VenezuelaVenezuela

EconomyEconomy

Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 95% of export earnings, about 55% of account for roughly 95% of export earnings, about 55% of the federal budget revenues, and around 30% of GDP the federal budget revenues, and around 30% of GDP

Continued efforts to increase the government's control of Continued efforts to increase the government's control of the economy by nationalizing firms in the agribusiness, the economy by nationalizing firms in the agribusiness, financial, construction, oil, and steel sectors have hurt the financial, construction, oil, and steel sectors have hurt the private investment environment, reduced productive private investment environment, reduced productive capacity, and slowed non-petroleum exports. capacity, and slowed non-petroleum exports.

Real GDP growth: -3.2 (2009) -1.5% (2010) 4.2 (2011)Real GDP growth: -3.2 (2009) -1.5% (2010) 4.2 (2011) 2012- 5.7%2012- 5.7% Many Venezuelans live in poverty despite the oil revenueMany Venezuelans live in poverty despite the oil revenue inflation, running at 21% by the end of 2012. inflation, running at 21% by the end of 2012.

Democracy in VenezuelaDemocracy in Venezuela

Leftist Dr. Rómulo Betancourt and the Democratic Action Party won a Leftist Dr. Rómulo Betancourt and the Democratic Action Party won a majority of seats in a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution in majority of seats in a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution in 1946. 1946.

A well-known writer, Rómulo Gallegos, candidate of Betancourt's party, A well-known writer, Rómulo Gallegos, candidate of Betancourt's party, became Venezuela's first democratically elected president in 1947. became Venezuela's first democratically elected president in 1947.

Coup and JimenezCoup and Jimenez

Within eight months, Gallegos was overthrown by a military-backed coup Within eight months, Gallegos was overthrown by a military-backed coup led by Marcos Peréz Jiménezled by Marcos Peréz Jiménez

Jiminez was ousted himself in 1958 and new election occurred the Jiminez was ousted himself in 1958 and new election occurred the following year.following year.

The Left emergesThe Left emerges

Betancourt served from 1959–1964 Betancourt served from 1959–1964 Rafael Caldera Rodríguez, president from 1969 to 1974, legalized the Rafael Caldera Rodríguez, president from 1969 to 1974, legalized the

Communist Party and established diplomatic relations with Moscow. This Communist Party and established diplomatic relations with Moscow. This was the 1was the 1stst leftist president ever elected in Venezuela leftist president ever elected in Venezuela

Oil and PerezOil and Perez

Venezuela benefited from the oil boom of the early 1970s. Venezuela benefited from the oil boom of the early 1970s. In 1974, President Carlos Andrés Pérez took office, and in 1976 In 1974, President Carlos Andrés Pérez took office, and in 1976

Venezuela nationalized foreign-owned oil and steel companies, Venezuela nationalized foreign-owned oil and steel companies, offering compensation.offering compensation.

Campins and collapseCampins and collapse

Luis Herrera Campíns became president in 1978. Luis Herrera Campíns became president in 1978. Declining world oil prices in the 1980s sent Venezuela's economy Declining world oil prices in the 1980s sent Venezuela's economy

into a tailspin and dramatically increased the country's foreign into a tailspin and dramatically increased the country's foreign debt.debt.

Perez returns and Perez returns and impeachedimpeached

Pérez was reelected to a nonconsecutive term in 1988. Pérez was reelected to a nonconsecutive term in 1988. Perez accepted an IMF proposal which offered Venezuela a loan for 4.5 Perez accepted an IMF proposal which offered Venezuela a loan for 4.5

billion billion Military officers staged two unsuccessful coup attempts in 1992Military officers staged two unsuccessful coup attempts in 1992 The following year Congress impeached Pérez on corruption charges. The following year Congress impeached Pérez on corruption charges.

Inherited crisisInherited crisis

President Rafael Caldera Rodríguez was elected in Dec. 1993.President Rafael Caldera Rodríguez was elected in Dec. 1993. He inherited to the 1994 collapse of half of the country's banking sector, He inherited to the 1994 collapse of half of the country's banking sector,

falling oil prices, foreign debt repayment, and inflation.falling oil prices, foreign debt repayment, and inflation. He accepted 4.5 billion in IMF aid as was labeled as “neoliberal” by his He accepted 4.5 billion in IMF aid as was labeled as “neoliberal” by his

opponenetsopponenets

Hugo emergesHugo emerges

Leftist president Hugo Chavez took office in 1999, pledging political and economic Leftist president Hugo Chavez took office in 1999, pledging political and economic reforms to give the poor a greater share of the country's oil wealth. reforms to give the poor a greater share of the country's oil wealth.

