Vegetable Production in TurkeyI. Genes and Seeds

Prof. Dr. Yüksel TüzelAssoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman

Ege UniversityFaculty of AgricultureDepartment of HorticultureBornova – Izmir / Turkey

Outlook

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman• Genetic material• Vegetable production• Seed & breeding industry

Prof. Dr. Yüksel Tüzel• Greenhouse production overview• Pesticide use, ferticlization• Further developments & conclusions

Short History of Turkey

• Agriculture is a tradition

35 % of the population lives in rural areas14 % of the national income is from agriculture

Short History of Turkey

• Agriculture is a tradition• Ottoman Empire & First years of the

Republic– Empire & Governmental professions– Farmers

– Soldiers– Artists

Short History of Turkey

• Agriculture is a tradition• Ottoman Empire & First years of the

Republic– Empire & Gowernmental professions– Farmers

– Soldiers– Artists

• Later development of other professions

Turkey as a gene center

• Straddles the Mediterranean and theMiddle East gene centres

Mediterranean and Near

East gene centers are

overlapping in Anatolia

Mediterranean Near East

Turkey as a gene center

• Straddles the Mediterranean and theMiddle East gene centres

• Meeting point of continents

Turkey as a gene center

• Straddles the Mediterranean and theMiddle East gene centres

• Meeting point of continents• High biodiversity

– Native / endemic

•• Turkey ranks Turkey ranks ninthninth in terms in terms of richness of biodiversityof richness of biodiversity

•• Over 33% of its flora are Over 33% of its flora are endemic speciesendemic species

•• Approx. 75 % of all wild plant Approx. 75 % of all wild plant species of Europe are also a species of Europe are also a part of the Turkish florapart of the Turkish flora

High BiodiversityHigh Biodiversity

Domesticated einkorn, emmer, wheat, barley, pea, lentil, flax

Erbaba(Beyşehir)

6000-5000

Domesticated: einkorn, emmer, wheat, barley, pea, flax

Çatalhöyük(Konya)

6000-5000

Wild: einkorn;Domesticated: einkorn, emmer, wheat, barley, lentil, flax

Can Hasan(Karaman)

6500

Wild: einkorn;Domesticated: emmer

Hacılar(Burdur)

6750

Wild: einkorn (Triticummonococcum), emmer (T. dicoccum), barley;Domesticated: einkorn, emmer, pea, lentil, vetch, flax

Çayönü(Diyarbakır)

7200-6500

CropAreaPeriod (BD)

Archeological findings for crop domestication

•Turkey is the origin or micro-gene center of manycereals and somevegetables

The Fertile Crescent

Turkey

Land races and varieties

• Cross roads of trade & commerce– Including silkroad

Land races and varieties

• Cross roads of trade & commerce– Including silkroad

• Accumulation of genetic productionmaterial for 100’s or may be 1000’s of years

Land races and varieties

• Cross roads of trade & commerce– Including silkroad

• Accumulation of genetic productionmaterial for 100’s or may be 1000’s of years

• Formation multitude of land races with vernacular names

Advantages of production

• Climatic advantages– Black, Aegean and Medditerranean Sea

– Including territorial parts

Euro-Siberian

Mediterranean

Irano-Turanian

MediterraneanIrano-Turanian

PhytogeographicPhytogeographic RegionsRegions

Advantages of production

• Climatic advantages– Black, Aegean and Medditerranean Sea

– Including territorial parts

• Mountenous regions and lowlands– Including low quality areas

Advantages of production

• Climatic advantages– Black, Aegean and Medditerranean Sea

– Including territorial parts

• Mountenous regions and lowlands– Including low quality areas

• Selection for various stress and other traits– Salinity, drought– Fruit quality

Salinity Stress in okra

Germplasm collection

• Starting from 1960’s• Research Centers• Universities• Other countries

Seed banking

• İzmir– Aegean Agrciultural Research Center– mainly vegetables

• Ankara– Creal Research Institute– Mainly creals

• New Seed Bank (in Ankara)– With a capacity of 250 000 seed samples– Ranking 3rd after gene banks USA and China

Turkey Today

Turkey today

• Production of 27.2 million tonnes of vegetables per year– Approx. 3% of world vegetable production

