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TRANSCRIPT
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Prepared & Presented By:
FiberNext, LLC3 Robinson Rd., Suite A3, Bow, NH 03304
Ph: 603-226-2400 - www.fibernext.com
Fiber Optics 201A training guide for installing
fiber optic cabling systems in accordance withANSI/EIA/TIA & IEEE standards
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Tier 2 Testing:
The OTDR
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OTDR Testing
OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) technology is designedto provide a single ended test of any cable. Utilizing sophisticated
algorithms, the equipment is able to calculate exact length andapproximate loss of events along the cable span.
GN Netttest
CMA4000
OTDR
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1. Generates a baseline trace:A visual of the link.
2. Can identify and evaluate
specific events in the link.
3. Cable acceptance tool.4. Fault location tool.
5. Excellent documentationcapabilities.
6. Limited use in short length
networks.
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Fault-Locate (Using anOTDR)
Work Area
TelecomOutlet
Equipment Room
HorizontalCross-connect
Telecom Room
NetworkEquipment
MainCross-connect
PC
OTDR
MM
LaunchCable
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Assorted Troubleshooting Tools
Talk Set
VFI
OTDR
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OTDR Types
Most common OTDRs use a console design allowing the
user to upgrade or swap between MM and SM modules.These offer similar analytical features to the lab quality
OTDRs, but are more rugged and field portable. Files can be
saved to various media and later downloaded to a PC.
Fluke
OptiFiber
Wavetek MTS5100
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OTDR Types
More common console OTDRs. Files can be saved to
various media and later downloaded to a PC.
Exfo
FTB-150
Anritsu CMA5000
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OTDR Types
Micro-OTDRs are the next generation of fast, economical
test sets for field use. These models offer fewer features thanthe larger console design and are currently not upgradeable.
Many manufacturers are focusing on development of these
types of OTDRs for size and weight reasons.
Noyes M100
OTDR
Noyes M200
OTDR
Noyes OFL200
OTDR
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ControlUnit
Laser Transmitter
Detector
LCD Display
SplitterFiber under Test
OTDR Functionality
Basic OTDR function
OTDR
Connector
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Physical cable plantas displayed on
OTDR screen
OTDR Trace Analysis
Network under test
Loss
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LaunchCablesLaunch cables vary from simple reel (or ring style) through larger
lunch box style suitcases. Most modern OTDRs dont require alaunch suppression longer than 250-500, but many older modelsneeded delay lines of 1000 or more.
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Using an OTDRw/ Launch CableUse of a launch cable assures the user that the front end connector of
the network will be accurately measured. If the launch cable is tooshort, the front end connector will be consumed in the deadzone.Likewise, a receive cable assures the technician that the far end
connector is not broken and the span has continuity.
Launch Cable
Receive
Cable
Cable under test
OTDR LaunchPort event
End
Event
Noise
Floor
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OTDR Trace Analysis
Connect the OTDR to a launch (suppression/reference)
cable. The secondary end of the launch cable will beconnected to an access panel at one end of the fiber
optic span under test. Optionally, a receive cable can be
attached at the far end.
OTDR
Launch Cable
Panel PanelSplice Closure
Receive Cable
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OTDR Trace Analysis
PowerL
oss
Distance Scale
Launch Cable Receive CableOTDR
Network Under Test
Splice
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Most commonly, users manipulate two cursors, A and B, toillustrate what is referred to as two point loss on an OTDR result.
This can be used to show loss in a single event or in a group ofevents. These cursors can be individually moved left and right tospecific points on the result.
OTDR Trace Analysis
A B
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OTDR Trace Analysis
B
PowerL
oss
Distance Scale
Use cursor/markers to isolate individual events, such as
the repair splice location (above)
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OTDR Trace Analysis
B
PowerL
oss
Distance Scale
or the two point loss (attenuation) of an entire
network span (above)
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OTDR Trace Analysis
B
PowerL
oss
Distance Scale
or the physical length of a fiber span (above).