Hugo Chavez, proclaimed a "Bolivarian revolution", named after South America's Hugo Chavez, proclaimed a "Bolivarian revolution", named after South America's independence hero. independence hero.

Consolidating PowerConsolidating Power

A constituent assembly was formed to rewrite the constitution in A constituent assembly was formed to rewrite the constitution in July 1999, followed by the creation of a constitutional assembly July 1999, followed by the creation of a constitutional assembly made up of Chavez's allies that replaced the democratically made up of Chavez's allies that replaced the democratically elected Congress. elected Congress.

Chavez's assumption of greater power prompted charges that he Chavez's assumption of greater power prompted charges that he is establishing a left-wing dictatorship. is establishing a left-wing dictatorship.

Chavez’s alliesChavez’s allies

He was criticized for courting countries which attracted US or He was criticized for courting countries which attracted US or international disapproval, namely Cuba, Saddam Hussein's Iraq, international disapproval, namely Cuba, Saddam Hussein's Iraq, Libya, and more recently, Iran.Libya, and more recently, Iran.

Chavez in power and Chavez in power and networkingnetworking

Chavez was reelected to a six-year term in July 2000. Chavez was reelected to a six-year term in July 2000. Troops were called in to quell serious protests over the election in several cities. Troops were called in to quell serious protests over the election in several cities. In 2000 Chavez visited other OPEC countries, becoming the first foreign head of state In 2000 Chavez visited other OPEC countries, becoming the first foreign head of state

to visit Iraq since the 1991 Gulf War. to visit Iraq since the 1991 Gulf War. He developed a close relationship to President Fidel Castro of Cuba, which receives He developed a close relationship to President Fidel Castro of Cuba, which receives

Venezuelan oil at reduced prices. Venezuelan oil at reduced prices.

CoupCoup

In Dec. 2001, business and labor organizations held a work stoppage to protest In Dec. 2001, business and labor organizations held a work stoppage to protest Chavez's increasingly authoritarian government.Chavez's increasingly authoritarian government.

In April 2002, tensions reached a boiling point as workers reduced oil production to In April 2002, tensions reached a boiling point as workers reduced oil production to protest Chavez's policies. protest Chavez's policies.

Following a massive anti-Chavez demonstration during which 12 people were killed, a Following a massive anti-Chavez demonstration during which 12 people were killed, a coalition of business and military leaders forced Chavez from power. coalition of business and military leaders forced Chavez from power.

But international criticism of the coup, especially in Latin America, and an outpouring But international criticism of the coup, especially in Latin America, and an outpouring of support from the president's followers returned Chavez to power just two days of support from the president's followers returned Chavez to power just two days later. later.

Chavez and his poorChavez and his poor

After the coup, Chavez remained highly popular among the poor, despite the After the coup, Chavez remained highly popular among the poor, despite the desperate state of the economy.desperate state of the economy.

Venezuelan labor unions, business organizations, the media, and a good part of the Venezuelan labor unions, business organizations, the media, and a good part of the military remained substantially less enchanted. military remained substantially less enchanted.

Strikes and referendumsStrikes and referendums

Beginning in early Dec. 2002, a general strike was called by business and labor Beginning in early Dec. 2002, a general strike was called by business and labor leaders. By Jan. 2003 it had virtually brought the economy, including the oil industry, leaders. By Jan. 2003 it had virtually brought the economy, including the oil industry, to a halt. to a halt.

Strike leaders pledged to continue until Chavez resigned or agreed to early elections. Strike leaders pledged to continue until Chavez resigned or agreed to early elections. But in Feb. 2003, after nine weeks, the strikers conceded defeat. But in Feb. 2003, after nine weeks, the strikers conceded defeat.

In Aug. 2003, a petition with 3.2 million signatures was delivered to the country's In Aug. 2003, a petition with 3.2 million signatures was delivered to the country's election commission, demanding a recall referendum on Chavez. election commission, demanding a recall referendum on Chavez.

