply to a carination between bottom and wall.30 Several Agora contexts are evidence that this shape was in use during the first half of the 6th century.

Stemmed Goblets (343-355) Made from three gathers 343 has a stepped foot similar to 338, but the wad of glass that served to join the two ele

ments together was so large that the excess glass created a flat knop stem, as at Corinth.31

This technique was practiced already in the 1st century (Isings 1957, Forms 36 and 40), but in these earlier vessels the knop was shaped as a spherical bead (compare the flattened bead stem of 220). The Agora fragment comes from a 5th-century context.

Made from two gathers

Two goblets were blown with two gathers, one each for the bowl and for the tall conical foot, splayed at bottom, with down-turned vertical edge, heat-finished as in the goblets discussed

22. Dated finds in the East: Stern 1985, pp. 44-46.

23. Dated finds in the West: Foy and Bonifay 1984, pp. 302

304; Sternini 1993a, pp. 124-127; Sagui 1993a, p. 188, n. 3; 1993b, pp.127-129.

24. Slane 1994, p. 165, no. Ill, fig. 14:111.

25. Stern 2001, p. 336.

26. Stern 1984, p. 138, fig. 11, from Anemurium.

27. Kissas 1988, p. 209, fig. 4.

28. Baur 1938, p. 524, no. 17(376), fig. 20, pi. 141:c, from

Jerash (ancient Gerasa, Jordan); Funfschilling 1999, p. 517,

fig. 20:763, from Carthage; and also probably at Anemurium: Stern 1985, p. 47, fig. 3, top center.

29. Foy 1995a, p. 200, Form 14.

30. Perhaps similar to a goblet from Alexandria published

by Rodziewicz 1984, p. 438, pi. 73:372. 31. Slane 1994, p. 165, no. 110; compare Corinth XII, p. 217,

nos. 654, 655.




above. The knop stem was tooled out of the foot as at Saraghane, Istanbul (suggested date 5th century, from a 12th-century context),32 and at Carthage (early 7th century).33 344 is an

exceptionally fine piece, as at Saraghane, made of good quality pale bluish green glass of the kind seen usually in Syro-Palestinian vessels. The Agora piece comes from a context of ca. 460-480. 345, from a 6th-century context, may be a local(?) copy. (Likewise from a 6th

century context is 381, a goblet with an internal wick holder and a stemmed foot made the same way, but lower and more spreading.)

Made from one gather with folded stem-cum-foot

By far the majority of the goblets have the typical Late Antique folded stemmed foot discussed above (p. 148). Most of those found in the Agora have a hollow knop in the center of the stem as in Thessaly,34 Crete,35 Samos (6th century),36 and Thasos.37 A complete goblet with

spiral thread below the rim was excavated in a 6th- to 7th-century grave in Athens.38 In the

Agora, the knop usually is indented vertically freehand with a straight blade as at Saraghane, Istanbul (second half of 6th and 7th centuries) ,39 The low, conical foot is concave on the underside. 346-350 were found in a stratified well, in a layer dated to the second half of the 5th century. From the same context comes 351 with a smooth knop. 352, from a 5th- to 6th

century context, has a knop stem with one vertical tool mark in the knop. 353 has a smooth

knop and a discoid foot as at Gortyn;40 the cup is slender. This fragment comes from a context of a.d. 525-540.

A few goblets with folded stemmed feet have smooth, hollow stems as at Didymoteicho (northern Greece) ,41 Gortyn (6th-7th centuries) ,42 and Thasos.43 The Agora produced at least one example from a 7th-century context (G 754, excavated in 1973 and therefore outside the limits of this Catalogue); two are even later. 354 is from an 8th-century(?) context, has a flatfish foot and a tall smooth stem, tapering down to just above the foot and then widening again as at Carthage.44 355, with a similarly shaped stem but shorter, and a discoid foot, was found with pottery of the 8th century or later.

Bulbous Flasks

Tall-necked Flasks (356-363) With two handles

Clasina Isings considers the spherical two-handled bottle, also known as diota (Isings 1957, Form 129), to be a variant of the handleless flask with a tall cylindrical neck (Isings Form 103). The curved handles are applied to the shoulder and attached to a thick coil at the middle of the neck. The rim usually is unworked or ground,45 but it can be outsplayed to form a funnel

mouth as at Arcy-Ste-Restitue (first half of 5th century) .46 The body is spherical; the bottom flattened or provided with a base ring or pad base. This shape was in use in the West from the early 4th (or late 3rd?) to the first half of the 5th century. In the eastern Mediterranean

32. Hayes 1992, p. 405, no. 83, fig. 153.

33. Funfschilling 1999, p. 522, fig. 26:484; compare Ster

nini 1999, pp. 94-95, no. 65 (the edge of the foot is not pre

served) .

34. Weinberg 1962a, pi. 28, fig. 16 (one example is decorated

with mold-blown expanded ribs). 35. Sternini 1997, p. 252, nos. 126-128, pi. LI:33-35, from

Gortyn. 36. Isler 1969, p. 228, figs. 59-60.

37. Abadie-Reynal and Sodini 1992, p. 92, nos. V7, V8, V12,

VI3, fig. 38.

38. ArchDelt28, B'l (1973 [1977]), pi. 24.

39. Hayes 1992, p. 402, nos. 12, 19, fig. 150.

40. Sternini 1997, p. 252, no. 127, fig. 32:n.

41. Tsouris 1987, p. 58, fig. 18.

42. Sternini 1997, p. 252, nos. 121, 122 (conical foot), 123

(discoid foot), pi. LI:28-30.

43. Abadie-Reynal and Sodini 1992, p. 92, no. VI4, fig. 38.

44. Funfschilling 1999, p. 515, no. 750, fig. 20:750.

45. A variant with heat-rounded or rolled-in rim was in use

in Britain in the later 4th century: Price and Cottam 1998,

pp. 167-168.

46. Morin-Jean 1913, p. 98, fig. 113.



late antique free-blown vessels 151

a similar shape belongs to a family of pointed amphoras used predominantly as tableware; four Syro-Palestinian types have been identified.47 Three of these have cylindrical necks and funnel mouths; one (Type II) a funnel neck. The handles are angular and invariably attached to the middle of the neck which almost always has a neck coil. Types I and II include ves sels with ovoid and spherical bodies closely related to the diota shape. Frequently executed in pleasing color schemes, Type I is thought to have originated in Syria and been in use in

the 4th century. An example with a spiral thread around the neck was excavated at Patras;48 an elongated pointed amphora with unusual, curved handles and no neck coil, from a 4th

century grave at Europos in northern Greece,49 does not look Syrian; it may have been made

in some other eastern (?) workshop. The Agora produced the upper part of a two-handled flask with funnel mouth and curved,

bifurcated handles folded against the lower neck and neck coil (356). Mouth and neck are decorated with a spirally wound trail as at Corinth, where two ovoid glass diotas were found in a well abandoned ca. a.d. 395.50 The earliest evidence for this type of trailed decoration dates from the late 3rd and early 4th centuries in the Rhineland.51 Loosely wound trails around mouth and/or neck are not in evidence in the eastern Mediterranean before the late 4th or early 5th century.52 Jugs with a spiral trail around the neck from Sicily53 and southern France54 are firmly dated to the 5th century. The flask from the Agora comes from a context of the first half of the 5th century.

As indicated above, 356 has strong connections with the eastern Mediterranean material.

However, the curved handles suggest Western influence as in Isings Form 129. One may per haps compare a two-handled flask from Italy. It has curved handles attached to the middle of the neck and is decorated with spiral trails like the flasks from Athens and Corinth, but it lacks the characteristic neck coil.55

From the same context as 356 comes a clay diota (P 1913). At Corinth the two glass diotas were found together with copies in clay simulating the neck coil and spiral trails around mouth and neck. It is not clear whether the proximity in the archaeological record of clay and glass diotas is coincidence or should be related to a specific differentiation in how the vessels were used.

Without handles

357 has a tall narrow funnel mouth decorated with a spirally wound thin thread; a second thread is applied around the middle of the neck, which widens slightly toward the shoulder. In eastern Mediterranean glassblowing multiple revolutions of thin thread, blue or the same color as the vessel,56 began in the 6th and 7th centuries to replace the loosely wound spiral trails that had been common previously on the mouths and necks of flasks and jugs. The

Agora flask's funnel mouth is barely angled out from the neck; this, too, is a characteristic

feature found in eastern Mediterranean flasks of the period, for example, a bulbous flask in

Jerash.57 The Agora flask was found with pottery of the mid-6th century and coins of the 5th to 6th centuries. The thread-wound mouth 358 has even less of an angle than 357 (if any) to set it off from the (presumably) tall neck.58 Similar mouths are known from numerous sites

47. Stern 1977, pp. 84-85, figs. 2-4 (with a list of parallels); 2001, pp. 147-148, figs. 5-7 (typology only).

48. ArchDeltSl, B' (1976 [1984]), pi. 81. 49. Sawopoulou 1995, pp. 396-397, fig. 5. Compare Stern

2001, pp. 266-267, 289, no. 153, comparable to Stern 1977,

fig. 4; 2001, p. 147, fig. 7, Type IV. 50. Williams and Zervos 1983, p. 24, no. 64, pi. 10.

51. Fremersdorf 1958a, pis. 90, 93-105, 112.

52. Stern 2001, p. 266.

53. Greco, Mammina, and di Salvo 1993, p. 181, no. 354.

54. Foy 1995a, p. 198, Form 12, pi. 22.

55. Sternini 1995, p. 286, fig. 18:36, from an unspecified

findspot in Italy (5th century). 56. Stern 2001, pp. 30 (spiral thread 1), 300-301, nos. 163

(blue), 164 (self-colored). 57. Dussart 1998, p. 142, BX.3111, pi. 39:1.

58. For a complete example with a spherical body and blue

thread decoration, see Stern 2001, p. 300, no. 163.




in Palestine as at Khirbat al-Karak (6th to mid-7th century),59 at Saraghane, Istanbul (late 6th-7th century),60 Sardis,61 and, occasionally, at Carthage (7th century);62 but they do not appear to have been common in Italy and farther west. The late-6th-century context of the Agora fragment is in agreement with these dates.

359 has a short wide funnel mouth with a tubular rim rolled inward; the body is decorated with expanded spiral ribbing beginning on the shoulder. The spreading shoulder suggests a spherical flask as at Patras with expanded vertical ribs.63 Flasks with spiral ribs were in common use in ancient Pannonia at Csakvar (late 4th and early 5th centuries) ,64 Brigetio,65 Poetovio,66 and Beska,67 and in Germany at Eisenberg (late 4th to early 5th centuries).68 Similar vessels were known in the eastern Mediterranean.69 The Agora flask was found with pottery of the 6th century, but it may have been older.

Two flasks have uneven rims rolled inward, the necks taper slightly toward the sloping shoulder. The glass is bubbly, bluish green in 360; pale green in 361. A similar neck, from a

piriform flask, was found in a 6th-century deposit at Samos.70 Others were excavated at Sardis.71 360 comes from a 4th- to 5th-century context; 361 from a 6th-century or later context.

362 and 363 are tall-necked flasks with short, narrow funnel mouths. 362 has a relatively short neck, tapering upward, and a lightly ground rim; the body probably was bulbous. It comes from a context predating the mid-6th century a.d. 363 is a tall cylindrical neck ending in a vestigial funnel mouth with heat-rounded rim as at Jerash and other sites in Jordan and southern Syria.72 Several complete flasks with this type of neck and mouth have a spherical or pointed body and a stemmed foot.73 The funnel mouth went through several transforma tions in late antiquity. Best researched are the thread-wound funnel mouth and the U-shaped funnel mouth, known from the eastern Mediterranean74 and from Rome (unpublished), but not yet documented in the Agora. Flasks with vestigial funnel mouths have been excavated in Rome in 8th-century contexts.75 The Agora flask comes from an

early-7th-century context.

Flasks with Short Wide Funnel Mouths (364-366) Three short wide funnel mouths come from bulbous flasks. 364 is decorated with a spiral trail of the relatively thick kind common in the 5th century (see discussion of 356).76 It was found in a 5th- to 6th-century context. 365 and 366 are plain. 365 has a concave neck continuing upward with a smooth transition to the funnel mouth. The context predates the mid-6th

century. 366 comes from a late-6th- or early-7th-century context.

Unguentaria (367)

367 is a small, pale greenish blue bulbous bottle with a relatively wide cylindrical neck. It comes from a 5th-century level and has a kicked base with a pontil scar in the center, as is common in this period. A yellowish unguentarium with comparable proportions excavated

59. For example Delougaz and Haines 1960, pi. 60:6, from

tomb 4. Compare Barag 1970, vol. 2, pis. 42, 43, Type 15, with

bulbous body, and pi. 44, Type 16, with conical or piriform

body. 60. Hayes 1992, p. 403, no. 36, fig. 151:36.

61. Von Saldern 1980, p. 83, no. 612, pis. 15, 27.

62. Tatton-Brown 1984, p. 204, no. 71, fig. 67:71.

63. ArchDeltSl, B' (1976 [1984]), pi. 81. 64. Barkoczi 1988, p. 139, no. 297, pis. 24, 86.

65. Barkoczi 1968, pp. 68, fig. 36:1 (spherical), 69, fig. 37:1

(ovoid). 66. Subic 1974, p. 57, pi. 111:27.

67. Saranovic-Svetek 1986, pi. 10:5.

68. Bernhard 1981, p. 78, fig. 61:10, from Bems Cemetery,

sarcophagus II.

69. Edgar [1905] 1974, p. 37, no. 32568, pi. 6, probably from

Egypt; unpublished from Israel.

70. SamosXTV, p. 164, no. 277D ("Sidonian flask" [sic]),

fig. 277, second from right (upside down). 71. Von Saldern 1980, p. 70, nos. 476-477, pis. 14, 26.

72. Dussart 1998, pp. 144-145, pis. 40-41, esp. pi. 40:10.

73. E.g., Stern 2001, p. 298, no. 161.

74. Stern 2001, p. 263; cf. p. 299, no. 162.

75. Sagui 1993b, p. 131, fig. 9:95. Compare Sternini 1999,

p. 97, nos. 93, 94, from Carthage. 76. Ariel 1990, p. 160, fig. 32:GL67.



LATE ANTIQUE FREE-BLOWN VESSELS 153

at Vasa, Cyprus, has been assigned to the second half of the 4th century or later.77 In late

antiquity, bottles such as these were often used for religious purposes, for example, for oil taken from the holy lamps burning near martyrs' graves. Several bottles dedicated in the ca thedral at Monza, in northern Italy, in the time of Pope Gregorius (590-604) have the same

shape as the Agora bottle.78

Lamps and Vessels Shaped as Lamps

Cones (368-370) Several types of cone-shaped lamps, introduced in the eastern Mediterranean in the 4th

century (see discussions of 306 and 307), were in use in Sicily and southern France by the 5th century. The Agora produced three base fragments of cones from Late Antique contexts.

They are catalogued here as lamps, although it is possible that the cones were used for drink

ing and even that the vessels were not cones but storage bottles.79 The lower bodies of some

Late Antique storage bottles are conical as at Ephesus (with base knob tooled out of the bot tom of the vessel)80 and at Karanis (without base knob).81 368 and 369 are dark green. Both

probably had heat-rounded rims, because they were finished on pontils. The lower body ends in a solid conical knob tooled out of the bottom of the vessel as at Gortyn (first half of 5th

century and 7th century) .82 These dates appear to span the period of use not only in Gortyn but also in Rome, where cones of this type are found in the late-4th- to 5th-century tabernae on the Palatine,83 but are rare in the Crypta Balbi in the second half of the 7th century.84 In southern France lamps with a solid base knob tooled out of the bottom of the vessel are found in 5th- and 6th-century contexts.85 The contexts of the Agora fragments agree with these dates. 370 has a thickened rounded bottom, sharply broken off from a solid pontil wad, as is common in Palestinian kohl tubes.86 (In order to avoid such massive breaks, ancient

glassblowers sometimes reattached the vessel to a hollow pontil wad, which might leave a collar of glass above the pointed base.87) The angle of the wall suggests a round-bottomed narrow cone as in Sicily (5th century),88 but it cannot be excluded that the Agora fragment comes from a bowl-shaped lamp with a relatively wide, hollow stem or toe for insertion into a polycandelon as at Samaria.89 Similar rounded bases of relatively thin glass are found in southern France in 6th- and 7th-century contexts.90 The Agora fragment comes from a 6th

century context. (It is not clear whether "one glass lamp with tubelike bottom" excavated at Corinth in a deposit dated 365/375-395 belongs to this type.91)

Bowl-shaped Lamps (371-380) In addition to cones and goblets, which functioned as lamps and as drinking vessels, glass blowers created shapes that were designed specifically to serve as lamps. Most of these shapes originated in the East. The classic typology was developed by Grace Crowfoot and Donald Harden (1931); recently Marina Uboldi (1995) developed a typology with an emphasis on

77. Harden 1958, p. 53, no. 11, fig. 22:h. 78. Sagui 1993b, p. 130, fig. 10a.

79. On these bottles: Taborelli 1993-1994.

80. Czurda-Ruth 1989, p. 139, no. 76, fig. 6.

81. Harden 1936, p. 227, nos. 688-691, pis. 9, 19.

82. Sternini 1997, p. 239, no. 1, pi. XLVIhl (first half of 5th century); 2001, p. 28, n. 41, citing examples from 7th-century contexts published in De Tommaso 2000.

83. Sternini 2001, p. 54, no. 115.

84. Sagui 2000, p. 206, fig. 8:10.

85. Foy 1995a, p. 197, Form 11, pi. 8.

86. Stern 2001, p. 317, no. 179. There are numerous ex

amples, unpublished, in the Toledo Museum of Art.

87. For example, on a pointed amphora in the Lugt Collec

tion: Stern 1977, pp. 82-84, no. 23, pi. 8. A hollow pontil wad is achieved either by using the leftover collar of glass on the

blowpipe (Stern 1999b, pp. 448-450, fig. 17) or by shaping a wad on the pontil (fig. 18).

88. Greco, Mammina, and di Salvo 1993, p. 181, no. 351. 89. Crowfoot 1957, p. 419, no. 5, fig. 99:5.

90. Foy 1995a, p. 206, Form 22b, pi. 14:170, 171.

91. Williams and Zervos 1982, p. 124, not illustrated.




glass lamps used in Italy, while Shulamit Hadad (1998) has studied the glass lamps from Bet Shean, Israel, and Yelda Olcay (2001) from Anatolia. Laskarina Bouras (1982) researched the literary evidence for Byzantine lighting devices.92

With loop handles at rim

Among the earliest glass lamps is a deep bulbous bowl from Jerusalem with three handles attached to the middle of the wall for suspension (first half of 4th century) .93 Shortly after, bulbous bowls with three small loop handles applied to the upper wall and attached to the rim were in use at Petra (before 363) ,94 A cylindrical bowl with three coil handles attached to the middle of the body was excavated at Corinth (before 395).95 The canonical type (Isings 1957, Form 134; Uboldi 1995, Type 1,1) is a truncated conical bowl with a folded rim and three small

loop handles attached to the rim as at Corinth, deposited between 365/375 and 395.96 The Agora produced a small fragment of a rounded rim with a coil handle: 371. The rim

is not bent out from a convex bowl as at Petra. Instead, the upper wall has a gentle S curve below the rim; the bowl itself probably was truncated conical. Similar lamp rims have been

published from a church at Campione dTtalia (late 6th century) ,97 The context of the Agora fragment is likewise 6th century.

With internal wick holders

By far the most distinctive of the various types of glass lamps excavated in the Agora are those with a fused-in tubular glass wick holder. The internal wick holder was a great step forward in lighting technology because the wick could be held securely in place in the middle of the bowl. One is reminded of the clay oil lamps with a fixed wick holder (Central Tube Type, cf. Loeschcke Type XIV) made in eastern Gaul in the 1st and 2nd centuries and occasionally found in Greece and Italy,98 as well as the glass, metal, and clay candlesticks used in the northwestern

provinces of the Roman empire in the second half of the 3rd century.99 However, there is no

proof of a connection between these vessels and the glass lamps with tubular wick holders that were developed in the late 4th or early 5th century in the Syro-Palestinian area.100

In those cases where the upper part of the bowl is preserved, it usually has three small coil

handles applied to the upper wall and attached to the rim. The walls are most often cylindri cal as at Jerusalem,101 truncated conical as at Samaria (cannot be independently dated),102

and Petra (early 5th century, before a.d. 419),103 or deep and bulbous as at Mesad Tamar

(early 7th century or earlier)104 and Ain Karim.105 Some of the bulbous and cylindrical lamps cited here have flatfish bottoms, but a deep kick seems to have been more common, perhaps because it aided the glassblower in centering the wick holder. Also, these lamps may have

been easier to use because the wick was raised. One of the conical lamps from Samaria has a

tubular folded base ring,106 as does a lamp of unknown shape from Beirut.107 A second lamp from Beirut has an applied base coil,108 and a lamp in the Agora (380) has a tall bell-shaped foot with heat-rounded edge. Other unusual shapes with an internal glass wick holder are the

92. On glass and metal openwork lamps, see Stern 2003.

93. Bagatti and Milik 1958, p. 148, no. 12, fig. 35:12; the

tomb dated mid-3rd to first half of 4th century by Barag 1970,

vol. l,p. 95.

94. Keller 2000, p. 30, fig. 15:1, with parallels from the

eastern Mediterranean and Como (the vessels from Como

published in Uboldi 1995, Type 1:2, p. 108, fig. 2:6). 95. Williams and Zervos 1983, pp. 23-24, no. 63, pi. 10:63.

96. Williams and Zervos 1982, pp. 124, 127, pi. 40:33-35.

97. Uboldi 2000, p. 210, fig. 4:1,2.

98. Goethert 1997, pp. 152-154, no. 115.

99. Follmann-Schulz 1992, p. 95, no. 56.

100. Stern 2001, p. 273.

101. Bagatti and Milik 1958, p. 148, nos. 11,17, fig. 35:11,17,

both from Dominus Flevit, tomb 217, dated first half or mid-5th

to early 6th century by Barag 1970, vol. 1, p. 95.

102. Crowfoot 1957, p. 418, no. 3, fig. 99:3, from the church

of St. John the Baptist. 103. Keller 2000, p. 31, fig. 15:4, from a private house.

104. Erdmann 1977, p. 100, pi. 1:4.

105. Bagatti 1948, p. 77, fig. 34:1.

106. Crowfoot 1957, p. 418, no. 2, fig. 99:2.

107. Jennings 1997-1998, pp. 139-141, figs. 19 center and

20:13.

108. Jennings 1997-1998, pp. 140-141, fig. 20:14.



late antique free-blown vessels 155

Agora's goblet (381) and a bowl-shaped lamp with hollow stem or toe. So many fragments of the latter type have been excavated at Gortyn that it is considered a local product.109 Two

lamps from unknown findspots have shallow bowls rising from cylindrical lower bodies. The tubular wick holder is fused to the flat bottom of the cylindrical part.110 Lamps of similar

shape, but without internal wick holders, are known from Novae in Bulgaria (5th to 6th

century).111

Among the earliest lamps with internal wick holders are the truncated conical lamp from Petra (before a.d. 419), a footed bowl from a Late Roman deposit in the Agora (K 1:4) con

taining other material up to the end of the 4th century a.d. (G 739, see 111. 1), and 372 (shape of the lamp unknown, early 5th century). In the Syro-Palestinian area, the truncated conical bowl with kick and three coil handles at the rim became relatively common beginning in the

early Islamic period (ca. a.d. 636-750) as at Bet Shean,112 Gezer,113 Nessana,114 and probably also at Mount Nebo,115 Bethany,116Jerash,117 and elsewhere where only the bottom and lower

walls have been preserved.118 Excavations at Samarra produced a cylindrical glass lamp with three internal wick holders (10th century).119

From the findspots mentioned above it is clear that these lamps were used not only in

churches,120 synagogues,121 and tombs,122 but also in private houses as at Petra.123 The distri

bution pattern is clearly centered in the Syro-Palestinian area. The Athenian Agora is the westernmost findspot currently known. It is tempting to associate the numerous lamps with

wick holders excavated there with local production in imitation of Syro-Palestinian proto types.124

The wick holders excavated in the Agora come almost invariably from lamps that have a

deep kick with pointed tool mark in the center of the base, but the shapes of the walls can not be reconstructed beyond a doubt: in four lamps (373-376) the lowest part of the body appears cylindrical, as at Gortyn125 and Khirbat Siar al Ghanam.126 These lamps may have been cylindrical as at Jerusalem (mid-5th to mid-6th century), or they may have been trun cated conical as G 739 (see 111. 1), which has unevenly spreading walls. 372 comes from an

early-5th-century context; 373-379 from 6th-century contexts. 380 has a tall bell-shaped foot, but the shape of the bowl is unknown. The context is 6th to 10th century. The Catalogue is

arranged chronologically according to the contexts at the Agora.

Lamps Shaped as Goblets (381) As has been mentioned, glass goblets are one of three vessel shapes that could serve for drink

ing as well as for lighting. Unless a goblet exhibits a telltale mark such as an oily surface or residue or has been excavated in the proximity of an insertable wick holder, it is usually not

possible to ascertain its specific function in antiquity. Sometimes, however, the glassblower decided the goblet's use as a lamp from the beginning by adding functional details such as

suspension loops or by inserting into the vessel an internal glass tube as a wick holder.

109. Sternini 1997, p. 241, no. 7, fig. 32:o.

110. Auth 1976, p. 152, no. 198, in the Newark Museum; Whitehouse 1997a, no. 344, in the Corning Museum of Glass.

Compare Uboldi 1995, p. 124, Type IV:3, fig. 5.

111. Turno 1989, p. 166, Type 1, fig. 2:1.

112. Hadad 1998, p. 64, Type 1, fig. 1.

113. Macalister 1912, vol. 1, p. 363, fig. 189, from tomb

156.

114. Harden 1962, p. 84, no. 47, pi. 20:47.

115. Sailer 1941, pp. 315-316, nos. 1-17, pi. 140.

116. Sailer 1956, p. 330.

117. Meyer 1987, pp. 205-206.

118. Hadad (1998, pp. 73-74, Type 7) lists various examples from 9th- through 14th-century Islamic contexts.

119. Lamm 1928, p. 38, no. 154, pi. 1. Compare a fragmen

tary base with remains of five internal wick holders in Tel Aviv:

Lehrer 1972, Haaretz Museum, no. MHG 1271, pp. 133-135,

fig. 7.

120. See note 102 above.

121. For example, in the synagogue at Maon, end of 5th to

early 6th century: Barag 1970, vol. 2, pi. 22.



124. On the origin of the glass lamp with internal wick

holder, see Stern 2001, p. 273.

125. Sternini 1997, p. 242, no. 18, pi. XLVII:13.

126. Corbo 1955, p. 75, no. 5, fig. 25:5.



156 THE LATE ANTIQUE PERIOD

With internal wick holders

From a 6th-century context comes a unique goblet with internal wick holder: 381. It has a

knop stem tooled out of the low spreading added foot (compare 344, 345). On other unusual

lamps with internal wick holders, see above, pp. 154-155.


Bases (382, 383)

382 is a simple kicked base with a pointed tool mark in the center, possibly from a jug or bulbous flask as 359. The context is late 5th to early 6th century. Similar bases from cylindri cal bottles and jugs are found throughout the 4th and 5th centuries and into the 6th, and

again in the 8th century in southwestern France.127 383 is a solid flat base, from which the walls curve upward, thinning rapidly. It is not clear whether the base is an added knob as in a conical lamp(?) from southern France128 or is tooled out of the bottom of the vessel as in the conical bases from the Agora (see discussions of 368, 369).

Decorated Fragments (384)

384 is a wall fragment preserving a tooled, applied trail, a type of decoration that is seen on various bulbous vessel shapes beginning in the 1st century as on arcaded beakers.129 In the 4th to mid-5th century tooled, applied trails were fashionable again in the Rhineland130 and are still found occasionally on Merovingian beakers and cups of the early 6th century as in

Belgium.131 In the eastern Mediterranean, a similar decoration was made sometimes by tool

ing pinched ribs as at Jalame132 and Kerch.133

SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL VESSELS

Square Bottles and Base Moldings (385-387)

Square bottles and base moldings have been discussed above (275-295). Although such ves

sels went out of use in the second half of the 2nd or early 3rd century in the northwestern

provinces of the Roman empire, the presence of square bottles and base moldings at Sardis134 and Dura Europos135 suggested to Gladys Weinberg that square bottles remained in use longer in the eastern Mediterranean. She noted that in the Agora there is evidence for continued(?) use into the 4th and 5th centuries, and possibly into the 6th.136 Recently published mold

ings from Arycanda in Lycia (late 4th to early 5th century)137 and from Croatia (second half of 4th century, thought to be eastern Mediterranean imports)138 confirm this view. Square base moldings are known also from Late Roman contexts at Ephesus139 and at Tharros,

Sardinia.140 Excavations at Corinth141 and at Vrtoce Donje, in Bosnia and Herzegovina,142

127. Foy and Hochuli-Gysel 1995, p. 157, fig. 8:4; Foy 1995a,

p. 213, no. 240, pi. 19 (8th century). 128. Foy 1995a, p. 197, no. 63, pi. 8:63.

129. Berger [1960] 1980, pp. 47-48, pis. 7, 19; Cool and Price 1995, p. 71.

130. Fremersdorf 1959, pis. 114-119 (beakers), 128-129

(globular bottles), 136 (drinking horn). 131. Alenus-Lecerf et al. 1993, pp. 107-108, 113-114,

nos. 16, 24.

132. G. D. Weinberg 1988, p. 81, fig. 4-39.

133. Kunina 1997, pp. 335, 337, nos. 415, 416 (beakers);

Fremersdorf 1962, pi. Ill (jug decorated with blue dots in the

interstices). 134. Von Saldern 1980, pp. 28-29, no. 177, pi. 22, from a

level dated by a coin of Valentinian I (364-375). 135. Clairmont 1963, pp. 123-128, nos. 600-646.

136. From Weinberg's manuscript notes for this volume.

137. Tek 2000; 2003. 138. Larese 1998, p. 69; cf. Suic 1994-1995, pp. 296-297,

figs. 1-2.

139. Czurda-Ruth 1989, p. 139, figs. 6, 7.

140. Pesce 1955-1957, p. 356, no. 43, fig. 104.

141. Corinth XVII, p. 83, no. 138, fig. 8, pi. 33.

142. Paskvalin 1974, p. 117, pi. VII:2.



square and cylindrical vessels 157

produced complete one-handled square bottles decorated with expanded spiral ribbing, a

technique suggesting a date in the second half of the 4th century or later; the mouths are

funnel-shaped. The upper part of a square bottle and fragments of ribbed handles were found in late contexts also on the island of Thasos.143 At Marseille, plain square bases of an unusual pinkish brown glass are associated with ceramics of the second half of the 6th and 7th centuries.144 The finds from Arycanda mentioned above are so numerous and so diverse, that it is tempting to assume that the production of square bottles with base moldings was revived somewhere in Asia Minor in the late 4th century.

Late Antique contexts at the Agora produced a minimum of five fragments of square bottles and base moldings: 283,290, and 385-387. Of these, 283 and 290 have been discussed in Chap ter 3 because they have good parallels from Herulian and pre-Herulian contexts and may date from that period, although it is possible that the base molding 290 and its twin 289 are both Late Antique. 385 is an upper body without rim; 386 and 387 are square base moldings.

386, from a large vessel of thick, good-quality light green glass carries a mold-blown Greek

inscription in relief featuring the name Tpixpcovoc; (genitive of Tryphon); the letters are ar

ranged in pairs of two along each side. The name has been known for a long time in connec tion with glass studies because it appears retrograde, also in the genitive, on the nape of a

mold-blown cup in the shape of an African head,145 but it seems highly unlikely that the two

inscriptions refer to the same individual because the Agora bottle comes from a late-4th- to

mid-5th-century context and the head-shaped cup belongs to a type created before the year a.d. 79. The proper name Tryphon was particularly common in Athens and Attica,146 but it was not uncommon elsewhere in mainland Greece, the Peloponnese, the Aegean islands,

Cyprus, and Cyrenaica.147 Farther east, two officials named Tryphon were active in the Bos

poran kingdom in the 2nd century a.d.: the first commanded the fleet in 123, the second was royal governor, npeo^Emr\q, of Tanais in 163.148 And a certain Tryphon living in Egypt is mentioned in an early-2nd-century a.d. papyrus from Oxyrhynchus (POxy 42, no. 3060).149 A Greek inscription from Kallipolis is evidence that the name was in use in Greece as late as the 6th to 7th century a.d.150

Whereas Latin names are found frequently on the base moldings of prismatic bottles, Greek names are less common. The twenty-some Greek names listed in two independent studies by Gusta Lehrer Jacobson (1992) and Mara Sternini (1994) have recently been almost doubled

by the list compiled by A. T. Tek (2003) and by contributions at the international glass con ference in Aix-en-Provence/Marseille in June 2001.151 Tolga Tek, to whom I am indebted for information about the bottles from Arycanda, noted that the arrangement of the letters in

pairs along the sides of his base marks is the same as in the Agora molding, and that, similarly, they have large pontil scars of ca. 0.02-0.03 m. However, the color of the glass differs: the

Arycanda bottles are dark green, occasionally dark brownish green, and the Agora molding is made of good-quality, light green glass.