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OTDR Setup - RangeOTDRs have four basic setup requirements regardless of brand:
Range/Resolution, Pulse Width, Index of Refraction and Time(number of
averages). If any of these settings contradicts another, the results will bepoor. The first one to consider is Range or distance of fiber to test.
Many OTDRs have automatic length detection functions, but if the lengthis known, the user can set the range manually. The range setting should
be adjusted to no less than 1.5 to 2x the fiber span under test.
2975 spanunder test
Set to
>6000
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Too short: less thanlink length
Link
Cant see entire link unpredictable results
Good: about 1.5x to2x link length
Link
Good trace cansee end of fiber.
Too long: much largerthan link length
Link
Trace is squashedinto left side of display.
OTDR Setup - Range: Summary
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OTDR Setup - PulseWidthLonger pulse widths are used for longer range tests. As distanceincreases, pulse width must go up, otherwise traces will appear
noisy and rough. Similarly, short traces will be inconclusive if longpulse widths are used (events may be missed or clipped). Long cablespan=longer pulse width, Short cable span= short pulse width
ShortFiber run
under test>6500
LongFiber run
under test>10,000
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Too wide:
Cant resolve events
About right:
Events can be seenand trace is smooth.
Too narrow:
Trace disappearsinto noise floor.
Link Link Link
Where is this
this event?
OTDR Setup - PulseWidth: Summary
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Index of Refraction (IOR)In review, the Index of Refraction is a way of measuring the speed of lightin a material. Light travels fastest in a vacuum, such as outer space. The
actual speed of light in a vacuum is 300,000 kilometers per second, or186,000 miles per second. Index of Refraction is calculated by dividing the
speed of light in a vacuum by the speed of light in some other medium(such as glass in the case of fiber optics!).
Medium Typical Index of Refraction Speed
Vacuum
Air
Water
Cladding
Core
1.0000
1.0003
1.33
1.46
1.48
Faster
Slower
Index of Refraction =Speed of Light in a Vacuum
Speed of Light in a Medium
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OTDR Setup Index Of RefractionEach different optical glass fiber has a different refractive index
profile consistent with its type and manufacture process. Typical
G.652.B singlemode fiber from Draka has an index number of 1.467@ 1310nm and 1.468 @ 1550nm. Note that the longer thewavelength, the faster the light travels through the core.
The user must set the OTDR to the proper GIR (Group Index ofRefraction). If the GIR is not set to the proper number, the OTDR
may overestimate or underestimate linear cable footage. Since theindex is a measure of the speed of light, if the GIR is not set
properly, the OTDR cannot calculate the proper footage.
If the actual index is not known, use the machines default or thefollowing guidelines:
MM 850nm 1.496MM 1300nm 1.491
(Corning SMF28e) SM 1310nm - 1.4677(Corning SMF28e) SM 1550nm 1.4682
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Index Of Refraction: SummaryAs discussed earlier, Index of Refraction is a measure of the
speed of light in a medium. If the Group Index of Refraction (GIR)setting in the OTDR does not match that of the fiber under test,
the results will show incorrect distances as a result.
10,000 of fiberGIR 1.4677 @ 1310nm
GIR set at1.462
OTDR thinks
Footage is 9,800
LaunchCord
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OTDRAveraging TimeAveraging time refers to how long the user allows the device to take
samples (a.k.a. how long the test runs). The longer the
testing/averaging time allowed, the better the result. Eventually, enoughdata is averaged for a good test and continuing to test wont yield any
more of an accurate result.
LaunchCord
MUTOA
Corning
OV1000
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Too many
Trace is smooth butwaste of time.
About right:
Trace is smooth.
Too few:
Trace is noisy noisefloor is too high.
Link Link Link
OTDR Setup - Averages: Summary
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LSA lines are an effective method of getting more accurate testresults. Most OTDRs have loss estimation based on the simple 2-point
method, but use of LSAs obtain better accuracy through events bycalculating lead-in slope and tail-out slope. See below for an example:
OTDR Trace Analysis
A B
Lead in Area
Tail out Area