The Chavez government challenged the referendum process rigorously, and petitions The Chavez government challenged the referendum process rigorously, and petitions submitted in Sept. 2003 and Feb. 2004 were rejected as invalid. submitted in Sept. 2003 and Feb. 2004 were rejected as invalid.

The electoral board finally accepted a petition in June 2004 and scheduled the The electoral board finally accepted a petition in June 2004 and scheduled the referendum for August 15. referendum for August 15.

More popular than everMore popular than ever

Chavez, who had been shoring up his standing with the Venezuelan poor during the delays, won the Chavez, who had been shoring up his standing with the Venezuelan poor during the delays, won the referendum with an overwhelming 58% of the vote. referendum with an overwhelming 58% of the vote.

The opposition alleged fraud, but international observers confirmed that there had been no The opposition alleged fraud, but international observers confirmed that there had been no irregularities. irregularities.

Chavez's hand was clearly strengthened, and by the spring of 2005, his popularity rating reached Chavez's hand was clearly strengthened, and by the spring of 2005, his popularity rating reached 70%, due in large part to his social spending programs. 70%, due in large part to his social spending programs.

In Dec. 2005 parliamentary elections, Chávez's party won 114 of 167 seats, and the remaining In Dec. 2005 parliamentary elections, Chávez's party won 114 of 167 seats, and the remaining seats were won by his allies. seats were won by his allies.

The opposition boycotted the election, maintaining they could not trust the pro-Chavez National The opposition boycotted the election, maintaining they could not trust the pro-Chavez National Electoral Council. President Chávez won reelection in Dec. 2006 with 63% of the vote. Electoral Council. President Chávez won reelection in Dec. 2006 with 63% of the vote.

Adding powerAdding power

In early 2007, Chávez took significant steps to further consolidate his power and In early 2007, Chávez took significant steps to further consolidate his power and move Venezuela closer to becoming a socialist state. move Venezuela closer to becoming a socialist state.

He announced the nationalization of major energy and telecommunications He announced the nationalization of major energy and telecommunications companies. companies.

Days later, the National Assembly voted to allow Chávez to rule by decree for 18 Days later, the National Assembly voted to allow Chávez to rule by decree for 18 months. months.

In May, Chávez shut down the main opposition television station, RCTV, which has In May, Chávez shut down the main opposition television station, RCTV, which has been critical of the government. been critical of the government.

The National Assembly voted in August to abolish presidential term limits. The National Assembly voted in August to abolish presidential term limits.

Venezuela and ColombiaVenezuela and Colombia

Due to the Colombian alliance with the U.S. Alvaro Uribe withdrew his support of Due to the Colombian alliance with the U.S. Alvaro Uribe withdrew his support of Venezuelan president Hugo ChávezVenezuelan president Hugo Chávez

Chávez subsequently withdrew the Venezuelan ambassador to ColombiaChávez subsequently withdrew the Venezuelan ambassador to Colombia

Rare defeatRare defeat

On December 3, 2007, a referendum that was widely expected to pass was rejected by voters, 51% On December 3, 2007, a referendum that was widely expected to pass was rejected by voters, 51% to 49%, following weeks of uncharacteristic public protests and campaigning against the package to 49%, following weeks of uncharacteristic public protests and campaigning against the package put forward by Chávez. put forward by Chávez.

The proposed 69 amendments to the constitution included abolishment of presidential term limits, The proposed 69 amendments to the constitution included abolishment of presidential term limits, removal of the Central Bank's autonomy, which would have given Chávez new power to build a removal of the Central Bank's autonomy, which would have given Chávez new power to build a socialist economy, and a few that enjoyed wide support, including reducing the work day to six socialist economy, and a few that enjoyed wide support, including reducing the work day to six hours and offering pensions to street vendors and housewives. hours and offering pensions to street vendors and housewives.

““I will not withdraw even one comma of this proposal, this proposal is still alive," Chávez said. "For I will not withdraw even one comma of this proposal, this proposal is still alive," Chávez said. "For me, this is not a defeat.“me, this is not a defeat.“

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDaSJ23DRjshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDaSJ23DRjs

Time Change?Time Change?

Chávez instituted a time change on December 9, 2007, which put Chávez instituted a time change on December 9, 2007, which put Venezuela a half-hour ahead of Eastern Standard Time. The government Venezuela a half-hour ahead of Eastern Standard Time. The government claimed it was a health measure to improve the lives of Venezuelans by claimed it was a health measure to improve the lives of Venezuelans by exposing them to more sunlight. exposing them to more sunlight.