The interpretation of the names and the reasons for their use in base moldings, sometimes in the nominative and sometimes in the genitive, are a matter of controversy; the most difficult

problem is whether the names refer to the maker of the vessel (glassblower, mold maker, or

workshop owner) or to the maker or distributor of the contents.152 Recently, the sole Latin

143. Abadie-Reynal and Sodini 1992, p. 95, nos. V 47-49,

fig. 40, pi. 16:f.

144. Foy 1995a, p. 209, Form 24. 145. Ville de Paris, Musee du Petit Palais, Collection Du

tuit, no. 247 (discussed and illustrated by Stern 1995, p. 205,

fig. 83). 146. LGPNvol 2, pp. 435-436.

147. LGPNvol. 1, p. 448; vol. 3a, p. 436, vol. 3b, p. 412.

148. Gajdukevic 1971, pp. 365 and 352, 356, respectively. 149. POxy 42, no. 3060, line 7, see Parsons 1974, pp. 148

149.

150. Asdracha 1998, pp. 335-337, no. 159.

151. See p. 113, n. 417.

152. For summaries of the problem, see Sternini 1993b,

pp. 91-93; Stern 1999b, pp. 467-469.




inscription that has unanimously been interpreted as referring to the maker of the vessel, the female glassblower and/or entrepreneur Sentia Secunda (2nd century a.d.) ,153 has been reevaluated from the linguistic point of view.

Luigi Taborelli and Giovanni Mennella suggest that the phrase FACIT VITR need not nec

essarily be associated with vitrum, the Latin word for glass, but might refer to the contents of the bottle, a medicinal or coloring substance made from a herb with the root vitr.154 A herb vitriariais mentioned for the first(?) time by pseudo-Apuleius, Herbarium (5th century a.d.).

An authoritative German dictionary translates vitriaria as Glaskraut, "glass-herb."155 It would

appear that this herb, which produced a brilliant blue dye, got its name from a blue pigment made from crushed glass. A dark blue pigment called vitrum is mentioned by Caesar (B Gall

1.14.2) and other authors of the 1st centuries b.c. and a.d. with reference to Briton warriors

who dyed themselves blue prior to battle. Traditionally, vitrumhas been translated as "woad"

(Isatis tinctoria L.), but there seems to be no evidence for the presence of the herb woad in Britain before the Anglo-Saxon period. Scientific investigation of the skin of a Celtic warrior showed that the colorant was not a vegetal but a mineral substance, made from a powdered vitreous substance.156 In this connection, Kezia Knauer draws attention to the fact that Pliny

(HN35A8) actually mentions pigments made from crushed glass. She suggests that the curi ous Latin word vitrum is of Celtic derivation, perhaps from a root uei "bend, twist" (cf. English "wire") as preserved in the Celtic word viriolae (Celtiberic viriae).157

To return to the base marks on the glass bottles: None of the Greek inscriptions in the base

moldings mentions a word for glass or the contents, but some do include a form of the verb rcoieiv "to make," which seems to preclude association with the production of oil, fish sauce,

preserves, and similar substances that were stored in glass bottles. The Greek verb is used for the creation of a specific object, usually a work of art or craftmanship, and thus would seem

more appropriate for a container than for its contents.158

The second Late Antique base molding from the Agora, 387, comes from a 6th-century context and it may well be of that date. It shows a compact rosette in low relief. Rosettes with six elongated oval petals appear in many variations on base moldings found throughout the Roman empire,159 but the sole comparison known to me for the short stumpy leaves with central nerve seen in the Agora base is a fragmentary dark olive-green bottle excavated at

Arycanda in an early-5th-century context (before 420/430).160 It shows a rosette with pairs of triangles between the tips of the petals, just as in the base molding from the Agora, and it is framed by a circle (not preserved in the Agora fragment).

Cylindrical Bottles (388, 389)

388 preserves the upper part of a cylindrical bottle without handles as at Corinth (not dat able by context) ,161 The Agora bottle comes from a 6th-century context. The shape may have

developed from a variation of cylindrical flasks of Isings 1957, Form 102, as at Aquileia,162 but

153. Karnitsch 1952, pp. 437-446; Stern 1999b, pp. 456-457,

figs. 23-25: two rectangular bottles from two women's graves at

Linz, each with a different base molding. One of the two reads

SENTIASE/ CUNDAFA/ CITAQ[uileia]VITR[earia vel sim]. Recently, a fragment of a base molding from a bottle signed by Sentia Secunda came to light in Slovenia. It has been published in Instrumentum Bulletin 21(2005, pp. 41-42) by Irena Lazar,

whom I thank for advance information. A bottle preserving in

the base molding the letters DAFE, preceded by an A or an N,

has been excavated in Britain; Cool and Price (1998, p. 150,

no. 288, fig. 61) suggest this signature may also refer to Sentia

Secunda.

154. Taborelli and Mennella 1999, p. 25.

155. Georges 1879.

156. Pyatt et al. 1991. Knauer 1993, pp. 29-32; Stern 2004,

pp. 116-117.

157. Knauer 1993, pp. 33-34. On the pigment, pp. 29-32.

158. Stern 2006, p. 404.

159. For example at Ephesus: Czurda-Ruth 1989, p. 139,

nos. 78-80, fig. 6; and at Aix-en-Provence: Nin 2003, p. 419,

fig. 5:28.

160. Tek 2003, pp. 83, 85, fig. 1:2.

161. Corinth XII, p. 106, no. 678, pi. 56.

162. Buora 1997, pp. 29-30, figs. 4, 6.



SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL VESSELS 159

the spreading funnel mouth set off from the upward-tapering neck is more reminiscent of bottles from 7th-century contexts in Italy,163 which however have heat-rounded rims instead of a tubular rim rolled inward as at the Agora.

389 comes from a 5th-century context, but the flattened, slightly concave bottom suggests it still belongs to the late 4th to mid-5th century (Isings 1957, Form 126 with one handle, Form 127 with two handles, or Form 132 without handles). The upper body is not preserved so it is unknown if the bottle had handles. Similar bases are known from Rome, dated ca. 390/410-480?,164 and from southern France (early 5th century) ,165 Deeply kicked bases were common into the 8th century (see discussion of 382).

163. Sagui 2000, p. 206, fig. 8:7. Globular bottles from Castel

Trosino (7th century) have similar necks and funnel mouths:

Stiaffini 1993, p. 178, fig. 1:16, 17.

164. Sternini 2001, p. 64, no. 183, fig. 17.

165. Foy 1995a, form 7, p. 195, nos. 25-31, pi. 5.



160

CATALOGUE

LATE ANTIQUE FREE-BLOWN VESSELS

Bowls

With Applied Decoration

335 (G 193) Bowl PI. 30 N17:l Max. dim. 0.07; p.H. ca. 0.05; est. Diam. 0.115; Th.

wall at highest point 0.0013, at lowest point 0.002. Wall fragment. Random scratches and dulling on

exterior.

Colorless, pale greenish yellow tinge. Applied deco ration as far as preserved consisting of four blue spiral trails dragged down into arches; applied small blue dots or blobs at the lowest point of each arch.

From the same level comes G 194, a twisted reticella

glass rod, clear with blue, remains of a ring-shaped (?) finial at one end.

Probably 4th to 5th century a.d. (context 4th to 5th

century).

With Expanded Mold-blown Ribs

336 (G 188) Bowl PL 30 R 17:2 P.H. 0.019; Max. dim. 0.059; Th. wall at highest point

0.002.

Three joining fragments of base and lower wall. Incipi ent pitting.

Deep olive green; small bubbles, thick material. Pattern-blown: close-set ribs spiraling upward from the flattened base. Mold-blown small circular depression in center of base. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.022).

5th century a.d. (context 4th and early 5th centu

ries) .

337 (G 558) Bowl, shallow 111. 19, Fig. 20, PL 30

Findspot within boundary of Agora excavation, not recorded

P.H. of rim fragment 0.017; p.L. of rim 0.117; est.

Diam. rim 0.22; p.H. of base fragment 0.011; est. H. 0.04;

av. Th. wall near rim 0.0008, at nearest point to center of

base 0.003.

Fragments of rim and bottom, not joining. A few bubbles. Spotty weathering.

Light yellow. Rim folded outward. Mold-blown spiral ribs on bottom radiating from center toward rim. Solid

pontil scar (Diam. ca. 0.016).

Perhaps 5th century a.d. (uncertain context).

Goblets

Footed

338 (G 627) Goblet Fig. 20, PL 30 Area H 4, shop III, pit of burning in layer 13, with 359

and 376 P.H. 0.017; Diam. foot 0.047; Th. of edge of foot

0.0014.

Foot and lower part of bowl. Flaking dull black weath

ering, silver weathering, iridescence, pitting. Colorless. Made of two gathers, one for the bowl and

one for the foot. Steeply rising bowl (or hollow knop?);

low double-stepped foot with down-turned vertical edge, heat-rounded (solid convex "button" on underside of

foot, below center of bowl). Solid pontil scar 0.01. 6th century a.d. (context pottery of 6th century a.d.

per John Hayes).

339 (G 572) Goblet 111. 11, Fig. 20, PL 30 O 13-14 P.H. 0.022; Diam. foot 0.04; Th. wall near bottom of

bowl 0.001, Th. of edge of foot 0.0023. Foot and bottom of bowl. Silver weathering inside

foot.

Greenish blue; good material. Made of two gathers, one for the bowl and one for the foot. Tall bell-shaped foot, splayed at bottom, with down-turned vertical edge, heat-rounded. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.011).

First half of 6th century a.d. (context of ca. 525

540).

340 (G 571) Goblet 111. 11, Fig. 20, PL 30 O 13-14 P.H. 0.0254; Th. wall near bottom of bowl 0.0013, at

highest point 0.0004.

Upper part of foot and lower part of bowl, no finished

edge. Iridescence.

Pale yellowish tinge; a few small bubbles. Made of two

gathers, one for the bowl and one for the foot. Bowl ris

ing steeply, then spreading widely; thick at junction with

spreading foot. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.011). First half of 6th century a.d. (context of ca. 525

540).

341 (G 568) Goblet Fig. 20, PL 30 Area O 13, Palace of the Giants, basement suite, room

D, above floor

P.H. 0.04; Th. wall near bottom of bowl 0.0012, at



edge. Iridescence, severe pitting.

Light green; many small bubbles. Made of two gathers, one for the thin-walled bowl, one for the thicker foot.

Bowl rising steeply, then spreading widely from pro nounced carination. Irregularly shaped annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.011-0.014).

Fragments of two similar goblets, G 569 and G 570, from O 13-14, room F.

First half of 6th century a.d. (context of 500-550; cf. O 13-14).

342 (G 277) Goblet PL 30 Area B-C16, Roman House B, room 2, pocket at edge

of floor P.H. 0.056; Diam. of top 0.09; Th. wall at carination

0.0005, near junction with foot 0.002.


edge. Blowing spirals. Flaking silver weathering, irides

cence, pitting.

Light green. Made of two gathers, one for the bowl, and one for the foot; the junction covered by one revolu



CATALOGUE 161

tion of a thick trail of the same color. Bowl rising steeply to carination. Shape probably similar to 341. Annular

pontil scar (Diam. 0.015). 6th century a.d. (?) (context probably 6th century).

Stemmed

343 (G 45) Goblet Fig. 20, PL 31 N 13:1, lowest fill P.H. 0.032; Diam. base 0.048; Th. wall at highest point

0.001, Th. of edge of foot 0.002. Foot and lower part of bowl. Blowing spirals. Incipient

pitting. Light greenish blue; tiny bubbles; impurities (black

specks). Made from three gathers, one for the bowl, one for the foot, and one for attaching the foot to the bowl.

Steeply rising bowl; spreading foot with down-turned vertical edge, thickened and heat-rounded. Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.011). The wad of glass used to attach the foot to the bowl was forced outward when the two parts were pressed together and created a narrow bulge at the

join. 5th century a.d. (context 5th century).

344 (G 744) Goblet Fig. 20, PL 31 D6:l P.H. 0.027; Diam. foot 0.046; Th. of edge of foot

0.0015.

Foot (part of lower edge missing) with scant remains of floor of bowl above. Iridescence, incipient pitting.

Light blue green; small bubbles, but fine quality (remi niscent of Syro-Palestinian glass). Made from two gathers, one for the bowl and one for the foot; the knop stem tooled out of the foot. Conical foot, splayed at bottom,

with down-turned vertical edge, heat-rounded. Annular

pontil scar (Diam. 0.012). Mid- to second half of 5th century a.d. (context of ca.

460-480).

345 (G 487) Goblet Fig. 20, PL 31 Area O 14, Palace of the Giants, Octagonal Room,

destruction fill on floor P.H. 0.039; Th. wall near bottom of bowl 0.0033, at


Upper part of foot, stem, and lower part of bowl, no finished edge. Blowing spirals. Silver weathering and iridescence.

Light green; bubbles. Made from two gathers, one for

the bowl and one for the foot; the knop stem tooled out of the conical foot. Bowl rising steeply, then spreading widely from slight carination. Annular pontil scar (Diam.

0.014). 6th century a.d. (context 6th century; cf. O 13-14).

346 (G 144) Goblet 111. 10, Fig. 20

Agora V, p. 116, no. M 341, pi. 54. M 17:1, layer XII P.H. 0.03; Diam. of foot 0.046; Th. wall near bottom

of bowl 0.001. Foot, stem, and lower part of bowl. Blowing spirals.

Dulling. Light olive green; tiny bubbles. Made from one gather,

the lower part pushed back up into the paraison form

ing a small bulb at the top of the stem. Widely spreading bowl; knop indented at intervals, giving a ribbed effect;

conical foot with irregularly shaped tube at the edge (Th. 0.004-0.006). Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.012).

Second half of 5th century a.d. (context second half

of 5th century).

347 (G 313) Goblet 111. 10, PL 31

AgoraV, no. M 343, p. 116. M 17:1, layer XII P.H. 0.026; Diam. of foot 0.043.

Foot and stem. Flaking, crizzled sand-colored layer (discoloration), dulling, and pitting.

Colorless, yellowish tinge; bubbly. Made from one

gather; shape and technique as 346. Knop indented; neat tube at the edge of the foot (Th. 0.0043). Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.011).


of 5th century).

348 (G 316) Goblet 111. 10, PL 31

AgoraV, p. 116, no. M 346. M 17:1, layer XII P.H. 0.029; Diam. of foot 0.038.

Foot and stem. Weathering as 347, but most of crizzled

layer missing; interior of stem discolored.

Color, shape and technique as 347. Knop indented and unintentionally twisted; irregularly shaped narrow tube at the edge of the foot (Th. 0.0034-0.0047). Annular

pontil scar.

Second half of 5th century a.d. (context second half of 5th century).

349 (G 314) Goblet 111. 10, PL 31

AgoraV, p. 116, no. M 344. M 17:1, layer XII P.H. 0.029; Diam. of foot 0.045. Foot and stem. Weathering as 347. Color, shape and technique as 347. Knop indented

and unintentionally twisted; irregularly shaped narrow tube at the edge of the foot (Th. 0.003-0.004). Annular

pontil scar (Diam. 0.012). Second half of 5th century a.d. (context second half

of 5th century).

350 (G315) Goblet 111. 10, PL 31

Agora V, p. 116, no. M 345. M 17:1, layer XII P.H. 0.024; Diam. of foot 0.041.

Foot and stem. Weathering as 347.

Color, shape and technique as 347. Knop indented; neat tube at the edge of the foot (Th. 0.0035). Annular

pontil scar.


of 5th century).

351 (G 312) Goblet 111. 10, PL 31

Agora V, no. M 342, p. 116, pi. 54. M 17:1, layer XII P.H. 0.029; Diam. of foot 0.048.

Foot and stem. Weathering as 347.

Color, shape and technique as 347, but knop smooth; neat, narrow tube at the edge of the foot (Th. 0.0033).

Second half of 5th century a.d. (context second half of 5th century).




352 (G 567) Goblet PL 31 Area O 13, Palace of the Giants, basement suite, room

A, layer 2, below cobbled floor P.H. 0.031; Diam. of foot 0.045.

Foot and stem. Blowing spirals. Slight iridescence and

pitting. Olive green; small bubbles. Made from one gather;

shape and technique as 346. Vertical tool mark or single indent in knop; conical foot with neat tube at the edge (av.Th. 0.005).

5th to 6th century a.d. (context 5th to 6th century; cf. O 13-14).

353 (G 573) Goblet Ills. 11, 20, Fig. 20, PL 31 O 13-14 P.H. 0.042; est. Diam. of foot 0.035; Th. wall near bot

tom of bowl 0.001, at highest point 0.0006. About one-third of foot, knop, and lower part of

bowl.

Blowing spirals. Slight iridescence, pitting, discol oration; foot and tube paper-thin, the tube filled with a gritty opaque white substance surrounded by a layer (Th. ca. 0.0008), the color of beeswax: both are corrosion

products, resulting from devitrification when the alkali was leached out. A simple test with hydrochloric acid showed the opaque white substance to be silica based (i.e., glass). When the alkali leached out, the glass crys talized and expanded, filling the originally hollow tube at the edge of the foot (see 111. 20).

Pale yellowish tinge; tiny bubbles. Made from one

gather, technique as 346. Steep-sided bowl; flattened

globular knop stem; near-discoid foot with neat tube at the

edge. Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.011) blocking the stem. First half of 6th century a.d. (context of ca. 525

540).

354 (G 752) Goblet Fig. 20, PL 31 Area T 13, Late Roman building above Street Stoa,

room B, fill above floor, at elevation 65.60-65.20

P.H. 0.04; Diam. of foot 0.044; Th. wall at highest point 0.0013.

Light blue green; bubbly, but fine quality (reminiscent of Syro-Palestinian glass). Made from one gather; tech

nique as 346. Tall smooth stem, expanding at bottom;

flattish, sharply splayed foot with narrow tube at the edge (Th. 0.0043-0.005). Tool mark (dent) on one side of foot at base of stem. Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.012) almost

blocking stem.

8th century a.d.(?) (context includes a coin of Phi

lippicus, 711-713, and parts of one or two coarse-ware

baking lids, P 33501 and P 33502; for the location, cf. Shear 1975, pp. 334, 336).

355 (G 753) Goblet Fig. 20, PL 31 Area T 13, Late Roman building above Street Stoa,

room B, accumulated fill above floor, at elevation 67.80

65.60 P.H. 0.031; Diam. of foot 0.043.

Foot and stem. Blowing spirals. Traces of silver weath

ering, slight iridescence.

Light blue green; bubbly (color and quality as 354). Made from one gather; technique as 346. Smooth stem of medium height, expanding at bottom; thick, near-discoid

foot with large tube at the edge (Th. 0.007, uneven on one side). Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.015) blocking the stem.

8th century a.d. or later (?) (context pottery of 8th

century and later? per John Hayes).

Bulbous Flasks

Tall-necked with Two Handles

356 (G 15) Two-handled flask, diota Fig. 21, PL 32 H-I 7-8:1

P.H. 0.10; Diam. rim 0.052; Th. rim 0.0035, Th. wall at lowest point 0.002.

Preserved from rim to shoulder; one handle missing (small bit of attachment preserved). Flaking dull black and silver weathering, iridescence, pitting.

Light olive green. Short funnel mouth with heat rounded rim. Curved, bifurcated handles applied to

gently sloping shoulder and folded against lower part of neck and neck coil. Before application of the handles, a trail was wound spirally around rim and neck (17 revolu tions preserved); thicker coil around lower neck.

Compare, from the same context, a two-handled pot

tery diota, P 1913. Late 4th or early 5th century a.d. (context of400-450,

with much 4th-century material).

Tall-necked without handles

357 (G 622) Flask PL 32 Area U 16-17 P.H. 0.102; Diam. rim 0.0346; Th. rim 0.0025-0.003,

Th. wall at lowest point 0.0012. Rim, neck, and part of shoulder. Flaking dull black

and silver weathering, pitting; thread divitrified. Pale grayish green; pinprick bubbles. Color of thread

cannot be determined. Funnel mouth with slightly thickened, heat-rounded rim; smooth transition to tall

cylindrical neck, widening slightly toward sloping shoul der. Four and a half revolutions of thin thread around mouth, three and a half around middle of neck; both threads begun at lower end.

6th century a.d. (context pottery of mid-6th century and coins of 5th-6th centuries).

358 (G 612) Flask PL 32 Area Q 6, Zigzag Drain, layer 2 P.H. 0.05; Diam. rim 0.034.

Rim and part of neck; trail partly missing. Thick black

weathering over silver iridescence.

Light green. Rim folded in; neck straight as far as

preserved. Thin opaque white (?) spiral thread begin ning 0.017 below rim and continuing down as far as

preserved. Late 6th to 7th century a.d. (context late 6th century).

From the same context as 379.

359 (G 624) Flask PL 32 Area H 4, shop III, pit of burning in layer 13, with 338

and 376 P.H. 0.092; Diam. rim 0.065; Th. wall at lowest point

0.002.

Rim, neck, and part of shoulder. Flaking dull black and silver weathering, iridescence, pitting.



CATALOGUE 163

Color of glass cannot be determined; bubbly. Funnel mouth with hollow tubular rim folded inward; tall neck

widening toward gently sloping shoulder. Body decorated with expanded mold-blown spiral ribs from upper left to

lower right, beginning on shoulder. 5th to 6th century a.d. (context pottery of 6th century

a.d. per John Hayes).

360 (G 361) Flask PI. 32 Area D 15-16, Great Drain Bridge, above later Great

West Drain P.H. 0.05; Diam. rim 0.02.

Rim and neck. Iridescence.

Bluish green; bubbly. Rim folded out and inward; neck

tapering slightly toward sloping shoulder. Late 5th to early 6th century a.d. (context 4th to 5th

century). From the same context as 320.

361 (G 43) Flask Fig. 21, PL 32 Area N-O 12-13 P.H. 0.078; Diam. rim 0.037; Th. wall at lowest point

0.001.

Rim, neck, and part of shoulder. Blowing spirals. Flak

ing dull black and silver weathering, iridescence, pitting; glass nearly destroyed.

Light green; bubbly. Rim folded in unevenly, making a bulge; neck tapering down and spreading to sloping shoulder.

6th century a.d. (context 6th century or later).

362 (G 575) Flask 111. 11, PL 32 O 13-14 P.H. 0.056; est. Diam. rim 0.025; Th. rim 0.001, Th.


Rim, neck, and part of shoulder. Blowing spirals. Flak

ing golden white weathering on interior, iridescence,

pitting. Pale blue; a few large elongated bubbles. Short narrow

funnel mouth with lightly ground rim; neck widening toward shoulder; sloping shoulder.


540).

363 (G 180) Flask PL 32 AgoraV, p. 122, no. N 12, pi. 54. P21:l P.H. 0.103; Diam. rim 0.036; Th. rim 0.002, Th. wall


Rim, neck, and part of shoulder. Blowing spirals. Dull black weathering and iridescence inside.

Light greenish blue; small bubbles. Short narrow fun nel mouth with heat-rounded rim; tall cylindrical neck; sloping shoulder.

7th century a.d. (context early 7th century).

Short Wide Funnel Mouths

364 (G 611) Flask PL 32 Area K 5, Panathenaic Road, layer F

P.H. 0.048; Diam. rim 0.043.

Rim, mouth, and small part of shoulder. Thick silver

weathering on interior, milky white on trails. Greenish blue tint. Funnel mouth; widely spreading

shoulder. Thin spiral thread of same color wound around

the outside of the mouth, beginning at the top; two thicker trails of dark green(?), one along the rim and one below.

Probably 5th century a.d. (context 5th to 6th century).

365 (G 574) Flask 111. 11, PL 32 O 13-14 P.H. 0.07; est. Diam. rim 0.058.

Rim and neck. Blowing spirals. Flaking golden white

weathering, pitting. Pale green tinted glass, near colorless. Rim folded up

and in; funnel mouth with smooth transition to concave

neck; neck widens toward shoulder.


540).

366 (G 614) Flask PL 32 Area Q 6, drain filling P.H. 0.042; Diam. rim 0.046.

Rim, mouth, and part of shoulder. Blowing spirals. Iridescence.

Light green; few bubbles. Uneven funnel mouth with rounded rim. Shoulder spreads out widely.

Late 6th to early 7th century a.d. (context late 6th to

early 7th century). From the same context comes a terra

cotta lamp, L 5688, inscribed 0AYMAIII, comparable to Agora VII, no. 362.

Unguentaria


Q 17:4, container 42 H. 0.06; Diam. rim 0.03.

Rim chipped. Blowing spirals. Light greenish blue. Rim folded out and in; wide neck

with smooth transition to bulbous body; deep kick with

pointed tool mark in center of bottom. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.021) around edge of bottom.

5th century a.d. (context 5th century).

Lamps and Vessels Shaped as Lamps

Cones

368 (G 335) Cone PL 33 Area C 17 P.H. 0.053; Diam. base knob 0.023; Th. wall at highest

point 0.0011.

Base knob and lower wall. Blowing spirals. Slight iridescence, pitting on underside of base.

Dark green; bubbles. Solid, spreading base knob tooled out of the bottom of the vessel; steep, slightly convex walls, thinning rapidly upward. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.021).

5th to 6th century a.d. (context 5th or 6th century).

369 (G 459) Cone PL 33 Area O 15, above east wing of South Stoa II, layer 1 P.H. 0.044; Diam. base knob 0.035; Th. wall at upper

edge 0.001.

Base knob and lower part of body. Flaking surface and

flaking silver weathering, iridescence, severe pitting. Olive green; bubbly. Solid conical base knob (H.

0.024) probably tooled out of the bottom of the vessel




with a horizontal tool mark between knob and vessel, or possibly added. Walls spread slightly upward. Large annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.026).

6th to early 7th century a.d. (context 6th or 7th cen

tury).

370 (G 179) Cone PI. 33 Area O-Q18-19 P.H. 0.054; Th. wall at highest point 0.001. Lower part preserved. Blowing spirals. Flaking dull

black weathering, iridescence, pitting. Light yellowish green; small bubbles. Bottom sharply

broken off from solid pontil. Steep wall, spreading slightly upward.


Bowl-shaped Lamps with Loop Handles

371 (G 626) Lamp, bowl-shaped PI. 33 Area H 4, shop III, layer 13 P.H. 0.035; est. Diam. rim 0.08; av. Th. wall 0.001.

Rim, handle, and part of wall. Severe pitting, appear ing brown.

Light yellowish green. Rim rounded; upper part of bowl straight walled, widening toward rim. One of pre sumably three coil handles preserved.


Bowl-shaped Lamps with Internal Wick Holders

372 (G 147) Lamp, Fig. 21, PL 33 with internal wick holder

AgoraX p. 113, no. M 309, pi. 55. M 17:1, layer X P.H. 0.048; Diam. rim of wick holder 0.018; inner

Diam. 0.015.

Wick holder; entire bowl missing. Blowing spirals. No

weathering. Olive green; bubbles. Made of two gathers, one for the

bowl and one for the wick holder. Everted rim, folded inward; cylindrical tube, spreading out at bottom. Shape of bowl uncertain; kicked base with pointed tool mark in center preserved on underside of wick holder.

Early 5th century a.d. (context early 5th century).

373 (G 578) Lamp, 111. 11, PL 33 with internal wick holder

O 13-14 P.H. 0.053; Diam. base 0.04, Diam. rim of wick holder

0.013, inner Diam. 0.008.

Wick holder and lower part of bowl. Iridescence, some

weathering inside wick holder.

Light green. Made of two gathers, one for the bowl and one for the wick holder. Tubular wick holder similar to 372 but it has a ridge at the base. Lower part of bowl

probably cylindrical (see 374); low kick in base with

pointed tool mark in center. Annular pontil scar (Diam.

0.011). First half of 6th century a.d. (context of ca. 525

540).

374 (G 576) Lamp, 111. 11, Fig. 21, PL 33 with internal wick holder

O 13-14 P.H. 0.047; Diam. base 0.039; wall of bowl at highest

point paper-thin, Diam. rim of wick holder 0.012, inner

Diam. 0.007.

Wick holder and lower part of bowl. Blowing spirals. Enamel white weathering, iridescence, severe

pitting.

Light green. Made of two gathers as 373. Tubular wick holder; rim rounded and thickened. Lower part of bowl

cylindrical; deep kick with pointed tool mark in center. Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.011).

First half of 6th century a.d. (context of ca. 525 540).

375 (G 577) Lamp, 111. 11, PL 33 with internal wick holder

O 13-14 P.H. 0.045; Diam. base 0.035; Diam. rim of wick holder

0.015; inner Diam. 0.007.

Wick holder and part of bottom of bowl. Flaking enamel white weathering, iridescence, pitting.

Light green. Similar to 374 but thicker. Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.011).

First half of 6th century a.d. (context of ca. 525 540).

376 (G 625) Lamp, PL 33 with internal wick holder

Area H 4, shop III, pit of burning in layer 13, with 338 and 359

P.H. 0.054; est. Diam. base 0.047; Diam. rim of wick holder 0.0145, inner Diam. 0.006.

Wick holder and lower part of bowl. Flaking dull black

weathering, iridescence.

Olive green; tiny bubbles. Made of two gathers as 373.

Slight upward taper in lower part of bowl; concave base with pointed tool mark in center. Annular pontil scar

(Diam. 0.018). Tubular wick holder as 373. 6th century a.d. (context pottery of 6th century a.d.

per John Hayes).


Area O 13, Palace of the Giants, southeast court, room

B, layer 1, with pottery plate P 23112 P.H. 0.04; Diam. rim of wick holder 0.018, inner Diam.

0.007.

Wick holder; entire bowl missing. Heavy silver weather

ing.

Light green. Similar to 378. Bottom folded up on op posite sides.

6th century a.d. (context 6th century, cf. O 13-14).


Area N-Q12-14, fourth lower level cut P.H. 0.057; Diam. rim of wick holder 0.015; inner

Diam. 0.009. Wick holder and center of bottom of bowl. Iridescence, pitting.

Light green. Similar to 372 but cruder; bottom of wick holder folded against floor of bowl. Low kick in base with tool mark in center.

5th to 6th century a.d. (context 3rd and 4th to 6th

centuries).

379 (G 613) Lamp, with internal wick holder

Area Q 6, Zigzag Drain, layer 2

PL 33



CATALOGUE 165

P.H. 0.051; est. Diam. base 0.040, Diam. rim of wick

holder 0.012. Wick holder and part of bottom of bowl. Flaking dull

black and silver weathering; glass almost entirely disin

tegrated.

Light green. Shape of bowl uncertain; kicked base,

probably with pointed tool mark in center; covered by solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.011). Tubular wick holder with heat-rounded rim.

Late 6th century a.d. (context late 6th century). From

the same context as 358.

380 (G 54) Lamp, Fig. 21, PL 34 with internal wick holder

Area O 14 P.H. 0.078; Diam. of foot of bowl 0.047; H. of wick

holder 0.05; Diam. rim of wick holder 0.017, inner Diam. 0.009.

Wick holder and foot of bowl; bowl missing. Blowing spirals. Flaking golden brown weathering, severe pit ting.

Light bluish green; bubbles. Made of three gathers, one each for the bowl, the foot, and the wick holder.

Shape of bowl uncertain; tall bell-shaped foot with heat rounded edge. Annular pontil scar(?) (Diam. 0.012?). Tubular wick holder with heat-rounded rim.

6th century a.d. (context 6th to 10th[?] century). From same context comes a coin of Justin II (565 578).

Lamps Shaped as Goblets

381 (G 460) Goblet, Fig. 21, PL 34 with internal wick holder

Q 17:1, container 8 P.H. 0.035; Diam. of base 0.055.

Foot, stem, and lower part of bowl with wick holder.

