verb sentence marker vs
TRANSCRIPT
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*
1,2
1998 1998 1999 2007
2009
verb sentence marker vs.
(1) a.
[1m] =vs.RLS
b.
(=FOC)
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attributive clause marker ac. nominal clause marker nc.
vs.IMP IRR RLS INC
4
PRH NEG
5
6
ac.
nc.
(2)
[1m] [1m’]=
(3)
=vs.RLS =attr.RLS=
c. a. b.
(4) a.
[1m] =vs.RLS
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b.
[1m] =vs.IRR
c.
[1m] not- =vs.NEG
(5) a.
[1m’]=hà
b.
=ABL=hà
c.
[1m] =attr.RLS=hà
d.
=hà
a. d. c. d.
(5) c’.
[1m] =nc.RLS
d’.
(6) a.
[1m] =vs.RLS
b.
[1m] =nc.RLS
(7) a.
[1m] =vs.IRR
b.
[1m] =nc.IRR
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headless relative/free relative
1992 p.34
d. e.
(8) a.
= - =nc.RLS not- =vs.NEG-Q
b. ibid p.34
=nc.RLS =[ ]=[ ]=vs.IMP
c.
[1f] =nc.RLS =[ ]=[ ]=vs.IMP
d. *
[1m] =nc.RLS=ALL [2m]= =[ ]=vs.RLS=Q
e. *
[1m] =nc.RLS=LOC 1-[ ] =vs.RLS
(9) a.
[1m] - =attr.RLS= =ACC - =[ ]=vs.IMP
b.
[1m] - =attr.RLS=hà=ACC - =[ ]=vs.IMP
c.
[1m] - =nc.RLS=ACC - =[ ]=vs.IMP
(9)’ a.*
[1m] - =attr.RLS= =ACC - =[ ]=vs.IMP
b.
[1m] - =attr.RLS=hà=ACC - =[ ]=vs.IMP
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c.
[1m] - =nc.RLS=ACC - =[ ]=vs.IMP
(9) a. b. c. c. a. b.
(9)’
(9)’a. (9)’c. (9)’b.
(9)’a.
# (9)’b. (9)’a.
(9)’c.
a. c.
(9)’c. (9)c.
(9)’c.
(9)’c.
head-internal relative (9)c. (9)’c.
(9)c. (9)’c
9
event
(10) a.
[3] =nc.RLS(=ACC) not- =vs.NEG
b.
[3] =ALL =nc.RLS(=ACC) not- =vs.NEG
(11) a.
[3] =nc.RLS(=NOM) =vs.RLS
b.
[3] =ALL =nc.RLS(=NOM) =vs.RLS
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(10)a. (11) a.10 (10)b. (11) b.
(11)
(10)
(12) a.
=[ ] =[ ]=nc.RLS=[ ] NAME=NOM =[ ]
- =nc.RLS =vs.RLS
b.
=loc - - =nc.IRR=[ ]
=[ ]=attr.RLS=[ ] =PL=vs.RLS
c.
=attr.RLS= =NOM -AUG =nc.RLS=[ ] = =NOM
not- =vs.NEG
d.
[1m] =[ ]=nc.RLS=[ ] =vs.IRR
e.
=[ ]=nc.RLS=INS =ALL - =[ ]=vs.RLS
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3.2
1992
2009
(13) a.
[1m] =PAST =LOC =[ ]=[ ]=vs.RLS
b.
[1m] =PAST =LOC =[ ]=nc.RLS=[ ]
(14) a.
[1m] - (=[ ])=vs.IRR
b.
[1m] - =nc.IRR=[ ]
1992 1998 2009
ibid. p.41 A. B. C.12
A.
(15)
a.
=ABL= =PL=GEN =[ ]=[ ] =COM =GEN
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- =TOP =ABL =vs.RLS=QUOT =PL=nc.RLS=FOC
b.
[ ] =ACC =ESS= =INS =[ ]=nc.IRR
c.
=NOM not- =vs.NEG [ ] =nc.RLS
=nc.RLS =NOM =vs.IRR [ ] =nc.RLS
http://shweamyutay.com/
d. 13
=[ ] =[ ]=[ ]=nc.RLS not- =vs.NEG=Q
(16)
a.
=[ ] =[ ]=vs.IMP [ ] [1f]=GEN= - =[ ]
=1-CLF=[ ] =[ ]=nc.RLS
b.
- =[ ]=[ ] =[ ]=nc.RLS
(17)
a.
=NOM - =[ ] - =nc.IRR=FOC
b.
[1m] - =[ ]=[ ]=nc.RLS
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A.14
(18) Disney Land
[1m]=NOM =PAST PLN =vs.RLS
Disney Land
[ ] PLN =nc.RLS=Q/ =vs.RLS=Q -[ ]=FOC
(19) Disney Land
[1m]=NOM PLN =vs.IRR
Disney Land
[ ] PLN =nc.IRR=Q/ =vs.IRR=Q -[ ]=FOC
(20) a.
[1m] =PAST PLN=LOC =[ ]=vs.RLS
a’.
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[1m] =PAST PLN=LOC =[ ]=nc.RLS
b.
{[1m]} =PAST PLT=LOC =[ ]=nc.RLS [1m](=[ ])(=FOC)
c.
[1m] { =PAST} PLT=LOC =[ ]=nc.RLS =PAST (=[ ])(=FOC)
d.
[1m] =PAST {PLT=LOC} =[ ]=nc.RLS PLT(=LOC)(=[ ])(=FOC)
(21) a.
[1m] PLN(=ALL) =vs.IRR
a’.
[1m] PLN(=ALL) =nc.IRR
b.
[1m] { PLN(=ALL)} =nc.IRR PLT(=ALL)(=FOC)
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B.
