vennam presentation-8 sep2016
TRANSCRIPT
From Adolescence to Early Adulthood: A Case Study of
Gendered Trajectories through School in India
Uma Vennam Anuradha Komanduri Jen RoestYoung Lives – India and Oxford
Adolescence, Youth and Gender conferenceOxford, 8-9 September 2016
Overview
• The Study • Young Lives Sample• Survey Statistics• Qualitative data• Factors Influencing Trajectories• Case Studies• Conclusion
The Study • Looks at the educational pathways of adolescent boys
and girls in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana -when gender inequality begins -whether gender disparities persist -impact of gendered norms on children’s trajectories
• Uses longitudinal qualitative data and descriptive survey statistics
• Adopts a case study approach to explore intersecting factors at individual, household and community level that explain changing trajectories over time.
Young Lives Sample
AGES: 1 5 8 12 15
YOU
NGE
R CO
HORT
Following 2,000 children
OLD
ER C
OHO
RT
Following 1,000 children
AGES: 8 12 15 19 22
Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 2002 2006 2009 2013 2016
Same age children at different time points
Qualitative nested sample 1 2 3 4
Linked school surveys
Young Lives Sample: India
Quantitative - 20 sites = 3,000 children
1000 Older Cohort; 2000 Younger Cohort
Older Cohort Round 4: 952; 465 Male 487 Female
Qualitative - 4 sites ; 48 of these children for in-depth case studies
Qual4 : 23; 11Female; 12 Male
Sub-SampleSub-Sample and Methods and Methods
• 4 Sites – 1Urban, 2Rural
1Tribal • 48 Children – 24 Boys and 24 Girls • Individual interviews with children, care givers
and service providers • Group-based methods• School and Home Observation
Status at R4 : Education and Work
Status at 19
Male% Female% Total %
Only Studying 33.76 33.06 33.40
Study and Work
22.80 7.80 15.13
Only Work 39.79 32.03 35.82
Neither Work nor Study
3.66 27.10 15.65
Current educational level enrolled
MaleNo.
Male%
FemaleNo.
Female%
TotalNo.
Total%
Not enrolled 202 43.44 288 59.14 490 51.47
Secondary 2 0.43 2 0.41 4 0.42
Higher Secondary 58 12.47 24 4.93 82 8.61
Post-Secondary/Vocational 48 10.32 24 4.93 72 7.56
University 155 33.33 149 30.6 304 31.93
Total 465 100 487 100 952 100
Level of Education
Schooling
Schooling &Work
Dropout-Fulltime Work
Dropout-Marriage-Parenthood
Schooling & Marriage
Male 3 2 6 1
Female 3 2 1 4 1
Status : Qual Sample
Factors Influencing Trajectories
• Individual : Aspirations and Ambitions• Household : Parental Aspirations, Support, Economic
factors, • Community : Norms; Birth order• Social Protection : Government and NGO support
Various Factors Intersect: Always a combination of factors
Factors Influencing Trajectories• Gender : More Girls than Boys drop out: get married
early• Family Wealth Index : Poorer Terciles – Boys into
Fulltime Work; Girls Marriage• Location: Influences Educational status of young
people: Variation between those in fulltime education – Urban 48.94% Rural 26.77%
• Managing education and work 7.74% of the urban sample does both and 18.35% in the rural sample.
• In the category of managing education and work : engaging in unpaid work more in rural areas (11.28%)- more girls- urban areas (2.11%)
• Caste: Other castes more likely to be enrolled in fulltime education (51%) Scheduled Castes (29.9) Scheduled Tribes 30% and Backward Castes (27%)
Factors Influencing Trajectories : Case Studies
• Early Drop Out-Early Work- Early Marriage – Distance to School-Safety and Security : Latha and Bhavana
• Parental Education and Aspirations for Children: Vinay, Santhi, Keerthi
• Family Circumstances : Father’s Death (Salman) Mother’s Illhealth (Ameena) Indebtedness (Ravi)
• Community Norms : Harika
Summary
• Persisting Gender Gaps : Need More Focus • Fewer Girls into Vocational Education • Impact of MIgration • Early School drop outs –early marriage • Unpaid HH/Farm Work- Low Attendance-School Drop-
Early Marriage • Residential schools facilitate continuation in school-
Delay marriage
www.younglives.org.uk @YLOxford•methodology and research papers•child profiles and photos•e-newsletter•datasets (UK Data Archive)
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