Blowing spirals. Milky weathering. Light green; poor material with impurities (black

specks). Made of three gathers, one each for the bowl, the foot with tooled knop, and the wick holder. Widely spreading bowl; remains of lower part of tubular wick

holder in center of floor. Edge of foot turned down and inward. Small solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.011).



Bases

382 (G 414) Base, kicked PL 34 P7:4 P.H. 0.01; Diam. base 0.061; Th. wall at highest point

0.0005.

Base and lower wall. Areas of thin yellowish brown encrustation. Blowing spirals.

Light yellowish green; small bubbles, one very large bubble filled with soil. Kicked base with pointed tool mark in center. Irregularly shaped annular pontil scar

(Diam. ca. 0.023). Late 5th to early 6th century a.d. (context late 5th to

early 6th century).

383 (G 432) Base, flat PL 34 Area O-P 13-14

P.H. 0.02; Diam. base 0.026; Th. wall 0.001.

Base and lower part of wall. Little weathering. Olive green; bubbles. Solid, flat base, probably tooled

out of bottom of vessel, possibly added, with a small con vex bump in the center of the floor. Walls curve upward, thinning rapidly. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.017).

5th or 6th century a.d. (context 5th or 6th century).

Decorated Fragments 384 (G 294) Wall fragment PL 34

Area B-C 16, section nil, Roman House B, just above floor of room 9

Max. dim. 0.036; est. Diam. 0.05; Th. with relief0.006; Th. wall 0.002.

Wall fragment. Almost no weathering.

Colorless, pale yellowish tinge; few tiny bubbles, good clear material. Strongly curved wall, trail of same color ap

plied and tooled (pointed tool mark in interior angle). 5th century a.d. (context 5th to 6th century).

SQUARE AND CYLINDRICAL VESSELS

Square Bottles and Base Moldings

Upper Body 385 (G 758) Square Bottle PL 34

A21:l P.H. 0.04; p.W. 0.056.

About one half of shoulder with part of upper wall and beginning of neck; no finished edge. Blowing spirals. Flaking surface.

Yellowish green; small bubbles. Upward tapering neck; horizontal shoulder; square body with slightly concave walls, probably flattened on marver.

5th century a.d. (context of ca. 430/40-460).

Lower Body and Base

386 (G 131) Square base molding Fig. 21, PL 34

E 15:5 P.H. 0.013; p.W. of base 0.07; Th. base 0.0047-0.0065,

Th. wall at junction with base 0.006. Most of base and lower part of two sides. Flaking silver

weathering, dulling, incipient pitting. Light green; good material. Slightly concave base with

pointed tool mark in the center. Annular pontil scar

(Diam. 0.029). Base molding with mold-blown inscrip tion in raised relief: TPYOCONOC, the letters arranged in pairs of two along the sides of the base.

Late 4th to mid-5th century a.d. (context mainly early to first half of 5th century).

387 (G 115) Square base molding PL 34 Area E 4, over a Roman house on the north slopes of

Kolonos Agoraios, room 24, strosis 5




W. of base 0.066; Th. near edge 0.004. Base molding with traces of three walls. Iridescence,

severe pitting. Translucent olive green; good material. Deeply

concave base. Annular pontil scar (Diam. 0.018). Base

molding in low relief: flower with six broad petals, each showing a central nerve lengthwise (nerves and

outlines faintly dotted, suggesting repousse work in a metal mold); pairs of small triangles between the tips of the petals.

6th century a.d. (context 6th century) with 388.

Cylindrical Bottles

388 (G 114) Cylindrical bottle Fig. 21 without handles

Area E 4, over a Roman house on the north slopes of Kolonos Agoraios, room 24, strosis 5, with 387

P.H. 0.107; Diam. rim 0.09.

Fragments of rim, neck, and shoulder. Blowing spirals. Slight weathering.

Light yellow; small bubbles. Tubular rim folded in ward; neck slightly widening toward almost horizontal shoulder; body probably cylindrical.


389 (G 145) Cylindrical bottle, 111. 10, Fig. 21 lower body

AgoraV, p. 116, no. M 347, pi. 55. M 17:1, layer XII P.H. 0.04; Diam. 0.062; Th. wall at highest point

0.001.

Lower part preserved. Flaking enamel white weather

ing, pitting. Light green. Cylindrical body; flattened base, slightly

concave. No pontil scar.


of 5th century).



6

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD AND LATER

BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE 9TH THROUGH 12TH CENTURIES

Cups (390)

The invention of pattern-blowing, a technique for decorating vessels with mold-blown pat terns that expand and grow vague when the glassblower expands the piece by further blow

ing, dates from the 4th century (see Chapter 4, pp. 137-138) and has remained popular ever since. Just one dip mold with a pattern on the interior suffices to blow an almost unlimited number of shapes carrying the same surface decoration.1 Two beaker-shaped Islamic glass blower's molds, one of which is inscribed with the name "Uthman b. Abu Nasr, glassmaker," were made of copper alloy.2

The Agora produced one almost intact cup decorated with an expanded mold-blown pattern of three rows of sunken ovals, diminishing in size toward the bottom: 390, found below the

uppermost floor of a Byzantine house in a 12th-century context. No exact parallel for shape or decoration has been published from Corinth.3 Some of the cups with expanded mold blown patterns made in Corinth are bulbous,4 but the majority are truncated conical with a

deeply kicked base,5 perhaps in imitation of earlier Islamic cups.6 The Agora cup is bulbous and has a flat base. The best comparison for the shape is a lustre-painted bowl with a mold blown expanded pattern from Fatimid Egypt ascribed to the 11th century.7 The mold-blown

pattern of circular depressions diminishing in size toward the bottom is closely related to the pattern of sunken ovals seen in the Agora bowl. Dimple patterns appear already in cups excavated in Sasanian levels at Tell Umar (ancient Seleucia)8 and at Kish (5th-6th centuries)9 and they were numerous in the cullet that was being transported in the cargo hold of a ship that sank around 1025 at Serge Limani, off the Turkish coast.10 The incribed Islamic glass blower's mold mentioned above carries on the interior a pattern of raised dots that would

have created a dimple pattern on the surface of any vessel blown into the mold.11

1. Lledo 1997; Stern 2001, p. 27.

2. Von Folsach and Whitehouse 1993. Robert Brill has ana

lyzed the chemical composition of the mold in the Corning Museum of Glass, see Lledo 1997, p. 44.

3. Production at Corinth, originally thought to have come

to an end in 1147 or toward the end of the 12th century (Wein

berg 1975, p. 137) is now believed to have taken place in the

13th-14th century, see Whitehouse 1991; 1993.

4. CorinthXU, pp. 112, 114, nos. 731, 741; the shape of the

base is uncertain.

5. Weinberg 1975, p. 139, fig. 26; Baumgartner and Krueger 1988, p. 18, figs. 13-15. Compare Williams and Zervos 1993,

p. 17, fig. 5, from a late-13th- to early-14th-century deposit at

Corinth.

6. Compare Kroger 1995, p. 93, no. 130, dated "lOth-llth

century." 7. British Museum, no. OA 1902.5-17.8: Tait 1991, p. 125,

fig. 157 (also published in Lamm 1929-1930, pi. 37:10). 8. Negro Ponzi 1970-1971, p. 96, nos. 132-136, fig. 57.

9. Harden 1934a, p. 132, no. 1A, fig. 4.

10. On the ship and its cargo: Bass 1984. The dimple patterns have been studied by Lledo 1997, pp. 50-51, molds 6-8.

11. A straight-sided yellowish brown bottle in the Corning Museum of Glass, no. 64.1.34, could have been blown in a similar mold: Von Folsach and Whitehouse 1993, p. 153, fig. 7.



168 THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD AND LATER

Bowls (391)

391 is a shallow bulbous bowl with a deeply concave base and a heat-rounded rim found in a late-4th- to 5th-century, or later, context, but probably dating from a much later period. The shape itself was common in widely separated areas in the 5th and 6th centuries, for

example, in Sasanian levels at Kish (5th to 6th century)12 and in the Merovingian kingdom in northwestern Europe.13 However, the Agora bowl does not seem to be either Sasanian or

Merovingian. While Merovingian bowls are frequently decorated with opaque white trails below the rim, a fashion noted also in southern France,14 a single white trail along the outer

edge of the rim as in the Agora bowl is not common in this period. A single thread, usually on top of the rim, was fashionable in medieval Corinth15 and elsewhere in the Islamic16 and Christian world,17 but usually the thread is translucent blue as in a Crusader beaker from Anemurium in Asia Minor.18 Folded rims enclosing blue threads were among glassblow ing waste at Beirut (tentatively assigned to the 8th-9th century)19 and a rim enclosing an emerald- green thread was excavated at Yoqne'am in Israel in an area of mixed late material.20

Two flasks, decorated with single white trails on top of the rim, come from uncertain contexts

(see 394 and 395). Perhaps the Agora bowl represents an eastern Mediterranean or central

European medieval (?) glassblowing tradition that has not yet been identified.

Flasks and Bottles

Bulbous (392-395)

Fragments of two thick-walled bottles of extremely coarse, barely translucent, dark bluish

green glass come from contexts of the 6th century (392) and the "late Roman" period (393). Neither this type of glass nor the shape of the bottles, as far as preserved, are known to me

from Roman or Late Antique contexts. Both bottles must have been storage vessels; they are

quite large and heavy. 392 has an unworked rim and an upward tapering neck. The shape is

comparable, perhaps, to a bottle from Manda on the Kenya coast, thought to date from the mid-9th to early 11th century.21 Squat globular bottles with upward tapering or tubular necks and unworked rims were used at Nishapur in the 9th-10th centuries.22 From rim to shoulder as far as preserved, the Agora bottle is covered with spiraling, convex bands of irregular width,

separated by narrow grooves filled with silver iridescence, perhaps the remains of a decorative

spiral trail (?). A broad flatfish coil circles the neck of393 as in bottles with tubular necks from

Nishapur.23 Although a much later date cannot be excluded,24 these comparisons suggest a

9th- to 10th-century date and an Islamic (Arab) origin for the two Agora bottles. Two flasks are decorated with a thin white trail along the top of the rim. Both have flaring

rims (almost funnel-shaped) and short concave necks. The body of 394 is probably globular;

12. Harden 1934a, p. 132, nos. 1,1A; Chicago, Field Museum,

no. 156998, pale green, from Kish (unpublished). The walls

of a medieval bowl from Hama (Riis and Poulsen 1957, p. 10,

fig. 70) are similar to the Agora bowl, but the bottom is missing. It has no rim thread.

13. Feyeux 1995, pp. 118-119, Form T 81, pis. 14, 15.

14. Foy 1995a, pp. 204-206.

15. Corinth XII, p. 114, no. 746, fig. 14; Weinberg 1975, pp. 137, 139, figs. 21,22, 26.

16. Carboni 2001, pp. 184, no. 47 (beaker), 189, no. 3.24

(botde), 190, no. 3.25b (beaker).

17. Whitehouse (1981, p. 168) mentions various findspots in Italy; for finds from Germany, see Baumgartner and Krueger

1988, nos. 206-212, 308-309, 318; from France: Foy and Sen

nequier 1989, p. 235, nos. 210, 213.

18. Stern 1985, pp. 52-60, no. 11, figs. 4, 7. For a similar

beaker from Demre (ancient Myra), see Okay 1997, p. 551,

fig. 10.

19. Foy 1997-1998, pp. 9-10, fig. 2:37-39.

20. Lester 1996, p. 202-203, fig. XVII.1:3. The description and drawing of this piece do not seem to match.

21. Morrison 1984, p. 178, fig. 134:c. She refers to unpub lished material from Siraf (Iran) for comparisons.

22. Kroger 1995, pp. 73-74, nos. 91 (with tubular neck),

92 (with upward-tapering neck).

23. Kroger 1995, p. 73, no. 91: "sometimes there is a collar

ring around the neck."

24. A. Antonaras (pers. comm.) proposes a much later date

in the Ottoman period, because the color and coarseness of

the glass appears typical for Late Ottoman production in the

Balkan.



BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE 9TH THROUGH 12TH CENTURIES 169

the one preserved side of 395 is flattened, probably in imitation of a gourd. Both vessels come from uncertain contexts. Although similarly shaped rims are known, for example, at

Manda on the east African coast (mid-9th to early 11th centuries),25 specimens with a white trail around the rim are difficult to find. Flasks with one or two flattened sides were made in

many periods (see discussions of 396, 397, 401).

Lenticular (396, 397)

The Agora produced two lenticular bottles with large flattened circular bodies and short narrow tubular necks decorated with crimped knobs (also known as beaded decoration), obvious in 396, and faint in 397. In addition, the rim of 396 is decorated with a translucent dark blue trail along the top. The vessels were found together in an "early Roman" context, but they almost certainly are much later. At first sight the bottles look deceptively similar to a lenticular bottle of pale green glass excavated at Brigetio, in Hungary, for which a late-2nd to early-3rd-century date has been suggested,26 but the beaded necks of the Agora bottles

point to a much later date.

Beaded or knobbed decoration, created by crimping the glass when it was soft, originated in the eastern Mediterranean, where it occurred first in the stems of lamps as at Bet Shean, Israel (late 6th or early 7th century and later)27 and Demre (ancient Myra), Turkey (with red-slip pottery of the 5th and 7th centuries) ,28 but lamp stems with crimped knobs did not become common until the later 7th and early 8th centuries.29 Even more difficult to pinpoint is the period in which necks with crimped knobs became fashionable, as in early Islamic scent bottles from Susa,30 Tulul al-Uhaidir, in Iraq,31 Tell Umar (ancient Seleucia),32 Tepe

Madraseh (Nishapur),33Jerash,34 Qalat Seman,35 Raya (southern Sinai),36 Debeira,37Fustat,38 and elsewhere in Egypt.39 Suggested dates range from the end of the 6th40 to the 9th-10th centuries.41 At Corinth, a curious small bottle with a beaded neck and six pinched-out feet was associated with early-lOth-century coins.42 Judging by the glass excavated at Caesarea in Israel,43 crimped necks seem to have been rare before the mid-8th to late 9th centuries; a

unique early forerunner of the type came to light at this site in a layer dated 640-750.44 A blue thread along the top of the rim was first (?) seen in early Islamic glass as at Nishapur (10th century)45 and was fashionable on several glass shapes in many regions during the 13th and 14th centuries, such as Corinth, where cups and beakers with rim threads were actually produced,46 and elsewhere in the Christian47 and Islamic world.48

Although these stylistic details point to a medieval date and an Islamic (Arab) origin for the two lenticular bottles from the Agora, it should be noted that the crimped decoration of the necks may possibly be compared to the five or six "spiral throwing ridges" in the lower body of an unusual elongated pottery unguentarium from a grave at Cyzicus (ca. last quarter of

25. Morrison 1984, p. 166, fig. 134:e, citing unpublished comparisons from Siraf in Iran.

26. Barkoczi 1988, p. 126, no. 247, pis. 19,82 (not mentioned in Barkoczi 1966-1967; 1968 publishing the glass from dated

graves at Brigetio). 27. Hadad 1998, pp. 68-69, discussion of her Type 2. 28. Okay 2001, pp. 81-82, fig. 1.

29. Meyer 1987, pp. 212-213, fig. 13:A-C. 30. Lamm 1931, p. 364, pi. 79:7.

31. Finster and Schmidt 1976, p. 115, fig. 58:1.

32. Negro Ponzi 1970-1971, p. 80, no. 42, fig. 50:42. 33. Kroger 1995, p. 80, no. 105.

34. Dussart 1998, p. 288, pi. 48:10.

35. Dussart 2003, pp. 173, 177, fig. 5:4-4e. 36. Shindo 2003, p. 180, fig. 2:4. 37. Harden 1978, pp. 84-85, nos. 26, 27. 38. Kubiak and Scanlon 1980, pp. 81-82, 96, fig. 9:g, dated

750-850.

39. Lamm 1929-1930, vol. 2, pi. 3:43, 54, 64 (from unspeci fied findspots); Foy, Picon, and Vichy 2003, p. 140, nos. 18, 19,

fig. 2:18, 19 (Abbasid, mid-8th century and later). 40. Dussart 1998, p. 288. 41. Kroger 1995, p. 80; cf. Harden 1962, p. 87, no. 66, "9th

to 11th century," nos. 67-69, "10th to 11th centuries."

42. Corinth XII, p. 107, no. 684, fig. 11. A comparable bottle excavated at Caesarea, Israel, is dated mid-8th to late 9th cen

tury, see Pollak 2003, p. 168, fig. 2:28. 43. Pollak 2003, p. 167, fig. 2:25-28. 44. Pollak 2003, p. 165, fig. 1:16.

45. Kroger 1995, p. 108, no. 153.

46. Corinth XII, p. 114, no. 746; Weinberg 1975, pp. 137, 139, figs. 21,22, 26.





170 the medieval period and later

the 1st to second half of the 2nd century a.d.) .49 Some thin-walled aryballoi of the 1st century a.d. were decorated with a thread, usually of opaque white glass, along the top of the rim.50

BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE 13TH TO MID-15TH CENTURIES

Truncated Conical Beakers (Lamps) (398, 399)

Truncated conical beakers with a projecting tubular fold at a distance below the rim are known from Beirut51 and Tabaliya, near Jerusalem.52 The beaker from Tabaliya served as a lamp. It was found in a subterranean cell that contained the skeletal remains of a chain-wearing her mit. Among the scant objects in the cell was a metal lamp hanger that had an iron ring into which the beaker-shaped lamp was inserted in such a way that it rested on the tubular fold. Above the cell complex, carved out of the rock some time in the 6th-8th century, was erected a round superstructure (memorial monument?) some time before 1281-1391 (based on C14

analysis). In the publication of this find, Yael Gorin-Rosen associates the lamp with the life of the hermit and she proposes a date in the 6th to 8th century. However, the circumstances of the find seem to permit a later date, nearer to the period of use of the superstructure.

The Agora produced two glass lamps of the type discussed above: 398 and 399. The findspots indicate a Christian association for both pieces. 398 was found in a boxlike hollow beneath the foundation of the south apse of the Church of the Hypapanti (15th-16th century). The

vessel still contains the original contents and sealing. The lamp was probably re(?)used as a

reliquary. Glass beakers used as reliquaries have been found in several churches in southern

Germany and Switzerland (mid-14th-early 16th centuries).53 Another possibility is that the

substance was stored in the lamp for a religious/medicinal purpose.54 399 comes from a mid

14th-15th-century tomb in the Church of Christ.

BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE MID-15TH TO 18TH CENTURIES

Bulbous Bottles and Flasks (400-402)

Tall-necked flasks with a tall narrow funnel mouth and a tall neck widening toward the body often are decorated with an applied neck coil at the junction of funnel and neck as at the

Crusader Castle Montfort (before 1271/92)55 or with a tubular fold as at Hama (13th-14th

century) ,56 Both types of decoration had a long history in the area: the projecting tubular fold

had been a favorite alternative to an applied rim or neck coil in Syro-Palestinian flasks and jars

in the 4th and 5th centuries.57 Tall-necked flasks with a tubular fold open toward the interior, near the middle of the neck have been found also in Italy at Tarquinia (late 13th-early 14th

century) ,58 Cividale (13th-14th century) ,59 Monte Lecco (late 14th-early 15th centuries) ,60 and

Savona (15th century).61 These vessels were wine flasks and the open fold in the neck served

49. Bailey 1992, p. 30, no. 3, figs. 8, 9.

50. Stern 1977, pp. 41-44, no. 9B (with lit); 2001, p. 70, no. 13.

51. Jennings 1997-1998, p. 126, fig. 7:15.

52. Kogan-Zehavi 1998, p. 143, fig. 12:3; Gorin-Rosen

1998b.

53. Baumgartner and Krueger 1988, pp. 202, 337-338,

370-371, nos. 180, 403-407, 458.

54. I thank A. Antonaras for this suggestion.

55. Dean 1927, p. 40, fig. 56:G.

56. Riis and Poulsen 1957, p. 36, fig. 43.

57. Stern 2001, p. 28, nos. 116-123.

58. Whitehouse 1987, p. 329, nos. 34-36, fig. 5; Newby 2000,

p. 260, fig. 3.

59. Gasparetto 1979, p. 82, fig. 6.

60. Fossati and Mannoni 1975, pp. 57-58, figs. 2, 19, 20.

61. Montinari 1996, p. 292, fig. 6.




most likely as a measuring line to indicate that the flask was filled correctly.62 The earliest flasks with open folds in the neck from Switzerland and the Rhineland date from the 12th 13th centuries;63 it not clear whether the folds served the same purpose. The Islamic flasks

with an open fold in the neck would not have been wine flasks, as Moslems are forbidden to drink wine. If the fold was not purely decorative, it could have served to impede evaporation of the contents, presumably scented water. In Islamic lands, flasks with an open fold near the mouth were still in use in the 18th and 19th centuries64 (see discussion of 402), but it is not clear when production of flasks with a fold in the middle of the neck ceased.

This type of flask was also made in Corinth.65 The Agora produced one bulbous flask with a tall neck and a closed tubular fold at the middle of the neck: 400. It cannot be dated by its context because it was found in a tomb in which the sole other finds were an inscribed piece of yellowish green tile and small scraps of material, thought to be "perhaps the edging of a

priest's vestment."66 Two flasks, similar to the Agora flask but larger, were found in 16th-17th

century cesspits in Thessaloniki.67 401 comes from a Turkish context (per notes by Gladys Weinberg). It is one of the few in

tact vessels excavated in the Agora, a sturdy, thick-walled ovoid bottle with a short cylindrical neck and an everted, rounded rim. The walls are very smooth, showing no scratches or other

signs of use, presumably because it was originally cased in wickerwork.68 The shape imitates a water gourd (vepoKo^oidjOa), and was probably used for drinking.69 Natural gourds served that purpose in Greece still in the 1960s (personal observation). A comparable glass bottle from Corinth, found near the surface and probably of the Turkish period, has flattened sides.70 Glass bottles shaped like gourds were used in southern France in the 14th century. The shapes varied; one glass gourd has one bulbous and one flattened side, and two small

loop handles.71

402 is an elegant tall-necked flask of golden brown glass with a characteristic, small cup shaped mouth and flaring rim. The shape is usually associated with Persia (Gurgan, 12th

century) ,72 but Lamm depicts just one flask with a comparable cup-shaped mouth.73 There is to my knowledge little or no secure evidence for the cup-shaped mouth prior to the late 13th and 14th centuries74 as at Quseir al Qadim on the Egyptian Red Sea coast and at other sites on the east coast of Africa.75 Arthur Lane attributes a fragment excavated at Al Mina on the

Syrian coast to the Arab period (mid-9th-10th century),76 but he notes that "the disturbed nature of the site meant that dating based on stratigraphy could not be applied to isolated frag ments without reserve."77 The site also yielded a good number of pottery and glass fragments of the 12th-13th centuries. Gladys Weinberg tentatively attributed a flask with cup-shaped mouth and flecked decoration in opaque red and white from the Agora Northeast Factory in Corinth to the 11th or 12th century,78 but she noted that Lamm ([1938-1939] 1967, pi.

62. Montinari 1996, p. 292.

63. Baumgartner and Krueger 1988, p. 266.

64. Carboni 2001, pp. 375, 390-391.

65. Corinth XII, p. 119, no. 780, fig. 17; Weinberg 1975,

p. 134, fig. 15.

66. Agora XX, p. 28, pi. 15e, from tomb 3 of the Church of the Holy Apostles.

67. A. Antonaras (pers. comm.). 68. Compare a globular bottle wrapped in straw in a mid

14th-century fresco by Tommaso da Modena: Ciappi 1993,

pp. 341, fig. 13.

69. A. Antonaras (pers. comm.). 70. Corinth XII, p. 117, no. 770, pi. 58.

71. Foy 1985, pp. 58-59, figs. 49-51 (also published in Foy and Sennequier 1989, no. 240).

72. For example, see Fukai 1977, pis. 67 (ajug), 74 (a flask, which he dates to the "lOth-llth century"); Mariacher 1970,

pi. 38.

73. Lamm 1929-1930, vol. 2, pi. 179:4 (New York art market,

1922). 74. Pace Antonaras (2003, p. 200) who concludes that it

"can be traced to 9th and 10th-century glass production in the Arab world." I thank him for sending copies of relevant

publications. 75. Meyer 1992, pp. 76-77, nos. 377-381, pi. 15, with a dis

cussion of datable parallels. 76. Lane 1938, p. 66, fig. 10:M.

77. Lane 1938, p. 61.

78. CorinthXlI, p. 117, no. 772, pi. 59.




1453:C) "presents a similar 'carafe, green, ribbed in red and white,' which he dates 18th or 19th century." The cup-shaped mouth appears to have been revived in Venice in the 16th

century. Numerous examples of tall upward-tapering necks with small cup-shaped mouths

were salvaged from a Venetian ship that sank off the Dalmatian coast near the island of Gnalic in November 1583 with a cargo of glass destined for Constantinople.79 The flasks had folded base rings and deeply kicked bases. Flasks with kicked bases but without base rings are ascribed to Persian workshops of the 16th-17th century as at the Victoria and Albert Museum, a flask that is very similar to the Agora flask.80 A small group of flasks made of "thin yellowish glass

with dense opaque reddish (cuprite glass?) marbling" acquired on mainland Turkey or the Greek islands is thought to be of Ottoman manufacture. One of these, similar in outline to the flask from the Agora, is allegedly from Rhodes.81

Most, but not all, of the flasks excavated in graves at Athens,82 Thessaloniki,83 and Patras84 have a second hollow bulge at the base of the neck; the neck itself sometimes is decorated with vertical ribbing as in a grave in the Church of Saint George of Alexandria in Athens.85 A flask in Thessaloniki has a simple cup-shaped mouth without a flaring rim above it.86 The flask in the Agora cannot be dated by context because it was the only object in a plain burial in the north apse of the Church of the Holy Apostles. The findspot suggests an association

with Christian rites. This is consistent with the observation that in Greece and the Balkans flasks of this type often were used as eulogiae to store holy oil or water.87

Square bottles (403)

403 is the base of a huge square bottle of bubbly dark green glass. It has no base molding, just a deep pointed kick and an annular pontil scar. This piece comes from a modern context

and may have been intended originally for transportation in a wooden box. From the second half of the 16th century onward, square and rectangular boxes filled with square bottles are

well documented in northern Europe; the bottles were used originally to store medicines, later also for spirits. Numerous square glass bottles have been preserved and paintings and

engravings show them with the boxes in which they were transported (known in Dutch as

keldertjes, "small cellars").88

Perhaps more relevant for the bottle from the Agora is the fact that 17th-century archives in Dubrovnik mention bottles being transported in the Ottoman Balkans in square boxes

with square compartments, named canavetta or fiaschera.89 One box might contain from two

to fifteen bottles of different sizes. The necks of the bottles had to be short to fit under the

flat lid of the box. Common in urban centers, for example, in Dubrovnik and Split, these boxes were made in Venice and probably elsewhere in Europe. A painted box from Skyros, now in the Benaki Museum, is perhaps an example of a Venetian canavetta.90 Square bottles

are known from shipwrecks91 and also from a ship's pharmacy, but in the countries bordering the Mediterranean archaeological finds from excavations on land are few.

79. Petricioli 1973, p. 91, fig. 23. On the date of the wreck,

see Gasparetto 1973. See also Brill 1973.

80. Honey 1946, pi. 37:C (suggested date 16th-l7th century). 81. British Museum, no. OA 73.5-2.116, published by Rogers

1983, p. 258, pi. 64:2.

82. ArchDelt29,B'l (1973-1974 [1979]),p. 190,pi. 127 (also illustrated in Antonaras 2003, p. 200, fig. 3): two flasks from

Ayios Thomas, suggested date Frankish (13th-14th centuries).

ArchDelt44, B'l (1989 [1995]), p. 12, pi. 17 (also published in

Touloupa 1992, pp. 596-598, pis. 338-339): four flasks from

Ayios Asomatos, dated by coins to the 13th-14th and 15th-l7th

centuries. Travlos 1952, p. 51, fig. 9: six or more flasks from Ayios

Georgios Alexandrinos, dated by coins and pottery to the 16th

century. See also Antonaras 2003, p. 200 on these flasks.

83. AnhDeU 16, B' (1960 [1962]), p. 223, pi. 193; Antonaras

2003, p. 199, fig. 2.

84. ArchDelt 31, B' (1976 [1984]), p. 102, pi. 79, suggested date Byzantine.

85. Travlos 1952, p. 51, fig. 9.

86. Thessaloniki 1986b, p. 57.

87. Antonaras 2003, p. 201.

88. Henkes 1994, pp. 241, 243, section 51, cf. pp. 236-241,

figs. 150, 152-159.

89. Han 1985, pp. 271-272.

90. Han 1985, pp. 273-274.

91. Han 1985, p. 275, fig. 5a.




Enameled Beakers (404)

404 is a beaker decorated with a very simple floral design in peasant-type enameling, a style that was common throughout western Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The glasses painted in this style were usually the same shapes as vessels used in daily life, predominantly bottles and flasks, beer mugs, and drinking glasses. The painting derived from earlier, more

sophisticated, enameled glasses of the 16th and 17th centuries. The subjects are often the same, but are rendered in a simplified manner in peasant-enameling. Purely decorative floral

motifs became common in the second half of the 18th century. The shape and decoration of the Agora beaker recall a curious group of enameled bea

kers painted in the second half of the 18th century in Pennsylvania,92 where many people of Dutch (= Deutsch, German) descent still live in the United States. The secondary ornaments,

especially the white wavy band of U's below the rim, and the arrangement of leafy sprays and flowers echo the style of glasses painted in the 18th century in central Germany,93 perhaps in Franconia.94 A beaker in Geneva decorated with simple floral motifs is a close comparison to the beaker from the Agora.95 These stylistic criteria suggest that the Agora beaker was made in Franconia. It may have reached Athens as the personal property of a northern European visitor.

92. Rose 1959.

93. Lipp 1974, pp. 45-46.

94. Von Saldern 1965, pp. 151-158, 182-196, nos. 126-128.

95. Geneva, Musee d'Art et Histoire: Lipp 1974, p. 172,

fig. 223; similar flower sprays are seen on a prismatic spirits bot

tle from Freudenthal, Austria (Lipp 1974, p. 172, fig. 224).



174

CATALOGUE

BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE 9TH THROUGH 12TH CENTURIES

Cups

390 (G 61) Cup Fig. 22, PL 35 Frantz 1961, fig. 39. E-F 2-3:1

H. 0.06; Diam. rim 0.08; Th. rim 0.0015-0.003. Intact except for a hole in the wall. Blowing spirals.

Flaking dull black and silver weathering, iridescence;

glass corroded.

Pale yellowish green tinge; small bubbles. Crooked.

Thickened, heat-rounded rim of an uneven thickness;

slightly convex wall; flat base. An expanded mold-blown

pattern of three rows of interlocking ovals, diminish

ing in size toward the bottom, with the bottom row

being very small. Interior bumpy from mold. No pontil scar.

12th(?) century (context second half of 12th cen

tury).

Bowls

391 (G 565) Bowl, shallow Fig. 22, PI. 35 Area S16 H. 0.042; est. Diam. rim 0.125.

Entire profile preserved, about two-thirds of wall

missing. Flaking surface, traces of dull black and silver

weathering, iridescence, severe pitting.

Light green. Rounded rim; deeply concave base.

Opaque white trail outside, just below rim. Solid pontil scar (Diam. 0.011).

Uncertain date (context late 4th to 5th century a.d. or later).

Flasks and Bottles

Bulbous

Area G-I 10-14, heavy burnt layer PH. 0.14; Diam. mouth 0.056; Th. rim 0.008, Th. of

shoulder 0.0035.

Neck and shoulder. Flaking enamel white weathering on interior; silver iridescence.

Dark bluish green; bubbles. Very coarse, thick mate

rial. Unworked rim; neck widening toward gently slop ing shoulder. Spiraling convex bands of irregular width,

separated by narrow grooves filled with silver iridescence,

from rim to shoulder as far as preserved, seem to indicate

that the neck was spirally wound; the interior is smooth.

Probably the top of a large storage bottle.

Probably 9th-10th century, possibly Late Ottoman, late 17th to early 18th century (context 6th century a.d.).

392 (G 17) Bottle PL 35

393 (G 220) Bottle Area R 24

PL 35

P.H. 0.12; est. Diam. neck 0.07; Th. wall of neck at

highest point 0.008, at lowest point 0.0042. Half of neck, no finished edge. Iridescence, pitting. Dark green; very bubbly. Flat broad trail of same color

wound around neck in one revolution. Material like

392.