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(22) a.
[3] not- =nc.RL =vs.INC
b.
[1f] =nc.RLS 6-CLF=[ ] =vs.INC
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(23) a.
[3] NAME=COM - =nc.IRR =vs.RLS
b.
[3] NAME=COM - =nc.IRR =vs.IRR
cf.
[3] NAME=COM - =[ ] =vs.RLS
a. b. cf.
3.2
(24) a.
- =nc.RLS not- =[ ]=[ ]
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b.
PLN(=ALL) =nc.IRR =[ ] not- =vs.NEG
c.
=nc.RLS 2-CLF =vs.RLS
(24)a. b.
(23) (23)
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(25) a.
NAME=ACC NAME=NOM (=[ ])=vs.RLS
b.
NAME=TOP (NAME’=)NMLZ- (=[ ])=[ ]=vs.RLS
c.
NAME=TOP NAME =nc.RLS (=[ ])=[ ]=vs.RLS
d.
NAME=TOP (NAME’=) =nc.RLS (=[ ])=[ ]=vs.RLS
a. b. d. b. c.
d.
c.
d.
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(26) a.
NAME=GEN= =ACC NAME=NOM (=[ ])=vs.RLS
b.
NAME=TOP -NMLZ- (=[ ])=[ ]=vs.RLS
b’.
NAME=TOP NAME=GEN= -NMLZ- (=[ ])=[ ]=vs.RLS
c.
NAME=TOP NAME - =nc.RLS (=[ ])=[ ]=vs.RLS
d.
NAME=TOP NAME=GEN= - =nc.RLS (=[ ])=[ ]=vs.RLS
b’.
c.
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1.2
(27) a.
[1m] not- =vs.NEG
b.
[1m] =nc.IRR not- =vs.NEG
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c.
[1m] =nc.RLS not- =vs.NEG
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* 2 2010 7 3
1
5 3 70%
45
2
3
4 1992inchoative mood
5
6
7
e.g. a.
[2m] ’=ACC - =attr.RLS=hà
b.
[2m] ’=ACC - =nc.RLS
8
9
10
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e.g.
[1m] =nc.RLS=COM [3] =nc.RLS=COM not- =vs.NEG
e.g.
[3] =LOC - =vs.RLS=COM =vs.RLS
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13
14
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16 20092 2010
2010 p.7
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e.g.
[ ’]= [3’]=[ ]=
ABL ablative ABS absolutive ACC accusative ALL allative
attr. attributive clause marker AUG augmentative CAUS ( ) causative
(case) CLF classi er COM commitative COMP comparative COP
copular verb DIM diminutive DEP ( ) deputation (case) ESS
essive EXCL ( ) exclusive (case) FOC focus marker FUT
( ) future time (case) GEN genitive IMP ( ) imperative (mood) INC
( ) inchoative (mood) INS instrumental IRR irrealis (mood) LOC
locative NAME nc. noun clause marker NEG ( ) negative
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(mood) NOM nominative not negative marker ONM onomatopoeia
PAST ( ) past time (case) [ ] politeness PL plural a x POSS
( ) possessor (case) PURP ( ) purposive (case) Q question particle
QUOT quotation marker RLS realis (mood) TER terminative TOP
topic marker vs. verb sentence marker VVD vividative [1]
[1f] [1m] [2f] [2m]
[3]
[mother] [teacher]
’
e.g. [1m’] [teacher’] e.g.
[ ] [ ]
2009
1998
2009 -ta/-hma
2009 KHAN YA
Myint Soe 1999 A Grammar of Burmese. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oregon Uni versity.
2007
. 2009 13
. 2009 2
2 2009.12.06
Okell, John 1969 A Reference Grammar of Colloquial Burmese. London: Oxford University Press.
Okell and Allott 2001 Burmese/Myanmar Dictionary of Grammatical Forms. Curzon Press.
1983
1992 -ta -hma 11
p.25-61
. 1998 2 (http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/ sawadah/burtexts/burgram2.pdf).
. 1999 1 (http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/ sawadah/burtexts/burgram1.pdf).
Sawada, Hideo. 1994 Signi cance of Pseudo-cleft Construction in Burmese . Current Issues in
Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, Edited by Hajime Kitamura, Tat-suo Nishida, Yasuhiko Nagano, The Organizing
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Committee, The 26th Inter national Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics 1994, Osaka,
p.723-755.
1992 . pp.567-610.
( )
( )
1986 p.194-219
RFA Radio Free Asia, Burmese Program
URL
Dr. Tun Aung Kyaw
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On Nominalized Clauses in Colloquial Burmese
Kenji Okano
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
Abstract
Burmese nominalized clause, formed with the nominal clause markers and , is, so-called, a
“headless free relative”, and sometimes a noun which the nominalized clause semantically denote can be
occur in it, which type of relatives must be said as a “head-internal relative”.
Usages of a nominalized clause can be classified in three types; “strict-embedded”, “loose-embedded”
and “independent” clauses.
The strict-embedded type can be used not only as a subject or object of the main clause, but also occur
as a clause of reason by adding some case markers. Embedded clause in “passive” construction might be
classified to this type.
The loose-embedded type is found as, so-called a “clause of expressing concomitant circumstances”.
This type includes the sentence of time-elapse, expressing transient emotion, in which a nominal clause
occurs as a quasi-obligate argument, and of presupposition. According to the last type, we can find a noun
which is coincident to it in the main clause.
The third type, the independent nominalized clause is similar to Japanese No(da) sentence, it is called as
“ / “ /
“ /
“ /
almost all
On Nominalized Clauses in Colloquial Burmese
Kenji OKANOTokyo University of Foreign Studies