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TRANSCRIPT
Vertebrate Animals
DOMAIN- Eukarya KINGDOM- Animalia
–PHYLUM- Chordata • SUBPHYLUM- Vertebrata
–CLASS- 7 different »ORDERS- 10 Placental mammals
Characteristics of ALL vertebrates
• Backbone • Endoskeleton • Distinct Skull • Bilateral Symmetry • Closed circulatory system,
chambered heart
Types of fertilization
Ovoviviparous: internal fertilization of egg, embryo hatches inside the parent, offspring are born live
Oviparous: internal fertilization, eggs are laid externally, offspring hatches externally
Viviparous: internal fertilization with live born young (as soon as the egg is fertilized, it becomes an embryo and develops as a fetus)
Class: Agnatha Hagfish and lampreys
- Jawless & finless - Skeleton of cartilage - Reproduce sexually - Gills - 2 Chambered Heart - Oviparous Hagfish – a detritivore
Lamprey – an ectoparasite
Class: Chondrichthyes Sharks and rays - Endoskeleton made of cartilage - 2 chambered heart - Paired fins - Jaws - Lateral line system (for sensing
vibrations in water—like an “ear”) - Scales - Oviparous, Ovoviviparous, or
Viviparous—depends on species
Class: Osteichthyes
Fish, eels, seahorses, etc…. * One of the most successful groups on Earth – ever!
- Endoskeleton made of bones - Swim bladder - Usually, external fertilization & oviparous (think
caviar) - Lateral line system - Scales different from those in sharks - 2 chambered heart (all fish!)
Class: Amphibia Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts
- Ectotherms - Need H2O for breeding - Metamorphosis (tadpole frog) - Gas exchange through moist skin & mouth; primitive
balloon-like lungs - External fertilization - Oviparous - 3-chambered heart - Many have chromatophores in the skin for
coloration, as well as poison glands for defense
Class: Reptilia
Turtles, snakes & lizards, crocodiles – Ectotherms – bask and hide to regulate temperature* – Scaly, waterproof skin – Respire through lungs only** – Internal fertilization – Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous (depending on
species) – 3 or 4 chambered heart – Nitrogenous waste is a paste rather than a liquid for
water conservation; uric acid – Extinct reptiles include dinosaurs and pterosaurs, which
dominated the Earth during the Triassic period
Class: Aves Birds
- Endothermic - 4 chambered heart - Internal fertilization - Oviparous - Beaks and claws modified for specific niche - Classified as reptiles by many taxonomists - Digestive system modified for diet, including
crop & gizzard
Modifications for flight: – Feathers are modified scales for flight and insulation – Hollow bones weigh less – Front limbs modified into wings – Air sacs to aid in breathing at high altitudes – Unique muscle tissue for sustained, intense use – Keel : modified breastbone for muscle attachment – Migration: move long distances on a seasonal cycle to reach mating and/or feeding grounds
Class: Mammalia Humans, bears, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, whales, elephants, mice, koalas, platypus
- Endothermic – hair and layer of fat aid in conserving heat
- Hair – keratinous protein that aids in insulation - Mammary glands – produce milk to feed offspring - Internal fertilization
- 2 species of monotreme; oviparous - Marsupials and placentals are viviparous
- 4-chambered heart
Three Categories of Mammals • Monotreme: egg laying mammal
–platypus
• Marsupials: young develops outside the body in a pouch –kangaroo, opossum
• Placental: young develops in uterus –human
Class: Mammalia - Monotreme
• Mammals that lay eggs • Hair • Mammary glands: produce milk to feed young • Platapus, echidna
Class: Mammalia - Marsupial
• Embryo develops in uterus with placenta • Immature fetus is born and finishes
developing inside an external pouch on mother’s body
• Marsupials are found in Australia – Opossum found in Americas
• Offspring develops fully in uterus • Found in every major biome: marine,
terrestrial, arctic • Many orders of placental mammals
– 10 will be discussed…
Class: Mammalia - Placental
Domain : Kingdom : Phylum : Class : Order: Placental Mamalia
Rodentia- razor sharp teeth (rats, squirrels) Lagomorpha- fused hind leg bones (rabbits) Chiroptera- flying mammals (bats) Carnivora- eat meat (lions, tigers, wolves) Cetacea- Blow holes to breathe (dolphins, whales) Insectivora- eat insects (moles, shrews, hedgehog) Artiodactyla- even # of toes (cows, sheep, goat, pigs, hippos, camels) Perissodactyla- odd number of toes (horse, zebra, rhino) Proboscidea- trunks (elephants) Primates- opposable thumbs (apes, monkeys, humans)