Probably 9th-10th century, possibly Late Ottoman, late 17th to early 18th century ("late Roman" con

text) .

394 (G 332) Flask, globular Fig. 22, PL 35 Area M-P 6-13, exact findspot not recorded H. 0.051; Diam. rim 0.055; Th. wall at lowest point

0.0015.

Rim, neck, and shoulder. Blowing spirals. Dulling. Bluish green; few bubbles. Flaring rim; short neck;

spreading shoulder; body probably globular. On top of

edge of rim a translucent grayish white trail. Uncertain date (uncertain context).

395 (G 480) Flask, flattened on one side PL 35 Area M 12 P.H. 0.074; est. Diam. rim 0.041.

Rim, neck, and part of body. Dark, spotty weathering, iridescence.

Light olive green, thin opaque white trail along top of rim. The preserved side of the flask is flattened.

Uncertain date (uncertain context).

Lenticular

396 (G 502) Bottle, lenticular PL 35 Area P 1, water channel, west of Stoa of Attalos, pier

5, with 397 H. 0.13; Diam. rim 0.013; W. of body 0.092 x 0.018. Intact. Blowing spirals. Slight iridescence.

Light yellowish green; bubbles. Translucent dark blue trail along top of rim; narrow neck tapering down; lenticular body, unevenly flattened and indented. Solid

pontil scar (Diam. 0.006). Neck decorated with faint horizontal crimps ("beaded").

Probably 9th century or later ("early Roman" con

text) .

397 (G 503) Bottle, lenticular PL 35 Area P 1, water channel, west of Stoa of Attalos, pier

5, with 396 H. 0.129; Diam. rim 0.015; W. of body 0.102 x 0.016;

Th. wall 0.0008 on one side, 0.0015 on the other side. Parts of body missing. Blowing spirals. Slight weather

ing. Dark green. Shape similar to 396. Rounded rim, no

trail.

Probably 9th century or later ("early Roman" con

text) .



CATALOGUE 175

BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE 13TH TO MID-15TH CENTURIES

Truncated Conical Beakers (Lamps)

398 (G 168) Lamp 111. 21, Fig. 22, PI. 36 Area T 21, found in a boxlike hollow beneath founda

tion of south apse of the Church of the Hypapanti H. 0.10; Diam. rim 0.075; Diam. base 0.047. Intact. Flaking enamel white weathering in part cream

colored and rust brown.

Colorless. Rounded rim; conical wall; deep kick in base. Tubular projecting roll 0.03 below the rim. Pontil scar cannot be distinguished.

The lower part of the lamp is filled with a dark yellow ish organic substance, perhaps originally sulphur yellow, the color of the part of it that still clings to the underside of a thick, disk-shaped, sweet-smelling soft "cake" of the same color as the contents but a different texture (per

haps rosin and/or beeswax?); it was separated from the contents at the bottom by a void. The upper part of the

"cake" is covered with a black, sooty substance that was

probably fluid at the time of sealing (?) and spread up onto the inside of the wall of the lamp above the "cake." A similar lamp was found at Corinth (unpublished, pers. comm. A. Antonaras).

14th century (?) (context 15th-16th century).

399 (G 84) Lamp Fig. 22, PL 36 T 17:1 P.H. 0.047; Diam. rim 0.092; Th. rim 0.0015, Th. wall

at lowest point 0.0009. Part of rim and upper wall. Slight iridescence, incipi

ent pitting. Colorless, grayish green tinge. Heat-rounded rim;

conical wall as far as preserved. Tubular projecting roll 0.02 below rim.

14th century (?) (context mid-14th-l 5 th century). See 398.

BLOWN GLASS VESSELS OF THE MID-15TH TO 18TH CENTURIES

Bulbous Bottles and Flasks

400 (G 16) Flask Fig. 22, PL 36

AgoraXX, p. 28, pi. 15:e. Area I 7, Church of the Holy Apostles, tomb 3 H. 0.21; Diam. rim 0.045; Th. rim 0.003, Th. wall

0.001-0.002.

Many fragments preserving complete profile. Blowing spirals. Dulling, iridescence.

Light bluish green; a few bubbles, good material. Tall narrow funnel mouth with irregularly shaped rim, slightly thickened and heat-rounded; tall neck widening toward shoulder; bulbous body; kicked base with pointed tool mark in center. At junction of funnel and neck an

irregular, closed tubular fold. The fold is distinct on the interior (see drawing); on the exterior, however, it looks like an added coil (and is shown as such in the drawing), but it is actually hollow. No pontil scar.

Small scraps of material, perhaps the edging of a

priest's vestment, and an inscribed piece of yellowish tile were the only other finds in this burial which was

excavated in 1933.

Probably 16th-l7th century.

401 (G 1) Bottle, gourd PL 36

AreaJ 10 H. 0.145; est. Diam. rim 0.032; Th. wall at neck 0.006.

Rim chipped, otherwise intact. Blowing spirals. Irides

cence.

Greenish blue; many bubbles. Thick walls. Everted, rounded rim; narrow, short neck; ovoid body; convex base. Solid pontil scar (gash, Diam. ca. 0.014).

Late 17th-early 18th century ("Turkish context" per Gladys Weinberg).

402 (G 516) Flask PI. 36 Area P 15, from a plain burial in the north apse of the

Church of the Holy Apostles H. 0.215; Diam. rim 0.023. Intact. Blowing spirals. No weathering. Golden brown; bubbles. Small cup-shaped mouth

with flaring rim above hollow bulge; tall neck, widening gradually to lenticular body; deep kick with pointed tool mark in center of bottom. Annular pontil scar (Diam.

0.014). 17th or 18th century.

Square bottles

403 (G 559) Square base PL 36 Area Q 19 PH. 0.039; W. of base 0.115; Th. wall 0.002 on two

sides, 0.001 on third side. Base and parts of lower wall. Blowing spirals. Dark green; bubbly. Unusually deep kick with pointed

tool mark in center of base. Large annular pontil scar

(Diam. 0.028). Late 17th century or later (modern context).

Enameled Beakers

404 (G 616) Beaker 111. 22, Fig. 22, PL 36 Q5:l H. 0.07; Diam. rim 0.06; Th. rim 0.004, Th. wall near

bottom 0.005.

Reassembled from three fragments; about one-third of rim and wall missing. Flaking enamel white and silver

weathering, iridescence.




Dark green; a few tiny bubbles. Heat-rounded rim; truncoconical body; flattened base. Painted decoration in opaque white, opaque yellow, opaque brown, opaque pale blue, and opaque pink. A wavy white line below the rim. Framed above and below by two straight white lines a frieze of four plants, each with long fat leaves, a central tendril of four yellow dots of diminishing size, and two round flowers. Each plant differs from the oth

ers in small details. The flowers of the first are rosettes with white centers and yellow petals separated by brown

lines; the flowers of the second have pink centers sur rounded by small white and yellow dots; the flowers of the third plant are rosettes with yellow centers and pink

petals separated by brown lines; the fourth plant is miss

ing. In each plant large bicolored leaves (pink/white, blue/white, pale yellow/white) alternate with small

yellow leaves.

The pale yellow, pale blue, and pink colors consist of a yellow, blue, or gritty dark red ground covered with a thin wash of white. The painted surfaces are glossy and

slightly convex, an indication that the colors were applied as enamel powders that were heated in order to fuse to the surface.

Mid- or second half of 18th century (context pottery late 17th through early 19th centuries per John Hayes and Joanita Vroom).



DEPOSIT SUMMARIES

The

Agora deposit records provide important evidence for dating the glass published in this volume. Most volumes in the Athenian Agora series list, with the dates attrib

uted to them, the deposits that yielded the material published in that particular volume. The dates of the deposits are constantly being refined as new categories of material are studied. Certain volumes include detailed analyses of individual deposits that provide the basis not

just for refining the dates of those deposits but for major revisions of all the material found in them. The volumes on Hellenistic pottery (Agora XXII and Agora XXIX) and on Roman

pottery (Agora V) are of particular significance for ancient glass studies because many of the

deposits yielding pottery also contained glass and the contents of these deposits have been

meticulously reevaluated by pottery specialists. Agora XXXII and Agora XXXIII, currently in

production, were unavailable to me at the time of publication but will provide additional information on many deposits listed here.

In addition to the individual volumes in the Athenian Agora series, articles discussing materials excavated from deposits in the Agora have been widely published. Revised dates for the deposits, however, have yet to be collected, so no up-to-date list of deposits reflecting the "status quo" of this ongoing research exists. The lack of access to detailed information

concerning a revised date for a particular deposit in the Agora based on material excavated at another site is particularly frustrating.

The analysis and dating of all materials found in the deposits that produced glass is outside the scope of this volume. The following Deposit Summaries provide all pertinent informa tion with regard to dating that can be found in previous volumes in this series. Most of the

glass fragments excavated in the Agora are so small that they could easily have moved within a deposit during the centuries they lay buried. I have therefore also listed dates for layers within a deposit as they could provide information about possible sources of contamination. All instances where the conventional date of a glass object does not agree with the date at

tributed to the layer or layers of the deposit in which it was found have been noted. If a deposit yielding glass has not been listed in a previous Agora volume, I have cited

information from the List of Deposits in the Agora office. This list provides the inventory numbers of materials found in each deposit and the date(s) ascribed to the deposit by the excavator. I have supplied, in addition, as much information as my research afforded me from

the Pottery Notebooks and the inventory cards for other types of material (e.g., for deposits C 9:16 and C 15:2).

In the following list, the first line gives the deposit number and the Catalogue numbers of glass fragments from this volume found in that deposit. Glass fragments mentioned in this volume but not catalogued are listed by their inventory number. This is followed by a

description and date of the deposit and, for stratified deposits, the layer or layers producing glass.



178 DEPOSIT SUMMARIES

DEPOSIT SUMMARIES

A 14:1 292,304,331 Well: use fillings of 2nd century b.c., 1st and 4th centuries a.d.; dumped filling of late 4th century a.d.

(Agora V, p. 124); fill 1 (POU?) 150 to 1st century b.c.; fill 2 (POU?) 1st century b.c. and 1st century a.d.; fills 3-5 Roman: fill 3 predominantly pre-Herulian, fill 4 POU 4th century a.d. 292, 331, fill 5 dumped fill, late 4th

century; fill 6 mixed with Byzantine (Agora XXIX, p. 433); fill 3 or 4 (container 110 4) 304.

A 16:2 69 Cistern channel: lst-century a.d. filling, with some disturbance of 3rd and 4th centuries, and of Byzantine

times.

A 18:1 57, G 270 Cistern in area west of Areopagos: upper fill, early 1st century a.d. 57, G 270; lower fill 275-200 b.c. (Agora

IV, p. 234, Agora XXII, p. 96, and Agora XXV, p. 163) with a few Late Hellenistic pieces (Agora XXIX, p. 434).

A 21:1 325,385 Well under House M: built at the beginning of the 4th century b.c. and used into the 5th century a.d. or

found and reused in "late Roman" times (not dug entirely; cf. Young 1951, pp. 250-251); material included two Late Roman coins, one of Theodosius (379-395) and four of Honorius (395-423), as well as pottery of a.d.

430/40-460 (perJohn Hayes).

B12:l 76,118 Well in southern part of Kolonos Agoraios: use filling of second half of 1st century b.c. to first half of 3rd

century a.d.; dumped filling of 4th century a.d. (Agora IV, p. 234, and Agora V, p. 124); lower fill, POU of 50 b.c.

to a.d. 50. 76, 118; middle fill, possibly redumped use fill, 50 b.c. to 3rd century a.d. (Agora XXIX, p. 435).

B 13:1 53 Cistern: dumped fillings of 3rd century b.c. and of first half of 1st century a.d. (Agora V, p. 124); lower fill,

300-200 b.c.; upper fill, Early Roman 53 (Agora XXIX, p. 435); coins from lower dumped fill, late 3rd century b.c. (Agora XXVI, p. 303).

B 13:7 163, 245 Stratified well on south slope of Kolonos Agoraios: bottom fill, 300-220 b.c.; second fill, 125 b.c. to 1st cen

tury b.c.; series of Roman and then Turkish fills above (Agora XXIX, p. 435); upper use filling of 2nd century a.d. 163, 245 (Agora VI, p. 98, and Agora VII, p. 224).

B 14:1 249, 281 Well: use filling, possibly stratified, mid-lst to 3rd century, before a.d. 267. 249, 281; dumped filling of 5th

century a.d. (Agora V, p. 124; cf. Agora VI, p. 98, and Agora XXI, p. 96).

B 14:2 146 Well in southern part of Kolonos Agoraios: use filling of late 1st to late 2nd century a.d.; dumped filling of

4th century a.d. (Agora V, p. 124, and Agora XXI, p. 96).

B 14:3 275 Cistern on south west edge of Kolonos Agoraios: dumped fill discarded in second half of 1st century a.d.,

with some residual Hellenistic material (Agora V, p. 124, Agora XXI, p. 96, and Agora XXIX, p. 436).

B 15:5 174, 178, 179, 284, 296, 297 South House, room 12: Herulian destruction of a.d. 267 (Thompson 1957, pp. 100-101; Agora VII, p. 224;

Grace 1973, p. 207, at no. 18); minor contamination of late-3rd- and early-4th-century material; see Ills. 7, 8.

B 17:1 153, 157, 171, 177, 180, 181, 183-187, 207, 208, 212, 214, 251, 253-256, 258, 264, 271, 295, 301, 302,G 340

South House, on the lower northeast slopes of the Hill of the Nymphs: Herulian destruction debris of




a.d. 267 (Agora VII, p. 224, Agora XXI, p. 96, and Agora XXIII, p. 329; for the "kitchen" cf. Thompson 1949,

pp. 217-18, pis. 40-41): 153,157,171,177,180,181,183-187,207, 208, 212,214, 251,253-256,258,264, 271,

295, 301, 302, G 340; three coin hoards (cf. Agora XXVI, pp. 303-304); see Ills. 3-6.

B20:l 93,94,238,276,277 Well: use filling of second half of 1st to mid-2nd century a.d. 93, 94, 238, 276, 277; dumped filling of Early

Byzantine times (Agora V, p. 124, and Agora XXIX, p. 438).

B21:l 138 Cistern in the valley west of the Areopagos: dumped fillings of second half of 1st to early 2nd century a.d.

138 and of 5th to 6th century a.d. (Agora IV, p. 235, Agora V, p. 124, Agora VI, p. 98, and Agora VII, p. 224; cf.

Young 1951, p. 263, n. 130).

B 22:4 16 Cistern filling: lower fill, Sullan destruction debris; upper fill, 1st century b.c. 16 (Agora XXIX, p. 439).

C8:2 121 Manhole in water supply system, on Kolonos Agoraios: late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (Agora

VII, p. 224 and Agora XXIX, p. 439).

C9:16 143 Well in Hellenistic cistern C 9:7, on Kolonos Agoraios: dumped filling of second half of 1st century a.d.

(probably not later than ca. a.d. 70); finds include L 2614, a lamp dated first half of 1st century a.d. (Agora VII, no. 71), a coin of Nero struck a.d. 67, and pottery P 8113 Eastern Sigillata A, probably second half of 1st

century a.d., P 8114 Italian (Arretine) terra sigillata, ca. a.d. 20-40, and P 8115 Eastern Sigillata B, ca. a.d.

40-70 (pottery per John Hayes).

C 12:1 190 Well on Kolonos Agoraios: use filling of mid-2nd to early 3rd century a.d. 190 (Agora V, pp. 50-57,124, Group

J; cf. Agora XXI, p. 96); POU mid-2nd into 3rd century a.d.; dumped filling, debris of Herulian destruction of

267(?) (Agora VI, p. 98, and Agora VII, p. 225).

C13:l 317 Cistern: mixed destruction fill containing a large quantity of Hellenistic pottery mixed in with pottery of

mid- to late 4th century a.d. and earlier, as well as a few late-5th-century a.d. pieces at top and a coin of Constans

(333-350) (perJohn Hayes).

C 14:2 201, 298 Cistern: dumped fill of third quarter of 3rd century a.d., containing four coins of Aurelian (a.d. 270-275)

(Agora VII, p. 224; cf. Agora XXI, p. 97); also present were several coins of the first half of the 1st century b.c. and one of the time of Constantine (a.d. 306-337).

C 15:2 263

Filling in and over manhole of South Great West Drain: early 2nd to mid-3rd century, before a.d. 267; finds include two coins: nil 706 of Faustina II (a.d. 161-180) and nil 707, Athenian Imperial (cf. Svoronos 1923 1926, pi. 98, no. 17), dated ca. 120s to ca. 175 (Agora XXVI, variety 219, pp. 136, 354); one pottery amphora (P 19505), early 3rd century (before a.d. 267); and two wide-mouthed jugs (P 19503 and P 19504), probably local Athenian of the 3rd century a.d. (pottery per John Hayes).

C 17:1 51,52,70, 101, 112 Great Drain: packing around and beneath elliptical tiles, 1st century a.d., possibly into 2nd century (Young

1951, p. 267, later date given there, now revised); section 00, box 738 51, 52, 101, 112, and one wall fragment of a colorless linear-cut bowl with two interior grooves (not catalogued), pottery, mostly Augustan into Tibe rian ca. a.d. 25/30, mixed with some Hellenistic pieces of 2nd-lst century b.c. and one early-3rd-century a.d. intrusion of African Red Slip Cl (per John Hayes); section 00, box 737 70 and pottery of mid-lst century a.d.,

Augustus to a.d. 60/70 (per John Hayes).




C 17:3 303 Tiled well: use filling of 3rd century, before a.d. 267; dumped fill of debris from Herulian destruction, prob

ably dumped soon thereafter: 303.

C 18:1 182, 314, 324 Well: use filling of late 3rd to 5th century 182, 314, 324; dumped filling of 5th or 6th century a.d. (Agora V,

p. 124; cf. Agora VI, p. 98); probably with earlier material thrown in, all the coins are 2nd-3rd century a.d. (not one later), one is Hellenistic (per List of Deposits in Agora Office).

C 18:2 161 From a Roman well dug through the Poros Building, west of the Areopagos (Young 1951, p. 172): use fill

ing of second half of 1st to early 3rd century a.d. (Agora V, p. 124 and Agora XXI, p. 97; cf. Grace 1973, p. 206, discussion of no. 16); upper fill, second half of 2nd century 161.

C 18:3 14, 21, 25, 26-28 Industrial area, west of the Areopagos, underlying a Roman bath: late 2nd century b.c. (AgoraV, p. 124;

Young 1951, pp. 279-282, "East Bath").

C 19:12 286 Tiled well outside House O: probably built in the 2nd century a.d., but no use filling; dumped fill of destruc

tion debris, mostly 4th to 5th century a.d. (cf. Young 1951, pp. 240, 276).

D6:l 344 Cistern chamber: dumped filling of second half of 5th to early 6th century a.d. (AgoraV, p. 124; cf. Agora VI,

p. 98, and Agora VII, p. 225); a key deposit for pottery of ca. a.d. 460-480 (per John Hayes).

Dll:l 47 Well on south slope of Kolonos Agoraios: dumped filling, late 1st century b.c. to mid-lst century a.d. (Agora

IV, p. 236, AgoraV, p. 124, AgoraVI, p. 98, AgoraVII, p. 225, AgoraXXl, p. 97, AgoraXXIII, p. 330, AgoraXXVI, p. 305, and Agora XXIX, p. 441).

D 12:1 217, G 82 Well on Kolonos Agoraios: use fillings of second half of 1st to early 2nd century a.d. and of late 2nd to mid

3rd century a.d.; dumped fillings of late 3rd to mid-4th and of 5th and 6th centuries a.d. (Agora IV, p. 236, and

Agora V p. 124); bottom fill 2, late 1st to early 2nd century a.d. G 82; bottom fill 3, late 2nd to early 3rd century a.d. (AgoraVII, p. 225); late 2nd to mid-3rd century 217 (AgoraXXl, p. 97).

D 16:1 5 Cistern: accumulated fill of second half of 4th century b.c., probably deposited ca. 310 b.c. (Agora XII,

p. 387); 325-275 b.c., homogeneous fill with small Byzantine deposit above 5 (Agora XXIX, p. 442 and Agora XXX, p. 361).

D17:l 89,92 Well: use filling, late 1st and early 2nd centuries a.d. 89, 92; debris of late 2nd century a.d. (Agora V,

p. 125).

D 18:1 87 Well: lower use filling, before a.d. 267, possibly earlier 87; upper use filling, post-Herulian (a.d. 267); dumped

filling, "late Roman" to 7th century.

D 19:2 12 Well: four fills, approximately contemporary; fill I (POU), late 2nd to early 1st century b.c. (Agora XXIX,

p. 444).

E 5:4 104, 139, 173, 198, 250 Drain channel system on Kolonos Agoraios: use accumulation, 2nd to mid-3rd century a.d. (Agora VI, p. 98

and Agora VII, p. 225).




E 14:1 49, 86 Cistern: lower Hellenistic fill, workshop dump of potter, 325-200 b.c. with disturbance of 150-75 b.c. and

intrusions from upper accumulative fillings of late 3rd to early 2nd and of late 1st century b.c. 49, 86; dumped filling of 3rd century a.d. (Agora V, p. 125, and Agora XXIX, p. 446, with additional references).

E 14:3 62, 80 Cybele Cistern, drawshaft: middle fill, ca. 100-70 b.c., with much Sullan destruction debris (Agora XXII,

p. 99); coins of the early 70s b.c. (Agora XXVI, p. 306); mostly 115-50 b.c., with several 3rd-century b.c. pieces and one Late Roman intrusion (AgoraXXIX, p. 446, with additional references).

E 14:7 149 Well: use filling, 1st to early 2nd century a.d. (Agora IV, p. 237, and Agora VII, p. 225).

E 15:5 386 Well: use filling, 4th-5th century a.d. (Agora XXI, p. 97); POU mainly early to first half of 5th century a.d.

(perJohn Hayes).

E 17:1 244 Well: use filling of early to late 2nd century a.d. (Agora XXI, p. 97); dumped filling of late 2nd century a.d.

244.

E-F 2-3:1 390

Deposit beneath the uppermost floor of a Byzantine house outside the northwest corner of the Market

Square: second half of 12th century a.d., with coins of Constantine VII (945-959), of Alexius I (1081-1118), and of Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180), and with various brown-glazed pottery vessels, including a spouted jug, P 7113.

F 11:1 74,114, 136, 137, 287, G 37 Well: dumped filling of 1st and early 2nd centuries a.d. (Agora V, p. 125, Agora VI, p. 98, Agora VII, p. 225,

and Agora XXI, p. 97); coins into the early 2nd century a.d. (Agora XXVI, p. 307).

F15:2 18 Cistern filling: Hellenistic Group E, 150-110 b.c. (Agora XXII, p. 100, and AgoraXXIX, p. 450, with additional

references).

F15:5 113 Well filling: POU 1st century a.d. 113; dumped filling, dumped in 2nd century a.d., mostly Hellenistic, with

a few 2nd-century a.d. pots.

F 16:2 192, 193, 247 Well at foot of Kolonos Agoraios: use filling of 2nd century a.d.; dumped filling of 3rd century, ca. a.d. 267.

247; two dumped fillings of first and of second half of 4th century a.d. 193 (second half) (Agora VII, p. 225; cf. Shear 1933, pp. 535-536); dumped fill of 3rd or 4th century a.d. 192.

F17:1 202,224,328 Furnace dump from the north hypocaust room of the Roman Bath, east of the Poros Building: late 3rd into

early 4th century a.d. (Agora VI, p. 99, and Agora VII, p. 225; cf. Young 1951, p. 183; Slane 1994, p. 159).

F 17:3 75, 141 Well: lower fill of 315-260 b.c.; middle fill of mostly 315-225 b.c.; upper dumped filling "early Roman" 75,

141 (Agora XII, p. 390 and Agora XXIX, p. 451).

F19:l 196,220 Well: use fillings of late 3rd and 4th centuries a.d. (layers I, II, and III); dumped filling of early 5th century a.d. (layer IV) (Agora V, Group L, pp. 73-81 and 125, Agora VII, p. 225, and Agora XXI, p. 98; cf. Slane 1994, p.

147, n. 14); uncertain level 196, 220.




G8:l 54,91, 103 Well: use filling of a.d. 15 into second half of 1st century (Agora IV, p. 239, and Agora VII, p. 226); first half

of 1st century a.d. (Grace 1973, pp. 205, 206, nos. 14, 15); 1st century a.d. (Agora XXI, p. 98).

Gll:2 294 Well, dug through cistern G 11:1 (cf. Agora XXIX, p. 453) to west of Tholos: accumulated use filling from

late 2nd into early 6th century a.d. (AgoraV, p. 125, Agora VI, p. 99, Agora VII, p. 226, and AgoraXXI, p. 98).

H 15:3 84, 106 Pocket in cobble paving of road west of Southwest Fountain House: 1st century a.d.

H-17-8:1 356 Accumulated debris from west side of Market Square: first half of 5th century a.d. with much material of the

4th century (AgoraW, p. 99); 5th century a.d. (Agora XXI, p. 98; cf. Thompson 1933, p. 209; 1937, p. 115).

H-1 12:1 189, 248, 260 Inside terrace retaining wall at northwest corner of Middle Stoa: dumped burnt debris of Herulian

destruction (Agora VII, p. 226; cf. Thompson 1952, p. 110); probably redumped in the 4th century (per John

Hayes).

H-K12-14 13,17,36 Middle Stoa: building fill to ca. 180 b.c. (Agora XXII, p. 102 and Agora XXIII, p. 333); coins to ca. 183 b.c.

(Agora XXVI, pp. 309-310); 4th century to ca. 180 b.c., with small amount of Late Hellenistic material and

occasional disturbances of Roman, Byzantine, and later dates (Agora XXIX, p. 457, with additional references, and Agora XXX, p. 364).

116:1 108,109 Well at northeast foot of the Areopagos: accumulated use fillings of late 1st to mid-3rd century and of 4th

and 5th centuries; dumped filling of 7th century a.d. (AgoraV, p. 125, Agora VI, p. 99, Agora VII, p. 226, Agora XXI, p. 98, Agora XXIII, p. 333, and Agora XXIX, p. 457); unspecified level 108, 109.

I-015:1 35 South Stoa II: construction fill to at least ca. 140 b.c., with some lst-century b.c. material (Agora XXIX,

pp. 462-463); layer IV (a 4), before 125 b.c. 35.

J5:2 1 Crossroads sanctuary "Leokorion"; layer 10, ca. 430-400 b.c. (Shear Jr. 1973b, p. 365).

J H:l 4 Dumped filling in depression in bedrock: ca. 400-340 b.c. (AgoraXII, p. 394, and AgoraXXI, p. 98); 400-325

b.c. (Agora XXIX, p. 459, with additional references, and Agora XXX, p. 364).

K 9-10:1 115,278 Fill of reddish earth west of Odeion: coins of late 1st (or early 2nd?) century a.d. (Agora XXVI, p. 311);

mostly 1st century a.d., with some lst-century b.c. material and some later disturbance (Agora XXIX, p. 459, with additional references).

K18:l 96,316 Well on north slope of Areopagos: first POU, late 1st to early 2nd century a.d. 96; second POU, 4th to early

5th century 316; and third POU, 11th century (AgoraXXl, p. 99).

K-L 18-20:1 135, 288, G 91

Drain system on north slope of Areopagos: accumulated fillings, mainly 300-250 b.c., with some earlier ma

terial as well as late intrusions (Agora XII, p. 394, Agora XXIX, p. 460, and Agora XXX, p. 364); in K 18 green sand filling, "early Roman" to 2nd century a.d. 135, 288, and G 91, found with L 2748, a lamp dated ca. a.d.

50-200 (Agora VII, no. 599), and P 9057 Eastern Sigillata B2, early 2nd century a.d. (per John Hayes).




L19:l 312 Well: collapsed at start of POU, dumped filling of mixed "late and latest" Roman pottery.

L2T.1 45 Cistern on lower north slope of Areopagos, reused as part of modern cistern: towards bottom scanty remains

of "early Roman" fill of 1st century a.d.; finds include a Greek lamp, L 4178 (cf. Agora IV, Type 55B, pp. 202,

203, 230), and P 17735 Eastern Sigillata A, dated a.d. 40-70 (perJohn Hayes).

M 17:1 63, 73, 102,194, 231, 237, 240, 246, 272, 305-307, 309, 310, 318, 327, 330, 346-351, 372, 389 Stratified well on the lower north slopes of the Areopagos: mid-1 st to late 6th century a.d. (Agora V,

pp. 82-120, Group M; for a synopsis of the coins from layers I?III, cf. Kroll 1973, pp. 325-326, no. 8). Glass from: layer I, mid-lst century a.d. 63, 73; layer II, late 1st century a.d. to a.d. 150. 237; layer III, 150-200 102, 231, 240, 246; layer V, mid-3rd century to a.d. 267. 194, 272; layer VI, late 3rd century a.d., after 267 309; layer VII, early 4th century (AgoraV; redated to ca. 330/40-360 by John W. Hayes), see 111. 9 305-307, 318, 330; layer IX, late 4th century 310; layer X, early 5th century. 372; layer XII, early 6th century (redated to second half of 5th century by John Hayes), see 111. 10 327, 346-351, 389.

M 18:1 242 Well: construction fill of early 1st century, 100-75 b.c.; use filling of 2nd century a.d. 242 (AgoraV, p. 125,

Agora VI, p. 99, Agora VII, p. 226, and Agora XXIX, pp. 460-461); POU 1st and 2nd centuries a.d. (Agora XXI,

p. 99)

M 18:3 319 Grave on lower northern slope of Areopagos: 3rd quarter of 4th century a.d. (Agora VI, p. 99, and

Agora VII, p. 226); a.d. 350-400 (Agora XXIX, p. 461; cf. Shear 1938, pp. 353-355, terracottas from the

grave).

M 18:4 210 Well: use filling, 3rd century a.d., pre-Herulian into 4th century a.d. or later; 3rd to 6th century a.d. (Agora

XXI, p. 99); containers 0 26-27 210.

M 19:1 95, 191, 205, 223, 233, 279, G 118, G 120 Cistern chamber and connecting channel on lower northern slopes of Areopagos: dumped filling of first

half of 2nd century a.d. (AgoraV, p. 125, Agora VII, p. 226, and Agora XXI, p. 99), redated to the second half of the 2nd century, perhaps a.d. 150-180, by John Hayes (pers. comm.). Uninventoried, in box X 109, many fragments of thin-walled blown vessels: one colorless (decolorized) deep bowl with two horizontal incised lines below the outsplayed lightly ground rim and an undiagnostic fragment of another colorless vessel; the rest natural bluish green including the base and body of a large squat candlestick unguentarium (no pontil scar), one flat-bottomed indented beaker (no pontil scar), a small wall fragment of another indented vessel, one

square bottle and(?) jar (walls and handle), seven small kicked bases with narrow, tubular folded base rings (the majority without pontil scars), heat-rounded rims of various diameters, and numerous undiagnostic fragments of natural bluish green, thin-walled blown vessels.

N 13:1 343 Well in southwest corner of Gymnasium complex: use fillings of the 5th century a.d. 343 and of Early Byz

antine (9th to 10th centuries) and Turkish times; dumped filling of Turkish period (AgoraV, p. 125, and Agora VII, p. 227; cf. Agora XXI, p. 99).

N15:l 81 Destruction debris in "late Roman" water basin set against back wall of South Stoa II: 6th or 7th century a.d.

(Agora VII, p. 227).

N 17:1 335, G 194 Well: use fillings of mid-3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d., and of Early Byzantine (AgoraV, p. 126, and Agora

XXI, p. 99); POU 4th-5th century 335, G 194.




N 17:2 128,142, 221, 222, 225, 239 Well on the lower northeast slope of the Areopagos: use filling, mid-1 st to mid-, possibly end of, 2nd century

a.d. (Agora V, p. 126, Agora VII, p. 227, and Agora XXI, p. 99); use filling separated from modern fill by a human skeleton weighted down with iron.

N 18:5 334 Well dug through cistern N 18:1: dumped filling of 4th century a.d. (Agora V, p. 126, and Agora XXIII,

p. 334); late 3rd to 4th century (Agora XXI, p. 99).

