very basis us wills and succession law

27
 U.S. Law Wills and Estates

Upload: matthew-lemieux

Post on 05-Dec-2014

1.096 views

Category:

Education


2 download

DESCRIPTION

Given to students in the University of Osnabrück's Foreign Law program.

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

U.S. Law

Wills and Estates

Page 2: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Terminology● Estate

➢ Property of the decedent

● Decedent➢ The person who died➢ NOTE – the person who made a will is the “testator”

● Administrator➢ Person chosen to administer estate➢ Sometimes referred to by generic term “personal 

representative”

Page 3: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Terminology

● Descendant➢ Includes children, grandchildren, great­grandchildren, etc.➢ Also referred to as “Issue”

● Domicil or Domicile➢ Person's “legal” home➢ Important for choice of law issues

● Dower➢ Common law term denoting widow's right to husband's land 

(widower gets “curtesy”)

Page 4: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Terminology

● Executor➢ Person designated in will to carry out wishes of testator.➢ May either be individual or bank/law firm with trust department.➢ Sometimes called “Personal Representative”

● Bequeath, Bequest➢ Gift of personal property transferred via will➢ Today the term “devise” is more common

Page 5: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Terminology

● Heir➢ Technically this is the person who receives a share via 

intestacy laws. (“Next of Kin” is also used)

● Holographic➢ Will written entirely in testator's handwriting

● Intestate➢ Without a will➢ Laws that provide for distribution in event that there is no will 

are called “intestacy” laws.

Page 6: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Terminology

● Living Will➢ Instrument dealing with person on life support

● Power of Attorney➢ Appointment of “agent” to act in drafter's place

● Probate➢ Process of proving validity of will and administration of the 

estate.

Page 7: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Terminology

● Power of Attorney➢ Appointment of “agent” to act in drafter's place

● Probate➢ Process of proving validity of will and administration of the 

estate.➢ Many states have separate probate courts do deal with the 

distribution of estates.

Page 8: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Source and Conflicts

● Estates Law is state law.➢ Law are similar on most basic points, may differ in fine details.

● Uniform Probate Code➢ Model code that all states have adopted, at least in part.

● Generally, testator can designate applicable law in a will.

Page 9: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Wills and Estates

Intestate Succession

Page 10: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Surviving Spouse's Share

● Determining the share of the spouse and Issue

Page 11: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Spouse and Issue

● Note that these statutes protect the children of the decedent who are NOT the children of the surviving spouse.

● Length of marriage is not often considered in these statutes.

● Spouse's share may depend on how many children the decedent has.

Page 12: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Next of Kin

● How is the remaining share divided? What happens when there is no surviving spouse?

Page 13: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Representation

● Children of relative who would have been heir had they been alive receive the share the relative would have received.

● EXAMPLE – D is survived by Aunt and three cousins from dead uncle.

➢ Share is divided by two. Aunt gets ½ and the three cousins split the other half.

Page 14: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Wills & Estates

Wills

Page 15: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Wills … A Privilege

“Rights of succession to the property of a deceased  . . . are of statutory creation, and the dead hand rules succession only by sufferance.  Nothing in the federal constitution forbids the legislature of a state to limit, condition, or even abolish the power of testamentary disposition over property within its jurisdiction.”  Irving Trust Co. v. Day, 314 U.S. 556, 562 (1974).

Page 16: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

The Omitted Spouse

● The Elective Share➢ An omitted spouse has 

several options that vary from state­to­state.

➢ Many states allow the spouse to take a share equal to what she or he would have taken under intestacy laws.

Page 17: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

The Omitted Child

● Unintentionally omitted children are often allowed a share of the estate.

➢ Children born after death of decedent, children thought to be dead at time of will's drafting.

● Intentionally omitted children are generally barred from obtaining a share.

➢ This is consistent with common law stress on intent of drafter.

Page 18: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Requirements for a Valid Will

● Legal Capacity● Testamentary Capacity● Testamentary Intent● Formalities

Page 19: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Legal Capacity

● A person must possess a certain status to be able to make a testamentary disposition of property.

● Early U.S. law prohibited married women, aliens, convicts and Native Americans from executing a will merely because of their supposedly inferior status.

● Today age and marital status are the two primary considerations.

Page 20: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Testamentary Capacity

● The second requirement for a valid will is that the testator must have had testamentary capacity at the time the testator executed the will.

➢ “Sound mind”➢ Wisconsin – W.S.A. § 853.01 – “Any person of sound mind ….”

Page 21: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Testamentary Intent

● The will must reflect the testator’s intent.● The testator must intend that the very instrument he 

executed is to be his will and effective upon his death.➢ E.g., letter to attorney listing changes to will.➢ E.g., sham will as part of hazing ritual.

Page 22: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Will Formalities: Purpose

● Ritual or Cautionary Function➢ ensure testator's intent

● Evidentiary Function➢ create reliable evidence of testator’s intent.

● Protective Function➢ make it difficult for person to exert undue influence.

● Channeling Function➢ increase testator confidence

Page 23: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Attested Wills

● Attested wills, that is, wills that are witnessed, are the most common type of will.

● An attested will must be:➢ In writing, ➢ Signed by the Testator, and➢ Witnessed.

Page 24: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Attested by Witness

● Most states require at least two witnesses.● Generally, there is no statutory minimum age for a 

witness.● Witnesses must be competent or credible at the time they 

attested to the will.➢ Wisconsin – W.S.A. § 853.07 – “Any person who, at the time of 

execution of the will, would be competent to testify as a witness….”

Page 25: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Holographic Wills

● A holographic will is prepared in the testator’s own handwriting.

● In approximately ½ of the states, holographic wills are exempted from the attestation requirement.

➢ In those states testator's own handwriting is deemed sufficient to protect against fraud.

● Most states require these to wills to be dated.

Page 26: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Oral Wills

● Many states do not recognize oral wills.● In states that do recognize oral wills, there are generally 

restrictions imposed, such as on:➢ The type of property covered – no disposition of real property.➢ The amount of property covered – small $ amounts.➢ Condition of testator – imminent death.➢ Number of witnesses – three, even if only two are needed for 

attested wills.

Page 27: Very Basis US Wills and Succession Law

   

Revocation

● Subsequent Writing➢ New will that expressly changes or contradicts a prior will.

● Act➢ “Burning, tearing, obliterating”

● Divorce➢ Most states only negate part of will that dealt with spouse, not 

entire will.