Intelligence reformIntelligence reform

As part of his continued campaign to assume complete authoritarian control over the As part of his continued campaign to assume complete authoritarian control over the country, President Chávez implemented a new intelligence law in May 2008, and country, President Chávez implemented a new intelligence law in May 2008, and replaced the country's old intelligence agencies with two new self-governed agencies replaced the country's old intelligence agencies with two new self-governed agencies called the General Intelligence Office and General Counterintelligence office. called the General Intelligence Office and General Counterintelligence office.

The new intelligence law requires citizens to assist the new agencies, or else face The new intelligence law requires citizens to assist the new agencies, or else face incarceration. incarceration.

Chávez claimed that the new law was necessary to guarantee "national security" in Chávez claimed that the new law was necessary to guarantee "national security" in the face of alleged intimidation and possible attacks from the United States. the face of alleged intimidation and possible attacks from the United States.

On June 7, 2008, Chávez reversed the new intelligence policies, acknowledging the On June 7, 2008, Chávez reversed the new intelligence policies, acknowledging the intense opposition and extensive criticism from the Venezuelan people. intense opposition and extensive criticism from the Venezuelan people.

Total controlTotal control

On July 31, 2008—the last day that Chávez had legislative power—he approved 26 On July 31, 2008—the last day that Chávez had legislative power—he approved 26 new laws that significantly increased his control, enabling him to delegate regional new laws that significantly increased his control, enabling him to delegate regional leaders with separate budgets, create a new military branch, and temporarily control leaders with separate budgets, create a new military branch, and temporarily control private companies, among other powers. private companies, among other powers.

On Sept. 4, in the latest of many of private company takeovers by the government, On Sept. 4, in the latest of many of private company takeovers by the government, the Venezuelan parliament voted to give Chávez control of the country's fuel the Venezuelan parliament voted to give Chávez control of the country's fuel distribution. distribution.

Chavez won a decisive referendum in February 2009, giving him the ability to him to Chavez won a decisive referendum in February 2009, giving him the ability to him to run for re-election indefinitely. run for re-election indefinitely.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkmETcsNuas

Losing his gripLosing his grip

In September 2010 parliamentary elections, opposition parties won a narrow majority In September 2010 parliamentary elections, opposition parties won a narrow majority of the vote, taking 5.7 million votes to 5.4 million for Chavez's United Socialist Party. of the vote, taking 5.7 million votes to 5.4 million for Chavez's United Socialist Party.

A gerrymandered electoral system awarded Chavez's supporters 98 of the 165 seats A gerrymandered electoral system awarded Chavez's supporters 98 of the 165 seats in the National Assembly, but he will no longer have the two-thirds majority required in the National Assembly, but he will no longer have the two-thirds majority required for laws affecting constitutional rights and for judicial appointments for laws affecting constitutional rights and for judicial appointments

CancerCancer

In early June 2011, while visiting Cuba, Chavez was hospitalized. Doctors In early June 2011, while visiting Cuba, Chavez was hospitalized. Doctors there removed a baseball-sized cancerous tumor. there removed a baseball-sized cancerous tumor.

On June 30, Chavez appeared in a televised address and confirmed On June 30, Chavez appeared in a televised address and confirmed suspicion that he was battling cancer. suspicion that he was battling cancer.

He spoke to the nation from a medical facility in Cuba where he had been He spoke to the nation from a medical facility in Cuba where he had been for three weeks. He did not say when he would return, nor did he name a for three weeks. He did not say when he would return, nor did he name a substitute in his absence. Political opponents of Chavez argued that it was substitute in his absence. Political opponents of Chavez argued that it was unconstitutional for him to govern from a foreign country. unconstitutional for him to govern from a foreign country.

Back to workBack to work

By July 7, 2011, Chavez had returned to Venezuela and was back at work, By July 7, 2011, Chavez had returned to Venezuela and was back at work, presiding over cabinet meetings and addressing soldiers at a promotion presiding over cabinet meetings and addressing soldiers at a promotion ceremony. ceremony.

He returned in time to celebrate Venezuela's 200th anniversary of its He returned in time to celebrate Venezuela's 200th anniversary of its independence and vowed publicly to beat cancer. independence and vowed publicly to beat cancer.