N19:l 19,61,79,82 Cistern on the lower north slope of the Areopagos: upper fill, ca. 75-1 b.c. (AgoraV, Group F, pp. 10-21,

and AgoraXXl, p. 99); upper fill (Group F): 1st century b.c.; middle fill: Sullan destruction debris (AgoraXXII, p. 104; cf. Agora XXVI, pp. 313-314); lower fill 350-275 b.c.; middle fill 125-86 b.c.; upper fill (Group F) 110 b.c. to early 1st century a.d. 61, 79 (AgoraXXYX, pp. 463-464); middle or upper fill 82; unknown depth (box X 124) 19.

N20:l 32,85 Well: use filling of a.d. 1-50. 32; dumped filling of late 1st century a.d. (Agora IV, p. 243, and AgoraV, p. 126);

dumped upper fill 1st century a.d. and later (Agora XII, p. 395, and Agora XXII, p. 104); dumped fill (third fill,

mostly "earlier Roman") 85.

N 20:3 252 Well dug through cistern N 20:2, constructed in late 1st century a.d.: use filling of 3rd century before 267

a.d. 252; use(?) filling of 4th century; dumped filling of 6th or 7th century (AgoraV, p. 126; cf. Agora VII,

p. 227, and AgoraXXl, p. 99); still in use in 7th century (AgoraXXIV, p. 120, n. 20).

N 20:5 50, 78,124, 206, 229, 261, 326 Well on the lower north slope of the Areopagos: stratified use fillings of 1st to 3rd centuries, before 267

a.d.; dumped filling of 4th century (cf. Agora IV, p. 243, AgoraV, p. 126, AgoraVI, p. 99, AgoraVII, p. 227, Agora XXI, p. 99, and Agora XXIX, p. 464). Glass from: fill 5, 1st century 50, 124; fill 4b, 1st and 2nd centuries 78, 261 and?later intrusion?326; fill 4a, 2nd century 206; context of 3rd century 229.

O 13-14 339, 340, 353, 362, 365,373-375, G 569, G 570 Not a deposit but a destruction fill on original floor of Palace of the Giants, basement suite, room F (Agora

XXIV, pi. 54, room 37): 500-550 a.d., redated ca. 525-540 by John Hayes; see 111. 11; finds include some 25 terracotta lamps, L 5453-L 5478.

P 7:4 382 Well: use filling, late 5th to early 6th century a.d. (Agora VII, p. 227, AgoraXXl, p. 100, and Agora XXVII,

p. 227).

P 8:1 226, 227 Construction fill for the Roman Monopteros in front of the Stoa of Attalos: first half of 2nd century a.d.

(AgoraV, Group H, pp. 46-49, Agora VI, p. 99, Agora VII, p. 227, AgoraXXl, p. 100, Agora XXIII, p. 335, and

Agora XXVII, p. 227; cf. Dinsmoor Jr. 1974, pp. 412-427); context possibly disturbed (per List of Deposits in

Agora Office).

P 18:2 228, 315 Well: use fillings of first half of 3rd century, before a.d. 267. 228 and of 4th to 6th centuries a.d.; dumped

filling of 6th century a.d. (AgoraV, p. 126; cf. AgoraVl, p. 100, Agora VII, p. 227, and AgoraXXl, p. 100; cf. Shear

1939, pp. 214-215); second POU late 4th to 6th century a.d. 315, continuing?after another break?into the

7th century (AgoraXXW, p. 47, n. 197).

P 19:1 300 Well: use filling of late lst(?) and of early 3rd to 6th centuries a.d. (AgoraV, p. 126, and AgoraXXl, p. 100);

use filling of 3rd century, before a.d. 267. 300 (Agora VI, p. 100); continuous use from the 5th to the early 6th

century a.d., then sealed by abandonment, fill C (Agora XXIV, p. 47).




P21:l 363 Osteotheke: early 7th century a.d. (AgoraV, Group N, pp. 121-122, 126).

Q5.1 404 Turkish pithos: with pottery P 28938-P 28973; overwhelmingly local Athenian painted wares including a

blue-and-white bowl of Kutahya ware, P 28938, second half of 17th century a.d. (per John Hayes); pottery ranges from late 17th to early 19th century (perjoanita Vroom).

Q6:4 262 Well in peristyle of Roman House E: POU first half of 3rd century, before a.d. 267. 262; dumped debris of

Herulian destruction of a.d. 267 (cf. Shear Jr. 1973a, p. 144, with n. 57).

Q 7:3 269 North end of the Stoa of Attalos, filling of soft trench along west face of the shop front wall opposite pier 22 from

the south: Herulian destruction debris of a.d. 267 (Agora VI, p. 100, Agora VII, p. 227, and Agora XXVII, p. 229).

Q 8:1 (and P 8:2) 11 Drain channel filling beneath terrace of the Stoa of Attalos, to west of pier 22: third (?) and fourth quar

ter of the 5th century b.c., with some contamination of the third quarter of the 4th century b.c. (Agora XII,

pp. 396, 397, AgoraXXI, p. 100, and AgoraXXVII, p. 229).

Q13:l 9,48,97,99,100,119

Dumped filling in a cistern shaft leading to underground water channel: early 1st century a.d. (Agora IV, p. 244, AgoraV, p. 126, AgoraVI, p. 100, and AgoraXXlX, p. 470); see 111. 2.

Q15.1 257,259 Dumped filling in collecting basin and drain near southeast corner of Market Square: mid-3rd century a.d.

(AgoraV, Group K, pp. 58-72, 127, and AgoraVII, p. 228; cf. Shear 1935, p. 337, and Slane 1994, p. 147)

Q17:1 381 Well: use filling of 6th and 7th centuries a.d. (Agora XXI, p. 100).

Q17:4 156,367 Stratified well: use fillings of 1st to 6th and of 8th centuries a.d. (AgoraV, p. 127, Agora VI, p. 100, AgoraVII,

p. 228, Agora XXI, p. 100, and Agora XXIV, p. 48; cf. Thompson 1956, pp. 53-57); still in use in 7th century (Agora XXIV, p. 120, n. 20); early(?)-2nd-century level 156; 5th-century level 367.

R9:l 55 Well to east of Stoa of Attalos shop 14: dumped filling of 1st century a.d. (Agora TV, p. 244, and Agora XXVII,

p. 231).

R 12:5 22 Stoa of Attalos, pre-stoa pit, beneath floor of shop 1: Hellenistic context of 2nd century b.c. (Agora XXVII,

p. 232); before ca. 145 b.c. (per List of Deposits in Agora Office).

R 13:2 107 Well in street leading to Roman Agora: dumped filling of late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (Agora

TV, p. 244, AgoraVII, p. 228, and AgoraXXI, p. 100); until ca. a.d. 40/50 (perJohn Hayes).

R 14:2 230, 285 Library of Pantainos: Herulian destruction debris over sculptor's workshop (Agora VI, p. 100; cf. Stevens

1949, p. 269).

R17:2 336 Filling for a well cut in the 5th century a.d. through a cistern on the lowest north slope of the Acropolis,

west of the Panathenaic Way: finds include terracotta lamps of the 4th and early 5th centuries a.d. (Agora VII, nos. 733, 1202, 1766, and 2447); early 5th century a.d. (per John Hayes).




S 19-20:1 216, 241, 299 Brick-built water system on lower north slope of Acropolis, west of the Panathenaic Way: Early Roman con

struction; context of second half(?) of 2nd century a.d. (cf. Shear 1939, p. 218, for context); with terracotta

lamps nos. 542, 543 (Agora VII, p. 108).

S 21:1 60 Well: lower fill, dumped, late 1st century b.c. to early 1st century a.d. (Agora V, p. 127, and Agora XXIX,

p. 472).

S21:3 235, G 218 Stratified well outside the Market Square to the southeast, west of the Panathenaic Way: use filling of first

half of 1st to first half of 3rd century, before a.d. 267; dumped filling of post-Herulian date (Agora IV, p. 245,

Agora V, p. 127, Agora VI, p. 100, and Agora VII, p. 228; cf. Agora XXI, p. 100); lower fill C, containers 26-32,

early to mid-3rd century a.d. 235; before 267 G 218.

T13:l 332, 333, G 630, G 632 Well: dumped fill of late 3rd to 5th century a.d. (cf. Shear Jr. 1973b, pp. 392-393, n. 69).

T 17:1 399 Burial in Church of Christ, grave 1: mid-14th to 15th century a.d.; a grave containing two skulls, a small

bronze cross (B 292), and five Venetian coins of the second half of the 14th century, including HH 86, of An tonio Venier (1382-1400) and HH 87, of Andrea Contarini (1367-1382) (cf. Agora II, pp. 80, 81).

U 22:1 72, 158, 162, 164-167, 243, 274 Brick shaft and chamber serving as means of access to underground water channel: dumped fillings of 2nd

to early 3rd century a.d., of late 4th century a.d., and of Byzantine times (Agora XXI, p. 100; cf. Agora XXIX,

p. 473 on fill B: 4th and 5th centuries a.d. with some Late Hellenistic material); fill C, late 2nd to early 3rd

century, with some 4th-century disturbance 72, 158, 162, 164-167, 243, 274.

U 22:3 291 Well shaft, cut in mid-1 st century a.d. to serve brick shaft system U 22:1: lower dumped fill of late 1st or early

2nd century a.d., containing much Hellenistic pottery; upper dumped fill of late 2nd to early 3rd century a.d.

291.



APPENDIX I

A LATE ROMAN GLASS FURNACE IN THE AGORA?

The

physical evidence for alleged glass manufacture in the Agora and vicinity is an issue that needs to be addressed but can no longer be resolved.1 In 1965, the remains

of a glass furnace, or what was then believed to be a glass furnace, were discovered in one of the rooms of the Southeast Stoa in the Agora (111. 23). A foundry occupied room 7 from the north, "while a furnace, possibly for the manufacture of glass, was installed further north."2

Unfortunately, these remains had to be covered up before Gladys Weinberg or any other glass specialist had an opportunity to see them. I am not sure whether Gladys Weinberg believed in this so-called furnace, which was mentioned briefly in two publications.3 However, she

obviously corresponded with the excavator, Ross Holloway, about this find. The following passage is taken from his letter describing the remains in detail (see Ills. 24, 25).4

The works was set up in the partially destroyed remains of the so-called Southeast Building [= Southeast Stoa] along the Panathenaic Way after it had been pulled apart following the destruction of 267 a.d. Notice the pit was dug down fully a meter below the level of the low est cement bedding of the walls of the old Southeast Building. About 0.2 m out from the side of the cutting thus formed we found the corner of an old stucco wall resting on the tile

floor of the furnace (the latter resting directly on bed rock) which was apparently intended to permit circulation of air or insulation, or something around the enclosed center of the

furnace. 3.0 m away to the west there had been a wall of mud brick. The northern limit of

the installation is 1.0 m to the north of the "corner" as I call it, which may not have been a

true east wall for the furnace since the traces of burnt material extended to the north and east of it into the unexcavated section.

The fill of the furnace consisted of a bright red powder, like brick dust. There was practi cally no pottery. We identify it as a glass furnace because of vitreous material fused onto hunks of brick from the fill, on one of which the outline of a fused glass vessel is still visible. 3.0 m to the north we found more trace of the brick dust, but no construction to go with it.

The whole furnace was cut up when a Byzantine pithos was sunk down in it in the 12th

century.

According to the excavator's notebooks little pottery was found at the site: "late Roman

(and earlier) with only three scrappy glazed sherds out of the entire basket, clearly intrusive." More detailed evidence regarding the kiln or its date could not be found, nor has it been possible to locate the brick with the outline of a fused glass vessel.

1. The problem is what constitutes physical evidence for a

glass furnace. Bricks covered with a glassy layer alone are not

sufficient evidence because glassy slag can also result from cop per melting, while pottery and tile production can also produce vitreous residues and vitrified clay on kiln fragments; cf. Foy and

Sennequier 1991, p. 6; Foy and Nenna 2001, pp. 40-44.

2. Holloway 1966, p. 82.

3. For brief mentions of the glass furnace, see Holloway 1965,

pp. 294-295; 1966, p. 82.

4. Ross Holloway to Gladys Weinberg (pers. comm.).



188 APPENDIX I

At a short distance from the Agora, excavations inside the Sacred Gate in the Kerameikos

produced vitreous material that has been interpreted as evidence for glass working.5 In the 6th century, a mixed fill was dumped into the bed of the Eridanos river which had begun to silt up. "Dispersed throughout the fill were molds for pottery lamps and other potter's waste of the third to fourth century, stamped ceramics of the fifth and early sixth centuries, and

Glasfluss (manufacturing waste? vitreous slag?), indicating the presence of glass workshops in the vicinity." Earlier excavations in the Kerameikos had already produced a "loaf of glass,6 probably to be identified with two fragments of a flatfish thin ingot or cake of bubbly opaque dark red glass with black streaks. The larger fragment is roughly triangular and has a curly, lobed edge, the original edge of a round(?) cake; the other two sides are slightly concave.

Apparently, most of the glass had already been used. There were also a few chunks of severely weathered greenish glass.7 The red glass looks Late Antique or Early Medieval; perhaps it was used for making tesserae for floor mosaics. All these fragments came to light before 1943, an indication that they came from the low-lying area outside the city wall, which had to be filled in periodically to prevent flooding of the Eridanos and was therefore used repeatedly as a city dump. The presence of ingots is firm evidence for glass working somewhere in the

city, but nothing is known about the location of the workshop (s).

Other Evidence For Glassworking in Athens

Although the inventory lists of the Parthenon and the Asklepieion provide indirect evidence for glassworking in Athens in the Classical and Early Hellenistic periods,8 firm archaeological evidence is meager to say the least, and it is currently limited to the Late Roman and Late

Antique periods. In this period, two glassworkers, Euphrasios and Andreas, are known to have been active in the city. Their tombstones show that both were Christians: one was found in the vicinity of the Hagia Trias Church (at the edge of the Kerameikos),9 the other comes from the Acropolis.10 They have been dated to the 5th (to 6th?) centuries. Unfortunately, the artisans' profession is described on both tombstones as oia^aq (vaXaq), a nondescript term that can refer to any form of glass industry: a manufacturer of vessels, of window glass, of glass mosaic cubes, or even a glazier or a merchant specializing in glass.11

5. Von Freytag gen. Loringhoff 1984, p. 45. I thank Judith Binder for drawing my attention to these remains and to the

article in which they are mentioned.

6. Noted by Judith Binder when she rearranged the store

rooms of the Kerameikos in the late 1950s and early 1960s. I

thank her for this information.

7. Kerameikos, no. 2245a-f. I thankJutta Stroszeckfor show

ing me the finds and providing photographs. 8. Stern 1999a.

9. Tombstone of Euphrasios and his wife Gennadia:

Epigraphical Museum, Athens, no. EM 9869: Sironen 1997,

pp. 147-148, no. 72.

10. Tombstone of Andreas: Epigraphical Museum, Athens, no. EM 13068: Sironen 1993, p. 83; 1997, pp. 180-181, no. 113.

11. At the international glass conference in Aix-en-Provence,

2001, Pavlos Triandaphyllides mentioned an octagonal green bottle from Rhodes with a base molding showing the name

EYOPA[IIOI] and suggested tentatively that this might be the

same person as the Euphrasios buried in Athens. Triantaphyl lides 2006.



APPENDIX II

ANALYSIS OF GLASS IN THE ATHENIAN AGORA

In

1978, 30 glass objects dating from the later Hellenistic period (2nd century b.c.) to the Late Roman period (5th century a.d.) were analyzed by optical emission spectroscopy

(OES) by Dr. Richard Jones at the Fitch Laboratory, British School of Archaeology at Athens.1

Examples of cast and blown vessels, of clear and colored glass, were selected for analysis. The aims of the analysis were

1. to identify the basic ingredients, colorants, and decolorants;

2. to distinguish different glass production centers;

3. to add to the corpus of analytical data on glass from these periods;

4. for comparative purposes with other glass.

Methods Employed

The choice of elements analyzed was based on the detection range and reliability of OES and on the work of other glass analysts. Weathering crusts were removed in each case so that only the glass core was sampled. The samples were ground to a powder and mixed with an internal standard mixture containing lithium carbonate. The prepared samples were arced at 6 amps in the spectrograph, and the spectra were recorded on a glass plate in the 2500-3700 A spectral region. The results are expressed as weight percentage of the element oxide. Concentrations were determined from calibrations using Corning and British Glass Research Association (BGIRA) standards. Each spectral plate was standardized with Corning Standards. The estimated average margin of error of elemental content ranges from 20% to 25%. The concentrations reported for sodium (Na) are approximations (~).2

Results

The results of the analytical project (Table 1) show all the glasses to be of a soda-lime type with varying amounts of calcium. Manganese (Mn) and antimony (Sb) were found to be decolorizers. Cobalt (Co) was the coloring agent in several blue glasses. Iron (Fe) or copper (Cu) served as coloring agents in the green glasses. This study followed the analytical survey of ancient glass carried out by Sayre using OES.3 Since that time considerable advances have been made in the study of glass technology and characterization. Five compositional groups of soda-type glass have been characterized from the Mediterranean region dating from the

1. Jones 1979.

2. For details concerning the methodology of using OES,

see Jones 1986, Appendix A.

3. Sayre 1963; Sayre and Smith 1967.



TABLE 1. ELEMENT OXIDE CONTENT OF AGORA GLASS AS WEIGHT PERCENTAGE*

Inventory No.

Color

Al (OA)

2ND CENTURY B.C. TO 1ST CENTURY A.D. G 29 Blue 2 G 47 Yellow brown 0.5

G136 Emerald green 0.7 G 139 Pale blue green 0.7

G 174 Turquoise blue opaque 0.5 G176

Blue green 0.3 G 177

Light

blue opaque

1.0 G195 Blue 1.0 G 236

Colorless

G236

Blue

rim 0.1 G 374 Reddish purple 2 G 387

Pale

purple 2 G 400

Colorless, blue rim 1 G 528

Pale

green 0.5

G556 Brown <0.1 2ND CENTURY A.D. TO 3RD CENTURY A.D.

G85 G165 G281 G292 G308 G355 G405 G444 G547

Colorless Colorless

Colorless Colorless Colorless

Colorless Colorless

Colorless

Colorless

0.1 0.5

Mg (0.1)

0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3

0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.35 0.35 0.5

LATE 3RD CENTURY A.D. TO 5TH CENTURY A.D. G70

Dark

blue 0.5 0.4

G99 Dark olive green 1.5 0.6

G153

Pale

green 0.1

G185

Dark

green

2.5 0.4 G 322 Colorless 0.3

Fe

(0.01)

0.5

<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.5

~3

1.0

<0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.4

0.2 0.4

<0.1 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.1 0.4 0.30 0.6 2.5

<0.05

0.2 0.1

Na (0.1) -20

-15 -18 -18 -12 -20

-18 -20 -20

-18 -15 -15 -18

-18 -15 -20

-15 -20 -30

-15 -18 -20 -25 -20

-15 -18 -15 -15 -15

K (0.1)

0.2 2 0.5 0.5

Ca (0.1)

6 9 4 3 8 2 7 3 2 8 2.5 7 5 3 4 3 9 7 1 1 10

3 2 4.5

6 4 2 4 1

Sn (0.01)

Mn Co Sb Pb

(0.01) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)

Cu Ni

(0.001) (0.001)

-0.05 -0.25 0.030

1.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0

1.0 0.7 0.55 0.1 0.65 0.1 1.0

2.0

0.07 0.04 0.02

0.07 0.27

2 2.5 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3

0.4 2 0.4 1.0 1.0

0.7 0.4 0.5

-10 -11

2 0.005 0.30 0.005

0.005

0.17 0.7

0.005 0.005

^Detection limits (%) are shown below each element. No data indicates that value was below detection limit.



appendix ii 191

4th century a.d. to the 9th century a.d.4 One of these five groups, HIMT (high iron man

ganese and titanium) glass, is characterized by elevated contents of iron, magnesium (Mg), manganese, and titanium oxides.5 Levantine I (another of the five glass groups) and HIMT

glasses are distinguished from the typical composition of 1st- to 3rd-century a.d. Roman glass and seem to have displaced it in the 4th century a.d.6

In the comparison of analytical data for HIMT and the Agora glass, improvements in

analytical instrumentation and accuracy over the course of 30 years must be kept in mind.

The HIMT data were generated by energy dispersive X-ray analysis in the scanning electron

microscope (SEM-EDXA).7 One of the four elements characterizing HIMT glass, titanium, was not analyzed by OES in the Agora glass, thereby further limiting a reliable comparison. It was determined that one Agora glass vessel could potentially fall into the HIMT category, bowl 312 (see Table 1, G 99), based on comparison with HIMT glass data for iron, magnesium, and manganese oxides.8 Two factors substantiate this proposition: the olive-green color that

is common for HIMT glass and the 4th-century a.d. chronology for this piece.

Alice Boccia Paterakis

4. Freestone, Greenwood, and Gorin-Rosen 2002.

5. Freestone 1994.



8. Freestone, Greenwood, and Gorin-Rosen 2002; Freestone,

Ponting, and Hughes 2002.



CONCORDANCE OF INVENTORY AND

CATALOGUE NUMBERS

Inv. No. Cat. No. or Page No.

B292 p. 186, under T 17:1 Gl 401 G12 247 G15 356 G16 400 G17 392 G20 18 G21 113 G23 110 G24 46 G27 91 G 28 103 G29 54 G30 38 G33 74 G 34 136 G 35 137 G 36 287 G 37 cf. 287 G38 114 G 43 361 G44 56 G 45 343 G46 80 G47 62 G 48 cf. 259 G50 49 G 54 380 G55 86 G 56 cf. 31 G58 98 G59 83 G 61 390 G 65 145 G 67 266 G 68 cf. 128 G69 313 G70 317 G72 15 G 75 321 G 77 143 G 78 190 G 79 257 G 80 259 G81 121 G82 cf. 110 G83 217

Inv. No.

G84 G85 G86 G89 G90 G91 G92 G94 G95 G96 G97 G98 G99 G104 G105 G106 G108 G109 G110 Gill G112 G114 G115 G116 G117 G118 G119 G120 G121 G122 G123 G125 G127 G128 G131 G133 G136 G137 G 138a, b G139 G140 G141 G142 G143 G144 G145 G146

Cat. No. or Page No.

399 198 104 173 135 cf. 288 288 47 250 160 334 139 312 316 233 125 331 292 96 237 242 388 387 319 223 cf. 240 95 cf. 95 191 205 279 281 130 120 386 210 76 118 146 53 245 275 294 149 346 389 327



194 CONCORDANCE OF INVENTORY AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS

Inv. No.

G147 G148 G149 G150 G151 G152 G153 G154 G155 G156 G157 G158 G159 G160 G161 G163 G164 G165 G166 G167 G168 G169 G170 G171 G172 G174 G175 G176 G177 G179 G180 G181 G182 G183 G184 G185 G186 G187 G188 G193 G194 G195 G200 G203 G204 G205 G206 G207 G208 G210 G212 G213 G215 G218 G219 G220 G224 G225 G227 G228 G235 G236


372 310 330 306 307 318 305 309 194 272 194 231 246 240 102 73 63 201 249 159 398 216 252 229 241 78 326 50 124 370 363 315 228 2 300 293 8 299 336 335 cf. 335 60 129 222 239 128 225 142 221 243 152 87 285 cf. 300 235 393 85 32 220 196 88 12

Inv. No. Cat. No. or Page No.

G 237 138 G 239 90 G 240 66 G 242 126 G 243 77 G 244 144 G 245 cf. 77,144 G 246 276 G 247 93 G 248 277 G 249 238 G 250 94 G 252 68 G253 16 G 255 132 G256 117 G 258 152 G 260 45 G 261 308 G 265 64 G266 311 G267 39 G 269 57 G 270 cf. 57 G 274 154 G 276 323 G 277 342 G 279 122 G 280 cf. 240 G 281 195 G 282 44 G 284 70 G285 112 G286 131 G 288 329 G 290 168 G 291 41 G 292 161 G 293 219 G 294 384 G 295 31 G 296 20 G297 265 G 299 322 G 300 268 G 301 65 G 302 234 G 303 289 G 304 256 G307 213 G 308 169 G 310 270 G312 351 G313 347 G 314 349 G315 350 G316 348 G 320 202 G 321 301 G 322 290 G 323 328 G 325 224



CONCORDANCE OF INVENTORY AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS 195

Inv. No.

G326 G328 G330 G331 G332 G334 G335 G336 G337 G338 G339 G340 G341 G342 G343 G344 G345 G346 G347 G348 G349 G350 G351 G352 G353 G354 G355 G356 G357 G358 G360 G361 G362 G364 G365 G366 G367 G368 G370 G371 G373 G374 G375 G377 G378 G379 G380 G381 G382 G384 G385 G387 G388 G391 G393 G394 G396 G398 G399 G400 G403 G404


5

34

193 192 394 244 368 133 212 264 255 cf. 251 254 251 253 186 184 295 183 177 181 180 185 184 208 207 187 258 214 302 320 360 263 280 140 176 215 30 286 273 151 59 271 171 314 182 324 303 127 92 89 23 cf. 23 37 55 283 116 82 79 61 105 172

Inv. No.

G405 G406 G407 G409 G410 G413 G414 G417 G419 G420 G423 G424 G425 G428 G429 G432 G434 G437 G438 G439 G440 G442 G443 G 444a-c G 444d-l G445 G446 G447 G449 G453 G454 G455 G457 G459 G460 G462 G466 G467 G468 G470 G472 G474 G477 G478 G479 G480 G485 G486 G487 G499 G502 G503 G505 G506 G507 G508 G510 G512 G516 G517 G522 G523


199 97 107 206 261 230 382 232 226 227 248 260 189 291 267 383 378 236 188 197 72 274 158 162 167 166 165 164 304 4 115 278 282 369 381 17 13 36 81 209 155 211 203 cf. 203 218 395 6 377 345 7 396 397 84 106 269 134 123 58 402 11 99 100



196 CONCORDANCE OF INVENTORY AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS

Inv. No.

G524 G525 G526 G527 G528 G529 G530 G531 G532 G533 G534 G535 G536 G537 G538 G539 G541 G542 G543 G545 G546 G 547a-f G547h G547i G547j G550 G551 G552 G554 G556 G557 G558 G559 G562 G563 G565 G566 G567 G568 G569 G570 G571 G572 G573 G574 G575 G576 G577 G578 G582 G586 G603 G604 G605

Cat. No. or Page

119 9 22 170 19 298 367 156 26 21 27 14 28 25 10 175 153 157 69 284 297 174 178 179 cf. 179 204 141 75 200 24 29 337 403 147 40 391 3 352 341 cf. 341 cf. 341 340 339 353 365 362 374 375 373 111 35 33 43 48

Inv. No.

G606 G607 G611 G612 G613 G614 G616 G617 G622 G624 G625 G626 G627 G629 G 630a, b G631 G632 G633 G634 G 675a, b G676 G677 G696 G739 G744 G752 G753 G754 G755 G756 G757 G758 G759 G760 G761 G762 L2614 L2748 L4178 L 5453-L 5478 L5688 P 1913 P7113 P8113-P8115 P9057 P17735 P 19503-P 19505 P 21329 P 21731 P 23112 P 28938-P 28973 P 33501 P 33502


42

71

364 358 379 366 404 262 357 359 376 371 338 332 cf. 332 333 cf. 332 150 1 174 296 163 67 cf. 111. 1 344 354 355 cf. p. 150 108 109 325 385 51 52 101 148 p. 179, under C 9:16

p. 182, under K-L 18-20:1

p. 183, under L 21:1

p. 184, under O 13-14 cf. 366 cf. 356

p. 181, under E-F 2-3:1

p. 179, under C 9:16

p. 182, under K-L 18-20:1

p. 183, under L 21:1

p. 179, under C 15:2 cf. 232

p. 41, n. 99

cf. 377

p. 185, under Q 5:1 cf. 354 cf. 354



INDEXES



GENERAL INDEX Bold typeface indicates catalogue entry numbers.

abbas I (Shah of Persia, 1587-1628) 9

Abbasid rulers (750-1258) 8, 16939 Achaemenid 2, 22, 24, 87 Achilles goblet 102251

Acciajuoli 8

Adana, Bolge Museum 113427

Adria, Italy: Archaeological Museum 45; glassware found at 55272, 60353>354

Adriatic region 46, 60, 68, 103

Afghanistan 38. See also Begram Africa: east coast of 171; north coast of 46, 52, 66, 88, 103, 117.