Turkey today

• Production of 27.2 million tonnes of vegetables per year– Approx. 3% of world vegetable production

• Ranks 3rd, 4th after USA, China and India

Turkey today

• Production of 27.2 million tonnes of vegetables per year– Approx. 3% of world vegetable production

• Ranks 3rd, 4th after USA, China and India• Ranks first for vegetable consumption per

person– 275 kg vegetables/person/year

Turkey today

• Production of 27.2 million tonnes of vegetables per year– Approx. 3% of world vegetable production

• Ranks 3rd, 4th after USA, China and India• Ranks first for vegetable consumption per

person– 275 kg vegetables/person/year

• Above the WHO and FAO standards

Problems of vegetable production

• Majority small fields

Problems of vegetable production

• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members

Open air fresh

tomato production

Hand harvest

Problems of vegetable production

• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members• Low quality standards

Problems of vegetable production

• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members• Low quality standards• Pesticide residues

Problems of vegetable production

• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members• Low quality standards• Pesticide residues• Insuficient certification

Problems of vegetable production

• Majority small fields• Mostly a production with familiy members• Low quality standards• Pesticide residues• Insuficient certification• Insuficient traceability

Uses & Export

• 1 million tonnes/year exported– Almost doubled in the last 3 years

Uses & Export

• 1 million tonnes/year exported– Almost doubled in the last 3 years

• Almost %20 used as raw material in vegetable industry

Vegetable Industry (beginning)

• Since 1960

Vegetable Industry (beginning)

• Since 1960• Chronologically

– Tomato– Pepper

– Snap bean– Okra

– Artichoke

Vegetable industry (today)

• Almost all type of vegetables processed

Vegetable industry (today)

• Almost all type of vegetables processed• Canned products

– Paste production– Roasted

– Sauce– Pickling

– Brining

Vegetable industry (today)

• Almost all type of vegetables processed• Canned products

– Paste production– Roasted

– Sauce– Pickling

– Brining

• Deep frozen products

Vegetable industry (today)

• Almost all type of vegetables processed• Canned products

– Paste production– Roasted– Sauce– Pickling– Brining

• Deep freezed products• Dried products

Processing Industry

dicedpeeled paste

Some samples for processed tomato products

Sun-dried tomatoes

Problems of vegetable industry

• Majority smal-scale companies

Problems of vegetable industry

• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness

Problems of vegetable industry

• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness• High input costs

– Raw material vegetables, energy etc.

Problems of vegetable industry

• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness• High input costs

– Raw material vegetables, energy etc.

• Low brand / trademark development forthe foreign market

Problems of vegetable industry

• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness• High input costs

– Raw material vegetables, energy etc.

• Low brand / trademark development forthe foreign market

• Insufficient research and development

Problems of vegetable industry

• Majority smal-scale companies• Less competitivness• High input costs

– Raw material vegetables, energy etc.

• Low brand / trademark development forthe foreign market

• Insufficient research and development• Insufficient technical support

Seed Production & Breeding

Production material

• Approx. 4 000 tonnes of vegetable seedsare used yearly for production

Production material

• Approx. 4 000 tonnes of vegetable seedsare used yearly for production

• %52 own production

Production material

• Approx. 4 000 tonnes of vegetable seedsare used yearly for production

• %52 own production• %48 imported from various countries eg.

Holland, USA, Isreal

Production material

• Approx. 4 000 tonnes of vegetable seedsare used yearly for production

• %52 own production• %48 imported from various countries eg.

Holland, USA, Isreal• Vegetable seeds are almost exclusively

prduced by the privat seed and breedingcompanies (As opposite to creals seeds)

Most do theirown R&D

Closecontact andcollaborationwithresearchersandprofessors

Introductionof theirproduct in exhibitions

Problems of seed and breedingcompanies

• Low use of land races for breeding– Novel traits

Problems of seed and breedingcompanies

• Low use of land races for breeding– Novel traits

• Heavy use of old cultivars– Narrow genetic base

Problems of seed and breedingcompanies

• Low use of land races for breeding– Novel traits

• Heavy use of old cultivars– Narrow genetic base

• Insufficient technical support– Limited collaboration with researchers

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