In late July, he returned to Cuba and completed a second phase of cancer In late July, he returned to Cuba and completed a second phase of cancer treatment. After the treatment, the doctors did not detect any malignant treatment. After the treatment, the doctors did not detect any malignant cells in his body. cells in his body.

KidnappedKidnapped

On November 9, 2011, Wilson Ramos, a catcher for the Washington On November 9, 2011, Wilson Ramos, a catcher for the Washington Nationals, was kidnapped by several men outside his parents' home in Nationals, was kidnapped by several men outside his parents' home in Venezuela. Venezuela.

Kidnappings have been a problem for Venezuela over the last few yearsKidnappings have been a problem for Venezuela over the last few years The country has one of the world's highest kidnapping rates. An estimated The country has one of the world's highest kidnapping rates. An estimated

17,000 people were kidnapped in Venezuela between July 2008 and July 17,000 people were kidnapped in Venezuela between July 2008 and July 2009.2009.

On November 12, 2011, two days after Ramos was taken, Venezuelan On November 12, 2011, two days after Ramos was taken, Venezuelan police commandos rescued him during a gunfight. Eight people were police commandos rescued him during a gunfight. Eight people were charged in the kidnappingcharged in the kidnapping

Fighting wordsFighting words

In December 2011, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States In December 2011, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States met for a two day summit in Caracas. met for a two day summit in Caracas.

At the summit President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and President Hugo At the summit President Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua and President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela called for an end to the Monroe Doctrine.Chavez of Venezuela called for an end to the Monroe Doctrine.

Before the summit officially began, Ortega said, "We are sentencing the Before the summit officially began, Ortega said, "We are sentencing the Monroe Doctrine to death." Monroe Doctrine to death."

Cancer returns in time for Cancer returns in time for electionelection

In February 2012, President Hugo Chavez announced that the cancer he In February 2012, President Hugo Chavez announced that the cancer he was diagnosed with in 2011 had returned. was diagnosed with in 2011 had returned.

On Feb. 24, Chavez returned to Cuba for more surgery. After the surgery, On Feb. 24, Chavez returned to Cuba for more surgery. After the surgery, from Havana, he said that the tumor removed from his pelvic region was from Havana, he said that the tumor removed from his pelvic region was malignant and that he would begin radiation treatment soon. malignant and that he would begin radiation treatment soon.

Also in February 2012, millions of voters chose Henrique Capriles Radonski Also in February 2012, millions of voters chose Henrique Capriles Radonski to challenge Chavez in the presidential election on October 7, 2012. to challenge Chavez in the presidential election on October 7, 2012. Capriles, the moderate governor of Miranda, received more than 1.8 Capriles, the moderate governor of Miranda, received more than 1.8 million votes in February's primary; more than double the votes of anyone million votes in February's primary; more than double the votes of anyone else in the running. else in the running.

Chavez wins and diesChavez wins and dies

On 7 October 2012, Chávez won election with 54% of the votes On 7 October 2012, Chávez won election with 54% of the votes versus 45% for Caprilesversus 45% for Capriles

Turnout in the election was 80%Turnout in the election was 80% The inauguration of Chávez was postponedThe inauguration of Chávez was postponed Acting executive officials produced orders of government signed Acting executive officials produced orders of government signed

by Chávez,by Chávez,]

Due to the death of Chávez on March 5th, Vice President Nicolas Due to the death of Chávez on March 5th, Vice President Nicolas Maduro took over the presidential powers and dutiesMaduro took over the presidential powers and duties

A special election was held on April 14A special election was held on April 14thth to elect a new President, to elect a new President, which Maduro won by a tight margin. which Maduro won by a tight margin.

ProtestProtest

http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/04/201341912592409346.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7K0EEAbdUsv=u7K0EEAbdUs

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/21/world/americas/venezuela-faces-http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/21/world/americas/venezuela-faces-shortages-in-grocery-staples.html?_r=1&ref=venezuelashortages-in-grocery-staples.html?_r=1&ref=venezuela

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/world/americas/rival-marches-after-http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/world/americas/rival-marches-after-legislative-brawl-in-venezuela.html?ref=venezuelalegislative-brawl-in-venezuela.html?ref=venezuela

http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/02/us-venezuela-capriles-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/02/us-venezuela-capriles-idUSBRE95109K20130602idUSBRE95109K20130602