See also individual place names

African, mold-blown cup shaped as head of 157

Agora. See also Hayes, J. W. archives 10, 18

area, definition of 15

building activity in 6

buildings Building H 31 Late Roman building 355 Poros Building 59, 122, 133

Byzantine settlement 7 churches

Of Christ 170 Of the Holy Apostles 172, 400, 402 Of the Hypapanti 9, 170, 398

context materials 10,12 coins 7, 10, 12, 14, 151; as evidence for dating 65, 273,

313, 321, 354, 357, 380

glass 10

pottery 7,10,151,357,404 textile 171,400 tile 171,400

deposits 10, 10-15, 16, 18, 25; See also Deposit Summaries

glass furnace in 5, 87

Group M, revised dating of 13-14 Hill of the Nymphs 11, 12, 219, 234 houses, groups of

Classical 10

destroyed by Heruli 3, 5, 11, 12 of the 4th century 14, 89 of the 5th and 6th centuries 14 medieval and later 7, 10, 167

houses, individual Fountain House 259; House B 213, 240; House N 30; House P 122; House R 59,273; house, unspecified 234; "Mosaic House" 159; North House 140; Roman House B 169, 265, 268, 289, 290, 322, 323, 342, 384; Roman

house, unspecified 387, 388; South House 3, 11, 92, 115, 219, 290; Southwest Fountain House 31

industrial activities and establishments bronze casting, metal working in 5, 187

early medieval 7 Late Roman water mill 14 Palace of the Giants 6, 14-15, 341, 345, 352, 377

section, definition of 10, 15-16 Southeast Stoa 187 Stoa of Attalos 5, 10, 396, 397

Tholos, dining facilities of 2

wells, debris dumped into 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 Ain et-Turba, Egypt 89, 106310 Ain Karim 154 Aix-en-Provence 114441, 158159; colloquium of 2001 113417, 157,

18811

Akanthos, Chalkidike 35, 61, 115 Akko (Acre), Israel 112, 139 Akominatos. See Choniates, Michael

Alaric, attack of Athens by 6

Albenga, north Italy 61, 97

Alentejo, Portugal 98

Alexandria, Egypt 37, 3978, 97, 14930 Alma Kermen, southern Russia 96, 100

AlMina, Syria 171

Altino, near Venice 61365

Amathus, Cyprus 60344, 94117

Amorgos 24, 35, 36, 37, 95

Amorium, central Turkey 106

Ampurias 21 Anafa. See Tel Anafa Anatolia 20, 21, 51, 66, 154. See also Asia Minor; Turkey; indi

vidual place names

Andreas (glassworker) 188

Anemurium, modern Anamur, southern Turkey 14926>28, 168

Anglo-Saxon glass 18

Anthologia Graeca (16.323) 44

Antibes, southern France, Tradeliere shipwreck 3644

Antikyra, Boiotia 49, 66

Antikythera, shipwreck: date of 42; glassware from 24, 37, 39, 42, 54, 84; silverware from 2544

Antioch 6

Antonaras, A. 16824, 17054, 17167>69, 398

Apollonia (Bulgaria) 21, 103

Aquileia, north Italy 45, 46, 60, 61, 96160, 112, 158; Archaeologi cal Museum 45

Aquincum, Hungary 53256, 96, 108337,114439,14187 Arab. Islamic Arabian Gulf. See Persian Gulf

Araq el-Emir 137

Arcadius, coin of 313

Arcy-Ste-Restitue, France 150

Argos 35 Aristeas (glassblower) 64, 65 Ariston (glassblower) 55

Aristophanes (Ach. 72-73) 2 Artas (glassblower) 55274 275

Arycanda, in Lycia, Turkey 156, 157, 158

Ascona, Switzerland 103 Asia Minor. See also individual place names. Glassware found

in 56, 66, 109, 117, 149; glassware produced in 4, 103, 113, 157; Long-petal bowls from 2435; wick holders, copper, found in 149

Ashdod, Israel 25, 33

assemblages including glassware 6, 1255, 37, 62, 111 Athens. See also Agora; Kerameikos

Acropolis 188 Parthenon 2, 188; as Church of Mary, Mother of God 7



200 GENERAL INDEX

Arab (Moslem) community in 8 art market 48, 54

Asklepieion 2, 1769, 45, 188 Benaki Museum 138, 147, 172 bronze trulla found at 56 churches

Ayios Asomatos 17282

Ayios Thomas 17282

Hagia Trias 188

Mary, Mother of God 7 Saint George of Alexandria 172, 17282

Duchy of Athens 8

glass (lack of), evidence for local production of 3, 4, 5,15, 44, 187-188

glassware found at (in addition to Agora materials) 54, 59, 116,150,172,120, 125,126, 130,144

Augsburg, Germany 33

Augst, Switzerland 12, 34, 3410, 53256, 84, 111, 112, 117478. See also

Kaiseraugst Augustus 3; coin of 59 Austria 109

Avenches, Switzerland 58, 60, 61

Axos, Crete 55

Ayios Ioannis Theologos, Greece 105

BAHNASA, EGYPT 85 Bahrain 3865,68455 Balkans 88, 16824, 172

Balsa, Portugal 108338

Barag, D. P. 100, 104, 109, 138 Bar Kochba 87

Barkoczi, L. 94, 109 Basilius II (Byzantine emperor) 7

Begram, Afghanistan: date of glass finds from 101; glassware found at 3866, 42, 52, 8414, 91, 94, 95, 97,101

Beirut 25, 34, 45, 100, 102,106,13727,147,154,168, 170

Belgium 114, 142, 156. See also individual place names

Berenike, Egypt 52240, 94124

Bergamo region, north Italy 109

Berlin, Antikenmuseum 101

Bernardini bowl 87

Beroia, Greek Macedonia 108, 142

Beska, Pannonia 152

Bethany 155

Bethisy (Oise), France 39 Beth Shearim, Israel 105293 Bet Shean, Israel 154, 155, 169

Biaggio Simona, S. 56

Binder, J. P. 48, 1885> 6

birds, depicted in or on glass 85,90,109,174; glass vessels shaped as a bird 58

bird catching 90 Black Sea region (north Pontic) 4, 20, 2436, 46, 49, 52, 56, 65,

66, 94, 95, 98, 103, 113, 117, 141, 149. See a&o individual place names

boats, depicted in or on glass 84, 86, 153

Bohemia 9

Bologna, Archaeological Museum 41

bone objects 12, 13 Bonn 108336, 112

Bordeaux, France 148

Bordighera, north Italy 96160

Bosporan Kingdom. 5^Tanais

Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 54

Bouras, L. 154

boxes, used in antiquity for storage and/or transportation of glass vessels 115, 172

boxers, depicted on glass 97 brand recognition 111

Brauron 21

Brescia, north Italy 107. See also Lugone di Said

Brigetio, Hungary 53256, 98, 105, 140, 152, 169

Brill, R. 9068,1672? 174 Britain. See also individual place names. Glass and glass centers

in 4, 13, 46, 49, 52, 52243, 53, 66, 66425, 88, 89, 94, 107, 110,

111, 114, 116464, 136, 149, 15045, 158153; woad in 158

Briton (Celtic) warriors 158

Brooklyn, The Brooklyn Museum 53

Bruhl, Rhineland 53256

Bulgaria(n) 7, 109 Byzantine. See chronological labels

Byzantine chroniclers 7

Byzantine church, role of 8

Byzantine glass workshops 8

CAERLEON, BRITAIN 97

Caerwent, Britain 89 Caesar (B Gall. 1.14.2) 158

Caesarea, Israel 25, 169, 16942

Callatis, Romania 115449

Campania 107. See also individual place names

Campione d'ltalia 154 canavetta. See boxes

Candarh (ancient Pitane), Turkey 21 canistrum 90

Canosa, Italy 37, 39, 54

Cape Camarat, southern France 2550

Capernaum, Israel 98, 99

Carpenedolo, near Milan 60355

Carthage 25, 3643, 96, 14928, 150, 152, 15275 Castel Trosino, Italy 159163

Castleford, West Yorkshire, Britain 67445

Castra, Israel 67442, 112, 113 Catalans 7,8 Cave of Horrors. S^Judaean Desert Cave of Letters. 5^Judaean Desert Cedrenus (2.475) 723

Celebi, Evliya 942 Cerveteri 2220

Charlesworth, D. 110 Cherchel 3643

Chicago, Field Museum 13854, 16812 China 38, 52. See also individual place names

Chios 9

Choche, central Mesopotamia 138

Choniates, Michael (Akominatos) 7, 830

Chorsia, Boiotia 67 Christians: active in the Agora 6; glassworkers 188; glass usage

by 168, 169, 170; Interpretatio cristiana 90; rites 172; sub

jects depicted on glass vessels 97

chronological labels 1,10 Chur, Switzerland 96 churches. See also Agora; Athens; Byzantine. Glass lamps found

in 154,155,170; of Samaria 154102; of southern France 149; of southern Germany 170; of Switzerland 170

Cilicia, southern Turkey 48, 49, 93, 94, 113

Cimiez, France 114441

Cividale, Italy 170 civil settlements, use of glass at 46, 49, 52243

Clairmont, C 94 Classical. See chronological labels Claudius 49,57 coins, as evidence for dating 3751, 65, 96162, 169, 17282. See also

Arcadius; Augustus; Constantine; Hadrian; Justin II; Manuel

I; Philippicus; Theodosius; Titus; Trajan; Valentinian I; Vespa sian; and Agora, context materials

Colchester, Britain 34, 66, 109, 112

Cologne: glassware found at 42, 60352, 90, 94, 94124, 95, 96, 97,

98, 100, 102251, 108336, 108350, 109, 113, 114443, 11646% 136, 137,

138, 139; glassware produced at 90, 94, 95, 97; Romisch-Ger

manisches Museum 113

Cologne-Mungersdorf 137

Columella 115-116 commerce. See trade

Como, northern Italy 15494

comparisons: between distribution maps of core-formed vessels

and Hellenistic grooved bowls 21; between glass ribbed bowls

made by different techniques 67; between glass storage ves

sels of different shapes 116; between glassware and pottery of same shape 43, 151, 154; between price of naturally tinted

and intentionally colored glass 17; between price of naturally tinted and decolorized glass 87; between prices of glassware



GENERAL INDEX 201

and other materials 22, 42, 99

Conimbriga, Portugal 67, 108338, 112,113420, 114

Constans II, in Athens 7 Constantine the Great 5; coins of 313, 321

Constantinople 7, 8, 9, 172. See also Istanbul contents of glass vessels 9, 57, 58, 60, 112, 116, 157, 158, 170,

171, 398 Contrada di Corti Vecchie, south Italy 45134

Cool, H. E. M. 110 Corfu 9 Corinth. See also Kenchreai

glassware found at 8,24,35,36,37,38,40,46,48,49,50,51,53, 55,65,85,90",93,95,96,99,102,108,111,113,115,117,136, 137, 141, 149, 151, 153, 154, 156, 158, 167, 168, 169, 171,

76, 398

glassware produced at 8, 167, 168, 169, 171

glass workshops at 44

Agora Northeast Factory 171

South Center Workshops 8

medieval 7-8

pottery found at 8, 2435

Corning, Corning Museum of Glass 13, 40, 42107, 48, 54265, 85, 90,

9068, 155110, 1672-n

Cosa, Italy 41, 57303, 66, 110 cosmetics: industry 48176, 57, 58; vessels for 21, 48, 115, 169,

171 Crete. See also individual place names. Glassware found on 25,

3645, 37, 59340, 62, 88, 99, 101, 111, 113, 116, 150; glass work

shops on 8 Crimea 109 Croatia 68, 102, 156. See also individual place names

Crowfoot, G. 153 Crusades 8; beaker 168; castle 170

Crusius, Martin (German classicist) 9

Csakvar, Pannonia 152

Cyprus. See also individual place names. Glassware found on 2436,

46, 47, 48, 52, 56, 60344, 66, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 103, 103268,

105, 107, 112, 117, 137, 157; glassware produced on 21

Cyprus Collection. See Stockholm

Cyrenaica 2436, 25, 3643, 157

Cyrene 51230,52241

Cyzicus, Turkey 169

Czurda-Ruth, B. 51232, 1063i?

dalmatia 46, 47, 54, 61, 68, 92, 103, 105, 109, 113. See a&o indi

vidual place names

Damascus 6,9 Debeira, Nubia 169 De Jong, P. 86 De la Roche family 8 Delos 24, 25, 33, 34, 36, 37, 3751, 39, 40, 41, 4195, 46, 49, 50, 51,

54, 56, 111 Demre (ancient Myra), Turkish south coast 16818, 169

deposits. See under Agora Didymoi, Egypt (Eastern Desert) 96, 104

Didymoteicho, northern Greece 150

dining and drinking customs 9, 149

Diocletian, Price Edict of 17

Dobroudja/Baraganu, Romania 56, 113423, 96 Doclea (Duklja), Montenegro 105300 Dominus Flevit. See underJerusalem Doppelfeld, O. 90

Dorchester England 138

Douch, Egypt 52240, 84, 85i5, 106, 138, 13842,14299 Dubrovnik 9, 172

Dupre, Louis 947 Dura Europos, Syria 12, 3864, 52, 84, 8523, 88, 95, 96, 106, 107,

109, 112, 114, 141, 156, 69

Dusenbery, E. 43

Dussart, O. 107

early imperial. See chronological labels

Ed-Dur, Persian Gulf 3865, 52 eel. See fish, depicted Egypt. See also Oxyrhynchus papyri; individual place names. Fa

timid 167; glassblowers migrating from 98; glassware found

in 19, 2436, 49, 52, 83, 85, 88, 94, 97, 97177, 105, 107, 108, 117,

136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 15269, 169; glassware produced in 4,

19, 20, 38, 41, 83, 84, 88, 93, 97, 107, 136, 140; glass workshops in 8, 19, 83

Eirenaios (glassblower) 55274

Eisenberg, Germany 152 El Djem, mosaic found at 102

Elephantine, Egypt 13842 Elis 24,2438 Elleniko Kynouria, Peloponnese 112413

Embiez-Ouest, southern France, shipwreck 102, 14816

emblemata. ̂mosaics

Emona, modern Ljubljana, Slovenia 47167, 54264, 56

Engedi, Israel 2546, 43

Enna, Sicily 2220 Ennion (glassblower) 3, 64, 65, 145

Ephesus 45, 51, 89, 95131, 101, 106, 114, 153, 156, 158^

Eretria, Greece 35

Eridanos, river 188

Eros, depicted in mosaic glass 8412, 86 Este 99199

Etruria, Etruscan 22 Euboia 9 Eudocia (empress) 6

eulogtae 172

Euphrasios (glass worker) 188, 18811

Europeans 9, 173

Europos, northern Greece 151

Exeter, Britain 89, 8950

export. See also trade. Of Athenian pottery and lamps 4, 5; of glass vessels from Dubrovnik to Greece 9; of glass vessels from Ven ice to Constantinople 172; of glass vessels to Bahrein 68455; of Syro-Palestinian glass 5

fallais, belgium 1479 Fatimid. See under Egypt Feugere, M. 49

fiaschera. See boxes

Ficarolo, Po Valley 48176

Figanieres, south France 140

fish, depicted in or on glass 12, 84, 85, 86, 153 fish sauce 158

fishermen, depicted in or on glass 12, 86

Fishbourne, England 42109, 52247, 112 Florence 8 foods: vessels for serving 12, 54, 56; for storing 115, 116, 158

Fortetsa, Crete 22

Fos, Golfe du (southern France) 68

Fossing, P. 19

Foy, D. See Aix-en-Provence, colloquium of

fragrances. Ascents France 61, 94, 16817. See also individual place names. North

ern 25; southern 4, 1871, 3643, 55274, 93, 94, 98184, 99201, 102, 104288, 106, 114, 117, 1355, 136, 138** 139, 140, 147, 149, 151, 153, 156, 159, 168, 16817, 171

Franconia, central Germany 173 Frankish (Merovingian) 18 Franks 8, 17282 Frantz, A. 6

Frejus, southern France 66, 100

Fremersdorf, F. 84, 97, 108

Freudenthal, Austria 17395

Frunzovka, Pannonia 14190

Funfschilling, S. 34 Fustat (Cairo), Egypt, glass from 169

gaios (glassblower) 55274

Galaxidi, Greece 47, 66, 103

Galilee, Israel 98. See also individual place names.

Ganjiang, Giangsu Province, China 3867

Garlasco, near Milan 62374 Gaul: glassware and glass centers of 4, 50,136; pottery lamps pro

duced in 154

gems 40, 89, 136

Geneva, Switzerland, Musee d'Art et Histoire 173 Gennadia (wife of glassblower) 1889



202 GENERAL INDEX

Georgia 66, 142. See also individual place names.

Germany 4, 9, 41, 46, 52, 88, 96,108,141,168'?, 170,173. See also

Rhineland; individual place names

Gezer, Israel 2555, 155

Giberson, D. 19, 3762

gladiator, depicted on glass 97

glassblowers cooperation of glassblowers and engravers 95 names of 157

Aristeas 64,65 Ariston 55 Artas 552H275 Eirenaios 55274 Ennion 3, 54, 65, 145 Gaios 55274 Neikon 55274 Sentia Secunda 158 Uthman b. Abu Nasr 167

Sidonian 55

working abroad 9, 55, 65, 98, 109

glass furnaces 5, 3762, 44, 58, 187. See also under glass workshops, excavated at. Working at furnace 59, 117

glass industry, in Greece 8, 44, 187-188

glass workshops. See also under Corinth excavated at

Avenches, Switzerland 58

Jalame 44, 135, 136 Lyon, France 58 Rhodes 2, 20, 21, 25 Rome 108

Saintes, France 99 Tanais 95 Tibiscum 84

ZsoltVisy 95130 located near scents industry 57, 58 owner of 157

primary 1769

secondary 1769

specialized 17,41,86,94

glaziers 188

Glykas (4.578) 723

Gnalic, off Dalmatian coast 172

gold: foil 39, 74; particles 55; stand 22

Gordion, Turkey 22

Gorgippia, south Russia 39

Gorin-Rosen,Y. 170

Gorsium, Hungary 95

Gortyn, Crete 114, 137, 150, 15035, 153, 155

Goths, raid of Tanais by 95

Greau collection 42112 Greece. See also individual place names. Glassware found in 2, 3,

9, 20, 21, 24, 2436, 25, 34, 37, 39, 4193>95, 44, 47, 58, 59, 65, 87, 90, 94, 111, 112, 117, 135, 139, 142, 148, 172; glassware pro duced in 1, 2, 20, 21, 44; pottery lamps found in 5, 154

Gregorius, pope (590-604) 153

Gregorovius 7

Gropello Cairoli (Pavia), north Italy 4199

Grose, D. F. 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 33, 334, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39,

40, 41101, 87, 88

guilds of glass workers 52

Gurgan, Iran 171

Gymnasium of the Giants. See Athens, Palace of the Giants

HAAGERUP, DENMARK 96

Hadad, S. 154

Hadrian, coins of 48176, 273

Haevernick, Th. E. 45, 46, 55, 9

Hagoshrim, Israel 23, 25, 33

Hama, Syria 16812, 170

Hanita, Israel 98, 100220, 107, 138, 142

Harden, D. B. 19, 52, 65, 89, 97, 108, 153, 145

Hayes, J. W. 34, 10, 1462; context pottery assessed by 10, 13, 90,

338, 355, 359, 376, 404; deposits assessed by 13, 14, 136. See

also Deposit Summaries

Heis, Somalia 2332 Hellenistic. See chronological labels

Herakleion, Crete 37, 58 Herculaneum: glassware depicted on wall painting 50; glassware

found at 33, 50, 56291, 67, 103, 116; shop selling glass vessels found at 33

Hercules' club as prototype for glass vessels 67

hermits, chain-wearing 170

Hermitage Museum. See St. Petersburg Heruli, destruction of Athens by 1, 3-5, 11-12; glass vessels asso

ciated with 33, 39, 43, 105, 153, 157, 171, 172, 174, 177-181, 183, 184-187, 189, 199, 203, 207-209, 212, 214, 218, 230, 234, 236, 247, 248, 251, 253-256, 258-260, 264, 269, 271, 284, 285, 295-297, 301-303

Highdown Hill, Britain 89 Hildesheim 42112

Hira, Iraq 108339

Hofheim, Germany 11, 49. See also Index of Terms, Techniques, and Materials, Hofheim cups

Hohen-Siilzen, Germany 92

Holloway, R. R. 187

Hungary 47, 88, 94, 96, 105, 108, 109, 114, 136, 141. See also in dividual place names

Hunting: ancient treatise on 90; scene depicted on glass ves

sels 90,97

iberian peninsula 66. See also Portugal; Spain; individual place names

Idalion, Cyprus 60344, 93102, 100219

Ignatiadou, D. 208

Illyria 46

imported glassware. See also trade. In Athens 3, 4, 11, 15, 38, 39, 40, 41, 62, 168, 9; in Greece 40, 58; elsewhere 9, 51, 53, 64,

95, 96, 108, 148, 156

India 7,87

Inscriptiones Graecae (nos. IGW 1534B, 1535) 45

inscriptions, Greek: on glass vessels 3, 48176, 55, 65-66, 89, 90,

97, 113, 157, 158, 109, 145, 146, 172, 386; on ostraka 90; on stone 157; on tombstones 188; retrograde 157;

[ENNIJQN [ET70I]EI 145; [EYOPAINOY] EO [OnAJPEI 65, 66, 146; EYOPA[II02] 18811; Taioq ejcoiei 55274> 283;

Kaxdxoupe kocI eixppawoD 65406; k?p8o<; 65406; k?p8o<; mi

Eixppoativri 66; KepSoc; Kai e-ucppoown oivorcoaia 65406; KOINON BEI0YNIAC 48176; MNHI0H O ATOPAZON 145; oiaXaq (vaXac) 188; nie 89, 90; iue ^noetic; Ka^ax; 90; TPYOC0NOC 157, 386; [xp]? uyUouvcov] 89; XP?> -uyievcov 8954; xpco -uyevcov 8955; Cfyoaiq koca<q<; 89

inscriptions, Latin: on magical gems 89; on glass vessels 89,

105, 158; pie 90; SENTIASE/ CUNDAFA/ CITAQ[uileia] VTTR[earia vel sim] 158153; uterefelix 89

inscriptions, other 832, 167, 171, 173, 288, 366 Intercisa (modern Dunaujvaros), Hungary 95, 109 Ioron (ancient), northern Greece 35, 37, 46, 49, 65406, 88, 112,

114 Iran. See Persia

Iraq 149 Irene (Byzantine empress) 7

Isings, C 48, 51, 54, 56, 58, 66, 67, 117, 150 Islamic. See also Ottoman. Glassware and glass centers 8, 831, 83,

109, 155, 15518, 167, 168, 169, 171 Israel 2436, 57, 93, 109, 135, 136, 137, 13727, 15269. See also indi

vidual place names

Istanbul. See also Constantinople. Glassware produced at 8, 831, 9; Sarachane 8,150, 152

Isthmia, near Corinth 139

Istria 40

Italy. See also Langobard; individual place names. Economic cri

sis in 4; glass gems produced in 40; glassware exported from 4, 11, 40, 41, 44, 53; glassware found in 8, 20, 2436, 25,

36, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 88,

93, 94, 96, 100, 103, 105, 105304, 108-109 111, 115, 117, 135,

137,141,147,151,152,154; glassware produced in 3, 4,9,11,

1871, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 55, 59, 61, 64, 67, 83, 94,

111,13856; pottery lamps found in 154; technical innovations

in glassworking in 64, 111

jalame, Israel: glassware found at 44, 98, 99, 101, 106313, 107,

107331,109, 135, 136,137,139,156; glassware produced at 44,



GENERAL INDEX 203

135, 136, 137; pottery and lamps found at 1351

Jerash (ancient Gerasa), Jordan 100220, 14928, 151, 152, 155, 169

Jerusalem: Dominus Flevit 154101; glassware found at 25, 34, 42, 43, 62381, 65, 105, 109, 114, 154, 155; pottery found at 139;

tube-blowing at 43; Wa'r Abu es Safa 63

Jones, R. E. 17, 58312, 189

Jordan 107, 152. See also individual place names

Jordan, J. D. 1357, 1466

Judaean Desert, Israel 63, 87, 88, 116

Junius Bassus, "basilica" of 83

Justin II, coin of 380

Justinian 6, 8525

Juvenal (10.26) 136

kabul, afghanistan 9061

Kaiseraugst (ancient Castrum Rauracense) 3419,138,140. See also

Augst Kabeirion. See under Thebes

Kadirh, southern Turkey 113427

Kaiseri, central Turkey 113427

Kallipolis, northern Greece 157

Karanis, Egypt 1255, 52, 84, 87, 88, 92, 96, 97, 102, 104, 107, 112, 136, 13842, 14P6, 147, 153

Karditsa, central Greece 103

keldertje. See boxes

Kempten 114

Kenchreai, eastern port of Corinth 83, 85, 86, 135

Kerameikos, Athens: bronze vessels found in 47173; evidence for

glass working in 188; glassware found in 67 Kerch 100, 108, 136, 156

Kern, J. H. C. 54, 55

Kharga oasis, Egypt 83 Khirbat al-Karak 112, 152 Khirbat Siar al Ghanam 155

Kisa, A. 90, 91

Kish, Iraq 138, 167, 168

Knauer, E. R. 158

Knossos, Crete 24,34, 3645, 37,40,56; Monasteriaki Kephala 34, 58, 60, 62379, 93, 104, 111386; Unexplored Mansion 24, 34, 36, 3756, 38, 39, 40, 4091, 4195, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51232, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60349, 62379, 63, 67, 88, 95, 99, 100, 101, 104, 111386, 112, 155

Kolchida, Kilkis (northern Greece) 149 Korea 136 Kos 24,42 Kosanovo, Pannonia 14190

Kostolac, Serbia 104

Krasnodar, Museum of History and Archaeology 3981

Krug collection 98

Kunina, N. 68 Kush. See Sudan

labino, d. 19

ladles, depicted on Pompeian wall painting 56289

Lamm, C.J. 171

lamps, depicted in floor mosaics 136 Lane, A. 171

Langobard glassware 147 Late Antique. See chronological labels Late Roman. See chronological labels Lavezzi A, shipwreck 110

Lazar, I. 158153 Lebanon 67, 109. See also individual place names

Lehrer-Jacobson, G. 157, 145

Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden 54265, 8955 lenobates 97

Lesbos. S^Mytilene Leuna, Germany 96 Leuven (Louvain), Belgium 51232, 102259

Libya 46,49 Lierke, R. 42, 59, 89, 90, 91, 92

Lightfoot, C. 51

Limassol, Cyprus 94118, 103, 105303 Linz, Austria 158153 Locarno (Ticino). SeeSolduno London: British Museum 19, 67436, 95, 96162, 1677, 17281; Univer

sity College, Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology 9063,

93113; Victoria and Albert Museum 172

Loulan, Xinjiang, China 52238 Lucius Verus 83, 8630

Lugone di Said (Brescia), north Italy 47, 115452 Luni 108335 Luxor 14080

Lyon, France 58, 60, 61, 101, 111, 113

Macedonia, Greece 2, 21, 2222, 4195, 58. See also individual place names

MacKay, C 10

Magdalensberg, Austria 4091, 44, 46, 50, 51, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 100, 103, 111, 111389, 116

Makrygialos, Greek Macedonia 139

Malibu, California, The J. Paul Getty Museum 55272

Malesina, near Lamia, central Greece 48 Mamluk rulers (1250-1517) 8

Manda, Kenya 168, 169

Mantua, north Italy 108335 Manuel I, coin of 321 Maon 155121 marble objects: mortar and pestle 12; opus sectile 83 Marche, central Italy 63

Maresha, Israel 25

Marseille, France 66416, 148, 157. See also Aix-en-Provence, col

loquium Martial (Epigr. 12.74) 22

martyrs 153

Matushima, I. 3762

Mautern, Pannonia 14190 Maxwell collection 90

McClellan, M. C 10, 12, 19, 21, 65, 174

medicines, medicinal substances 158, 170; glass vessels for 57, 172

Megara 46, 60352, 65406

Meiron, Israel 137

Melas, Lydia, collection 59

Melos, Greece 67

Mennella, G. 158

Menninger, M. 101 menorah with cone-shaped glass lamps, depicted in mosaic 136 Merida, Spain 42

Merovingian glassware 18, 135, 147, 148, 156, 168 Mesad Tamar, Israel 92, 137, 154 Mesomedes of Crete 44

Mesopotamia 19, 22, 116 metal working. See Agora, industrial activities and establishments Middle Imperial. See chronological labels

military, Roman, glassware associated with 46, 49, 52, 95 miniatures, Turkish 942

Mitropoli, Thessaly 46

modiolus, depicted in Pompeian wall painting 56289 Monasteriaki Kephala. See under Knossos Monte Lecco, Italy 170

Montfort, Crusader castle 170

Montmaurin, France 94124

Monza, northern Italy 153

Morgantina, Sicily 46

Morris, William, glass artist 59328 mosaics, architectural 8412, 86, 97, 136, 188. See also El Djem;

Thysdrus Mount Nebo 155 mouse 42 Mural to, Switzerland 4198

Murano, glassmakers from 8, 86. See also Venice Moslem. Islamic

mythological subjects depicted on glass vessels 90, 97

Mytilene, Lesbos 35, 36, 38, 45, 46, 50, 51, 59

nahariya, israel 57, 92, 98, 107331, 142

Naples: Capodimonte Museum 97172; National Archaeological Museum 45131,53

Narbonne, southern France 50, 55274, 85 Naxos, Greece 37, 51, 100, 117 Neikon (glassblower) 55274

Nenna, M.-D. 20, 34, 3978, 97. See also Aix-en-Provence



204 GENERAL INDEX

Neoplatonic School 6 Nessana 155 Netherlands 46, 63. See also individual place names

Newark, Newark Museum 65407, 155110 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 83

Nida-Heddernheim, near Frankfurt am Main, Germany 112

Nijmegen, Netherlands 42, 53, 66, 91, 95, 115455 Nilotic scenes depicted in glass 85

Nimes, France 112 Nimrud 22, 96, 97

Nishapur, eastern Iran 168, 169

Nisyros, Dodecanese 46

Norling-Christensen, H. 52

Normandy 112

Novae, Bulgaria 155

Nymphaion, Kerch 45131, 47

oil. See also scents. Holy 153, 158; production of 158; vessels for 12,56,110

01cay,Y. 154 Oliver Jr., A. 52, 53, 85

Olympia 22,56,88, 117

Oppenlander Collection 4086

Orange, France 114441

Oropos, Attica 48, 59, 103, 104, 111, 112, 116 Ostia 97,108335, 135,137 ostrakon listing lighting devices 90 Ottoman 831, 9, 16824, 172, 392, 393

Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 108339

Oxyrhynchus papyri 44122, 157

padua, italy 101

Palaiokastro, northern Greece 37, 4195 Palestine 254*, 48, 49, 56, 62, 92, 98, 100, 105, 107, 108346, 116,

117, 136, 139. See also individual place names

Palestrina, Italy 22 Pannonia. See also individual place names. Glassware found

in 105, 105304, 141, 152; glassware produced in 5, 94, 95, 109, 136, 141, 148

Panticapaeum 39, 3981, 4195, 46144, 47, 53256, 68, 68451, 99197, 100, 102, 112

papyrus, as motif on glass vessels 42. See also Oxyrhynchus pa

pyri Paris: Frits Lugt Collection 15387; Musee du Petit Palais, Collec

tion Dutuit 157145 Parthenon. See under Athens Patras 36, 41, 46, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 139, 151, 152, 172

Pella, Jordan 142

Peloponnese 8, 157

Pennsylvania 173

Peqi'in, Israel 57

Pergamon 103, 104, 117

Perissa, Thera 51225, 103275, 117471, 140

Persepolis 45

Persia(n) 2,9,24, 171, 172 Persian Gulf 38, 49, 67. See also individual place names

Petra, Jordan 135, 147, 148, 154, 155

pharmacy, ship's 172

Phidias, workshop of 22

Philippicus, coin of 354

Philippoi, northern Greece 35, 3649 Phoenicia 20,65

pinecone, used as stopper for a glass jug 42, 139, 315 Pitane. Qandarh

Pliny (HN), 43, 51, 158 PoblomeJ. 102259 Poetovio (modern Ptuj), Slovenia 56, 114, 152 rcoieiv 158

Poitiers, France 112396

polycandelon 153

Pombalinho, Portugal 142

Pompeii: glassware found at 45, 47, 50, 53, 55, 56, 67, 93, 110,

116, 116464; silverware found at 47; wall painting, House of

Julia Felix 56289 Pontic. See Black Sea region Portugal 46, 49, 52, 67, 88, 94, 108, 109, 113, 114, 137. See also

individual place names

Port Vendres II, shipwreck 110, 148

pottery vessels: depicted on wall painting 50; for drinking less at tractive than glass 22. See also Agora, context material.

Po Valley, north Italy 63, 99

powder: cosmetic 58; vitreous 158, 176

prices of different types of glass 17, 57, 59, 60, 87. See also com

parisons Price Edict. See Diocletian, Price Edict of

Price, J. 12, 5P32, 52, 61, 64, 67, 87, 88, 110

Pseudo-Apuleius 158

Ptuj. See Poetovio

Pula, Archaeological Museum of Istria 4086 Punic core-formed vessels 11,9

Pydna, Greece 208

Pylos 24, 37, 59

qalat seman, syria 169

Quseir al-Qadim, Egypt 3864, 52240, 88, 171

ragusa. Dubrovnik Ras Ibn Hani, Syria 2332

Raya, southern Sinai 169

Regia. See Rome, Forum Romanum

Regio Didymoteichou, northern Greece 50

reliquaries 9, 170 retail 33

Rethymnon, Crete 3649

Rhineland, Germany. See also individual place names. Glassware found in 42, 47, 61, 90, 94,114,136,141,151,156,171; glass ware produced in 95, 108, 136; migration of glassblowers to 98

Rimini, Italy, glass opus sectile panel found at 85

Ritterling, E. 49

Rottloff, A. 52, 53, 95 Rhodes 2, 20, 21, 2222, 25, 40, 172, 18811; international glass con

ference of 2001 68

Robinson, H. S. 11,14 Roffia, E. 99 Rome. See also trade, contacts. "Basilica" of Junius Bassus 83;

Crypta Balbi 137, 153; Forum Romanum, Regia 41, 57303. giass anc[ giass manufacturing at 3, 37, 38, 41, 42, 55, 8520, 90, 91, 108, 108335, 109, 152, 159; Gorga collec tion 83, 8630; Museo dei Conservatori 831; Sidonian

glassblowers at 55; tabernae below Temple of Magna Mat er 137, 153; Vatican Museums 25, 1354; villa of Lucius Verus 83, 8630

Rotroff, S.I. 10, 11,26 Romania 56, 66, 99, 109, 113. See also individual place names

Russia, southern 45, 47159,48, 53, 54265, 56, 66, 67,99,136. See also individual place names

Riitti, B. 45, 84

sackrau, Poland 38, 83, 84

Sagalassos, Turkey 102

Sagui, L. 97176

Saintes, southwest France 99,111 Saint Gervais 3, shipwreck 105308

Salona, Croatia 68455

Samaria, Israel 25, 41, 93108, 153, 154 Samarkand 9 Samarra 155 Samos 21, 35, 49, 61, 14297,150, 152 Samothrace: dates of early blown vessels revised by Dusenbery 43;

glassware found on 11, 25* 35, 36, 3979, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58317, 59, 60, 62, 67, 68, 103, 111, 116, 117; pontil scars on early vessels found at 44, 50219; tomb on, redated by Grose 11

San Giovanni di Ruoti, south Italy 137 Santorini. S^Thera Sarachane. See under Istanbul

Sarapis 56 Sardinia 47. See also individual place names

Sardis, Turkey 94124, 95131, 96, 152, 156 Sasanian: capture of Dura Europos 95; glassware 138, 167, 168

Savaria, Pannonia 14190

Savona, Italy 170 Scandinavia 52, 94, 149. See also individual place names



GENERAL INDEX 205

scents, scented oils, water 48176, 57, 171; vessels for 21, 48, 169 schools of philosophy and rhetoric 6, 7

Schlick-Nolte, B. 19

Schreurs, J. W. H. 1768

Schuler, R 23 Scribonius Largo (physician) 57 sea shells 14 Seleucia. See Tell Umar Sentia Secunda (glassblower) 158 Serce Limani, south Turkey 167

settlements, glassware used at. See civil settlements

Seviac, France 90

Seyisoglu, Turkey 95131

Sfax, Tunisia, Archaeological Museum 45135

shipwrecks 2544>50, 36, 37, 105308, 110, 172 Shiraz 9

Sicily 109, 135, 139, 151, 153 Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi 66432 Sidon 43, 55, 64, 65, 107

Sigma table 617

Silchester, Britain 114444 silk industry 8

Simon, E. 97

Sindos, Greece 208

Siphnos: bronze vessels found on 53257; glassware found on 35, 45, 57, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 97, 101, 105, 54; pottery found on 100

Siraf, Iran 16821, 16925

Skyros, Greece 172

Slane, K. W. 8525, 1352 Slavic 6, 7 Slovenia 54, 158153. See also individual place names

Solduno/Locarno (Ticino), Switzerland 108335, 113421, 114

Sorokina, N. P. 94, 117

Spain. See also individual place names. Glassware found in 20, 25, 3643, 46, 47, 47160, 49, 55, 61, 65, 67, 88, 93, 94, 100, 104288, 329;

glassware produced in 4, 9, 55, 61

Sphakaki Pankalochorion, Crete 46, 60

Sphakaki Polioudaki, Crete 100

Sphakia, Crete 117

Spilia Eordaia, Greece 9289

Split, Croatia 172; Archaeological Museum 68455

Spontin, Belgium 142101

Stackelberg, Otto Magnus von 947 St. Albans, England 42 status goods 53260

Stein, Switzerland 89, 8958

Sternini, M. 157 St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis Art Museum 55272

Stockholm, Cyprus Collection 140 St. Petersburg (Russia), Hermitage Museum 45131, 46144, 54265,

68, 100221

storage and shipping. See also cosmetics; medicines; scents of liquids and solids 115, 116, 158 vessels for

of glass 12, 57, 92, 110-117, 153, 158, 168 of pottery 12, 21, 232

Strada Collection 65410

Strasbourg, France 112, 114

Straubing, southern Germany 96160

StroszeckJ. 1887 Sudan 41, 142 Sulla, destruction of Athens by 1, 3537

Sungurlu, Turkey 104 Surname-i Humayun 942

Susa, Iran 169 Switzerland 46, 52, 88, 103, 170, 171. See also individual place

names

synagogues 51, 15521

Syria(n). See also individual place names. Glass and glass cen ters 6, 48, 94, 101, 107, 117, 138, 139, 140, 141, 151, 152; settlement at Intercisa 109355

Syro-Palestinian glass, glass centers 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 21, 23, 24, 25, 34, 38, 43, 44, 47, 52, 55, 64, 66, 67, 88, 93108, 107, 136, 137, 139, 140, 150, 151, 154, 155, 170, 344, 354. See also individual

place names

Szony, Hungary 47168

TABALIYA, ISRAEL 170

Taborelli, L. 48, 158 Talmud 87 Taman peninsula 39 Tamerlane 9

Tanagra 21, 65406, 66

Tanais, south Russia 94, 95, 96, 100, 157

Tarquinia, Italy, glass from 170

Tarrha, Crete 35, 37

Tarsus, Turkey 55, 55274

taxes, imperial 48176

Taxila, Afghanistan 3866

Tebtynis, Egypt 52240

Tehran, Archaeological Museum 45138

Tek, T 157 Tel Anafa, Israel: chronology of 33; glassware found at 23, 24,

25, 33, 41 Tel Aviv, Israel, Haaretz Museum 155119 Tell Umar (ancient Seleucia), glass from 167, 169 Tel Rosh Ha'ayin, Israel 63

Tenos, Greece 3649

Tepe Madraseh. S^Nishapur Tharros, Sardinia 156 Thasos 21, 103, 111387, 136, 150, 157

Thebes, Greece

glassware found at 99, 111 Kabeirion 46,48,51,53,55

medieval 8

Theodosius, coin of 321

Theophano (Byzantine empress) 7 Thera. See also individual place names

glassware found on 35, 48, 49, 51, 93, 103, 112, 116, 117 Sellada necropolis 48183

Thessaloniki

Archaeological Museum 142103

glassware found at 35, 37, 38, 49, 50, 58, 62, 65406, 66-68, 99, 104, 139, 142, 171, 172

Roman Baths (Agora) 45, 51, 64, 93 medieval and later 7

Thessaly 150

Thyrreion, Phocis 60

Thysdrus, mosaic found at 97

Tibiscum, Romania 84 Ticino area, Switzerland 46, 56, 60, 61, 93100, 109, 112, 113

Tipasa, Algeria 100

Titus, coins of 62, 105

Toledo, Ohio, Toledo Museum of Art 19, 38, 3981, 54265, 68, 15386

Tomi (modern Constantsa), Romania 56297, 66416 Tommaso da Modena 17168

Tongeren (Tongres), Belgium 114442

toponymic 55

Tosephta, Berakhot 136

Tracy, S. 8953 trade. See also export; imported glassware

contacts of Athens with Rome 3, 38 of Aquileia with Magadalensberg 46 of Illyria with Black Sea region 46 of Sidon 65

in blanks (half products) 88 in cullet (broken vessels) 167 in finished products 46, 88 in raw glass 17

long distance 36 downriver along the Rhine 46 seaborne (in the Mediterranean) 7, 36, 50, 51, 52, 66, 68,

83, 86. See also shipwrecks with Red Sea and India 7, 87, 88

medieval and later 7, 8, 9, 167, 172

objects of (versus personal property) 173 wholesale 33

Tradeliere, shipwreck. &?Antibes

Traianoupolis, northern Greece 117

Trajan, coin of 115, 273

Triandaphyllides, P 20, 95143, 18811

Trier, Germany 84, 109, 112, 148



206 GENERAL INDEX

Tripoli, Libya 50

Tripolitania, north Africa 3643, 66432, 99204

Tryphon (glassblower) 6, 157

Tryphon, other persons named 157

Tsakirgis, B. 10, 8947 Tulul al-Uhaidir, Iraq 169

Turcograecia 941

Turin, Museo di Antichita 65407

Turkey 25, 34, 46, 67, 89, 94,105,110, 113,11342?, 116, 172. See also Anatolia; individual place names

Tyre 98,107 Tzankarolas, Stephanos (painter) 946

uboldi, m. 153

Uctepe, Turkey 95 Ulu Burun, south Turkey 1769

unguents 57

Urbino, central Italy 63390

Urbnis, Georgia 113425

Usk, Wales 147 Uthman b. Abu Nasr (Islamic glassmaker) 167

valdini collection 47166 Valentinian I, coin of 156134

Valkenburg, Z.H., Netherlands 66425, 112, 13972 Van Lith, S. 45, 49 , 50, 56

Varpelev, Denmark 9285

Vasa, Cyprus 50, 100219, 153 Vatican Museums. See under Rome

Velleia, Italy 53 Venice 9,172

Ventimiglia, north Italy 108342

Vergina, northern Greece 22

Verulamium, Britain 109, 112, 114444

Vespasian, coins of 57308, 62, 105, 273; emperor 58

Vetralla, Italy 51236

Vindonissa, Switzerland 38, 45, 53, 66, 66425, 67, 112

viriae, viriolae 158

Visigoths 5 vitriaria (herb) 158

Vitudurum (Oberwinterthur), Switzerland 46 Voivode of Athens, depiction of 947 Von Saldern, A. 41

Vroom,J. 404 Vrtoce Donje, Bosnia and Herzegovina 156

wall paintings 49-50, 56289, 135 Wa'r Abu es Safa. ̂ Jerusalem Weinberg, G. D. 1, 835,10,12,13,1357,1464,17, 2328, 2557, 3538,42,

65409, 84, 91, 114, 156, 171, 187, 28, 65, 69, 77, 401

Whitehouse, D. 8 wine 12, 22, 26, 171; vessels for 12, 14, 26, 97, 115, 170, 171 woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) 158

Wolf, Ernesto, collection 47

xi'an, shaanxi province, china 98185

yoqne'am, israel 168 York Minster, Britain 98

Ypati (near Lamia) 21

Yalova, Messenia 2443

Yehiam, Israel 57, 100220

zara, Croatia: Archaeological Museum 47167

Zaton, harbor, Croatia 48, 50, 51, 52, 66, 66416, 68, 113422 Zonaras {Lib. 17.9) 723 Zosimus (6.1-3) 613 Zsolt Visy, Hungary 95130

Zulpich-Enzen, Germany 89, 8958



INDEX OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES Bold typeface indicates catalogue entry numbers.

1-3 2,19, 20, 27, 59 4-8 2, 19, 20-21, 27, 59 9 2, 11, 19,20,21,27,59 10 2, 19, 20, 21, 28, 59 11 2,21-22,28,36 12 2, 23-24, 28, 15, 16 13-16 23-24,28 17-21 24-25, 29, 36 22-25 21,24-25,29,36 26-35 21, 24-25, 30, 36 36 2, 25-26, 31 37 26,31 38 3, 33-36, 45, 69 39-43 33-36, 45, 69 44 3, 33-36, 45, 69 45 33-36, 45, 69 46 3, 33-36, 45, 69 47 33-36, 45, 70 48 11,33-36,45,70 49-57 33-36, 45, 70 58 33-36, 45, 71 59-62 36, 71 63-64 34, 35, 37, 38, 45, 67, 71 65-66 37, 38, 71 67-68 37, 38, 72 69 37, 38, 72, 84 70-71 37, 38, 72 72 37, 38, 72, 83, 84 73 39, 72 74 39-40, 59, 73 75-76 40-41,73,88 77 40-41,73,80,88, 144 78-79 40-41,73 80 41-42, 50, 55, 73, 89, 91 81 41-42,73 82 42, 73, 139 83 44-45,74 84-88 43, 44, 45-46, 67, 74 89-90 44, 46-47, 74 91 47-49, 74, 93 92-95 47-49, 75, 93 96 47-49,51,75,76,93,103 97 11,49-50,75, 135 98 49-50, 75, 135 99-100 11,49,50-51,75 101 49,50-51,76 102 49, 50-51, 76, 106 103 49,50-51,76, 106,96 104 51,52-53,76,87,94,95 105 51-52, 53, 56, 76, 87, 94, 95 106-107 54, 76, 101 108 54, 76, 101, 102 109 54-55, 76 110 54-55,77, 111, 112 111-112 54-55,77 113 55-56,63,77,114 114 55-56,77 115 56,77,116 116 56,77 117 57, 77

118 57,58-59,77 119 11,43,57,58,59,77 120 43, 57, 58, 60, 78, 130 121 57, 58, 60, 78 122 57,60-61,78,123 123 57,60-61,78,122 124 57,60,61,78 125 43,57,60,61,78 126 57,60,61,78 127 57, 60, 61-62, 78 128-129 57, 62, 78 130 57, 62, 79, 120 131-132 57, 62-63, 79 133 56,63,79 134-139 63,79 140-141 63,80 142-143 64,80 144 64, 80, 77 145 3, 44, 65, 80 146 3, 44, 65-66, 80 147 44, 65, 66-67, 80 148 44, 65, 66-67, 81 149 44, 65, 67-68, 81 150 44,65,67-68,81, 150 151 44, 65, 68, 81

152 38,83-84,118 153 3, 12,83,84-86, 110, 118 154-156 87-89,94, 118 157 12,87-89,94, 118 158 87-89,94,118 159-160 87-89,94, 119 161 16,87-89,94, 119 162 87-89,94,119 163 41,87-89,94, 119 164 87-89,94,119 165 87-89,94, 119, 166 166 87-89,94, 119, 167 167 15,87-89 94, 119 168-170 87-89, 94, 120 171 12, 87-89, 94, 120 172 89,91,120,199 173 89,120 174 3, 4, 10, 12, 15, 89-92, 120 175-176 92, 121 177 92, 121, 197 178 13, 15,92, 121, 179 179 13,15,92,121 180 92,121 181 92, 121, 180 182 92, 121 183 92, 122 184 4, 12, 48, 93-94, 122, 185 185 4, 12, 48, 93-94, 122, 186 186 4, 12, 48, 93-94, 122, 185 187-191 48, 93-94, 122 192 48, 93-94, 122, 193 193 48, 93-94, 122, 192 194 3, 93-94, 123 195 52, 94-96, 123 196 52,92, 94-96, 123



208 INDEX OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES

197 52,94-96, 123, 141, 188 198 52, 94-96, 123, 141 199 52,94-96, 123, 141, 172 200-201 52, 94-96,123,141 202 94-96, 124 203 4, 96-98,124, 218 204 92, 98, 109, 124 205 98,124 206-207 99,124 208 99,124,207 209-210 99,124 211 99-100, 125 212 12, 99, 100,125 213 100, 107, 125 214 12,100,107,125 215 100-101, 125 216 101,125 217 101-102, 125, 148

218 3,101-102,125,148, 203 219 101-102, 125, 148

220 101-102,126,148,149 221 102, 126, 222 222 102,126 223 102-103, 126 224 4, 102-103, 117, 126

225-226 102-103, 126

227 102,103-104,126 228 3,102,104,126,138 229-230 4, 102, 104, 127, 138 231 4,104,127, 232, 233 232-233 4, 104, 127 234 3, 4,104,127 235 4, 104-105,127 236 3, 4,105, 127 237 105,127 238-246 105,128 247-249 106, 128 250-254 106,129 255-256 12, 106-107, 129

257 106-107, 129 258 12,106-107,129 259 106,107,129 260-263 106, 107,130 264 3, 12,106,107-108, 130

265-268 106,107-108,130 269 4, 108, 130 270 5,108-109,130 271 98, 108, 109, 130 272 3,108,109-110, 131

273-274 108, 110, 131

275 110-114, 131, 156

276-281 64, 110-114, 131, 156

282 64, 110-114, 132, 156

283 64, 110-114, 132, 156, 157

284 13, 64, 110-114, 115, 132, 156

285 13, 64,110-114,132,156 286 64, 110-114, 132, 141, 156

287-288 64, 110-114, 132,156 289 3, 64, 110-114, 132, 156,157 290 64,110-114,132,156,157, 289

291 64, 110-114, 132, 156

292 64, 110-114,133,141, 156

293-294 64, 110-114,133, 156

295 13,64, 110-114, 133, 156

296-297 3, 13, 112, 114, 115,133 298 115,133 299 4, 64,103, 115-117, 133, 141

300 64, 115-117, 133, 141, 142

301 4,12, 64,115-117,134,141, 142

302-303 64, 115-117,134,141, 142

304-305 5, 135,143 306 13, 135-136, 143, 149, 153

307 5, 13,135-136,137, 143,147, 149,153 308 5, 136-137, 143

309 137, 143, 310 310 5, 137, 140, 143

311-312 137-138, 143 313-314 138-139, 141, 144

315 42, 138-139, 141, 144

316 138-139, 140, 141, 144, 147 317 5, 139-140, 144 318-319 139-140, 144

320 139-140, 143, 360 321 140, 144 322 140, 145 323 5, 140-141, 145

324 140, 141, 145 325 141, 145 326 10, 141, 145 327 14, 141,145 328 142, 145 329 116, 117, 142,145 330 13, 116, 142, 146 331 116, 142, 146 332 5, 116, 142, 146,333 333 5,116,142,146,332 334 116, 142, 146 335 6, 147, 160 336-337 147-148, 160

338 149, 160, 359, 376 339-340 14, 149, 160 341 14, 149, 160, 342 342 149, 160 343 6, 101, 149, 161 344 6, 149-150, 156, 161 345 6, 102, 149-150, 156, 161

346 6, 149, 150,161, 347, 352, 353, 354, 355 347 6, 149, 150, 161, 348, 349, 350, 351

348-351 6,149, 150, 161

352 6, 149, 150, 162 353 6, 14, 149, 150, 162 354 7, 149, 150, 162, 355 355 7,149,150,162 356 150-151, 152, 162 357 150, 151, 162 358 150, 151-152, 162, 379 359 150, 152, 156, 162, 338, 376

360 140, 149, 152, 163, 320 361 149, 152, 163 362 14, 149, 152, 163 363 149, 152, 163 364 152, 163 365 14, 152, 163 366 152, 163 367 152-153, 163 368-369 153, 156, 163 370 153,164 371 153,154,164 372 6, 153, 154-155, 164, 373, 378

373 6, 15, 153, 154-155, 164, 374, 376

374 6, 15, 153, 154-155, 164, 373, 375 375 6, 15, 153, 154-155, 164

376 6, 153, 154-155, 164, 338, 359

377 6, 153, 154-155, 164

378 6, 153,154-155, 164, 377 379 6, 153, 154-155, 164, 358

380 6, 153,154-155, 165

381 6, 149, 150, 155-156, 165

382 156, 159, 165 383-384 156, 165 385 6, 110, 156-158, 165

386 6, 110, 113, 156-158, 165

387 6, 110, 113, 165,388 388 142, 158-159, 166, 387 389 14, 142, 158, 159, 166 390 7, 8,167, 174 391 6, 168, 174 392 6, 8, 168, 174, 393

393 6, 8, 168, 174

394-395 168-169, 174

396 3, 8,169-170, 174, 397

397 3, 8,169-170,174, 396

398 8, 170, 175, 399 399 8, 170, 175 400-401 170-171, 175

402 170, 171-172,175 403 172, 175 404 9, 173, 175



INDEX OF TERMS, TECHNIQUES, AND MATERIALS

Bold typeface indicates catalogue entry numbers.

abrading

decorative 5, 89, 94, 96, 98, 116, 136, 137, 140-141 double-line half hexagons enclosing abraded facets 141,

323 geometric patterns 5, 140 horizontal bands 98,136 in combination with zoned facets 94

origin of 140

finishing technique of mold-pressed decoration 89 alabastra: core-formed 11,20,21,4-6,9; goldband 11, 39

amphoras: Isings Form 15 58, 60-61; miniature 61, 122, 123;

pointed 151; (pottery) prototype for core-formed glass ves sels 21

amphoriskoi: core-formed 20, 21, 22, 1, 10; mold-blown 68

analyses. See also Appendix II C14 170 chemical composition

of core materials 19 of glass objects 13, 1768, 4195, 83*, 9068, 121, 189-191, 153,

174 of metal mold 1672

of contents of glass birds (Isings Form 11) 58312 of skin of Briton warrior 158

Antikythera group of mosaic glass vessels 37

antimony 87

aryballoi: blown 61, 64, 103, 116, 170; core-formed 20, 2, 3; mold-blown 68

base moldings 5, 6, 13, 89, 110-114, 115, 156-158

disfigured by pontil scar 114, 157, 281, 288, 290-292, 295, 297, 386

hexagonal 114 inscribed 89, 158, 386 names in 157-158

rectangular 158153

square, motifs in

ligature? in center with circles in corners 113, 288

quatrefoil 114, 115,291,292 rosette 114, 158,294,387 squares, concentric 113-114, 289, 290

squares, dotted 114,293 swastika 13, 114, 281, 296 wreath? 113,287

with pointed tool mark in center, kicked 114, 291 base rings 63, 106-108

applied 107,259-263 more work than folded 63

folded tubular 63, 106, 135-140, 253, 254

high 106-107,255-258 of pinched-out toes 3, 12, 107-108, 264-268 true 63, 141

bases 106, 156 concave 106, 247, 248 flat

with blue trail 106, 249 with central boss or knob imitating lathe cutting 53, 88,

163, 171 kicked 17, 104, 142, 152, 154, 155, 156, 172, 382 knob 383

pointed 135-136, 153 solid 48, 51, 100, 106, 250-252

stepped coil 99, 210, 211 baskets. &tfwickerwork bead: as vessel stem (knop stem) 101; melon bead (glass or fa

ience) 203; workshop 84 beaded. See crimped knobs

beading (of rim) 25 beakers 4, 9, 11, 12, 41, 42, 44, 47-53, 63, 67-68, 91, 92-94, 95,

96, 100, 106, 107, 109, 135, 136, 156, 168,169, 170, 173 indented 47-49, 93-94, 91-96, 187-192, 194?

Faltenbecher 93

mold-blown, knobbed 67-68, 149, 150

strongly colored 41, 50-51, 78, 99-101 truncated conical. See also under lamps

enameled, peasant-type 173, 404 facet-cut 52-53, 104

used as reliquaries 170 with ceramic profiles, carinated 12, 41, 78 with ground rims

linear-cut 50-51,99-101 with unworked rims (Isings Form 106)

plain and linear-cut 92, 175-183. See also under cups blanks (half products, e.g., undecorated vessels) 52, 88, 90, 91,

95

blowing commercial 43,57 offhand, free 138

technique 17

development of 43-44

spread of 4, 9

traditions, Late Roman 1871

blowing spirals 16

blowpipes: ceramic, glass, and metal 43; collar of glass, on 17; used in production of colorband vessels (modern Venetian

technique) 59 bowls 3, 4, 12, 37-38, 57, 83-84, 87-89, 96-100, 135, 136-138,

140, 141, 147, 167, 168. See also fluted bowls; grooved bowls; linear-cut bowls; ribbed bowls; lamps cast. See colorless cast vessels decoration of

applied thread (thread-wound) 99-100, 210, 211 dots or blobs 136, 137, 308 dots and thread 147, 335

expanded mold-blown pattern of interlocking circles 138, 311

expanded mold-blown ribs 138, 147-148, 312, 324, 336, 337

figure-cut 4, 96-98, 203

opaque white thread along rim 168, 391

pinched trails 98, 204 lidded 99, 100

mold-blown, finely ribbed 66-67, 147, 148

honeycomb bowls 138

mold-pressed, decorated with high relief 41-42, 80 mosaic glass 37-38, 83-84, 63-71, 72?, 152 shallow. &tf trulla tubular rimmed

shallow, with tubular folded base ring 57, 98, 117, 205 with broad tubular collar rims 137, 309, 310



210 INDEX OF TERMS, TECHNIQUES, AND MATERIALS

with ceramic profiles 40-41,75 rim with serrated edge 40, 77

with ground rims

segmental 136, 137, 308 with heat-rounded rims 100, 168, 213, 214 with out-turned rims

plain 99,206-208 with nicked coils on rim 99, 209

with stepped coil base 99-100, 210, 211 with tubular fold (projecting flange) below rim 100-101,

215 bronze: coins 12; vessels 12, 56, 47173, 53257; objects as proto

types for glass objects 108 bulbous bottles 8, 9, 11, 39, 43, 57-62, 65, 68, 93, 96, 102, 103,

104, 106, 107, 109, 153, 168, 169, 171. See also unguentaria coarse ware 168, 392, 393 colorband 58-59, 118

mold-blown, with band of scrolls 65, 68, 151

shaped as a gourd. See also under bulbous flasks

ovoid, thick-walled 171, 401

strongly colored 61-62, 124, 126 tall-necked 57-60, 61-62, 127

tube-blown 43 thread-wound 60, 120, 121

with embedded threads 11, 59, 119 bulbous flasks 3, 4, 5, 9, 14, 93, 98, 101, 102, 104-105, 106, 107,

108, 109, 116, 150-152, 156, 168, 170-171 base forms of 104, 108, 156 decoration of

expanded spiral or vertical ribbing 152, 236 indents 93

loosely wound trail around neck and/or mouth 151, 152

neckcqil 153,356

opaque white trail along top of rim 168, 394, 395

spiral thread, thread-wound 105, 151, 236

shaped as a gourd. See also under bulbous bottles

globular, with one side flattened 168-169, 394, 395

spherical, globular 104, 116, 152 stemmed foot 152 tall-necked

wine flasks 170-171 with bulge at base of neck 172 with cup-shaped mouth and flaring rim 171-172, 402 with neck coil 151, 170, 356 with neck with projecting tubular fold 170-171, 400 with rolled rim 152, 360, 361 with two handles, funnel mouth (diota) 150-151, 356 with (vestigial) funnel mouth 151, 152, 170, 357-359,

363, 400 with funnel mouths 151-152, 362, 364-366 with funnel necks, shape of body unknown

short and flaring 104, 231-233 tall and straight, heat-rounded rim 104-105, 235 tall and straight, unworked rim 104, 234

cage cups' 12, 13, 89-92, 174 candlesticks 154

casting 25-26, 40, 42; replaced by mold-pressing and sagging on

stationary or turning molds 22-23 cast glass. See also colorless cast vessels. Colorless and monochrome

hellenistic vessels 26; colorless and monochrome objects 42; mosaic glass 37

ceramic. See pottery ceramic profiles, glass vessels with 3, 40-41, 42, 73, 88

opaque fine wares 41, 73, 78 translucent fine wares 40, 73, 75-77

emerald green 40, 49, 75, 76

light green 40, 77 other colored fine wares 41, 73, 79

relationship with colorless cast vessels 40, 88

chalices, stemmed cups 53, 54; knop stems of 54, 108; rims of,

stepped 54, 106; two-handled 54, 107 chill marks, in vessels squared free hand 112 coin impressions, on underside of glass vessels 48, 105 collar rims: broad tubular, of bowls 137, 309, 310; folded verti

cally 4, 103, 113, 116-117, 224, 299 color. See also strongly colored glass. Chronological significance

of 4, 5, 138-139; introduction of transparent to translu cent glass 21; natural bluish green tableware in imitation

of silver 53 colored decoration

dots 5,136-137,307,308 dots combined with threads 6, 147, 335 threads 11, 19-21, 22, 39, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 58, 59-60, 106,

109,147,148,151,168-169,170.' See also thread decoration, colored

decoration, colored blue 22, 45, 106, 140, 147, 148, 151, 168, 169, 88

opaque white 11, 20, 39, 43, 45, 59, 60,147,148,168,170, 84-87, 119, 315, 358?, 394, 395

opaque yellow, of reticella glass 39, 73

polychrome, of core-formed vessels 19-21, 1-10 colorless cast vessels 87-89, 118-120

base rings 120, 170, 171 broad-rimmed bowls and plates

with overhang at edge of rim 154, 155 without overhang at edge of rim 156-162

with facet cutting 88 with everted rim 119, 163 with overhanging rim 119, 164 with rounded rim 119-120, 165-169

colorless glass, introduction of 51, 87, 89; facet-cut vessels 51, 104, 105, 195-202; fluted bowls 23, 12; Hellenistic ves sels 25-26, 36, 37; ribbed bowls 34, 35, 52

colors. See also opaque glass "black" 86 emerald green 40, 49, 75, 76 information 17 of beakers with ground rims 50-51 of core-formed vessels 20-21

handles of Mediterranean Group III 21 of polychrome luxury wares 36-40, 58-59 of fluted bowls 23 of grooved bowls 24 of Hofheim cups 49 of linear-cut bowls 36 of ribbed bowls 34,35 of vessels with ceramic profiles 40-41 of zarte Rippenschalen 45

conical and cone-shaped vessels 13, 135-136. See also under

lamps. Function of 135-136; linear-cut 136, 306; with blue dot decoration 136, 307

copper: glassblower's mold of copper alloy 167; melting of 1871; wick holders 149

core-formed glass 19-21; Mediterranean Group I 20, 1-3; Mediterranean Group II 20-21, 4-8; Mediterranean Group III 21,9,10

crimped knobs 169-170, 396, 397 crushed glass

as decoration of glass vessels 107 as material for

casting 23, 88

core-forming 19, 1

goldband glass 74

pigments made from 58 cullet (broken glass vessels for recycling) 167

cup-kantharos, glass, pottery and silver 2, 26, 36

cups 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 41, 42, 44-46, 47, 48, 49-50, 60, 64-66, 89, 92-96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 106, 109, 135, 136, 140, 141, 147, 156, 167, 169. See also cage cups facet-cut

honeycomb patterns 95, 195 zoned and geometric patterns 94-96, 196-202

hemispherical, with unworked rims

plain and linear-cut (Isings Form 96) 13, 92, 175-179, 180?

with blue and (other colored) dot decoration 136 Hofheim 11,49-50,97 indented 12, 47-49, 93-94, 184-186, 194? linear-cut 49-50, 135, 98, 304, 305

mold-blown Ennion 65, 145

shaped as the head of an African 157 with mold-blown inscriptions 65-66, 146

mold-pressed with horizontal ridges 41, 79 with inscriptions in relief 89, 172, 173

stemmed. See chalices




with expanded mold-blown pattern of dimples 7, 8, 167, 390

with pinched-out ribs 44-46, 83 zarte Rippenschalen 45-46, 84-88

cylindrical bottles 5, 12, 23, 64, 115-117, 141, 142, 158-159

decoration of 116, 142 linear-cut 5, 116, 142, 332, 333

function of 116 handle forms of 116, 117, 142

one-handled 117, 133-134, 142, 299-301, 329 two handled 117, 134, 142, 302, 303, 330-334

without handles 142, 158-159, 328, 388 mold-blown and free blown 116 rim forms of 115-116,142

collar rim 116-117,299 funnel mouth or flaring rim 5, 12,116, 117, 142, 158-159;

plain 159, 388; with rim coil 117, 301-303; with tubular fold (projecting roll) 10, 117, 300

triangular folded rim 64, 144 tall-necked 142,330

typology of 115-116 used as jugs (tableware) 140-141 with overblow at shoulder as indicator of mold-blowing 116

cylindrical flasks (Isings Form 102) 158

DECORATION, CLASSIFICATION OF 44 dichroic glass 94 diotas 150-151,356 dishes 12, 41, 57, 88, 98, 99, 100, 107, 136, 137, 138

blown oval 107,263 thread-wound 100,212

cast colorless, oval 162, 167

drinking vessels: glass 9, 12, 14, 22, 41, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 90, 94, 102, 135, 136, 147, 149, 153, 155, 156130, 171, 173; metal 22, 25, 26; pottery 22, 25, 26, 47; wood 25

dulling 16 dust specks 92 eastern Mediterranean koine 6 enameled glass 9,173,404

exaleiptron, in Athenian inventory lists 2

expanded mold-blown glass (pattern-blown) 7, 137-138, 139, 140, 141, 147-148, 152, 157, 167

patterns of

dimples, circular depressions 167

hexagons, honeycomb bowls 8, 138

interlocking circles 138, 311

spiral ribbing 138, 139, 140, 147-148, 152, 274?, 316, 321, 336, 337, 359

sunken ovals 167, 390 vertical ribbing 138, 141, 159, 312, 324

FABRIC, DEFINITION OF 17 facet cutting 5, 44, 51-53, 55, 56, 87-88, 92, 94-95, 116, 141. See

also abrading origin and development of 51-52, 94

geometric patterns 96, 201 mold for 95

honeycomb patterns 52-53, 95 in rows 53, 96

shapes of facets concave circular and concave oval 51, 94 diamonds and hexagons 51 rice facets 94, 196

shallow flutes 96, 202

suggesting convex bosses 87-88 surface facets 51, 87, 104, 105, 195 zoned 5, 94-96, 141, 195, 202

Dura Groups c, d 95, 96 Dura Group f 95, 96, 141

relationship with abraded patterns 141 facet-cut vessels: cups 94-96, 195-202; trullas 53, 56, 105; trun

cated conical beakers 52-53, 104 faience beads 203 Faltenbecher. See under beakers, indented feather cracks. See under weathering figure cutting 96-98

vessels decorated with Contour Grooves Group 85, 97

Lynkeus Group 4, 96-98, 203

figure-eight fold 55, 63, 114, 133

fire-closing of glass vessels 58 flecked decoration 5, 49, 50, 54, 58, 60, 171 fluted bowls 22-24, 28; with plain rim 22, 13-16; with rim

coil 22,12 Flower and Bird Group of snake-thread glass 109 frit (modern glassblower's term for crushed glass) 23 funnel mouths 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 103, 104, 116, 117, 138-139, 141,

142, 147, 150, 151-152, 158-159, 170; incipient 104, 139, 228, 313; plain 152, 159, 170, 313, 314, 316, 359, 388, 400; thread-wound 151-152, 356-358, 364; vestigial 151-152, 357, 358, 362, 363; with projecting tubular fold 117, 141, 300, 326; with rim coil or thread 4, 104, 117, 141, 229, 230, 301-303, 315, 325

furniture, inlaid with glass 22, 83

gather, gathering 43, 63

glass vessels as prototype

for bronzeware 47173 for pottery 94, 151 for silverware 47, 94

secondary use of, as cremation urn 56, 110, 115

goblets 3, 5, 6, 7, 14, 89, 101-102, 136, 148-150,153, 155. See also under lamps cylindrical

with pinched-out ribs 101, 216 with snake-thread decoration 5, 108-109

depicted in architectural mosaic 102 footed 149,338-342

knop stems of 3, 101-102, 217-220 smooth stems of 102, 221, 222 stemmed (shaped as a wine glass) 6, 7,14,148-150; advantage

of one gather 148; folded stem-cum-foot 148, 149, 346-355; stem blocked by pontil wad 148; three gath ers 149, 343; two gathers 149-150, 344, 345, 381

goldband glass 11, 36, 39-40, 53, 56, 59, 74

gourds, fruit, as prototype for glass vessel 169, 171 Grooved bowls 2, 21, 22, 24-25, 29-31

horizontal grooves on exterior 29 with flaring rim 17-20 with incurving rim 21

horizontal grooves on interior 29-30 conical 24-31

hemispherical 22-23 with beaded rim 34 with everted rim 33 with slightly flaring rim 32

horizontal grooves on exterior and interior 30-31, 35

handle attachments (medallions) 4, 108, 269 handles 14, 47, 53-54, 55-56, 60, 61, 64, 68, 99, 103, 104, 110,

111, 112, 116, 139, 140, 141, 142, 149, 151, 154, 155, 157, 171

application of 64, 102-103 attached to middle of neck 150, 151, 356 bifurcated 103, 151, 225, 226, 356 circular 55-56, 113, 114 coil 64, 103, 139, 140, 143, 313, 314

d-shaped, vertical 138

horizontal, tiny loop handles 54, 107

loop handles, for suspension 149, 154, 155, 371 of contrasting color 61, 68, 141, 122, 151, 327. See also colors,

of core-formed vessels

pseudo-handles (nicked coils on rim) 99, 209 ribbed 14, 103, 111, 139, 141, 142, 157, 223, 276, 278, 280,

282, 283, 315, 327, 330, 334 reeded 111, 285, 286, 300, 301 rod 61

saucepan flat 56, 115, 116 ribbed 56 solid 56

stamped 55, 109-112

strap 64,103,104, 111, 139,141,142,142, 224, 228, 229, 275, 277, 281, 284, 302, 303, 316, 325, 331-333

with decorative loop(s) projecting above rim 103, 227 with pinched projections and/or horizontal spurs 47, 89, 90

Hofheim cups 11, 49-50, 97

high-relief decoration 41-42, 55, 62, 89, 91




bowls with vegetal decoration 41-42, 80, 81

cups with inscriptions in high relief 89, 172, 173

cups with horizontal ridges 41, 79

hydriae, in Athenian inventory lists 2

hydriske, core-formed 7

indented decoration 4, 12, 44, 47-49, 93-94

inlays. See mosaic glass inlays ingots 2, 17, 188

inscriptions, technique: mold-blown 65-66, 145, 146; raised re

lief 89, 171, 172; stamped 54-55, 109 iridescence 16 iron 8, 12, 102, 170; particles as coloring agent 17

jars bulbous 57, 93, 106, 139-140, 170

with "cooking-pot" rim, blue 139-140, 317 with broad horizontally folded rim 140, 320 with flaring, heat-rounded rim 140, 319 with coil handles at rim 140 with trail along top of rim 140, 318

cylindrical 115, 116

poppy-head 107, 139

square 3, 5, 13, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 296-298. See also

underba.se moldings mold-blown and free blown 115

jugs, bulbous and round mouthed 3, 4, 5, 12, 42, 46-47, 52, 60,

64, 65, 68, 94, 95, 100, 102-104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 116,

117, 138-139, 140, 141, 151, 156

bag-shaped 52, 94, 95

biconical 104 decoration of

abraded geometric patterns 5, 141, 323

expanded mold-blown spiral ribs 139, 316

pinched-out ribs 46-47, 89

spiral trail around mouth and/or neck 151

thread-wound 109,272

globular 103, 223 short-necked (Isings Form 57) 46-47, 89, 90

handles of bifurcated angular 103, 225, 226 coil handles 139, 313, 314

simple loop 46-47 ribbed 103, 139, 141, 223, 315 smooth strap 104, 139, 141, 224, 229, 316

with folded loops above rim 103-104, 227 with pinched projections and/or horizontal spurs 47, 89,

90 mold-blown 64, 65, 68 rims of

collar rim, folded vertically 103, 117, 224

folded, narrow neck 103, 126, 223, 225, 226 tall-necked 102

with funnel mouth 5, 103, 104, 117, 138-139

incipient 104, 139, 228, 313, 315

plain 139, 313, 314 with rim coil or thread 103, 104, 139, 229, 230, 315

with wide mouth 103, 126, 227

kaniskion 90 kantharos. See cup-kantharos kick, definition of 17. See also bases, kicked

kilns, potter's, used for glass working 88

kraters 53, 54, 107

kylichnis, in Athenian inventory lists 2

kymbion, in Athenian inventory lists 2

lamp hanger, metal 170

lamps. See also cones; goblets bowl-shaped

footed 154, 380 with toe for insertion in polycandelon 153, 154-155, 169;

hollow toe 153; with internal wick holder 154-155; solid toe, with crimped knobs 169

with internal wick holders 6, 14-15, 154-155, 164-165, 372-380

with loop handles 154, 155, 164, 371

cage cups 90

cones 135-136, 147, 149, 153, 156, 163-164, 306, 307, 368-370

glass (general) 6, 135-136

goblets 6, 149, 155-156 with internal wick holders 6, 155-156, 165, 381 with loop handles 149

metal, openwork 90, 15492 of unspecified material 90, 153

pottery. See also export Central Tube Type (Loeschcke Type XIV) 154 found in the Agora 12, 13, 14, 34, 44, 188, 197, 273, 366 found elsewhere 1351 molds for production of 188

shapes used for drinking and lighting 90, 149, 153, 155 truncated conical beakers

with projecting tubular fold (flange) 8-9, 170, 398, 399

typologies of 153-154 vessels (tableware) used as lamps 6, 8, 90, 135, 136, 149, 153

lathe-cutting 40, 53, 88 lead coating of glass vessels 58 lenticular bottles 3, 8, 169-170; with blue trail along rim 169,

396; with tubular neck with crimped knobs, "beaded" 169, 396,397

lids blown 92, 99, 100, 140

with expanded spiral ribbing 140, 321 with lightly incised herringbone motif 140, 322

cast 26,37? cloth covers as 92

linear cutting (horizontal grooves and incisions) on blown vessels 5, 11, 47, 49-51, 52, 92, 116-117, 135, 136,

137, 142 combined with facet cutting 94

on fluted bowls 23 on linear-cut bowls 36 on grooved bowls 24-25 on ribbed bowls 34

lion head, medallion 4, 108, 269

luxury glass 17

MASS PRODUCTION OF GLASS VESSELS 2, 34, 111

mastos (pottery, silver, wood) 25

MCT, abbreviation for Mold Construction Type of piece molds

used in mold-blowing 64, 151

Mediterranean Groups I?III. See under core-formed glass Medusa, medallion 108

mercury bottles 112 metal. See <zfco bronze; copper; iron; silver

glassworking tools and equipment 17, 34, 43, 9285, 387 metalware 26, 90, 96, 15492, 170

as archetype for glassblower's mold 97 as prototype for glassware 22, 24, 25, 26, 42, 45, 53,97, 99,

103, 108340, 136, 139 more expensive than glassware 22, 4299, 136

objects in Group M 13

pocula gemmata 136 modioli 54, 55-56, 63, 113, 114? modius (measuring vessel) 56 moile 104

mold-blowing 44, 64-65, 97, 111, 112, 116, 137-138, 139; arche

type and mold sequences 64, 97; in dip molds 137, 139; in piece molds (two or more parts) 44, 64, 111; in smooth

walled molds 111, 112; overblow, as indicator of mold-blow

ing 116 mold-blown glass 44, 46, 58, 60, 65-68, 110, 137, 157. See also

expanded mold-blown glass; cylindrical bottles; jars; square bottles

cups with mold-blown inscriptions 65-66, 145, 146

shaped as an African 157

finely ribbed bowls 66-67, 147, 148

knobbed beakers 67-68, 149, 150

small bottles 68, 151

mold-pressing 40, 42, 91-92; finished by abrading 89; finished

by grinding and polishing 91

mold-pressed glass 11, 40-42, 50, 52, 89; decorated with high relief 41-42, 80, 81; facet-cut 52; Hofheim cups 50; linear

cut cups 50; vessels with ceramic profiles 40-41, 75-79; with




inscriptions in raised relief 89, 172, 173 molds

excavated for glassblowing 9285, 95, 111, 113, 167 for pottery lamps 188

for blowing decoration only. See expanded mold-blown glass decoration and shape. See mold-blown glass shape, frequently with base molding. See cylindrical bottles;

jars; square bottles for casting. See casting for mold-pressing. See mold-pressing for sagging. See sagging

materials of

ceramic, clay 23, 35, 64 metal 167

plaster 26, 64 stone 113

terminology dip mold 137, 138, 139, 167 former mold (convex) 35, 39

piece mold (two or more parts) 44, 64 smooth-walled mold 111, 112, 115, 116

tool marks produced by folds 40

rotary scratches 11,23, 40, 52 seams 42, 146, 150

mosaic glass 36-38, 83-86, 110 mosaic glass elements 84-86, 110

embedded in surface of vessels colored spots 110,273

figural 84-86, 153

garlands 84 Nilotic scenes 85

in opus sectile panels 85 mosaic glass inlays: embedded in wall of vessel 110, 273; shaped

as a fish 85 mosaic glass vessels 38, 71-72, 83-86

Antikythera group 37

spiral patterns 38, 63

composite 67,68 marbled patterns of wavy lines 38, 64

monochrome, with embedded mosaic glass 84-86, 153

patterns made with overlay canes 69

composite patterns (bundled overlay canes) 70-72 Sackrau group 83-84, 152

striped patterns 66

angular 65 with twisted rim coil 67

neck coil 151, 170, 356. See also projecting tubular fold or roll network/reticella glass. See reticella/network glass

oinochoe, core-formed 20

opaque glass. See also mosaic glass; reticella/network glass; colored

decoration, threads in blown vessels

as ground color of decorated vessels 45, 86, 88 as underground of translucent colors 49 in monochrome vessels 50, 60, 61, 124

red flecked decoration 171

ingot of raw glass 188 unintentional streaks in blue glass 330 vessels 41, 153

opus sectile 83, 85

overblow, as indicator of mold-blowing 116

paraison (inflated gather of glass) 148

pattern-blowing. See expanded mold-blown glass pigments 158

pillar-molded bowls 34. See also ribbed bowls

pinched-out feet 169

pinched-out ribs 44-47, 101 as decoration of

cups and rhytons 44-45, 83

globular jugs 46-47, 89, 90

goblets 101,216

ribbed cups (zarte Rippenschakn) 45-46, 84-88

pinched-out toes. See under base rings pinched projections of handles 47, 89, 90

pinched trails 5, 92, 98, 109, 204, 271

pitting. weathering, surface pits plates 2, 3, 12, 84-86, 87, 99, 106, 107; cast colorless 12, 87,

156-159, 170, 171; mosaic glass 3, 84-86, 153

pocula gemmata. See under metal

polychrome vessels 36-40, 63-74. See also colored decoration; core-formed glass; mosaic glass vessels

pontil scars: annular 63; as indicator of finishing of rim 48,153;

blocking stems of goblets made with one gather 148; defini tion of 17; early 44; in square base moldings 114,157

pottery. See also lamps; molds, materials African Red Slip 14 Attic 20,97

Byzantine pithos 187 decorated. See also pottery, other, as prototype for glassware

with indents 47 with sand 107327 with zoned facets 94

Dragendorff (shape 37) 96163

glazed 12, 187 Hofheim cups 11, 24

long-petal bowls 24

mold-made, techniques of 40 of Athens 4, 8 of Corinth 7 ousted by glass 33, 57 Phocean (Late Roman "C") 14 red gloss wares 94121

red-slip wares 169 medieval and later 7, 8, 10, 171

Spanish sigillata 96163

stamped ceramics 188 terra sigillata 40, 54261 thin-walled 41,47,49,50

pottery, other 8, 12, 25, 26, 40, 43, 56, 94, 102, 115, 1351, 139, 140, 149, 150, 169; as prototype for glassware 20, 40, 41, 47, 49, 50, 65, 100, 107327, 139; found in the Agora 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 25^, 26, 151, 152, 187, 36; production, evidence for 1871, 188

projecting tubular fold or roll: as alternative of neck coil 170; as alternative of rim coil 117; as decorative flange below rim or on wall 100-101, 170, 215, 398, 399; on funnel mouth 117, 141, 300, 326; on neck 170-171, 400

pyxis 100,76

raw glass: chunks 58; ingots 188 reticella/network glass: rods 335; vessels 36, 39, 73

rhytons: ending in a snail head 45; in Athenian inventory lists 2; with pinched-out ribs 44-45, 83

ribbed bowls, hot-formed monochrome 33-36,69-71

deep with smooth rim 69, 38-45

deep with polished rim 69-70, 46-50 shallow with polished rim and long ribs 70,

51-56 shallow with polished rim and short ribs 70-71, 57-58

mosaic glass 37, 38, 71, 63, 64 ribbed decoration. See pinched-out ribs; expanded mold-blown

glass; handles; mold-blown glass ridges, horizontal: on cups 41, 79; on fluted bowls 23 rim coil

on open vessels 23, 37, 38, 54 monochrome 2, 23, 12

polychrome, twisted 37, 38, 67 on closed vessels. See funnel mouths

rock crystal 51, 61, 87, 94122

sackrau group of mosaic glass 38, 83-84, 152

sagging 22-23, 24, 35, 37

sagged vessels 23-25, 33-39; grooved bowls 17-35; linear-cut bowls 36, 59-62; mosaic glass vessels 38-39, 65-72; reti cella/network glass 39, 73; ribbed bowls 33-36, 38, 38-58, 63, 64

sand decoration. See pottery, decorated sandwich gold-glass 42




secondary use of glass vessels. See under glass vessels

serpentine: stone 38; patterns in glass 38, 83, 72 silver

Achaemenid 24 vessels 2544, 26, 42, 42112 47, 55, 9284, 94

as archetype for glassblowers' molds 64 as prototype for glassware 25, 26, 47, 53-56, 88, 139

combined with glass 2, 9285

copying glassware 47, 96

copying wooden vessels 54

skyphoi 42, 52, 54-55, 63, 89

blown, Isings Form 39, with stamped handles 54, 55, 109-112

decorated with facet cutting 52, 55 with high relief 42, 55 with inscriptions in high relief 89

luxury glass 54

mold-pressed 54 rock crystal 51 silver 55, 9284

wood 54 snake-thread glass 101, 102, 108-109, 270

spheres (Isings Form 10) 58, 60

sprinklers 107

square bottles 3, 6, 13, 64, 89, 110-114, 115, 116, 131-133, 141,

156-158, 172. Seealsobase moldings chronology of 110

expanded mold-blown 156-157 free blown 111,283 handles, forms of 110, 111

finely ribbed, reeded 111, 285, 286 lower body and base fragments 132-133, 165-166, 287-293,

294?, 295, 386, 387, 403 mold-blown 111,281

typology of 110 upper body preserved 131-132, 165, 275-286, 385

with kicked base 114, 172, 291, 403

without base molding 111, 172, 295, 403

standardization of size 111

stands, cast: for cooking pots 12; for core-formed vessels 2,

21-22, 11 stone. See also marble. Cutter 41; molds for glassblowing 113;

objects in Group M 13; opus sectile 8525; precious, imitated

by glass 36, 38, 59, 87; vessels prototypes for glassware 42, 94122

stoppers, cast 42, 82; of other material 42113.

strongly colored glass, monochrome 5, 11, 34-36, 40-41, 44,

49-51, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61, 66, 87, 88, 92, 137, 139

chronology and fashion of 5, 11, 87, 137

origin of 36, 40, 44

vessels beakers with ground rims 50-51 99-101

bowl with broad tubular collar rim 137, 310

bulbous bottles 57, 122-124, 126, 127 bulbous jar 139, 317 Hofheim cups 49-50, 97 linear-cut bowls 36, 59, 60, 62

mold-blown finely ribbed bowls 66, 147, 148

ribbed bowls 34, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44-47, 51, 54, 57, 58

unguentaria 61, 125 vessels with ceramic profiles 40-41, 75, 76, 78, 79

tabletops (opus sectile) 85

tableware fashions in 5, 11, 36, 42, 47, 51, 53, 67, 83, 87, 89, 93, 94, 99,

104, 109,135, 139,140,147, 156,168,169 of Classical and Hellenistic Greece 2, 22-26

of Early and Middle Roman Empire 3, 12, 33-57, 64-68, 87-104

of Late Roman and Late Antique period 135, 136-139,

147-152 of medieval period 167-168 of Ottoman period 9, 173

other shapes used occasionally as tableware

amphora 60, 61, 151

bulbous bottle 57

cylindrical bottle 116, 140 flask with tall funnel neck 104

jar 139 service 51

tabula ansata 64, 65, 145

terminology, in this volume 15-18 tessera (glass mosaic cube) 41, 188 theater mask, medallions 108 thread decoration. See also snake-thread glass

colored. See also colored decoration, threads

along edge of base 106, 249

along rim 140, 168, 169, 318, 394, 395 embedded (melted in) 11, 43, 45-46, 59, 84-88, 119 on body or entire vessel 45-46, 59, 60, 147, 84-88, 119,

120 on funnel mouth 151-152, 358?

same color as vessel in rim area 94, 99, 150, 194, 210 on body or entire vessel, thread-wound 60, 100, 105, 109,

121, 212, 236, 272 on (funnel) mouth or neck 139,151, 315, 356, 357, 364

tooled 6, 147, 156, 335, 384. See also pinched trails

thread-wound, definition of 60. See also thread decoration tiles: glass 85, 86, 8630; pottery, production of 1871 tool marks. See also under molds. Absence of 91-92, 174; chatter

ing (in wheel-cut glass) 140, 163, 198; in blown vessels 48,

62,101,102,107, 217; in rim area of sagged vessels 23, 34, 35,

37, 69, 39, 41, 42. See also bases, kicked tools for glass working. See also individual names of tools. Exca

vated 58; improvement of 34, 91

trullas blown glass

facet-cut 53, 105 with flat handle shaped as a fish tail 56, 115, 116

bronze 53257,56296

glass 42, 52, 53, 54

luxury glass, hot-formed 56

pottery 56298 tube blowing 43-44

unguentaria blown 43, 44, 57, 58, 60, 61-63, 93, 105, 107,

152-153 candlestick 105,237-246 natural bluish green 62-63, 128-132

strongly colored 61-62,125 with kicked base 152-153, 367

core-formed 20,21,8

vitrum (etymology of) 158

weathering 16; deep slots 203; feather cracks 16, 42, 161; surface pits, alignment of 23, 35; white 61, 85, 122

wheel-cut decoration. See also abrading; facet cutting; figure cut

ting; linear cutting executed in glassblower's workshops 44

executed in specialized workshops 44, 88, 90

motifs concentric circles 23, 88, 156, 161, 163, 167, 170

double-line half hexagons 141, 323 rosette 23 star 23 vertical uprights alternating with circular facets 96, 201

wheel-molding 24. sagging wicks 154 wick holders 154-155. See also lamps. Copper 149, 155; pot

tery 154

wickerwork 86, 90, 171

window glass 942, 16, 17, 88, 188

wine glasses. See goblets wood 13,25,54,67,115,172

wrapping of glass vessels 88, 17168

wreath of foliage, as motif 42, 91, 113, 287

zarte Rippenschakn 43, 45-46, 67, 84-88



FIGURE 1

24 (G 556) 23 (G 387)

Classical and Hellenistic. Glass stand. Fluted bowls. Grooved bowls Scale 1:2



FIGURE 2

25 (G 537) X '

26 (G 532)

30 (G 368)

1 33 (G 603) 31 (G 295)

34 (G 328) 35 (G 586)

37 (G391) \ ii / /

36 (G 467)

Hellenistic. Grooved bowls. Other shapes



FIGURE 3

38 (G 30)

.mm

40 (G 563)

42 (G 606)

44 (G 282)

46 (G 24)

49 (G 50)

39 (G 267)

41 (G291)

43 (G 604)

45 (G 260)

48 (G 605)

Early Imperial. Ribbed bowls: deep Scale 1:2



FIGURE 4

53 (G139) 54 (G 29)

55 (G 393) 56 (G 44)

57 (G 269) }

58 (G512)

59 (G 374)

61 (G 400)

66 (G 240)

7

60 (G195)

62 (G 47)

69 (G 543)

Early Imperial. Ribbed bowls: shallow. Linear-cut bowls. Mosaic glass bowls



FIGURE 5

89 (G 385)

Early Imperial. Mosaic glass. Vessels with ceramic profiles. High relief. Stopper Free-blown vessels decorated with pinched-out ribs Scale 1:2



FIGURE 6

Early Imperial. Beakers and cups: indented, linear-cut, facet-cut



FIGURE 7

107 (G 407) \

127 (G 382) 131 (G 286) 132 (G 255)

Early Imperial. Tableware. Bottles. Unguentaria Scale 1:2



FIGURE 8

133 (G 336) 135 (G 90) 136 (G 34)

Early Imperial. Rims. Bases. Handle. Square bottle. Mold-blown vessels Scale 1:2, except where indicated



FIGURE 9

158 (G 443)

Middle Imperial. Mosaic glass vessels. Cast colorless fine ware Scale 1:2, except where indicated



FIGURE 10

165 (G 446)

Middle Imperial. Cast colorless fine ware



FIGURE 11

167, fragment a (G 444d, f, h-j)

167, fragment b (G 444k)

167, fragment c (G 4441)

167, fragment d (G 444e)

167, fragment e (G 444g)

168 (G 290)

169 (G 308)

170 (G527) 171 (G377)

Middle Imperial. Cast colorless fine ware Scale 1:2



FIGURE 12

175 (G539) 178 (G 547h)

187 (G 355) 188 (G 438) 191 (G 121) 194 (G 155 + G 157)

Middle Imperial. High relief. Cage cup. Free-blown cups and beakers:

plain, indented Scale 1:2, except where indicated



FIGURE 13

198 (G 85)

Middle Imperial. Cups decorated with zoned facet cutting. Figure-cut bowl Scale 1:2, except where indicated



FIGURE 14

210 (G133) 211 (G474)

212 (G 337b)

212 (G 337a)

Middle Imperial. Bowls: pinched trail, plain, applied thread Scale 1:2



FIGURE 15

213 (G 307)

217 (G83) 218 (G479)

214 (G357)

\ i

215 (G 367)

219 (G293)

223 (G117)

Middle Imperial. Bowls. Goblets. Jugs. Flasks

\ i n

220 (G 227)

234 (G 302)

216 (G 169)

221 (G 208)

Scale 1:2



FIGURE 16

247 (G12) 249 (G166) 250 (G 95) 251 (G 342)

252 (G 170) 255 (G 339) 256 (G 304) 257 (G 79)

261 (G410) 265 (G 297)

Middle Imperial. Flask. Unguentaria. Bases



FIGURE 17

Middle Imperial. Snake-thread wall fragment. Bottles: square, cylindrical Scale 1:2, except where indicated



FIGURE 18

\ i //

307 (G151)

312 (G99)

Late Roman. Cups. Cones. Bowls Scale 1:2



FIGURE 19

316 (G104)

321 (G 75)

Late Roman. Jugs. Jars. Lid. Funnel mouth. Cylindrical bottles Scale 1:2



FIGURE 20

337 (G 558)

338 (G 627) 339 (G 572) 340 (G 571) 341 (G 568)

343 (G 45)

c

344 (G 744) 345 (G 487)

c

346 (G144) 353 (G 573) 354 (G 752) 355 (G 753)

Late Antique. Bowl. Goblets Scale 1:2



FIGURE 21

380 (G 54) 381 (G 460)

386 (G 131) 388 (G 114) 389 (G 145)

Late Antique. Flasks. Lamps. Square base molding. Cylindrical bottles Scale 1:2



FIGURE 22

400 (G16) 404 (G616)

Medieval and later

Cup. Bowl. Flask: ca. 9th-12th century. Lamps: ca. 14th-15th century. Beaker: 16th-18th century Scale 1:2



FIGURE 23

2

3 :

4 !

5 I

6

7 \

8 ;

9

10

1 K n n

E-F2-3:1 0 "a

C8:2 ?

D5:2

D6:1 ?

KK

#?5:4

:l p I Q I p I 5 I T I u L

AGO PA EXCAVATIONS EZ faE ̂AT HEMS DISTRIBUTION OF DEPOSITS COMTAIMIMG GLASS

C9:16 0 O

D11:1

G8:1 / 0

Ii-l7-8:r -?

J5:2S 0 w

K9-10:1 0

Q5:1 0

Q6:4 o

P7:4 o P6:2 (QM) o 0

P8:1

0 ̂ ; Or ft

0 0Q8:1;

P9:1 0

10

H1:1 ;?

B13:1 ? 0

B13:7 ?

G11:2 ?

B14:1 0C13: ?14:7 0 4:1? ,? ??B14:2

AK:1B14:3 0C14:2 If0 T15:2 .

El{f. H15:3 B15:5, . ̂:5fP;5

0 0 ? 0 D16:7 ? *

?D16:1 H6:2

17 C17:30 D1# O F171

0 ?0D17:4 ? ,C17:1 ?717:3

rift-1? '~

T17:1 U ?C18:2 / rr _i ? Uo.o ri0.10 y F19-1 ?

A18:1 C1?j2 ? ;.' ? 191 D19:2

? EH 9961:1 ? 20 \

? B2?*

21 A21:1 _J B22:4

0 22

23

24

25

26

J11:1

Ii-I12:1 ?

H-K12-1*'

116:1 ?

K18:11 0

ri13:l 013-14:1 n

I-01&1 ? ?*

ri15-:1.,

Q13:1

f?t|:5 ?P13:2

P14:2 ?

Q15:1 0

M17:1 ? M17:2

M18:4 00 0 0 M171 0 M18:3

niA1

K-L18-201 M?3:1 0hm:6

.?, n^:1? ?M19:1 uyj M20:3

0 ? M20:3

?M20:5

L21:1 ̂

Q121 0 Q17:4 P172

? ?

P18:2 ! 0

P19:1 ?

T13:1 ?

P21:1 ?

T17:1 ?

519-20:1 0

321:3 ?

'ioomn

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

16

19

20 I

U22:3?

U22:1?

21

22 >

23

24

25 3Qmri

26

27

i a

o

n

10O 200m P C APIDE.PSOM 3/2oo9i 27

u r

Plan of the Agora showing location of deposits containing glass vessels



PLATE 1

Classical and Hellenistic. Core-formed vessels: Mediterranean Groups I?III Glass stand. Fluted bowls Scale 1:1, except where indicated



PLATE 2

19 (G 528) 20 (G 296) 21 (G 533)

Hellenistic. Fluted bowls. Grooved bowls with exterior grooves; with interior grooves



PLATE 3

34 (G 328) 35 (G 586)

1:1 1:1 36 (G467) 37 (G391)

Hellenistic. Grooved bowls with interior grooves; with beaded rim; with exterior and interior grooves. Kantharos. Lid? (interior) Scale 2:3, except where indicated



PLATE 4

50 (G176)

Early Imperial. Ribbed bowls, deep: smooth rim, polished rim Scale 2:3



PLATE 5

exterior 59 (G 374) interior

60 (G 195) 62 (G47)

Early Imperial. Ribbed bowls, shallow: polished rim. Linear-cut bowls Scale 2:3



PLATE 6

67 (G 696) 68 (G 252)

70 (G 284)

Early Imperial. Mosaic glass vessels Scale 1:1, except where indicated



PLATE 7

72 (G 440)

Early Imperial. Mosaic glass. Network. Goldband. Vessels with ceramic profiles Scale 1:1



PLATE 8

87 (G213)

Early Imperial. Vessels with high relief. Stopper. Pinched-out ribs Zarte Rippenschalen



89 (G 385) 90 (G 239)

101 (G761) 103 (G28)

Early Imperial. Globular jugs with pinched-out ribs. Indented beakers. Linear cutting Scale 2:3



PLATE 10

104 (G 86)

105 (G 403)

3?

106 (G 506)

71 D C

108 (G 755)

109 (G 756) 110 (G23) 111 (G582) 112 (G285)

Early Imperial. Facet cutting. Stemmed cups. Skyphoi Scale 2:3



PLATE 11

1:1 1:1 121 (G 81) 122 (G 279) 123 (G 510)

Early Imperial. Modioli. Trullas. Bowl. Bottles. Amphoriskos. Base ring Scale 2:3, except where indicated



PLATE 12

133 (G 336) 136 (G 34) 137 (G 35)

140 (G 365) 141 (G551)

142 (G 207)

143 (G 77)

Early Imperial. Bottles. Unguentaria. Rim. Bases. Handles Scale 2:3



PLATE 13

149 (G 143) 150 (G 633) 151 (G 373)

Early Imperial. Square or cylindrical bottle. Mold-blown vessels Scale 1:1, except where indicated



PLATE 14

1:1 152 (G258 + G212)

153 (G541)

Middle Imperial. Mosaic glass: Sackrau Group. Plate with embedded figural scene Scale 2:3, except where indicated



PLATE 15

1:2 156 (G531)

157 (G 542)

Middle Imperial. Colorless cast vessels Scale 2:3, except where indicated



PLATE 16

1:2 161 (G292)

165 (G 446) 166 (G 445)

Middle Imperial. Colorless cast vessels Scale 2:3, except where indicated



PLATE 17

Middle Imperial. Colorless cast vessels. Inscription in high relief

Figural cage cup Scale 1:1, except xvhere indicated



PLATE 18

Middle Imperial. Blown cups and beakers: plain, linear-cut, indented Scale 2:3



PLATE 19

Middle Imperial. Zoned facet cutting Scale 2:3



PLATE 20

Middle Imperial. Bowls: figure cut (Lynkeus Group), pinched trails Out-turned rims. Nicked rim coil. Bowls: applied thread, plain, tubular fold Scale 2:3, except where indicated



PLATE 21

1:1 1:1 1:1 220 (G 227) 221 (G 208) 222 (G 203)

227 (G420) 229 (G 171)

Middle Imperial. Goblets. Jugs Scale 2:3, except where indicated



PLATE 22

238 (G 249) 239 (G 204) 241 (G 172)

242 (G112) 243 (G210)

Middle Imperial. Flasks. Unguentaria Scale 1:2, except where indicated



PLATE 23

250 (G 95)

258 (G 356) 261 (G 410) 262 (G 617) 263 (G 362)

264 (G 338) 267 (G 429)

Middle Imperial. Bases: concave, flat, solid. Base rings: folded, applied, pinched-out toes Scale 2:3



PLATE 24

279 (G 123) 280 (G 364)

Middle Imperial. Lion-head handle attachment. Decorated body fragments

Square bottles Scale 1:2, except where indicated



PLATE 25

287 (G 36) 288 (G 92) 289 (G 303)

290 (G 322) 291 (G 428) 292 (G 109)

293 (G 185) 294 (G 142) 295 (G 346)

Middle Imperial. Square bottles. Base moldings Scale 1:2



PLATE 26

Middle Imperial. Square jars. Cylindrical bottles Scale 1:2



PLATE 27

307 (G 151) 311 (G 266) 312 (G 99)

316 (G 104)

Late Roman. Cups. Cone-shaped vessels. Bowls. Jugs Scale 1:2



PLATE 28

1:1 322 (G 299)

1:1 321 (G 75)

1:1 1:1 323 (G 276) 324 (G 380)

Late Roman. Jars. Lids. Decorated wall fragments Scale 1:2, except where indicated



PLATE 29

333 (G631) 334 (G 97)

Late Roman. Funnel mouth. Handle. Cylindrical bottles Scale 1:2



PLATE 30

340 (G 571) 341 (G 568) 342 (G277)

Late Antique. Bowls. Footed goblets Scale 1:1, except where indicated



PLATE 31

353 (G 573) 354 (G 752) 355 (G 753)

Late Antique. Stemmed goblets: three gathers, two gathers. Folded stem-cum-foot Scale 1:1



PLATE 32

367 (G 530) 365 (G 574)

Late Antique. Flasks: tall-necked. Funnel mouths. Unguentarium Scale 1:2



PLATE 33

379 (G613) 378 (G 434)

Late Antique. Lamps: cones, bowl-shaped, internal wick holders Scale 1:1, except where indicated



PLATE 34

Late Antique. Internal wick holders: footed lamp, goblet. Bases. Wall fragment. Square bottles Scale 1:1



PLATE 35

396 (G 502) 397 (G 503)

Medieval and later. Cup. Bowl. Bulbous bottles. Flasks: lenticular. 9th-12th century Scale 2:3, except where indicated



PLATE 36

400 (G 16) 401 (G 1) 402 (G 516)

404 (G616)

Medieval and later. Lamps: ca. 14th-15th century Flasks. Bottles. Enameled beaker: 15th-18th century Scale 1:3, except where indicated

